PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Design, Installation, Maintenance of Fire and Gas

Detection System

PTS 14.12.07
April 2014

© 2014 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright
owner. PETRONAS Technical Standards are Company’s internal standards and meant for authorized users only.
 PTS 14.12.07
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April 2014
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FOREWORD

PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing National and International
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice
across the PETRONAS group.

Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes
all phases of work activities.

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Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of
work, goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where

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specific requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the

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Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established
standards or practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.

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In issuing and making the PTS available, PETRONAS is not making any warranty on the accuracy or
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completeness of the information contained in PTS. The Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers shall
ensure accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering
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requirement and shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international
codes and technical standards before start of any work.
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PETRONAS is the sole copyright holder of PTS. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, recording
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or otherwise) or be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever, without the prior
written consent of PETRONAS.
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The PTS shall be used exclusively for the authorised purpose. The users shall arrange for PTS to be
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kept in safe custody and shall ensure its secrecy is maintained and provide satisfactory information
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to PETRONAS that this requirement is met.

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ANNOUNCEMENT

Please be informed that the entire PTS inventory is currently undergoing transformation exercise
from 2013 - 2015 which includes revision to numbering system, format and content. As part of this
change, the PTS numbering system has been revised to 6-digit numbers and drawings, forms and
requisition to 7-digit numbers. All newly revised PTS will adopt this new numbering system, and
where required make reference to other PTS in its revised numbering to ensure consistency. Users
are requested to refer to PTS 00.01.01 (Index to PTS) for mapping between old and revised PTS
numbers for clarity. For further inquiries, contact PTS administrator at
ptshelpdesk@petronas.com.my

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Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 6
1.1 SCOPE ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ............................................................................................... 6
1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES........................................................................................... 7
2.0 APPLICATION ............................................................................................................. 8
2.1 REQUIREMENT ......................................................................................................... 8

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2.2 ONSHORE FACILITIES ................................................................................................ 8

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2.3 OFFSHORE FACILITIES ............................................................................................... 8

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3.0 DETECTOR SELECTION .............................................................................................. 18

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3.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 18
4.0 SELECTION OF FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTOR ............................................................ 19
4.1
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GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 19
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4.2 INFRARED FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTORS ................................................................ 19
4.3 CATALYTIC TYPE DETECTORS .................................................................................. 19
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4.4 ASPIRATED GAS DETECTION ................................................................................... 20

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4.5 LINE OF SIGHT GAS DETECTORS .............................................................................. 20

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4.6 ACOUSTIC LEAK DETECTION.................................................................................... 20

5.0 OIL MIST DETECTION ............................................................................................... 22
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6.0 TOXIC GAS DETECTOR .............................................................................................. 23

6.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 23
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6.2 H2S GAS DETECTORS ............................................................................................... 23

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6.3 TOXIC GAS DETECTION THRESHOLDS ...................................................................... 24

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7.0 SELECTION OF SMOKE AND FIRE DETECTOR ............................................................ 25

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7.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 25

7.2 DETECTOR TYPE SELECTION .................................................................................... 25
7.3 MANUAL CALL POINT ............................................................................................. 25
7.4 INFRARED AND UV OPTICAL FIRE DETECTORS ......................................................... 25
7.5 CCTV FLAME DETECTOR.......................................................................................... 26
7.6 SMOKE DETECTORS ................................................................................................ 26
7.7 HEAT DETECTORS ................................................................................................... 26
7.8 COMBINED HEAT AND SMOKE DETECTORS ............................................................. 26
8.0 FIRE ALARM CONTROL SYSTEM ............................................................................... 27
8.1 REQUIREMENT ....................................................................................................... 27
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9.0 DETECTOR INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 28

9.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 28
9.2 QUANTITY AND LOCATION OF FLAMMABLE AND TOXIC GAS DETECTORS ............... 28
9.3 LOCATION AND POSITIONING OF SMOKE AND FIRE DETECTORS ............................. 28
9.4 POSITIONING OF MANUAL CALL POINTS ................................................................. 29
9.5 DETECTOR VOTING ................................................................................................. 29
10.0 INSPECTION AND TESTING ....................................................................................... 30
10.1 FACTORY ACCEPTANCE TEST (FAT) .......................................................................... 30

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10.2 SITE ACCEPTANCE TEST (SAT) ................................................................................. 30

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11.0 MAINTENANCE ........................................................................................................ 31

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11.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 31

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11.2 DETECTOR PRESERVATION ..................................................................................... 31
11.3 CALIBRATION AND TESTING.................................................................................... 31

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12.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 32
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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This PTS is applicable for design, installation, maintenance of fire and gas detection system.
This PTS incorporates PETRONAS lessons learnt and best practices.

1.1 SCOPE

1.1.1 This PTS covers the requirements for design, detector selection, installation and
maintenance of fire, gas and smoke detection system. Fire and gas detection is one of the
safety critical equipment that needs proper design to allow early detection of fire hazard to
mitigate escalation of fire event.

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1.1.2 Other scope that is not covered in this PTS should be referred to other international codes
such as codes of the USA National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and local authority

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regulatory.

