Hsing-I - Chinese Mind, Body Boxing (PeterXi) PDF

CHINESE MIND-BODY
BOXING
Copyright © 1974,2003 by Robert W. Smith. All rights reserved. No portion of
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Smith, Robert W., 1926-
Hsing-i: Chinese Mind-Body Boxing I by Robert W. Smith
p. cm.
Originally published: Tokyo ; New York : Kodansha International, 1974.
ISBN 1-55643-455-3 (pbk.)
l.Tai chi. 2. Hand-to-hand fighting. Oriental—Psychological aspects.
3. Hand-to-hand fighting, Oriental—History. I. Title: Chinese mind-body
boxing. II.Title.
GV504.S62 2003
796.S15'5 —dc21
2003043624
CIP
I 5 1 A <s A 7 B Q T D A N C n« fV7 IV. rK (\A CYl
Contents
Preface 7
1. The Name and the History 9
2. Hsing-i and Internal Boxing 21
3. The Primary Requirements 25
4. The Five Basic Actions 29
A. The Preliminaries 30
B. The Heart of the Matter 33
1. Splitting 34
2. Crushing 36
3. Drilling 38
4. Pounding 40
5. Crossing 41
C. Linking the Five Forms 46
D. The Function of the Five Forms 51
E. Functions Equated to the Five Elements . . 58
5. The Twelve Styles 62
6. Consecutive Step Yunnan Boxing 61
A. The Form 67
B. The Function 74
7. Advice from the Masters 92
Preface to the 2003 Edition
IT IS WITH SOME PLEASURE that I make a few remarks on the new

publication of Hsing-i: Chinese Mind-Body Boxing, first issued in
1974. Taiji, Pa Kua, and Hsing-i compromise what the Chinese
call nei-chia, the internal or soft boxing arts, as contrasted with
Shaolin, or hard and more forceful boxing methods. Taiji stresses
relaxed slow movements and Pa Kua the use of the open hand
and the circle. Hsing-i uses largely the fist on a linear path. All
borrow from the other.
Over the years my book on Hsing-i had many readers and
helped to introduce the art to western readers. Its success was
largely due to such teachers as Yuan Tao, Wang Shu-chin, and
Hung I-hsiang who taught me during my stay in Taiwan
(1959-62). Whatever skill I gained I attribute to them. I was very
lucky.
Now so many years later, I'm pleased to see Hsing-i reemerge.
I hope it helps a new generation to find joy in this old but ever-
green art.
—Robert W. Smith
Hendersonville, N.C.
2003
7
/. The Name and the History
Hsing-i Ch'uan ("The Form of Mind Boxing") is also called

Hsing-i Lu-ho Ch'uan ("Form of Mind Six-Combinations Box-
ing") or / Ch'uan ("Mind Boxing"), all these names suggesting
the harmonious merger of thought and action. Traditionally, it was
said to have originated with Yueh Fei, a general of the Northern
Sung dynasty (960-1127). There is insufficient historical evidence
to credit this claim and even less evidence to support the legend
that Ta Mo, the monk who brought Zen from India to China,
created it.
We know little of Chi Lung-feng, the recorded father of Hsing-i.
He was born in Shanghai in the late Ming dynasty and died in the
early Ch'ing. He boxed from his early youth and came to promi-
nence in the use of the spear. Between 1637—61 while wandering in
the Chung-nan Mountains in Shensi Province, he met a Taoist who
taught him Hsing-i. (The famed T'ang poet Meng Chiao, who
wrote in "Impromptu" the lines "Keep away from sharp swords.
Don't go near a lovely woman . . . " also derived inspiration from
these mountains.) Chi passed the art to Ts'ao Chi-wu, who later
became the commanding general of Shansi Province in the K'ang
Hsi reign (1662— 1722) of the Ch'ing dynasty. Chi's second great
student was Ma Hsueh-li of Honan. The Shansi-Hopei and Honan
schools descended as shown in figure 1 (overleaf).
Ts'ao Chi-wu Ma Hsueh-li
Skansi School Honan School
Tai Ling-pang — M a San-yuan
Tai Lung-pang —Chang Chih-ch'eng
Li Neng-jan
Hopei School
• Li Cheng
—Kuo Yun-shen —Chang Chu
Liu Ch'i-lan —Mai Chuang-t'u
•Chang Shu-te ^—An Ta-ch'ing
—Sung Shih-jung Pao Hsien-t'ing
Ch'e I-chai
Shansi School
Figure l
10 THE NAME AND THE HISTORY

