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    Classification of Elements & Periodicity in Properties Dobereiner Classification of Elements

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    Vignesh
    This document discusses the classification of elements and periodicity in properties. It describes early classification systems like Dobereiner's triads and Newlands' law of octaves. It then explains the modern periodic table and how it is arranged by periods and groups. The periodic table is arranged based on the modern periodic law which states that properties are periodic functions of atomic number. It also summarizes trends in various atomic and molecular properties across periods and groups, including atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. These properties follow predictable trends based on the element's position in the periodic table.

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    Classification of Elements & Periodicity in Properties Dobereiner Classification of Elements

    Uploaded by

    Vignesh
    45 views5 pages
    This document discusses the classification of elements and periodicity in properties. It describes early classification systems like Dobereiner's triads and Newlands' law of octaves. It then explains the modern periodic table and how it is arranged by periods and groups. The periodic table is arranged based on the modern periodic law which states that properties are periodic functions of atomic number. It also summarizes trends in various atomic and molecular properties across periods and groups, including atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. These properties follow predictable trends based on the element's position in the periodic table.

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    This document discusses the classification of elements and periodicity in properties. It describes early classification systems like Dobereiner's triads and Newlands' law of octaves. It then explains the modern periodic table and how it is arranged by periods and groups. The periodic table is arranged based on the modern periodic law which states that properties are periodic functions of atomic number. It also summarizes trends in various atomic and molecular properties across periods and groups, including atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. These properties follow predictable trends based on the element's position in the periodic table.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views5 pages

    Classification of Elements & Periodicity in Properties Dobereiner Classification of Elements

    Uploaded by

    Vignesh
    This document discusses the classification of elements and periodicity in properties. It describes early classification systems like Dobereiner's triads and Newlands' law of octaves. It then explains the modern periodic table and how it is arranged by periods and groups. The periodic table is arranged based on the modern periodic law which states that properties are periodic functions of atomic number. It also summarizes trends in various atomic and molecular properties across periods and groups, including atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. These properties follow predictable trends based on the element's position in the periodic table.

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    CHEMISTRY CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

    3. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

    Dobereiner Classification of Elements


    • Classified elements into group of three
    • Atomic weight of middle element is the average of atomic weight of other two
    elements
    Cl Br I
    35.5 80 127
    Newlands Octave of music
    Arranged elements in the increasing order of atomic mass. The properties of 1st
    element is similar to the properties of 8th element.
    Li B C N O F
    Na
    Luther Meyer Curve
    • A point of atomic weight / atomic volume
    • Alkali metal on the top portion of curve
    • Halogens and noble gases at the ascending part of curve.
    • Alkaline earth metals at the descending part of curve.
    Long form of Periodic Table
    • Modern periodic law :
    The chemical and physical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic
    numbers.
    • Period – Indicates Principal quantum no. of outermost shell.
    1st period – 2 elements – s sub shell
    2nd period – 8 elements – s + p subshell
    3rd period – 8 elements – s + p subshell
    4th period – 18 elements – s + p + d subshell
    5th period – 18 elements – s + p + d subshell
    6th period – 32 elements – s + p + d + f subshell
    7th period – incomplete – s + p + d + f subshell
    Groups
    • 1 group - Alkali metals
    • 2 group - Alkaline earth metals
    • 3 – 12 group - Transition elements

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    CHEMISTRY CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
    • 13 group - Boron family (Icosagen)
    • 14 group - carbon family (crystallogens)
    • 15 group - Nitrogen family (pnitcogens)
    • 16 group - Oxygen family (chalcogens)
    • 17 group - Fluorine family (Halogens)
    • 18 groups - Noble gases (Acrogens)
    Transition Series
    3d series – 4th period – Sc (21) to Zn(30)
    4d series – 5th period – Y (39) to Cd (48)
    5d series – 6th period – La(57), Hf(72) to Hg(80)
    6d series – 7th period Ac (89), Rf (104) to -
    Inner Transition Series
    4f series – 5th period – Ce(58) to Lu(71)
    5f series – 6th period – Th(90) to Lr (103)
    s-Block
    • Last e enters s subshell
    • General outer shell electronic configuration ns1-2
    • Alkali metal & alkaline earth metal
    • Low Ionization energy
    • High Size
    • Normal oxidation State +1, +2
    • Forms conic compounds
    • Electropositive elements
    • Soft metals with low mp and bp
    • Good reducing agents
    p block
    • Last l- p subshell of outer most shell
    • General outermost shell electronic configuration ns2 np1-6
    • New metallic character increases from left to right
    • Form ionic as well as covalent compounds
    p Block elements
    • Most of them are oxidizing agents
    • Forms acidic oxides