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1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1.3.1 General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations

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Refer to PTS Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & Reading Guide PTS
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00.01.03 for General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations.
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1.3.2 Specific Definition of Terms

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None.
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1.3.3 Specific Abbreviations

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No Abbreviation Description

As Low As Reasonably Practicable

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1 ALARP
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2 CAD Computer Aided Design

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3 CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics

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4 DCS Distributed Control System

5 ESD Emergency Shut Down

6 FGS Fire and Gas System

7 HSE Health, Safety and Environment

8 HWFT Hardware Fault Tolerance

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No Abbreviation Description

9 IPF Instrumented Protective Function

10 IPS Instrumented Protective System

11 LED Light Emitting Diode

12 LOS Line of Sight

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13 MFAP Main Fire Alarm Panel

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14 OEL Occupational Exposure Limit

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15 PFD Probability of Failure on Demand

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Programmable Logic Controller
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16 PLC
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17 QRA Qualitative Risk Assessment

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18 SFR Safe Failure Robustness

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19 SIL Safety Integrity Level

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20 STEL Short Term Exposure Limit

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21 TLV Threshold Limit Value

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22 UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

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23 USD Unit Shutdown (Shutdown of affected unit only)

M-out-of-N
24 MooN The voting configuration of MooN shall be with
minimum HWFT of 1.
Note: HWFT = N – M = 1
Table 1: Specific Abbreviations

1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This PTS 14.12.07 replaces PTS 32.30.20.11 (September, 2012).
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2.0 APPLICATION

2.1 REQUIREMENT

2.1.1 Requirements specified in this standard should be regarded as provision of minimum level of
protection.

2.1.2 Power supply requirement for fire and gas system shall comply with PTS 13.00.01 Electrical
Engineering Guidelines Clause 3.9.4

2.2 ONSHORE FACILITIES

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2.2.1 Requirements of fire and gas detection system for onshore facilities are in accordance with

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PTS 12.33.01.

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2.2.2 In addition to PTS 12.33.01, fire and gas detection system shall (PSR) comply with local

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regulatory by-laws such as Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws and BOMBA requirements.

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2.2.3 Upon detection of fire and/ or gas, automatic trip action is not mandatory for manned
onshore facilities unless the requirement is specified in HAZOP and IPF studies
recommendation.
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2.3 OFFSHORE FACILITIES
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2.3.1 Unmanned platforms

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Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

Wellhead (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD
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Plugs plug melts

OR OR
(ii) Flame MooN flame detector (s)
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Detectors with HWFT of 1 is

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activated.
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Other process areas e.g.: (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD
- Separators Plugs plug melts
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- Hydrocarbon OR OR
pumps (ii) Flame MooN flame detector (s)
- Launchers/ Detectors with HWFT of 1 is
receivers activated.
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Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

Gas compressor (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD
Plugs AND plug melts AND
Gas confirmed high level gas
Detectors OR
OR MooN flame detector (s)
(ii) Flame with HWFT of 1 is
Detectors activated AND confirmed
AND Gas high level gas.
Detectors

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Glycol regenerators (i) Fusible Any 2 gas detectors Initiate ESD

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Plugs detect high-high level gas
AND Gas OR
Detectors
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Minimum of one fusible
plug melts AND
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(ii) Flame confirmed high level gas
Detectors OR
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AND Gas MooN flame detector (s)

Detectors with HWFT of 1 is
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activated AND confirmed

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NOTES: high level gas.

i. Fusible plugs
are to be
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installed at
entrance of
firebox and
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vent stack
ii. Gas
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detection
for air intake
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system
Helidecks Gas Any 2 detectors detect Initiate ESD
Detectors high-high level gas
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NOTE: If there
are major gas
equipment
located below
the helideck
Air Compressor Gas Any 2 detectors detect Initiate ESD
Detectors high-high level gas

NOTE: For air

intake system
Table 2: Minimum fire and gas detection system requirements for unmanned platforms
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2.3.2 Manned oil platforms

Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

Wellhead (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD and
Plugs plug melts activate deluge
OR OR systems
(ii) Flame MooN flame detector (s)
Detectors with HWFT of 1 is
activated.

Other process areas e.g.: (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD and

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- Separators Plugs AND plug melts activate deluge

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- Hydrocarbon Gas OR systems

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pumps Detectors MooN flame detector (s)
- Launchers/ OR with HWFT of 1 is

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receivers (ii) Flame activated.
Detectors Any 2 gas detectors Initiate ESD

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AND Gas detect high-high level gas
Detectors
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Gas compressor (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD and
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Plugs AND plug melts activate deluge

Gas OR systems
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Detectors MooN flame detector (s)

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OR with HWFT of 1 is
(ii) Flame activated.
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Detectors
Any 2 gas detectors Initiate ESD
AND Gas
detect high-high level gas
Detectors
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Glycol regenerators (i) Fusible Any 2 gas detectors Initiate ESD

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Plugs detect high-high level gas

AND Gas
Detectors
OR
(ii) Flame
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Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

Detectors Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD
AND Gas plug melts
Detectors OR
Confirmed fire
NOTES:
i. Fusible plugs
are to be
installed at
entrance of
firebox and
vent stack

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ii. Gas detection

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for air intake
system

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Air Compressor Gas Any 2 detectors detect Initiate ESD

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Detectors high-high level gas

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NOTE: For air
intake system
Table 3: Minimum fire and gas detection system requirements for manned oil platforms
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2.3.3 Manned gas platforms
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Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

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Wellhead manifolds & (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD and
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production coolers Plugs plug melts activate deluge

OR OR systems
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(ii) Flame MooN flame detector (s)

Detectors with HWFT of 1 is
activated.
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Production/test (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD and

separators, coalescers, Plugs AND Gas plug melts activate deluge
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skimmers, contactor Detectors OR systems

tower, glycol storage OR MooN flame detector (s)
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tank, condensate flash (ii) Flame with HWFT of 1 is

separator, condensate Detectors AND activated.
dryer tower Gas Detectors Any 2 gas detectors Initiate ESD
detect high-high level
gas

