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TABLA DE CONTENIDO

1. UNIT 5 ................................................................................................................. 3
1.1. Gerunds And Infinitives ............................................................................................... 3
1.2. Practice Unit 5 ........................................................................................................... 26
1.3. Used to, be used to, get used to. .............................................................................. 35
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1. UNIT 5

1.1. Gerunds And Infinitives

1. Gerunds
2. To + infinitive
3. Infinitive without to

1. A gerund is the “ing” form of the verb.

For example: studying, working, playing, going, smoking.

We use a Gerund after certain verbs, instead of a noun or after prepositions.

After certain verbs, for example

I enjoy dancing.
For the first verb “enjoy” use a normal tense.

For example:
He enjoys dancing (simple present)
I’m enjoying dancing. (Present continuous)
He enjoyed dancing (Simple past)
We were enjoying dancing. (Past progressive)
She has enjoyed dancing. (Present perfect)
You will enjoy dancing. (Simple future)
They have been enjoying dancing. (Present perfect continuous)
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Notice: After enjoy, the second verb is always in the gerund (with “ing”)

Verbs that take the “ing” form

Fancy: I fancy seeing a film tonight
Discuss: They discussed going on holiday with their families
Dislike: I dislike waiting for buses.
Finish: We’ve finished preparing for the meeting
Mind: I don’t mind coming early.
Suggest: Maria suggested staying at the Sheraton hotel.
Recommend: Our boss recommended meeting later.
Keep: Joseph kept working, although he felt ill.
Avoid: Stella avoided talking to her dad.

Another way we use a Gerund is instead of a noun. For example:

Smoking isn’t allowed here.

Dancing is very good exercise

We also use Gerunds after prepositions. For example:

I drink a cup of coffee before leaving home.

It’s a good idea to brush your teeth after eating.

We also use a Gerund after the preposition in phrasal verbs:

She gave up smoking
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2. To + infinitive
We use “to + infinitive” after certain verbs, after many adjectives and to show
purpose.

After certain verbs. It’s the same as with the Gerund, for example:

He decided to study French. (The first verb “decided”, can be in any tense, the
second verb is always with “to + infinitive”)

More verbs that take “to + infinitive”

Agree: He agreed to give a presentation at the meeting

Ask: She asked to leave early

*Some verbs can take an object before the “to”, so we can choose to say:
She asked him to leave early.
Help: He helped to clean the kitchen
Plan: She plans to travel to LA
Hope: We hope to pass the test
Learn: I am learning to sing
Want: She wants to buy a new flat
Would like: She would like to see him again soon
They promised not to be late (notice that we make a negative by putting “not”
before “to + infinitive”)
Pleased: she’s pleased to have a new job
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We use “to + infinitive” after many adjectives. For example:

Happy: I’m happy to see you again.

Right: They were right to leave early
Wrong: we were wrong to spend so much money
Careful: The teacher was careful to speak clearly
Lucky: We were lucky to survive the car crash
Likely: it’s likely to snow tonight

We use “to + infinitive” to show purpose. We often use “to + infinitive” to say why
we do something:
I came to Paris to study French (=I came to Paris because I wanted to study)
I went home to have dinner (Be careful: I went home for have lunch)

Gerund or to + infinitive

Some verbs can take either the gerund or “to + infinitive” with no change in
meaning. For example:
It started to rain = It started raining
I continued to work = I continued working
She began to sing = she began singing
I prefer eating at home = I prefer to eat at home

Some other verbs can take either the gerund or “to + infinitive” but there is a big
change in meaning
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Stop + gerund
Used when the thing that you stop is the second verb. It means to finish an action
in progress

Stop +to + infinitive:

Used when you stop something else in order to do the second verb. It means to
interrupt an activity in order to do something else, so the infinitive is used to
express a purpose.

Examples:
Stop (gerund)

They stopped walking

He stopped working
She stopped smoking
(In these examples, the subject stops doing the action, working is the thing they
stopped)

Stop (to + infinitive)

I stopped to have dinner
(This means I stopped doing something else -working maybe- because I wanted to
have dinner.

Remember + gerund
It is used about memories of the past.
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Remember +to + infinitive

It is used when someone has to remember something that they have to do.

For example:
Remember (gerund):
She remembers going to the beach when she was five. (This means she has the
memory in her head, she can watch it like a picture)

Remember (to + infinitive):

Please, remember to send the letter. (This means that the person needs to have a
thought about the letter when he/she passes the post office)

I remember locking the door (I can see myself doing this in my head)
I remembered to bring your book (Before I left home, I had a thought about your
book)

Try + to + infinitive:
Used when we don’t succeed in doing the verb

Try + gerund
Used when we do the verb, but it doesn’t help us in some other goal.

