Kuliah 6 - Biaxial Figures

Optical Mineralogy
Interference Figures
2. Biaxial Figures
Optical Indicatrix and Interference Figures:
LAB TS-3:
Uniaxial minerals
Interference figures
Optic sign
Pleochroic scheme
LAB TS-4:
Biaxial minerals
Interference figures
Optic sign
Pleochroic scheme
Optical Indicatrix and Interference Figures:
1. Optical Indicatrix
2. Uniaxial Interference Figures
3. Biaxial Interference Figures

Optical Indicatrix
constructed as a sphere or ellipsoid with radii parallel to the principal

vibration directions and lengths of axes proportional to refractive index
nmax
in 2D: nmin = nmax (slow)
circle:
nmin isotropic nmin nmin < nmax
(fast) ellipse:
anisotropic
nmax
in 3D:
indicatrix for isotropic mineral is a sphere (of no further interest)
indicatrix for anisotropic mineral is an ellipsoid
2 cases: uniaxial and biaxial
Optical Indicatrix
in 3D: indicatrix for anisotropic mineral is an ellipsoid
Z random
principal
sections section
wave normal: ray paths:

X<Y<Z propagation direction tangent to indicatrix
(nfast < nint < nslow) (incident PPL)
Nesse, 2000; Fig. 7.22
Case 2: Biaxial minerals (orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic
systems: a < b < c)
indicatrix is ellipsoid with axes X < Y < Z
na // X, nb // Y, ng // Z
Z
2V only 2 circular
sections possible
X
2 optic axes (OA)
Y normal to the
circular sections
acute angle
between OA = 2V
Case 2: Biaxial indicatrix
ellipsoid with axes X < Y < Z
na // X, nb // Y, ng // Z
2 optic axes (OA) normal to

the 2 circular sections:
2V acute angle between OA = 2V
line bisecting 2V = Bxa
“acute bisectrix”
2V
where Bxa // Z: +ve

where Bxa // X: -ve
+ve -ve
Nesse, 2004; Fig. 7.1
random section:
Case 2: Biaxial indicatrix oblique to both X-Z
ellipsoid with axes X < Y < Z and circular sections:
intermediate d
na // X, nb // Y, ng // Z
X-Z plane // plane of section

plane of section contains Nesse, 2004; Fig. 7.6, 7.7, & 7.8
both na and ng : circular section // plane of section
maximum d plane of section I one OA:
minimum d (extinct!)
Optic Sign: Summary
Case 1: Uniaxial minerals:
Case 2: Biaxial minerals:
Z = optic axis (c-axis = slow)
ne > nw +ve + ve where Bxa // Z
X = optic axis (c-axis = fast) -ve where Bxa // X

ne < nw -ve
Z Z
c = OA = Z
c = OA = X
X +ve Bxa -ve X
a +ve
a -ve
Bxa
determined from OA figure determined from Bxa or OA figure
Optic Sign
how do we figure this out???
Requires:
conoscopic light (condenser lens in place)
interference figures (viewed with Bertrand lens)
use of STP to determine fast and slow directions
Nesse, Ch. 7, p. 53 -75 (uniaxial)

p. 76 - 109 (biaxial)
Optical Indicatrix and Symmetry
isometric system: a1 = a2 = a3; all angles = 90o

indicatrix is a sphere; minerals extinct in XN
hexagonal, trigonal, tetragonal systems: a1 = a2 (= a3) = c

all angles either 90o or 120o
uniaxial: indicatrix is ellipsoid; X < Y < Z
c-axis = optic axis = e (either X or Z)
parallel extinction
orthorhombic system: a = b = c; all angles = 90o

biaxial: indicatrix is ellipsoid; X < Y < Z
X, Y, Z // crystallographic axes
2 circular sections I 2 optic axes
parallel extinction
Optical Indicatrix and Symmetry
orthorhombic system: a = b = c; all angles = 90o
X, Y, Z  crystallographic axes
2 circular sections I 2 optic axes
parallel extinction
monoclinic system: a = b = c; a = g = 90o; b = 90o
one of X, Y, Z  one crystallographic axis
inclined extinction
triclinic system: a = b = c; a = b = g = 90o
no correspondence X, Y, Z  cryst. axes
inclined extinction
3. Biaxial Interference Figures
(Nesse Ch. 7 p. 76-109)
2 optic axes; 2 circular sections
na // X, nb // Y, ng // Z
X = fast; Y = intermediate; Z = slow