Gas compressor (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD and
Plugs AND Gas plug melts activate deluge
Detectors OR systems
OR MooN flame detector (s)
(ii) Flame with HWFT of 1 is
Detectors AND activated.
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Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

Gas Detectors Any 2 gas detectors Initiate ESD
detect high-high level
gas

Glycol regenerators (i) Fusible Any 2 gas detectors Initiate ESD

Plugs detect high-high level
AND Gas gas

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Detectors

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OR

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(ii) Flame
Detectors AND Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD and

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Gas Detectors plug melts activate deluge
OR systems

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NOTES:
Confirmed fire
i. Fusible plugs are
to be installed at
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entrance of
firebox and vent
stack
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ii. Gas detection

for air intake
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system
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Air Compressor Gas Detectors Any 2 detectors detect Initiate ESD

high-high level gas
NOTE: For air intake
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system
Launcher/receiver (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD and
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Plugs AND Gas plug melts activate deluge

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Detectors OR systems
OR MooN flame detector (s)
(ii) Flame with HWFT of 1 is
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Detectors AND activated.

Gas Detectors Any 2 gas detectors Initiate ESD
detect high-high level
gas

Hydrocarbon pumps, (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD and
lube oil coolers, diesel Plugs AND Gas plug melts activate deluge
storage tank, methanol Detectors OR systems
storage tank, OR MooN flame detector (s)
brine/LCM/condensate (ii) Flame with HWFT of 1 is
tankage area Detectors AND activated.
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Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

Gas Detectors Any 2 gas detectors Initiate ESD
detect high-high level
gas
Fuel gas/ vent scrubbers (i) Fusible Minimum of one fusible Initiate ESD and
Plugs AND Gas plug melts activate deluge
Detectors OR systems
OR MooN flame detector (s)
(ii) Flame with HWFT of 1 is
Detectors AND activated.

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Gas Detectors Any 2 gas detectors Initiate ESD

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detect high-high level
gas

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Vent stacks IR/ IR/ thermocouple is
Trigger alarm and
thermocouples detected activate N2

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manually

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Table 4: Minimum fire and gas detection system requirements for manned gas platforms
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2.3.4 Enclosed buildings
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i. Equipment rooms
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Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

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Generator room Flame detector Confirmed fire - Shutdown and

AND blowdown gas
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Gas detector supply line

- Initiate the start
of auxiliary diesel
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generator
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provided it is at a
different location
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Gas detection by 2 Shutdown air

gas detectors MooN compressor
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configuration with
HWFT of 1 for air
compressor air
intake
Battery room Smoke detector Detection of smoke Initiate alarm
AND
H2 Gas detector Confirmed gas Stop of ventilation
detection inhibits boost
NOTE: H2 gas detector is charge
only required when
battery can release
hydrogen gas and
create hazardous gas
mixture.
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Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

Electrical or electronic Smoke detector Detection of smoke Initiate alarm
room e.g.: AND
Gas detector
- Control rooms
- Switch rooms
- Radio rooms NOTE:
Gas detection is not Confirmed high-high Shutdown HVAC
- Inverter/UPS rooms required if all
level gas at building and close damper
- SCADA rooms equipment in the room
are certified for Zone 2, air intake
- Termination rooms gas group IIC

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- Transformer rooms environment

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Equipment Smoke detector Detection of smoke Initiate alarm

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rooms/workshop

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Gas compressor room Flame detector, Confirmed gas/flame Shutdown the
Gas detector or heat compressor
AND Heat
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Table 5: Minimum fire and gas detection system requirements for equipment rooms at
offshore platform
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ii. Living quarters

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Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

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Corridors and stairwells Smoke detector Detection of smoke Initiate alarm

Cabins Smoke detector Detection of smoke Initiate alarm

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Dining rooms Smoke detector Detection of smoke Initiate alarm

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Galley Heat detector (at Heat detector Initiate alarm

galley hood/duct) activated
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AHU room Gas AND Smoke Confirmed high-high Initiate ESD

detector level gas at air inlets
Detection of smoke Trip fans
Radio room Smoke detector Detection of smoke Initiate alarm
NOTE: To be in false
floor and false ceiling
where applicable
Laundry room/ Locker Smoke detector Detection of smoke Initiate alarm
room/ Store room

Table 6: Minimum fire and gas detection system requirements for living quarters
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iii. In addition to the requirement specified in Table 6 and Table 7, minimum of two (2)
gas detectors shall (PSR) be installed at the following locations:
a. Ventilation and/or pressurization fresh air intakes of all enclosed buildings
b. Semi-enclosed safe areas which process live hydrocarbons
c. Totally enclosed safe areas which process live hydrocarbons with poor
ventilation
Gas detectors shall be voted in a MooN configuration with HWFT of 1.

2.3.5 Engines
Requirements of detection system for engines are as follows:

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i. Fusible plug loop, UV, IR and other fire detection devices can be used for fire

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detection for the internal combustion engines

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ii. For engine located in a hazardous zone which is fitted with automatic start-up
facilities, gas detectors shall (PSR) be available to trigger an alarm and inhibit the

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engine start-up sequence.