Examples:
Try (to + Infinitive)
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I tried to open the window but it was too heavy. (This means I wanted to open the
window but I couldn’t)
Try (gerund)
I tried opening the window but the room was still too hot. (This means I opened
the window easily, as an experiment to see if it would make the room cooler)
I tried to eat salad every day, but I couldn’t. I often chose pizza instead. (The
person wanted to eat salad –eating salads is the goal- but he didn’t succeed. The
pizza looked too delicious!)
I tried eating salad every day, but I didn’t lose any weight (The person ate salad
every day, but it didn’t help him lose weight. Losing weight is the goal)

INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO

We use the infinitive without to:

 After modal verbs
 After “let”, “make” and “help”
 After some verbs of perception
 After expressions with “why”

AFTER MODAL VERBS

The modal verbs are:
 Can  Would
 Could  May
 Will  Might
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 Shall  Must
 Should

Examples:
 They can speak English really well
 She could go to the cinema
 We will be late
 I would like a new car
 It may rain tomorrow
 I might go to a farm
 Shall we dance?
 You should study harder
 They must try the new restaurant

There is one exception:

“ought” takes to + infinitive
I ought to visit my family

AFTER “LET”, “MAKE” AND “HELP”

LET:
 Let’s go!
 Let John do it.
 Let Maria do the homework
MAKE:
 Sophie made Melissa cry
 The teacher made us study the list of irregular verbs
 The music made him want to drink tequila.

But: Remember that in the passive, “make” takes “to + infinitive”

 He was made to open his case.

HELP:
Help sometimes takes “to + infinitive” and sometimes takes the bare infinitive.
There’s no difference in meaning.
 He helped me to carry my bag
 He helped me carry the bag

AFTER SOME VERBS OF PERCEPTION

We can use either the bare infinitive or the gerund with many verbs of perception.
The meaning is slightly different depending on which one we choose.

EXAMPLE
SEE:
 I saw them cross the street (This means I saw the whole action, from start
to finish)
 I saw them crossing the street (This means I saw part of the action, not the
whole thing)

Other similar verbs:

Watch, hear, feel, sense.

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 AFTER EXPRESSIONS WITH “WHY”
 Why go home early?
 Why study English?
 Why not live in London?

HERE’S A LIST OF SOME VERBS

Verbs Followed by an Infinitive
We decided to move out.
agree consent have offer Seem
aim continue hesitate ought shoot
appear dare hope plan strive
arrange decide hurry prefer swear
ask deserve intend prepare tend
attempt detest leap proceed threaten
be able dislike leave promise use
beg expect like propose wait
care fail long prove want
choose get love refuse wish
condescend happen mean say
neglect

Verbs Followed by an Object and an Infinitive

I encouraged her to participate.
advise choose have love remind
allow command hire motivate require
ask dare instruct order send
beg direct invite pay teach
bring encourage lead permit tell
build expect leave persuade urge
buy forbid let prepare want
challenge force like promise warn
Note: Some of these verbs are included in the list above
and may be used without an object.

Verbs Followed by a Gerund

They finished painting the house.

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Admit delay finish permit resist
advise deny forbid postpone resume
appreciate detest get through practice risk
avoid dislike have quit spend (time)
can't help enjoy imagine recall suggest
complete escape mind report tolerate
consider excuse miss resent waste (time)
face
fancy

Verbs Followed by a Preposition and a Gerund

I feel like going out tonight.
admit to depend on plan on
approve of disapprove of prevent (someone) from
argue about discourage from refrain from
believe in dream about succeed in
care about feel like talk about
complain about forget about think about
concentrate on insist on worry about
confess to object to

Modal verbs followed by infinitive without to

We should eat out.
might Can
will Would rather
could Had better
should

Verbs that can be followed by infinitive with to or gerund with change in meaning

begin She began singing. She is beginning to sing.

She began to sing.
WHEN "BEGIN" IS USED IN CONTINUOUS

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 WHEN "BEGIN" IS USED IN NON- TENSES, AN INFINITIVE IS USED.
CONTINUOUS TENSES, YOU CAN EITHER
USE A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE.

forget She forgot reading the book when She forgot to pay the rent this
she was a kid. month.

WHEN "FORGET" IS USED WITH A WHEN FORGET IS USED WITH AN INFINITIVE,

GERUND, IT MEANS "TO FORGET THAT IT MEANS "TO FORGET THAT YOU NEED TO
YOU HAVE DONE SOMETHING." THE DO SOMETHING." THE SENTENCE ABOVE
SENTENCE ABOVE MEANS THAT SHE READ MEANS THAT SHE FORGOT THAT SHE NEEDED
THE BOOK WHEN SHE WAS A KID, AND TO PAY THE RENT.
THAT SHE HAS FORGOTTEN THAT FACT.

keep She kept talking. The attackers kept hostages to

prevent the police from entering.
"KEEP" IS NORMALLY USED WITH A
GERUND TO MEAN THAT YOU CONTINUE "KEEP" CAN ALSO BE USED WITH AN OBJECT
DOING AN ACTION. FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE, BUT THEN THE
INFINITIVE TAKES ON THE MEANING OF "IN
ORDER TO... ." IN THE SENTENCE ABOVE,
THE ATTACKERS KEPT HOSTAGES IN ORDER
TO PREVENT THE POLICE FROM ENTERING.

Mean If you take that job in London, it I meant to phone your mom, but
will mean traveling for two hours my cell didn't work.
every day .
EXPRESSES AN INTENTION/PLAN.
EXPRESSES WHAT THE RESULT OF AN
ACTION WILL BE.

need The house needs cleaning. He needs to call his boss.