THE SHANSI-HOPEI SCHOOL
We know little about the brothers Tai except that they were
wealthy and loved Hsing-i. Tai Lung-pang attempted to retain the
essence of the art, but the earnestness of Li Neng-jan led Tai to
teach him everything.
Born in Sung Hsien in Hopei, Li started boxing at the relatively
late age of thirty-seven. After one false start—Tai Lung-pang
looked too gentle and Li refused to regard him as a master—Li
returned and trained ten years under Tai. He worked for two and
a half years and learned only p'i ("splitting") and part of lien huan
(linking the forms). At a birthday party for Tai's mother, he so
impressed her that she berated her son for being so niggardly in
his teaching. After that Tai taught him the whole art and Li mas-
tered it by the age of forty-seven. Thereafter, he was never de-
feated: when challenged he went forward easily, put his hand out,
and achieved his purpose.
Once a boxing colleague who regarded himself as on a par with
Li attempted to grab him and pick him up. Li immediately ascended
and his head penetrated the bamboo ceiling. When he came down,
his feet were stable and his face bore the same expression as before.
The other thought it was witchcraft, but Li told him that, although
it looked mysterious, it was simply the peak of the art. From such
experiences he gained a reputation as the "man of boxing mys-
tery." He was over eighty when he died, sitting in a chair and
smiling. Among his many students were Kuo Yun-shen, Liu Ch'i-
lan, Pai Hsi-yuan, Li T'ai-ho, Ch'e I-chai, Chang Shu-te, and Sung
Shih-jung.
Kuo Yun-shen also was born in Sung Hsien in Hopei. Although
he boxed from childhood, he learned little until he met Li Neng-jan.
He saw Li's skill—so simple in form, so deep in skill—loved it, and
learned from him for decades. Once when Li slapped him, he skill-
fully absorbed it, landing twenty feet away unscathed. Besides
boxing, Kuo mastered the sword, broadsword, and spear. He also
THE SHANSI-HOPEI SCHOOL 11
mastered some of Li's esoteric boxing. In the Tiger style, he could
jump ten feet as adroitly as a bird, as stable as a mountain. Once
five burly boxers put staffs against his stomach, and he, exhaling,
knocked them all down. Kuo's peng ("crushing") was so powerful,
he came to be called "Divine Crushing Hand." Once in a bout in
Hopei he reportedly killed his opponent and as a result was im-
prisoned for three years. Although restricted by fetters, he con-
tinued to practice while in prison. After he was released he took
care to place the back of his left hand on his antagonist's body
before using his famous right. His left helped absorb the energy of
his right and spared his opponent serious injury. Sun Lu-t'ang does
not mention this story in his lengthy treatment of Kuo; this leads
me to regard it as possibly apocryphal. Kuo wrote an illustrated
text on Hsing-i and entrusted it to Sun Lu-t'ang, but unfortunately
it was stolen. When Kuo died at seventy, many of his secrets were
still in him. (See page 92 for a sampling of Kuo's teaching. More
biographic data on Kuo and other Hsing-i masters can be found in
Draeger, Donn F. and Smith, Robert W. Asian Fighting Arts
[Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd., 1969].)
Sung Shih-jung was born in Wan-p'ing Hsien in Hopei. He also
studied Hsing-i from the great Li Neng-jan. He ran a watch shop
at Tai-ku in Shansi, was an avid chess player and fan of Chinese
opera, and attained a high level in Hsing-i. When he turned left in
the Snake style, his right hand could catch his right heel, and turn-
ing right, his left hand could catch his left heel. His turns and strikes
resembled nothing so much as a snake. In the Swallow style, he
would crouch close to the ground, go under a low bench, and thrust
out ten feet; he also was expert in Wildcat Climbs Tree, in which
he was able to jump up a wall and stick there clear of the ground
for up to two minutes. Sun Lu-t'ang vouches for this and says that
once in northeast China Sung was rushed by a challenger. Sung
merely flapped him with his hand, and the man shot like an arrow
twenty feet away. Sung was still teaching at Tai-ku, adroit as a boy,
well past his eightieth birthday. (See page 91 for Sung's advice.)