2.3.6 Gas turbines

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Gas turbine has high rates of fire due to availability of both fuel and ignition sources. Fire
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and gas detection system shall cater for the following hazardous situations:
i. Fire inside the turbine enclosure
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Fire detection shall consist of two layers of detection:

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a. Primary detection – Using UV, UV/IR or Triple IR

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Number of detectors shall be adequate to cover the interior of turbine

enclosure. Fuel gas and combustion chamber areas must be within the cone
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of vision of flame detectors without obstruction. Location of detectors shall

be optimized to ensure maximum coverage.
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Activation of one flame detector shall trigger alarm and additional one more
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detector shall trip the machine immediately.

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b. Secondary detection – Using fixed heat detection

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Heat detectors of suitable temperature rating shall be incorporated to

monitor those areas not seen by the primary detection such as behind inlet
and exhaust plenum, lubrication oil systems, heat sources and air flow.

Secondary detection serves as a back-up, due activation based on prolonged

fire occurrence.

ii. Fire outside the turbine enclosure

Detection outside the turbine enclosure shall comply with process facilities
requirements.

iii. Gas detection in the turbine enclosure and ventilation/combustion air intakes
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Air intakes for ventilation and combustion should preferably to be located at the
same position. Minimum of three gas detectors shall be installed at this common
intake. Detection of high (10% LEL) or high-high (50% LEL) level by a single detector
will annunciate at the local turbine control panel and at the main Fire and Gas Panel.
If high-high level is detected by 2 or more detectors, alarm and shutdown will be
initiated at the same time.

iv. Gas detection for enclosure ventilation air exhaust

Three gas detectors shall (PSR) be installed under the exhaust hood to monitor the

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ventilation air exhaust. It is preferably to install the gas detectors at the ventilation

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outlet but this is subject to exhaust temperature of the turbine.

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Due to high airflow volume of the ventilation system, gas will be diluted in the event
of gas leaks. Therefore, higher gas detector sensitivity shall be applied as follows:

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a. 5% LEL for Alarm
b. 10% LEL for 2oo3 Trip
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v. Heat or flame detection for rotating equipment
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For equipment that are located outside the gas turbine main enclosure, heat or
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flame detector should be prescribed according to risk requirements to initiate a

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process shutdown and system depressurization upon detection.

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NOTE: This section is applicable for onshore application as well.

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2.3.7 Barges
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Refer to Section 2.3.4.

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2.3.8 Drilling rigs

Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

Drill floor and Gas detector may be - -
substructure installed within
enclosed substructure
where applicable
Shake shaker and active Gas detector Gas detector Activate deluge
mud tanks activated system manually
from a safe area
Mud pumps Gas and smoke - -
detector
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Process Area Detection Cause(s) Effect(s)

Sack storage and bulk Heat detector - -
storage
Rig emergency room Smoke detector - -

Mud laboratory Gas and smoke Detection of gas Shutdown

detector ventilation and
electrical
equipment and
close dampers

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Table 7: Minimum fire and gas detection system requirements for drilling rigs

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3.0 DETECTOR SELECTION

3.1 GENERAL

The requirements of detector selection shall consider any recommendations in IPF study,
process safety assessment and HAZOP. For detector in building, NFPA and local regulatory
shall be complied.

The quantity and location of the fire and gas detector shall be adequate to cover the
potential hazard with sufficient time for mitigating measures or actions. The placement of
fire and gas detector shall be determined by fire and gas mapping study using PETRONAS

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approved 3D FnGMAP TM software and its risk based methodology. PTS 14.33.01 provides

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details for fire and gas mapping study. For plant modifications, only the affected area will

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require mapping to assess impact of changes.

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The detectors and their associated equipment location shall be clearly indicated on the
master plan of fire and gas detection drawing. In addition to detector location, the

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associated equipment such as beacons, siren and horn shall be sited at location where they
are visible and noticeable by operator and field personal.
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Hardwired 4-20 mA signal shall be used for signal transmission between fire and gas
detector to control unit. Addressable sensor is acceptable for building fire and gas
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detection which has lower risk. Each detector shall be configured as individual alarm to
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provide one-to-one alarm message to operator. Zone monitoring is typically applied to

smoke detector and manual call point where a few detectors are connected in a loop with
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one common input to control system and one common alarm. The maximum number of
detector per loop should be limited to a manageable number for ease of maintenance.
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Where potential free contact loop is used, it shall comprise end-of-line resistor (EOL) to
ensure loop integrity is achieved and monitored continuously by the control unit. The value
of EOL shall be device specific.
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3.1.1 Construction and performance requirements of detector

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The detector shall be designed to perform to meet the local national standards and this
PTS. Other international standard shall be applied for the following;
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i. Heat detectors EN 54
ii. Flame and ionisation-type detectors EN 54
iii. Combustible (flammable) gas detectors EN 61779 Parts 1 through 5

The material of construction for the detector located in field shall be suitable for the
environment.

3.1.2 Certification of detector

All detector located in field shall (PSR) comply with the hazardous area protection for
classified hazardous areas as per MS IEC 60079. Electrical certification of fire, gas and smoke
detectors shall (PSR) be in compliance with local regulations. For non-hazardous area,
certification of detector is not required, general purpose detectors may be used.
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4.0 SELECTION OF FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTOR

4.1 GENERAL

When selecting flammable gas detector, the following order of preference shall be adopted:
i. Infrared absorption type
ii. Catalytic gas detection
iii. Acoustic leakage detection (This shall only be selected if the above two types are
unable to provide the detection e.g. N2 gas leak)
The selection of gas detector shall take into consideration of the maintenance frequency
requirement based on Manufacturer’s recommendation. The minimum testing interval

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shall be every 6-monthly.