He needs him to call his boss.
WHEN "NEED" IS USED WITH A GERUND,
IT TAKES ON A PASSIVE MEANING. THE "NEED" IS USUALLY USED WITH AN
SENTENCE ABOVE MEANS "THE HOUSE INFINITIVE OR AN OBJECT + AN INFINITIVE.
NEEDS TO BE CLEANED."

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regret I regretted being late to the We regret to inform you that your
interview. position at the company is being
eliminated.
THIS IS WHEN YOU ARE SORRY ABOUT
SOMETHING YOU DID IN THE PAST AND "REGRET" IS SOMETIMES USED WITH
YOU WISH YOU HADN'T DONE IT. INFINITIVES SUCH AS "TO INFORM." IN THE
SENTENCE ABOVE, "WE REGRET TO INFORM
"REGRET" IS NORMALLY USED WITH A YOU" MEANS "WE WISH WE DID NOT HAVE
GERUND. TO TELL YOU (BAD NEWS)."

remember I remember mentioning the He remembered to turn off the

meeting yesterday. lights before he left.

WHEN "REMEMBER" IS USED WITH A WHEN "REMEMBER" IS USED WITH AN

GERUND, IT MEANS "TO REMEMBER THAT INFINITIVE, IT MEANS "TO REMEMBER THAT
YOU HAVE DONE SOMETHING." THE YOU NEED TO DO SOMETHING." THE
SENTENCE ABOVE MEANS THAT I SENTENCE ABOVE MEANS THAT HE
MENTIONED THE MEETING, AND THAT I REMEMBERED THAT HE NEEDED TO TURN
REMEMBER THE FACT THAT I DID THAT. THE LIGHTS OFF.

start Marge started talking really fast. Marge is starting to talk really fast.
Marge started to talk really fast.
WHEN "START" IS USED IN CONTINUOUS
WHEN "START" IS USED IN NON- TENSES, AN INFINITIVE IS USED.
CONTINUOUS TENSES, YOU CAN EITHER
USE A GERUND OR AN INFINITIVE. I started to learn Russian, but it was
so much work that I finally quit the
class.

IN OTHER SITUATIONS, AN INFINITIVE MEANS

THAT YOU DID NOT COMPLETE OR CONTINUE
AN ACTION.

stop He stopped smoking for health He stopped to rest for a few

reasons. minutes.

PAUSE TEMPORARILY IN ORDER TO DO

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 FINISH, GIVE UP DOING SOMETHING. SOMETHING DIFFERENT.

"STOP" IS NORMALLY USED WITH A WHEN "STOP" IS USED WITH AN INFINITIVE,

GERUND. THE INFINITIVE TAKES ON THE MEANING OF
"IN ORDER TO." IN THE SENTENCE ABOVE,
HE STOPPED IN ORDER TO REST FOR A FEW
MINUTES.

try She can't find a job. She tried She tried to climb the tree, but she
looking in the paper, but there couldn't even get off the ground.
was nothing. She tried asking
friends and family, but nobody WHEN YOU "TRY TO DO" SOMETHING, YOU
knew of anything. She also tried WANT TO DO IT, BUT YOU DO NOT SUCCEED

going shop to shop, but nobody IN ACTUALLY DOING IT. IN THE SENTENCE

was hiring. ABOVE, AN INFINITIVE IS USED BECAUSE SHE

CANNOT SUCCESSFULLY CLIMB THE TREE.
"TRY + GERUND" MEANS TO TRY OR TO
EXPERIMENT WITH DIFFERENT METHODS Try not to wake the baby when you
TO SEE IF SOMETHING WORKS. get up tomorrow at 5 AM.

She tried eating the snake soup, AN INFINITIVE IS ALSO USED IF YOU ARE

but she didn't like it. ASKING SOMEONE TO TRY SOMETHING THEY
MAY OR MAY NOT BE ABLE TO ACCOMPLISH.
"TRY + GERUND" IS OFTEN USED WHEN
YOU EXPERIMENT WITH SOMETHING, BUT
YOU DO NOT REALLY LIKE IT OR WANT TO
DO IT AGAIN.

REPORTING VERBS
mention explain point out admit claim + that + clause (subject + verb +
agree promise recommend insist suggest …)
agree offer promise threaten refuse claim + (not) + infinitive with to ((not)
to do)
remind advice persuade warn invite + object + (not) + infinitive with
to (sb/sth (not) to do)

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deny* recommend suggest admit + verb + ing
(doing)
apologize (for) insist (on) + preposition + (not) + verb+ing
blame (sb for) + object + preposition + (not) +
accuse (sb of) verb+ing

Amanda had mentioned that the profits were up 30% last year.
Joseph agreed to run the store on his own for the first year.
She reminded him to sort out the staff wages.
Michael denied doing anything wrong.
She apologized for not telling him sooner.
They blamed me for not letting them hire enough staff.

TIPS!
 The reporting verbs in bold in the table have more than one verb pattern.
 Deny has a negative meaning. We say She denied stealing the money. not She
denied not stealing the money.