Polarisation in the petrographic microscope
upper polarising filter (analyser) what happens

sensitive tint plate here???
LAB TS-2
what happens mineral sample (thin section)
here???
conoscopic light what happens here???
LAB TS-1 LAB TS-3,4
condenser lens
plane polarised light (PPL)
lower polarising filter (polariser)
unpolarised light
light source
Biaxial Interference Figures
conoscopic light: melatopes
condenser lens in
rays focused through
centre of sample
isochromes
viewed with Bertrand lens
in biaxial minerals,
interference symmetrical
around 2 optic axes
2 melatopes
2 sets of isogyres
isochromes look distorted
2 different types of figures:
1. Bxa normal to plane of section
2. optic axis (OA) normal
to plane of section Nesse, 2004 Fig. 7.12
optic plane //
Biaxial Interference Figures cross-hairs
1. Bxa figure:
Bxa normal to plane of section

both optic axes intersect section
figure changes as stage rotated:

isogyres come together as a cross
then separate into arcs
melatopes (M) and isochromes stay

in same relative position
but rotate around centre
optic plane 45o

to cross-hairs
Nesse, 2004 Fig. 7.11
2. Optic axis (OA) figure: 1 optic axis normal to plane of section
second optic axis and Bxa both oblique to section
large 2V:
small 2V: one melatope
both melatopes visible
visible M
OA Bxa
2V
OA
1 melatope remains centred as stage rotated

isochromes rotate; isogyre(s) rotate (and separate)
Nesse, 2004 Fig. 7.17 & 7.18
What do Bxa and OA figures actually look like?

muscovite (OM-11)
isogyres
isogyre
M M
M
M
isochromes
M = melatope isochromes
Bxa figure: OA figure:

observed in grains with observed in grains extinct
with low-intermediate apparent d for 360o stage rotation
Effect of stage rotation on Bxa figure (muscovite)
isogyres 0°
M separate
isochromes
isogyres 0°
M separate 45°
M isogyres
meet
isochromes
isogyres 0°
M separate 45°
M isogyres
meet
90°
isochromes
every 90°, isogyres change orientation

in between, isogyres meet
isogyres
which is the best orientation for separate
determining optic sign?
find Bxa figure!!
Biaxial Interference Figures (low-intermediate apparent d)
Determining Optic Sign Nesse Fig. 7.48
1. Bxa Figure
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X
Z X
X +ve -ve Z
Bxa
Bxa
+ve Nesse, 2004 Fig. 7.23 -ve

Z = slow X = fast
textbook: orient figure with isogyres
in all biaxial minerals in NE-SW quadrants; look at region
between isogyres
find Bxa figure!!
Biaxial Interference Figures (low-intermediate apparent d)
Determining Optic Sign Nesse Fig. 7.48
(flipped)
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X
Z X
X +ve -ve Z
X = Bxa Z = Bxa
Bxa Z X
Bxa
-ve +ve
Z = slow X = fast
recommended: orient figure with isogyres
in all biaxial minerals in NW-SE quadrants; look at region
“behind” isogyres
which is the best orientation for determining optic sign?
where did you look
tint plate in
to see colour change
in uniaxial figures?
no tint plate
tint plate in
no tint plate
SE quadrant,
tint plate in
"behind" (inside)
isogyres
?
no tint plate
 here
tint plate in
no tint plate
Yellow (Yay!)? tint plate in
or Blue (Boo!)?
?
no tint plate
 here
tint plate in
no tint plate
Blue (Boo!) tint plate in
muscovite is
biaxial -ve
?
no tint plate
 here
tint plate in
no tint plate
tint plate in
note that both orientations

blue
give the same answer,
no tint plate but observing the isogyre
in the SE quadrant is
more obvious (less confusing)
because of similarity with
uniaxial case
blue
tint plate in
no tint plate
why does this work? tint plate in
blue
no tint plate
blue
tint plate in
no tint plate
Biaxial Interference Figures orientation of vibration
Determining Optic Sign directions in Bxa figure
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X
M = OA
Z X
Bxa: X or Z?
M = OA
X +ve -ve Z
Bxa
Bxa
Z = slow X = fast
isogyres in NW-SE quadrants
in all biaxial minerals
look at region “behind” isogyres
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X
Z X
Bxa: X or Z?
X +ve -ve Z
Bxa
Bxa
Z = slow X = fast
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X
plane containing OAs and Bxa Bxa: X or Z?