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4.2 INFRARED FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTORS
The basic principle of detection for infrared type gas detectors is based on the amount of

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infrared energy being absorbed by hydrocarbons at certain wavelengths. Different type of
gas has different properties and exhibit different unique absorption wavelength. This

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wavelength forms the unique “signature” of each hydrocarbon. Typically for most
hydrocarbons, the absorption peak occurs around 3.4 micrometer.
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Infrared type gas detector is the preferred hydrocarbon gas detector due to various
advantages as following:
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i. Rapid response time;

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ii. Poison resistance and is immune to airborne pollutants such as silicones, lead
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compound and H2S;

iii. Able to work under oxygen reduced atmospheres;
iv. Less maintenance
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v. Higher integrity in terms of degree of fail-safety;

vi. Self-diagnostic features
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However, infrared type gas detector has the following limitation:

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i. Only detect gases which have dipoles moment presence in most of the hetero
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atomic gases. Infrared detectors shall not be used to detect hydrogen which is
mono atomic.
ii. Infrared is absorbed by water vapour and hence could cause interference
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iii. Detector has limitation to perform under high temperature > 60 degree C
Alarm shall (PSR) be configured to provide warning of gas leak. If two alarm levels are
configured, the alarm setting of infrared gas detector shall (PSR) not be higher than 20% LEL
for H and 60% LEL for HH. For single alarm level, 50% LEL shall (PSR) be used as H alarm.

4.3 CATALYTIC TYPE DETECTORS

Catalytic (pellistor type) gas detectors shall not be applied if the gas release results in oxygen
deficiency at the sensor. This is due to the sensor depends on oxygen to oxidize the catalyst
to produce signal. Under gas rich or oxygen deficiency environment, the detection will be
unable to respond.
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Catalytic detector shall be considered if infrared detector is not suitable (e.g. H 2 gas). The
Owner shall be consulted for the use of catalytic gas detectors especially on selection of
sensor which has following limitations:
i. Sensor poison by airborne silicon
ii. Suffer from short and long term drift due to ageing of catalyst
iii. Risk of unrevealed failure

4.4 ASPIRATED GAS DETECTION

At location where detector accessibility is difficult or presence of high temperature

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environment during normal plant operation, aspirator type gas detector shall be considered.

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Example of application areas are inside gas turbine enclosure, building sub floor, reactor
bunker and air duct.

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This type of detection system typically utilize vacuum ejector or pump to sample air mixtures

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from the target location to the measuring detector.
Location of sampling point shall be accessible for routine testing.

4.5 LINE OF SIGHT GAS DETECTORS lU

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The detection principle of Line-of-Sight (LOS) or open path gas detectors is based on
absorption of infrared energy at certain wavelengths by flammable hydrocarbon mixture.
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Typical design of LOS has transmission source at one end and receiver at the other end
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which enables LOS gas detectors to sense gas over relatively long distances.
The structure support of LOS detector shall be rigid and shall not vibrate beyond
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manufacturer specification. The typical distance coverage of LOS is 4-200 m. however, for
optimum performance, maximum allowable distance for onshore application is 60m to avoid
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nuisance alarm due to loss of sensitivity due to dirty lens or environmental factors.
LOS gas detectors are ideally suited for detecting gas accumulations or gas cloud migration
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in open facilities. They are preferred over point type gas detectors for this purpose.
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LOS gas detectors can be used to monitor a complete area or to monitor the perimeter of a
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process unit. These optical-type instruments monitor a given area or perimeter for the
presence of flammable gas.
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For area monitoring, at least two open path instruments shall be applied. For monitoring a
jetty or, for example, the border between an existing operating process unit and a unit
under construction or shutdown, one (1) monitor is normally sufficient.
(PSR)
Alarm setting for LOS shall be set at 1 LELm and 3 LELm for H and HH alarms
respectively.

4.6 ACOUSTIC LEAK DETECTION

Acoustic or ultrasonic gas detector shall not be used as the only primary detection method if
there is other conventional technology for same application. It can be used as secondary
detection to compliment the conventional detection method by infrared or catalytic which
has slower response to gas leak as compared to ultrasonic technology. However, for
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application where other detection technology is not available, such as leak from inert gas
such as nitrogen, acoustic detection can be applied with consultation with Owner.

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5.0 OIL MIST DETECTION

Oil mist detector can be used to detect oil mist generated by leakage or pressurized lube oil
system in gas compressor or high pressure stabilized crude oil. Typically, the leakage can
produce atomizes cloud which has potential of flammable ignition when in contact with hot
surface or rotating equipment.
Oil mist detector shall be properly designed and installed to prevent obscure by the oil mist
smoke or cloud.

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6.0 TOXIC GAS DETECTOR

6.1 GENERAL
The key concern of toxic gas release is the immediate health hazard threat to human life and
large release may eventually lead to explosive mixture. The IDHL (Immediate Danger to
Health and Life) level of toxic gas is very much lower (ppm range) than flammable gas level
(% range). Thus, flammable gas detector shall not be used as substitute to toxic gas detector
even though both gases co-exist in the same process stream. For H2S gas detector, Section
6.2 shall be complied.
The design of toxic gas detector shall ensure it is resistance to poisoning by air borne

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chemical.