Nouns that follow the prepositions

At, by, on, and off
AT + NOUN

At all , Not at all

Note: At all is an intensifier, and is used in questions and in negative statements,
Not at all is often used alone meaning certainly not.

“is there any chance at all that I can leave the hospital by Friday?” Mrs.
Moore asked the doctor.
“Thank you very much for getting these books from the library for me, Bill,”
said Jane. “I’m afraid I put you to a lot of trouble.”
“Not at all,” answered Bill. “I’ll be glad to get books for you any time”.

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 1. At least ( as an intensifier, not less than; also used as sentence modifier )
She must be at least 70 years old.
Well, john’s here, at least. Let’s not wait for the others.

2. At ease (relaxed, not embarrassed)

Mary was quite nervous at the interview, but Mr. Henderson was so friendly that
she was soon at ease.

3. At the expense of
John went to Los Angeles at the expense of the company that he works for.

4. At heart (inwardly, essentially)

Jim is a kind man at heart but his bad manners sometimes make people dislike
him.
5. At (the) most
The suit is too expensive. I don’t want to spend more than $70.00 at the most.

6. At peace (with)
Perhaps someday the whole world will be at peace.
Jane left very happy and at peace with herself and the whole world.
7. At any rate (sentence modifier, = anyway, any event)
John didn’t know whether he had dropped his wallet or whether someone had
stolen it; At any rate, his money and his wallet had disappeared.

8. At first sight
When Harry met Francy, they fell in love at first sight.

9. At war (with and against)

The United States and Canada have never been at war with each other.
When was the last time that Switzerland was at war with any other country?
Long ago, the Greeks were at war against the Persians.

BY + NOUN
1. BY ONESELF (MYSELF, YOURSELF, ETC.)

NOTE; By with the correct reflexive pronoun means alone or without help. The
intensifier all often precedes by.
James walked to school by himself.

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 Margaret didn’t want to ask anyone for help, and finally she solved the
math problem by herself.
Did you do that all by yourself?

2. by accident; opposite: on purpose

I met Mr. North yesterday, just by accident.

3. By chance
I enjoyed that movie very much, and I saw it just by chance

4. By far (to a great degree)

I think “my fair lady” is a wonderful musical. I like it better than any other
I’ve seen, by far.
Picasso is by far the greatest living artist.

5. By all means (without any doubt; and emphatic yes)

When I asked Jorge whether he would like to spend the weekend in
Chicago, he said, “Yes, let’s go, by all means.”

6. By mistake
Your coat is so much like mine that I put yours on by mistake.

7. By name
I know what all my students look like, but I still don’t know them all by
name.

8. By surprise (unexpectedly; often preceded by “take someone”)

Their visit certainly took us by surprise last Sunday.

9. By the way
Note: by the way is used to introduce a comment which is not on the main subject
of discussion.
Robert Frost was a very great poet, and, by the way, my teacher knew him
quiet well.

10. By heart (from memory)

The English teacher asked us to learn some poems by heart.

On, Off + Noun

1. On business (for the purpose of conducting business)
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 Mr. Hansen is in San Francisco on business this week.

2. On the contrary
Mac thought that Joe and I were good friends. On the contrary, Joe and I
hardly know each other.

3. On a diet (eating only certain foods, often with the idea of losing weight.)
Elizabeth is trying to lose weight and she is on a diet.

4. On Earth
Note: On Earth is an intensifier often used in questions or statements involving
emotions; seldom used literally.
How on earth can I tell my family the news?
What on earth will you do now?
A well-known American circus used to be called The Greatest Show on Earth

5. On edge (nervous)
Mr. Lee drank too much coffee at breakfast, and he felt on edge all day.

6. On fire
Help! The house is on fire!

7. On guard; opposite: (one’s) guard (not alert)

Two soldiers are always on guard at the gate of military base.
The sudden rain storm caught them off guard and they hurriedly left the
golf course to find shelter.

8. On the hand… on the other hand

Note: these expressions are used when two different possibilities are being
considered.
Barbara is undecided about what she will do next year. On the hand she’d
like to finish college. On the other hand she’d like to leave college and get a
job.

9. On horseback
People used to travel on horseback from Philadelphia to Washington.

10. On the house (free, without charge; an informal expression)

On the 25th anniversary of the restaurant’s opening, the owner served
dinner on the house to all his regular customers.
When I offered to pay for my cup of coffee, the manager of the restaurant
said, “No that one is on the house.”

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11. On hand (at hand; in one’s possession, available)
Margaret doesn’t plan her meal very carefully. She just cooks whatever she
happens to have on hand.

12. On (one’s) hands (to have as one’s care or responsibility); opposite:

off (one’s) hands.
Mr. Bennett has a lot of business details on his hands right now.
I’m glad that job is finished. It’s a relief to have it off my hands.

13. On the job (at one’s place of work or not being idle); opposite: off the job (not at
one’s place of work)
Mr. Williams doesn’t smoke while he’s on the job; but he does when he’s
off the job.
Mr. Martin came around to see that everyone was on the job.

14. On (one’s) mind (in one’s thoughts; it often conveys the idea of worry or concern) ;
opposite: off (one’s) mind
Joe has had his father and mother very much on his mind lately. He’s afraid
they aren’t very well.
I’m glad that history test is over. At least it’s off my mind now.