is X-Z plane
but is X or Z vertical (// Bxa)?
if X horizontal between isogyres
then Z vertical (// Bxa)
if Z horizontal between isogyres
then X vertical (// Bxa)
Z = slow X = fast
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X

is X-Z plane
if Z horizontal behind isogyres
if X horizontal behind isogyres
then X vertical (// Bxa) note reversal
across isogyres!!
Z = slow X = fast
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X

is X-Z plane
if Z horizontal behind isogyres
if X horizontal behind isogyres
insert tint plate
observe colour change
Z = slow X = fast
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X
up
if Z vertical (// Bxa): Bxa = Z
X horizontal between isogyres X
Z horizontal behind isogyres
colours down
Z
(X // STP slow)
down
grey  yellow (Yay!)
+ve insert tint plate
Z = slow X = fast
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X down
if X vertical (// Bxa): Bxa = X

Z horizontal between isogyres Z
X horizontal behind isogyres
colours up
(Z // STP slow) X
grey  blue (Boo!) up
-ve insert tint plate
Z = slow X = fast
down
Bxa = X
Z
no tint plate
colours up X
blue (boo) up
-ve
insert tint plate
tint plate in isogyres in NW-SE quadrants

2. Optic axis (OA) figure: 1 optic axis normal to plane of section
second optic axis and Bxa both oblique to section
large 2V:
small 2V: one melatope
both melatopes visible
visible M
OA Bxa
2V
OA
1 melatope remains centred as stage rotated

isochromes rotate; isogyre(s) rotate (and separate)
Nesse, 2004 Fig. 7.17 & 7.18
Biaxial Interference Figures find OA figure!!
(extinct for 360o rotation)
Determining Optic Sign
2. Optic axis (OA) figure Bxa
OA (=M)
Bxa
OA (=M)
optic plane
reversal across isogyre!!
OA figure = Bxa figure
rotated so that OA in centre orient figure with isogyre
bent into SE or NW quadrant
(grain extinct for 360o rotation)
muscovite OA figure
2. Optic axis (OA) figure
isogyre
M
OA (=M)
Bxa isochromes
OA (=M)
low δ grain; extinct for 360°
OA figure = Bxa figure

rotated so that OA in centre OM-11
muscovite
Bxa
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X
if X horizontal in Bxa quadrant

and Z horizontal behind isogyre
if Z horizontal in Bxa quadrant

and X horizontal behind isogyre
optic plane
reversal across isogyre!!
Z = slow X = fast
in all biaxial minerals orient figure with isogyre
Bxa
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X
if X horizontal in Bxa quadrant

and Z horizontal behind isogyre
if Z horizontal in Bxa quadrant observe SE

then X vertical (// Bxa) quadrant
and X horizontal behind isogyre
insert tint
plate
Z = slow X = fast
in all biaxial minerals orient figure with isogyre
Bxa = Z
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X up
X
if Z vertical (// Bxa):
Z horizontal between isogyres
X horizontal behind isogyres X
colours down down
(X // STP slow)
grey  yellow (Yay!)
+ve insert tint
plate
Z = slow X = fast if colours go down “inside” isogyre
in all biaxial minerals (grey  yellow: YAY!!)
mineral is +ve
Bxa = X
+ ve where Bxa // Z
-ve where Bxa // X down
X
if X vertical (// Bxa):
Z horizontal between isogyres
X horizontal behind isogyres
colours up X up
(Z // STP slow)
grey  blue (Boo!)
-ve insert tint
plate
Z = slow X = fast if colours go up “inside” isogyre
in all biaxial minerals (grey  blue: BOO!!)
mineral is -ve
Bxa = X
no tint plate
down
X
muscovite up
OA figure X
up
blue
(boo!)
-ve insert tint
plate
if colours go up “inside” isogyre
with tint plate (grey  blue: BOO!!)
mineral is -ve
flash figure:
Interference Figures: field of view
Other Biaxial Figures light  dark
very quickly
as stage
1. Flash Figures: rotated
very similar to uniaxial flash figures
both X and Z in plane of section
(maximum d)
useless for determining optic sign
2. Bxo (obtuse bisectrix figures)