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Table below illustrates the two groups of toxic gas detector:

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Types of toxic gas Impact Selection considerations

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- Fast response
H2S, CO, HF, HCL, CL2 Have a STEL that is - High reliability to comply with

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slightly higher than the HSE requirements
TLV - Electrochemical sensor is
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preferred
- Reliability and accuracy
Vinyl Chloride, Health hazard on long
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- TLV shall be monitored

Benzene, Toluene, term exposure shall include HSE aspect in the
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Formaldehyde design
- Data storage to monitor
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exposure concentration over

long period of time for audit
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trait
Table 8: Types of toxic gas detector
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6.2 H2S GAS DETECTORS

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H2S is best detected by dedicated H2S gas detector. However, for process stream with H2S
concentration less than 500mL/m3 after flashing to atmospheric pressure, flammable gas
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detectors may be used. The detector shall have adequate coverage as verified by fire and
gas mapping and shall be installed at correct height (lower level) to detect accumulation of
heavy toxic gas. Typically, the height shall be 0.5m above the ground or grade.

6.2.1 Selection of H2S gas detectors shall be based on the following:

i. Electrochemical sensor
This is the preferred sensor type for H2S due to its selective detection to H2S gas
only without interference by other gases. However, due to inherent design of
electrochemical cell, its life can be depleted and typically within 2 years.
ii. Semi-conductor type
It uses semiconductor technology and has longer life span than electrochemical
cell. The disadvantage of this sensor is its low resistance to air borne
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contaminates such as paint solvents and high humidity, which can shorten its life
span. NT-MOS technology shall be selected if this type of sensor is selected.

6.3 TOXIC GAS DETECTION THRESHOLDS

The alarm thresholds shall follow local regulatory requirements which may vary for different
country. Example below is thresholds limits requirements by UK Health Safety Executive
(HSE). The figure is only provided as guidance as the latest value shall be referred to UK HSE
web site.
i. 5 mL/m3 OEL – Time weighted Average (TWA) for an 8 hour day, 40 hour week
ii. 10 mL/m3 STEL – Short Term Exposure Limit ((4) x 10 minutes exposures per day)

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iii. 100 ppm IDLH – Immediate Danger to Life and Health (NIOSH – UK HSE)

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Personal H2S monitor shall be used when entering H2S areas in additional to the fixed

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detection system.
The first level alarm setting for H2S shall be set at 5mL/m3 (approximately 4.9ppm) and

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10mL/m3 (approximately 9.7ppm) for second (high) alarm level.

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7.0 SELECTION OF SMOKE AND FIRE DETECTOR

7.1 GENERAL

For process hazard with likelihood of jet fire, infrared fire detector shall be used as it is able
to provide rapid detection for fire. Fusible plugs, heat sensing cable or deluge tubing are the
alternative if the risk is lower and delayed response is acceptable.

7.2 DETECTOR TYPE SELECTION

Fire, heat and smoke detector shall be selected based on the following types to suit the
specific applications:

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i. Break glass or manual call points.

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ii. Infrared (IR) flame detectors. Multi-spectrum type is preferred as it has high noise

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rejection to nuisance fire alarm.
iii. Light-scattering and ionization-type detectors for indoor smoke detection.

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iv. Fusible plugs, heat sensitive cables and deluge plastic tubing are typically used for
fire detection at outdoor. This type of detection has slower response as compared to

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infrared type.
v. Rate-compensated heat detectors.
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vi. A combination of fixed temperature and rate-compensated heat detectors.
vii. Quartzoid bulbs mainly for building and not suitable for outdoor application due to
the fragile nature of glass.
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viii. UV flame detector for high temperature application inside gas turbine compartment.
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It is not suitable for outdoor application as X-ray and lightning and UV light may
create false detection.
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7.3 MANUAL CALL POINT

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The design of manual call point shall be of break glass with auto release type. Consideration
shall be given to comply with relevant environment where the call point is installed. The
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complete housing of manual call points installed outdoors shall be constructed in

accordance with requirements for the classified hazardous areas, and shall be corrosion-
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resistant and fully weather-proofed. For identification, they shall be coloured red to 04E33
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of BS 4800, (DIN Standard RAL 3000), or equivalent.

7.4 INFRARED AND UV OPTICAL FIRE DETECTORS

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The detector shall be equipped with self-diagnostic features to check the integrity of its
circuit and the optical glass window.

7.4.1 Infrared type fire detectors

Detector shall be able to operate under harsh outdoor environment and immune to
interferences such as solar ray and lightning. The design of the detector shall be able to
detect hydrocarbon fire detector is not suitable for smouldering fires. IR fire detector shall
not be applied if the temperature of the environment exceeds 75˚C.

7.4.2 UV type fire detectors

In areas where dusty environment or airborne droplets is likely to be present, UV detector is
not suitable. If fire produces thick smoke which can blind the UV vision, it shall not be used.
Consideration shall be taken on external interference on UV detector by X-rays from non-
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destructive testing, lightning. The detector is typically able to operate at high temperature of
greater than 150˚C but manufacturer shall be consulted on such application.

7.5 CCTV FLAME DETECTOR

CCTV technology typically employs digital image processing software to discriminate actual
fire event against other interferences. This technology shall only be used if the conventional
UV/IR technology has limitations in the application.

7.6 SMOKE DETECTORS

Smoke detector can only function in enclosed areas where accumulation of smoke occurs.

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Thus, it shall be employed in enclosed areas only where applicable and shall not be used in

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open areas.

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Optical type smoke detector shall be used which is typically based on light scattering
principles with photoelectric sensor

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Ionisation detector with radioactive sensor shall not be used for new projects as this creates
hazardous schedule waste which is expensive to manage. It is also unreliable due to
interference by dust particles.
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Apart from point type, open path smoke detector is an alternative if the coverage area is
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wide and without obstruction to the beam path. The recommended maximum distance for
open path is 30m path length. Installation shall avoid high vibration areas, steam or fog or
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object that can block its detection path length.