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    CHEMISTRY CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
    • High ionization energy
    d Block
    • Last electron enters d subshell of penultimate shell
    • General electronic configuration (n – 1)d 1 – 10 n s0-2
    • High mp & bp
    • Show variable oxidation state
    • Form coloured complexes
    • Form alloys
    • Show catalytic properties
    • Good conductors of heat and electricity
    f block
    • 2 series containing 14 elements each below the main body
    • General outermost electronic configuration (n-2) f1-14 (n-1) d0-1 ns2
    • Variable oxidation state
    • Form colored complexes
    • Good conductors of heat and electricity
    • High density
    • Most of them are radioactive elements
    Main block / Representative elements
    • s & p block elements
    Transuranic elements
    • Elements coming after Uranium (92U)
    Eg : 93Np, 94Pu

    Group no. of S block element


    No. of es in the valence shell
    Group no. of p block element
    10 + no. of e in the valence shell (in second and third period)
    Group no. of d block element
    No. of e- in d subshell (penultimate) + no. of e- in s subshell (outermost)
    E.g. i) Atomic no. 30
    [Ar] 4S2 3d10
    d-block elements
    Period : 4th period

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    CHEMISTRY CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
    Group no : 12
    2. Atomic no : 16
    [Ne] 3s2 3p4
    Block : p block
    Period : 3
    Group : 16 (4 + 10)
    Atomic Radius
    Distance between outermost shell and centre of nucleus.
    Three types of atomic radius (a) covalent radius (b) Vander Waal’s
    radius (c) Metallic crystal radius
    Half of the distance between the centre of nucleic of two
    atoms bonded by single covalent bond.
    Vander Waal’s Radius
    Half of the inter nuclear distance between the two non bonded
    atoms of two neighbouring molecules
    Metallic / Crystal radius
    Half of the inter nuclear distance between two adjacent
    atoms in the crystal lattice.

    vander > metallic > covalent


    Atomic Radius - Variation
    Peirod : ↓ along the period (Left to right)
    Group : ↑ from top to bottom
    Ionic Radius
    Distance of the nucleus of ion to the point upto which it has influence during the
    formation of an ionic bond.
    Size of cation < Parent atom
    Size of anion > Parent atom
    Variation of ionic radius among iso electronic species
    Mg2+ < Na+ < F- < O2- < N3-
    Ionisation Energy
    It is the amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron from the isolated
    gaseous atom in the ground state

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    CHEMISTRY CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

    Successive ionization enthalpy


    H3 > H2 > H1

    Factors affective IE
    1) Atomic size 2) Screening effect 3) Nuclear charge 4) Penetration effect:
    IE of orbitals s > p > d > f
    Screening effect is the decrease in the attraction between outer most e and nucleus
    due to the presence of inner e-s.
    Electron Affinity (Electron gain enthalpy)
    The amount of energy released when an isolated gaseous atom picks up an e- to
    form anion in the ground state.

    1
    Electron gain enthalpy  Atomic size

    1
    Electron gain enthalpy  Screening

    Electron gain enthalpy  effective nuclear change

    Electron gain enthalpy  penetrating effect


    Electronegativity (EN) : - Ability of an atom to attract a pair es of a covalent bond.
    It depends on
    i. Effective nuclear charge (directly)
    ii. Atomic radius (inversely)
    iii. Oxidation state (directly)
    iv. Bond length (inversely)
    v. Hybridized state (sp > sp2 > sp3)
    Electronegativity between two atoms A and B is given by XA – XB = 0.1017  is

    resonance energy in KJ/mol =  = − EA −B − EA − A − E B −B 

    Electron affinity ↑ for Cl


    Electron affinity ↓ for Noble gases
    Valency
    No. of e- in the outermost shell determine valency
    Valency of representative elements = no. of e- s in the valence shell or 8 – no. of e-
    in the valence shell.
    ***********

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