15. On a (sad, hopeful, etc)note

The book ends on a hopeful note.

16. On (one’s) own (independent, alone; most often used with “be”)
Harry isn’t living with his parents any longer. He’s on his own now.

17. On a picnic (or other kind of outing)

The weather is beautiful today. Let’s go on a picnic.

18. On principle (according to what ones believes is right)

If all drivers were like John, we wouldn’t need any speed laws. He’s a
careful driver on principle.

19. On purpose (intentionally)

I tried to persuade Laura that I didn’t hit her with the ball on purpose, but
she wouldn’t believe me.

20. On sale (often selling at a lower price than usual)

Jane bought two pairs of shoes on sale.

21. On strike ( refusing to work because of a disagreement with one’s employer)

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 The coal miners have been on strike for three weeks now.

22. On the town (to go out for an evening of fun and entertainment in a city)
George and Rose really went on the town last night. I think they went to
about five night clubs before they came home.

23. On (a) trip

Mary has just been on a trip to Charleston.

24. On vacation
Mr. May is away on vacation this week.

25. On (the, my, your, etc.) way

On our way to the movies, we met some old friends of ours.

26. On the whole (considering something in its entirety)

There were a few parts of the movie that were not very good, but on the
whole I enjoyed it very much.
I don’t agree with everything in your plan, but on the whole I think it’s good
and that it will work.

27. On duty (assigned to do a certain task or job); opposite: off duty.

The men who drive the buses for the city are on duty for four hours, then
off duty for an hour, and then on duty for four more hours.

28. Off the record (not for official publication, confidential)

The president said, off the record, that he expected taxes to increase.
The government official talked to the newspaper reporters informally, and
made some statements that were off the record.

At an art gallery
Identify as many nouns that follow prepositions on the following dialogue

Pat: It’s nice to have somebody with me this time. I usually come here to look at pictures
by myself.

Ann: Did you say that you first came by accident?

Pat: yes, just by chance. Or, to be more accurate, by mistake. I was looking for another
address, but I liked this gallery at first sight. I’ve come here often since that first
afternoon.

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Ann: Do they always have guards on duty?

Pat: Oh,yes. There’s always somebody on guard here at the door. As a rule, there are
other guards scattered throughout the galleries, but not in every room.

Ann: all the guards seem to be out of sight now.

Pat: what part of the gallery would you like to see first?

Ann: well, the French impressionists are my favorites by far, could we start with them?

Pat: by all means. They are on the second floor -at least they were when I was here last
month. Let’s take the elevator.

Ann: you certainly have to wait a long time for the elevator. Are you sure it isn’t out of
order.

Pat: I hope it isn’t. At any rate, we can walk up. Oh, here’s the elevator.

Ann: Why is this gallery called the Moffet gallery?

Pat: It was named in honor of Richard Moffet.

Ann: Oh, I know him-by name, of course. I’ve never met him personally. He’s an
important banker, isn’t he?

Pat: yes, the gallery was built at his expense, and a lot of the pictures were his, too,
though he’s given them to the city now, for good. He often comes to visit the gallery. He
likes to be on hand for anything that’s in progress.

Ann: Does he notify people before he comes?

Pat: One of the guards told me off the record that Mr. Moffet sometimes takes them by
surprise. He comes to the gallery unexpectedly just to be sure everybody is on the job.
They say that he’s a kind man at heart, though, and easy to get along with on the whole.

Ann: Oh, I recognize that picture.

Pat: Which one?

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Ann: That man on horseback. It’s “St. Martin and the Beggar” by El Greco. I’ve seen copies
of it many times, but I never expected to be face to face with the original.

Pat: Here’s a picture by Goya. It looks like one of those he did when France was at war
with Spain.

Ann: Yes, I think it is. At any rate, it’s about war. Everything in the picture is in ruins or on
fire. It seems to me that Goya was opposed to war on principle.

Pat: Yes. You can see that the suffering of the people weighed heavily on his mind.

Ann: Oh, here’s another one of my favorites- “The Fall of Icarus.” W.H. Auden wrote about
a poem about that picture. I used to know it by heart.

Pat: What is it about?

Ann: I’m not sure that I know it word by word any longer, but the idea is that nobody
really cares about other people’s suffering. For instance, poor Icarus has just fallen into
the water and is drowning, but all the other people in the picture go on with what they’re
doing as though nothing had happened.

Pat: Yes, I see. Auden sounds like a very sad, serious poet to me.

Ann: on the contrary, some of his poems are very funny. I’ll show you some of his
humorous poems some time.

Pat By the way, we’d better get moving if we want to see some more pictures.

Ann: Yes, that’s right. I want to get some picture postcards, too.

Pat: they’re on sale downstairs. We can get some on our way out.