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7.6.1 Ultra-high sensitivity smoke detectors

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This type of smoke detector has very high sensitivity and is usually employed to detect
incipient fires at the early stage of fire critical equipment rooms such as control system rack
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room, system cabinets, and computer central data rooms should be installed with such
detector to provide early warning of potential fire on critical asset. This type of smoke
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detector is usually designed with aspirator system, with multipoint sampling. The sampling
tube/pipe should be designed to ensure there is not preferential aspiration at one point
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leading to ineffective sampling at other sample points.

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7.7 HEAT DETECTORS

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Heat detector has slower respond as compared to optical type fire detector. It is normally
applied for large fire case which generates heat very quickly.
Detector placement in building shall follow local legislation building by-law or NFPA-72. As
general guide, each detector should have coverage of 25 m2.

7.8 COMBINED HEAT AND SMOKE DETECTORS

For fire that produces less visible smoke but has high heat intensity, the combined
heat/smoke detector can be employed. The sensor typically comprises heat sensing
thermistor and optical light sensor.
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8.0 FIRE ALARM CONTROL SYSTEM

8.1 REQUIREMENT

8.1.1 The fire and gas control system shall (PSR) be a TUV Rheinland certified PLC to the highest
rated SIL as determined by IPF studies.

8.1.2 Total fire and gas detection and alarm system shall be periodically tested to meet
manufacturer testing frequency and compliance to relevant code and standard. If
manufacturer testing frequency is not available, Section 11.1 shall be adapted.

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8.1.3 The design of the fire and gas detection system shall be non-fail safe. Diagnostic feature shall

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be available to monitor the non-fail safe system to avoid spurious executive action such as

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release of fire suppression system. For trip system, cause and effect matrix diagram shall be
provided for each project. If fail safe is required, the Technical Authority shall be consulted.

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8.1.4 The operator interface shall be via DCS display units or dedicated fire alarm panel. The panel

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shall be overall plant display for various location of the fire and gas detector.

8.1.5 The colour coding for indicating light at operator display panel shall be as follows:
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i. Yellow:- Toxic gas
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ii. Blue:- Flammable gas

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iii. Red:- Fire alarm

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iv. Green:- Fire-water pump

8.1.6 All fire and gas alarm shall have historian to allow audit trail of the fire event.
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8.1.7 Communication facilities for emergency response shall be provided at operator fire alarm
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console such as telephone, plant radio, and public address system.

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8.1.8 The fire alarm control system shall provide audible and visual alarm (beacon) to the field to
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provide warning of fire and gas leak events.

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9.0 DETECTOR INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

9.1 GENERAL
The installation of sensor head shall be located such that it is safe to access for maintenance.
Sensor head shall not be installed at location that its performance can be affected by
external factors such as dust, direct rain, water spray, hot area, high velocity air. The sensor
shall be adequately protected against such interference to minimize damage.

9.2 QUANTITY AND LOCATION OF FLAMMABLE AND TOXIC GAS DETECTORS

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9.2.1 The exact location and quantity of flammable and toxic gas detectors shall be determined by

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fire and gas mapping study. This study shall be conducted using PETRONAS 3D FnGMAPTM
software and its methodology. The details of this requirement are stipulated in PTS 14.33.01

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– Fire and Gas Detection Mapping.

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9.2.2 The location of flammable gas detector shall consider the following factors:

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i. Potential leak source and hole size
ii. Main equipment layout plan
iii. Process parameters such as temperature, pressure, gas density, process medium
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iv. Prevailing wind speed and direction
v. Local atmospheric conditions
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9.2.3 Flammable gas detector shall be located near leak source to allow early detection of leak to
minimize escalation. Typical locations in process plant are:
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i. Air intake for HVAC that is located in hazardous area

ii. Analyser house air intake ducting
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iii. Near seals of pump and compressors

iv. Flanges manifold
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v. Compressor house
vi. Enclosed compartment for process equipment
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9.2.4 Toxic gas detector requirements shall be based on QRA requirements and fire and gas
mapping study recommendations.
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9.3 LOCATION AND POSITIONING OF SMOKE AND FIRE DETECTORS

9.3.1 The exact location and quantity of fire detectors shall be determined by fire and gas
mapping study using PETRONAS 3D FnGMAPTM software and its methodology. The details of
this requirement are stipulated in PTS 14.33.01 – Fire and Gas Detection Mapping.

9.3.2 Detector placement shall follow local legislation requirements or building by-law or NFPA-
72.
NOTE: Detectors that are not visible, such as ceiling void or under floor, shall be provided with remote LED’s located in the
room being monitored.
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9.3.3 Fusible plug, heat sensitive cable or fire detection tubing

Installation of the detection tubing/cable/plug shall be targeted at potential fire source of
the equipment in accordance with API 14C. For pneumatic tubing, instrument air is typically
used to maintain the pressure at 1.5 barg. The tubing shall have resistance to UV light from
sun ray.

9.4 POSITIONING OF MANUAL CALL POINTS

The location of manual call point shall be clearly visible and accessible for emergency
activation. It is typically placed at the following locations:
i. along roads in the plant area at intervals not exceeding 100 m, preferably at or

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near to lamp posts;

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ii. along roads in storage / tank areas not exceeding intervals of 200 m;

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iii. near or at locations having a higher risk such as remote pump floors, oil
catchers, manifolds, motor control centres, jetty heads;

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iv. on offshore locations, at escape routes (entrance to bridges and staircases);
v. inside buildings, office entrance, canteens, warehouses, medical centres, gate

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and guardhouses, etc.;
vi. inside the plant and positioned:
vii. outside power station(s);
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viii. outside analyser house(s);
ix. outside control room(s);
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x. outside utility buildings;

xi. outside hazardous enclosed areas;
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xii. along logical escape routes.