90o from Bxa figures
similar to Bxa in many respects but
less useful because isogyre separation
is greater (harder to tell where you are)
Nesse, 2004 Fig. 7.20

Estimating 2V
Bxa figure OA figure
separation of isogyres curvature of isogyre
15o 30o 15o

5o
increasing separation with increasing 2V decreasing curvature

90 with increasing 2V
o
60o
45o 60o
30o
Nesse Fig. 7.51 Nesse Fig. 7.52

Estimating 2V aragonite muscovite
2V = 18° 2V = 40°
Bxa figure
separation of isogyres
15o 30o
increasing separation with increasing 2V
45o 60o
orthoclase
2V = 75°
Nesse Fig. 7.51
Estimating 2V
OA figure
curvature of isogyre
muscovite
OA figure
2V = 40°
15o
5o
decreasing curvature
90 with increasing 2V
o
60o
30o
Nesse Fig. 7.52

Biaxial Minerals: Pleochroic Scheme
Nesse, 2000; Fig. 7.30
1. In PPL, find grain with maximum colour change as stage rotated

(grain will contain both X and Z directions)
2. In XN, check fast (X) and slow (Z) directions with ST plate; link to colour
(same procedure as sign of elongation)
3. In PPL, repeat on different grain to check intermediate colour
(X, Z are known; Y is remaining colour)
PPL PPL

PPL PPL
XN no tint XN with tint tint slow

PPL Z = green-blue X = yellow PPL
slow fast
XN no tint XN with tint tint slow

Optic Sign: Summary
Case 1: Uniaxial minerals:
Case 2: Biaxial minerals:
Z = optic axis (c-axis = slow)
ne > nw +ve + ve where Bxa // Z
X = optic axis (c-axis = fast) -ve where Bxa // X

ne < nw -ve
Z Z
c = OA = Z
c = OA = X
X +ve Bxa -ve X
a +ve
a -ve
Bxa
determined from OA figure determined from Bxa or OA figure

Kuliah 6 - Biaxial Figures

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Kuliah 6 - Biaxial Figures

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Optical Mineralogy

2. Uniaxial Interference Figures

3. Biaxial Interference Figures

constructed as a sphere or ellipsoid with radii parallel to the principal

wave normal: ray paths:

2 optic axes (OA) normal to

where Bxa // Z: +ve

X-Z plane // plane of section

X = optic axis (c-axis = fast) -ve where Bxa // X

Nesse, Ch. 7, p. 53 -75 (uniaxial)

isometric system: a1 = a2 = a3; all angles = 90o

hexagonal, trigonal, tetragonal systems: a1 = a2 (= a3) = c

orthorhombic system: a = b = c; all angles = 90o

2 optic axes; 2 circular sections

X = fast; Y = intermediate; Z = slow

upper polarising filter (analyser) what happens

Bxa normal to plane of section

figure changes as stage rotated:

melatopes (M) and isochromes stay

optic plane 45o

1 melatope remains centred as stage rotated

What do Bxa and OA figures actually look like?

Bxa figure: OA figure:

every 90°, isogyres change orientation

+ve Nesse, 2004 Fig. 7.23 -ve

note that both orientations

plane containing OAs and Bxa Bxa: X or Z?

plane containing OAs and Bxa Bxa: X or Z?

plane containing OAs and Bxa Bxa: X or Z?

if X vertical (// Bxa): Bxa = X

tint plate in isogyres in NW-SE quadrants

1 melatope remains centred as stage rotated

low δ grain; extinct for 360°

OA figure = Bxa figure

if X horizontal in Bxa quadrant

if Z horizontal in Bxa quadrant

if X horizontal in Bxa quadrant

if Z horizontal in Bxa quadrant observe SE

2. Bxo (obtuse bisectrix figures)

Nesse, 2004 Fig. 7.20

15o 30o 15o

increasing separation with increasing 2V decreasing curvature

Nesse Fig. 7.51 Nesse Fig. 7.52

increasing separation with increasing 2V

Nesse Fig. 7.52

Nesse, 2000; Fig. 7.30

1. In PPL, find grain with maximum colour change as stage rotated

1. In PPL, find grain with maximum colour change as stage rotated

XN no tint XN with tint tint slow

XN no tint XN with tint tint slow

X = optic axis (c-axis = fast) -ve where Bxa // X

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