Exercise
Fill in the blank in each sentence with the phrase that makes the best sense.

on the house on a diet at the most

on business on strike on purpose
out of order by myself by name

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 at first sight on guard on a picnic
by mistake by far

1. I can’t eat chocolate cake because I’m__________________.

2. Put your money away; you’ve been such loyal customers that this dinner is
________________.

3. Karen liked the dog _______________. She immediately decided to buy it.

4. In his hurry to leave the restaurant Tom grabbed my coat __________________.

5. Although Judy had never met Mr. Jackson, she knew him __________________.

6. The workers went ________________ for higher wages.

7. Of the ten evening dresses, the black lace was ___________________ the most
expensive.

8. The family packed fried chicken and potato salad to take ___________________.
9. Mr. Dawson had to go to New York __________________ this week.

10. He didn’t break the vase _______________; it was an accident.

11. No one helped me make this coffee table; I did it _________________.

12. The radio wasn’t working; it was ______________________.

13. It wasn’t a very large crowd. There were not more than fifty people there,
_____________________.

14. There is always a police man __________________ at the White House.

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1.2. Practice Unit 5
REMEMBER AND FORGET

Put in the to +infinitive or the –ing form of the verbs.

Sue: Did you remember _______________(pick) up those photos today?

Mike: What photos?
Sue: Oh, no. I can remember ________________ (mention) it to you only this morning.
Mike: I can't remember ___________________ (agree) to pick up some photos.
Sue: Well, don't forget ____________ (call) at the shop for them tomorrow. You've got a
terrible memory. Yesterday you forgot ________________ (lock) the door.
Mike: I'm sure I didn't forget ___________________ (lock) it.
I can clearly remember _________________ (look) for my keys. They were in my pocket.
Sue: You ought to write notes to yourself to remind you.
Mike: That wouldn't be any good. I'd never remember __________________ (look) at
them!

REMEMBER, REGRET, TRY, ETC

Put in the to+infinitive or the –ing form of the verbs.

I used to like going to our local cinema. It was old and rather uncomfortable, but it had
character. Now they've stopped __________(show) films there. The owner would like to
go on ____________ (run) the cinema, but he would need __________ (make) a lot of
improvements, which would mean ______________(spend) tens of thousands of pounds.
I remember __________ (watch) the last film at the cinema. It was a murder mystery. It
was five minutes from the end, and we were trying ____________ (work) out who the
murderer was when suddenly all the lights went out and the film stopped. We sat in the
dark for a few minutes, and then the owner appeared with a torch. I regret

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______________ (tell) you, he said, that our electricity has failed. I don't mean
_____________ (disappoint) you, but I'm afraid we can't show you the end of the film.
We've tried ____________ (phone) the electricity company, but they say they can't help.
He went on ___________ (explain) to the audience how the film ended. I didn't
understand the story. But I don't regret ___________ (go) to the cinema on that last
evening.

Write each pair of sentences as one. Use a to+infinitive or an –ing form.

 Mike didn't ring Sue. He forgot.

Mike forgot to ring Sue.
 Tim and George had been playing cards for hours. But they went on with the game.
Tim and George went on playing cards.

1 Juliette didn't think she could move the refrigerator. She didn't even try.
______________________________________________________
2 Joseph once saw a UFO. He'll never forget it.
_______________________________________________________
3 What about painting the walls? They need it.
_______________________________________________________
4 Mary was unkind to Julia. But she didn't mean it.
_______________________________________________________
5 Andy was studying. He went on through the night.
_______________________________________________________
6 When Michael was driving, he needed to make a phone call. So he stopped.
_______________________________________________________

Complete the conversations. Put in a to-infinitive or an ing-form.

► A: I heard, you sometimes sail to Italy in your boat.
B: That's right. I really enjoy sailing.

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1 A: Are you going to organize our trip?
B: Yes, of course. I've agreed................................it.
2 A: You wear a uniform at work, don't you?
B: Yes, I have to, although I dislike ........................... it.
3 A: Do you think they'll approve the plan?
B: Yes, I'm quite sure they'll decide ........................... it.
4 A: What time will you be back?
B: Oh, I expect…………………… back some time around nine.
5 A: Did I remind you about the dinner tonight?
B: Yes, thank you. You keep................................me.
6 A: Was your decision the right one, do you think?
B: Yes, luckily. In the end it proved…………………… the best thing for everyone.
7 A: Do you still work at the post office?
B: No, I gave up………… ................ there last year.
8 A: Have ICM bought the company?
B: Well, they've offered................................it.
9 A: I'm sorry you had to wait all that time.
B: Oh, it's all right. I didn't mind.................................

Make sentences from the notes.

► Ruby / want / buy / a new jacket / soon
Ruby wants to buy a new jacket soon.
1 they / must / avoid / waste / so much time
_______________________________________________________
2 sometimes / a country / refuse / take part / in the Olympics
_______________________________________________________
3 I / like / see / the Eiffel tower / some day
_______________________________________________________
4 I / mean / give / Jessica / a nice welcome / yesterday

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_______________________________________________________
5 I / always / like / see / my doctor / once a year
_______________________________________________________
6 the buses / usually / stop / run / before midnight
_______________________________________________________
7 I / can't face / get up / at five / tomorrow
_______________________________________________________
8 last year / we / agree / work / together
_______________________________________________________
9 yesterday / you / promise / carry on / shoot / the film
_______________________________________________________
10 my father / seem / feel / better / now
_______________________________________________________________________