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9.5 DETECTOR VOTING

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Voting of detector is required when there is a need to ensure no spurious alarms or trip due
to false detection. This requirement should be determined by IPF study and fire and gas
mapping study to assess the risk level and robustness of the hardware against nuisance
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alarms.
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10.0 INSPECTION AND TESTING

10.1 FACTORY ACCEPTANCE TEST (FAT)

The detectors and their associated hardware shall be tested prior to shipment at the
Manufacturer’s facility to demonstrate that the system performs as specified.
Testing shall comprise of a full check on the operational requirements and on proper
functioning of all hardware and, where applicable, software in the system.
Serial communications, if any, shall be demonstrated.

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10.2 SITE ACCEPTANCE TEST (SAT)

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A full site acceptance test shall be performed to demonstrate that the FGS functions
correctly. A test manual shall be supplied by the system Manufacturer/Supplier for this

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purpose. If assistance by the system Manufacturer is required, this shall be specified in the
requisition.

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The complete FGS and control system shall be commissioned on the basis of realistic tests
prior to start-up. The tests shall, as far as is practical, simulate fire, smoke and gas detection
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which can arise in the protected area under normal operating conditions, e.g. smoke
detectors shall be commissioned with the heating, ventilating and air conditioning system in
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operation with a smoke source at ground level. This should ensure that the response time of
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the system is measured reliably.

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11.0 MAINTENANCE

11.1 GENERAL
Fire and gas detection system is classified as safety critical element in PETRONAS and thus
they shall be regularly maintained to provide assurance of integrity. The typical maintenance
frequency of fire, gas and smoke detector shall be referred to Manufacturer’s
recommendation. However, minimum frequency for fire and smoke detector shall be every
12 monthly and gas detector shall be every 6 monthly.

11.2 DETECTOR PRESERVATION

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Fire and gas detector shall be properly preserved during project construction stage to avoid

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damage to the delicate sensor. Manufacturer procedure shall be adhering in terms of

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sensor storage, shelf life and installation.
Precaution should be taken on poisoning agents such as silicon compounds, paint vapours

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and volatile chemical that can degrade sensor performance especially on catalytic and
electrochemical sensors.

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NOTE: For example, temporarily cover the detector during painting work around the detector.
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11.3 CALIBRATION AND TESTING
Certified gas mixture shall be used for calibration of flammable and toxic gas detector. The
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exact type of gas used shall comply with manufacturer requirements. Open path gas
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detector can be validated using test filter provided by manufacturer.

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For flame detector, UV or IR torch can be used to simulate the fire condition pointing
directly on the sensor.
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12.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
In this PTS, reference is made to the following other Standards/Publication. Unless
specifically designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used, together
with any supplements/revisions thereto:

PETRONAS STANDARDS
Index to PTS PTS 00.01.01
Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & Reading PTS 00.01.03
Guide
Index to Standard Drawings PTS 00.11.01

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Noise Control PTS 12.01.02
Instrument Air Supply PTS 16.39.07

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Symbols and Identification System – Instrumentation – Part 1 – PTS 14.00.03

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Process (Engineering) Flow Schemes
Field Instrumentation Design Standard for Instrument and Control PTS 14.10.02
On-line Process Stream Analysis – Analysers
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Plant Telecommunications PTS 14.40.01
Classification and Implementation of Instrumented Protective PTS 14.12.10
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Functions
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Electrical Engineering Guidelines PTS 13.00.01

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Inspection and Functional Testing of Equipment PTS 14.10.07

Assessment of the Fire Safety of Onshore Installations PTS 12.33.01
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Active Fire Protection Systems and Equipment for Onshore PTS 12.33.02
Facilities
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AMERICAN STANDARDS
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Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems NFPA 12

Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied NFPA 58
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Petroleum Gases
National Fire Alarm Code NFPA 72
Recommended Practice for Analysis, Design, Installation API 14C
and Testing of Basic Surface Safety Systems for Offshore
Production Platforms

BRITISH STANDARDS
Paint Colours for Building Purposes BS 4800

EUROPEAN STANDARDS
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Components of Automatic Fire Detection Systems EN 54

Electrical Apparatus for the Detection and Measurement of EN 61779-1
Flammable Gases. Part 1: General Requirements and Test
Methods
Electrical Apparatus for the Detection and Measurement of EN-61779-2
Flammable Gases. Part 2: Performance Requirements for
Group I Apparatus Indicating A Volume Fraction up to 5%
Methane in Air
Electrical Apparatus for the Detection and Measurement of EN-61779-3
Flammable Gases. Part 3: Performance Requirements for
Group I Apparatus Indicating A Volume Fraction up to 100%

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Methane in Air

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Electrical Apparatus for the Detection and Measurement of EN-61779-4

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Flammable Gases. Part 4: Performance requirements for
Group II Apparatus Indicating A Volume Fraction up to

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100% Lower Explosive Limit
Electrical Apparatus for the Detection and Measurement of EN-61779-5

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Flammable Gases. Part 5: Performance Requirements for
Group II Apparatus Indicating A Volume Fraction up to
100% Gas
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
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Parts 1-14 Electrical Installations in Hazardous Areas IEC 60079 Series

Electromagnetic Compatibility for Industrial Process IEC 60801
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Measurement and Control Equipment

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