Read the conversation and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.
Martha: I hear you're preparing to (►) leave for Australia.
Liz: That's right. And I'm really looking forward to it. I can't (1) ______________to get
there.
Martha: I’m hoping (2) _____________see all my friends while I'm there.
Liz: I'm going to enjoy (3) ____________ them again after so long.
Martha: Martin and I (4) ___________like to go away, but we can't manage it this year.
Liz: There's just one problem that I (5) ________ to sort out. My tickets haven't arrived.
I've tried to ring the travel agency, but I can't get through. I'm beginning to regret (6)
_____________ going there myself to pick them up.
Martha: I expect they'll be here tomorrow.
Liz: That's really leaving it to the last minute. It's such a worry.
Martha: Well, I know you. You can't (7) _________worrying, can you?
Liz: No, I can't. I hope this holiday isn't going to turn out (8) __________be a disaster.
Martha: Of course it isn't. Just keep (9) __________ trying to get through.

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Each of these sentences has a mistake in it. Write the correct sentence.
► The man kept - ask us for money. The man kept asking us for money.
1 We've finished- to -decorate the flat. _____________________________
2 I regret say what I did. _____________________________
3 Tessa decided go not to work _____________________________
4 Do-you mind help me? _____________________________
5 I'm -beginning getting worried. _____________________________
6 I can’t afford buy-a new-car. _______________________
7 I-hope to-avoid to make things worse _______________________
8 Peter seems gone away already. _______________________

Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in
brackets.

► I wish I hadn't sold my laptop, (regret)

I regret selling my laptop.
1 The children were eager to see their presents, (wait)
_______________________________________________________
2 I hate to get up in the dark, (stand)
_______________________________________________________
3 By chance I saw your brother yesterday, (happened)
_______________________________________________________
4 The shop usually opens fifteen minutes late, (tends)
_______________________________________________________
5 Would you like to go for a walk? (fancy)
_______________________________________________________
6 The police continued to watch the house, (carried)
_______________________________________________________
7 Seeing Nelson Mandela will always stay in my memory, (forget)

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_______________________________________________________

VERB + OBJECT + TO-INFINITIVE

Report what people said. Use the verbs in brackets.

► Police to motorists: Take special care, (warn)

The police warned motorists to take special care.
1 Diego to Miley: Would you like to come on my chat show? (Invite)
____________________________________________________
2 Sue to Peter: Don't forget to get the theatre tickets, (remind)
____________________________________________________
3 Dentist to Dave: You should give up eating sweets, (tell)
____________________________________________________
4 Police to gunman: Come out with your hands up. (Order)
____________________________________________________

VERB + OBJECT + TO-INFINITIVE OR ING-FORM

Katherine Pitt is reporting what people have said to her. She combines the two sentences
into one.
'The lorry skidded. The icy road caused it.'
The icy road caused the lorry to skid.
'The workers might go on strike. The company can't risk that.'
_______________________________________________________
'The suspects might leave the country. The police must stop that.'
_______________________________________________________
'Congress opposed him. The President didn't expect that.'
_______________________________________________________
'The hostages lie down. The terrorists forced them.'
_______________________________________________________

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'The pound is falling in value. The government doesn't mind that.'
_______________________________________________________

USED TO, BE USED TO, GET USED TO.

USED TO/DIDN’T USE TO + INFINITIVE
I used to drink ten cups of tea a day, but now I only drink coffee.
When I lived in Italy as a child I used to have pasta for breakfast.
I didn’t recognize him. He didn’t use to have long hair.

 Use used to/didn’t use to + infinitive to talk about past habits or repeated actions
or situations/states which have changed.
 Used to doesn’t exist in the present tense. For representing habits, use usually +
the present simple, e.g. I usually walk to work, NOT I use to walk to work.
 You can also use would to refer to repeated actions in the past, when I lived in Italy
as a child I would always eat pasta for breakfast, but you can’t use would with non-
action verbs. NOT. I didn’t recognize him. He wouldn’t have long hair.

Be used to/get used to + gerund

1. Peter has lived in Spain for years. He’s used to driving on the right.
2. A. I can’t get used to going out at night. I feel exhausted all the time. B. Don’t
worry. You’ll soon get used to it.

1. Use be used to + gerund to talk about a new situation which is now familiar or less
strange.
2. Use get used to + gerund to talk about a new situation which is becoming familiar
or less strange
 You can’t use the infinitive after be/get used to. NOT. He’s used to drive on the
left.

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 Used to do
 Mrs. Campbell is ninety-nine years old. She's the oldest person in the town.
 A reporter is interviewing her. Put in used to with the verb.

 Mrs. Campbell: I've always lived in the town, but not always in this house.
 Reporter: Where ______________________ (you / live)?
 Mrs. Campbell: When I was a girl, we lived on a farm. _________________ (we /
like) it there.
 Reporter: But life was hard, wasn't it?
 Mrs. Campbell: Oh, yes. Things __________________ (be) different from the way
they are now. In those days ________________ (we / not / have) electricity.
 Reporter: And ____________________ (you / help) with the farm work?
 Mrs. Campbell: Yes, _____________________ (I / look) after the goats.

USED TO DO AND BE USED TO DOING

Put in a to + infinitive or to + ing-form. Use the verbs in brackets.

 When I was a child, I used __________ (dream) of being a pilot.

 I'm terribly nervous. I'm not used _________ (speak) to a large audience.
 It took us ages to get used _____________ (live) in an apartment building.
 Lots of buses used______________ (stop) here, but not many do now.
 Didn't Tom use______________ (work) on a building site?
 There didn't use__________________ (be) so many sitcoms on television.
 I'll have an apple juice, please. I'm not used____________ (drink) alcohol.
 John doesn't seem to mind being in hospital. I suppose he's got used
_______________ (be) there.
 When Sophie was at college, she used________________ (have) a picture of
Menudo on her bedroom wall.

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Complete with used to, be used to, or get used to and the verb in brackets.
He’s British so he’s used to driving on the left. (drive)

1. When Jonathan finished his first job, he couldn’t _______________ at 6 a.m. (get
up)
2. If you want to lose weight, then you’ll have to ______________ less. (eat)
3. I don’t like having dinner at 10.00 – I _________________ a meal so late.
(not/have)
4. When we were kids we____________ all day playing basketball in the park.
(spend)
5. Erika has been a nurse all her life so she ____________ all day. (work)
6. I’ve never used hats before, but I’ll have to ____________ them. (wear)
7. I didn’t recognize you! You ____________ long beard, didn’t you? (have)
8. Julia is only child. She ___________her stuff. (not/share)

PHRASAL VERBS.
Complete the sentences with the correct word. (up, down, on, over, up)
 I’m not ready yet. You go on ahead and I’ll catch _______ with you later.
 I need to do more exercise. I’m putting _________ weight!
 Can I fill _________ your glass? You’ve almost finished.
 If you had the flu, why don’t you lie _______ on your bed for half an hour?
 Watch out you don’t fall _________. The sidewalk is very slippery.

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1.3. Used to, be used to, get used to.

a. Circle the correct answer.

1. Before my aunt had children she used to sleep/sleeping for ten hour every night
2. When we moved to Mexico from Britain we weren’t used to drive/driving on the
right.
3. Michael got divorced this year but he soon gets used to live/living alone.
4. When Jasmine was a child she didn’t use to eat/eating fruit at all.
5. My parents are slowly getting used to be/being older than before.
6. Did you use to play/playing guitar at school?

b. Rewrite the sentences using a form of used to, get used to, or be used to.

Michael wasn’t usually so selfish in the past.

Michael didn’t use to be so selfish.

1. Has working in the morning become more familiar now?

Have you __________ _____in the morning?
2. I don’t normally have dinner so late. I'm
___________________dinner so late.
3. Janice wore her mother’s clothes when she was child.
Janice______________________ her mother’s clothes when she was a child.
4. We have adapted to living in the city very quickly. We
have ____________________ in the city very quickly.
5. They still don’t know how to use the new car – they keep making mistakes.
They haven’t_____________________ the new car yet.
6. I couldn’t sleep well because I didn’t normally sleep on a bed.
I couldn’t sleep well because I wasn’t __________________ on a bed.

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 SPEAKING Do exercise on page 173
TASK Appendix 2: Speaking task unit 5

ANECDOTE 5
Mr. Johnson had never been up in an airplane before and he had read a lot about air
accidents, so one day when a friend offered to take him for a ride in his own small plane,
Mr. Johnson was very worried about accepting. Finally, however, his friend persuaded
him that it was very safe, and Mr. Johnson boarded the plane.

His friend started the engine and began to drive onto the runway of the airport. Mr.
Johnson had heard that the most dangerous parts of a flight were the take-off and the
landing, so he was extremely frightened and closed his eyes.

After a minute or two he opened them again, looked out of the window of the plane, and
said to his friend, “Look at those people down there. They look as small as ants, don’t
they?”
“Those are ants,” answered his friend. “We’re still on the ground.”

ENGLISH SAYINGS

Patience is a virtue
The ability to wait for something without getting angry or upset is a valuable quality in a
person.

Patience surpasses learning

The ability to wait for a long time without getting angry is even better than education. 2)
the capacity to accept delay without getting upset will achieve more than study in the end

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Pay beforehand was never well served
If you pay for a service before you receive it, you will not get good service.

People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones

This saying warns us against hypocrisy. We should not criticize other people for things we
do ourselves.

Poor men go to heaven as soon as rich

God makes no distinction between people with money and people without money.

Possession is nine points of the law

This saying suggests that the person who physically has ownership of something is in a
stronger legal position than someone who claims to be the owner.

Practice makes perfect

The more you do something, the better you become at it. Regular exercise of a skill or
activity helps you become expert at it.

Prevention is better than cure

It's better to take care that a problem does not happen than to have to solve the problem
afterwards. It's easier to stop something bad from happening in the first place than to fix
the damage after it has happened.

Pride comes before a fall

If we are too proud about ourselves or something, we will probably meet with failure or
disaster. When we are too self-important or conceited, something is sure to happen to
make us look foolish.

Put the pedal to the metal

Go as fast as possible.

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