Ch'e I-chai, another of Li Neng-jan's disciples, came from T'ai-
ku, Shansi, and early in life was a carriage driver. Although not as
popular as Kuo Yun-shen, he reportedly beat Kuo in a challenge
match. At the apex of his art, a local Samson caught him while he
was washing his face in the Horse posture and kicked him from
behind. Ch'e straightened up, and the attacker was thrown ten feet
away and could not get up. Ch'e's best student was Li Ch'ang-yu.
Ch'e continued boxing until his death when he was past eighty.
(See page 100 for Ch'e's advice.)
THE HONAN SCHOOL

Ma Hsueh-li, one of Chi Lung-feng's two best students (the
other was Ts'ao Chi-wu), came from Honan and began the Hsing-i
tradition in that province. Because he believed he could not learn
Chi's secrets as a regular student, he disguised himself as a house-
boy and for three years secretly watched Chi do his solo practice.
When he came to say goodbye, Ma's conscience bothered him and
lie told Chi the truth. Instead of becoming angry, Chi admired his
will and kept him on longer, teaching him more of his art. After he
returned to Honan, Ma had many students who respected his skill
and his openness in imparting that skill. Ma's two best students
were Ma San-yuan and Chang Chih-ch'eng. Unlike many other
great Hsing-i masters, Ma died relatively early.
Ma San-yuan, a native of Nan-yang, Honan, loved to fight. Pao
Hsien-t'ing writes that he killed forty or fifty men in challenge
matches. Such a way of living eventually drove him to a nervous
breakdown, and, one day, thinking that an approaching man was a
challenger, he leaped aside, hit his head on an iron table, and died.
It may be significant that we know nothing of Ma's students.
Chang Chih-ch'eng was quite different from Ma San-yuan. Selec-
tive in his choice of students, he liked the few he had and they
reciprocated. Li Cheng, his nephew, was his best student.
Li was from Lu-shan Hsien, Honan, and his uncle was fond of
him. First he learned the "obvious" style until he could break a
THE HONAN SCHOOL 13
tombstone with his hands but later evolved to concealed energy
(see page 92). As a guard on a horse convoy, he would move
away from the wagons in Chicken style, then rapidly catch up, thus
working twice as hard as the horses.
In Hopei Province there lived at that time a rich man surnamed
Shui who had hired several excellent boxers to teach Hsing-i to his
four sons. Shui traveled 350 miles to Honan to ask Li to return
with him and teach his sons. Li went. He looked so gentle, how-
ever, that one of the older boxers deprecated him to Shui and sug-
gested that the oldest son, under the pretense of offering tea, should
attack him. Shui agreed, but when the son offered the tea and
attacked, Li merely used a spirit-shout (the Japanese kiai) that
knocked the son out—without spilling his tea or interrupting his
conversation with another man. When asked about it, the son
replied: "I heard thunder, his hands had eyes, I fell unconscious."
Predictably, Li resented this action by Shui and returned to Honan
to teach. His best student there was Chang Chu.
Chang Chu, also from Lu-shan, taught the classics and was a
non-boxing friend of Li's for ten years. Finally, Li invited him to
learn Hsing-i and Chang accepted. Li told him that he would teach
him only the best part of the art and then Chang could study alone,
but that he should not pass it on to more than a couple of students.
Chang learned the art well and passed it on to his son Chang Ke-
erh and his nephew Mai Chuang-t'u. Chang Ke-erh by the age of
fifteen had killed several men in Honan. In 1940 the martial arts
hall he founded still existed. After Chang Ke-erh died at twenty, his
father turned to teaching Mai, who was then his sole disciple.
Mai Chuang-t'u lived in Chang Chu's house, and everywhere he
went he walked in Chicken style, causing people to laugh. Once
when he was ambushed, he knocked the attacker more than ten
feet. Even at the apex of his boxing career, when he was called
"Boxing Teacher Mai" by many students, he maintained a fur and
leather business. One of his best students was An Ta-ch'ing.
From Ch'ang-an Hsien in Shensi, An was at first only a friend
of Mai, then became his student. In turn An taught Mai about the
Muslim faith to which he belonged. Later, An learned from many
other schools and traveled widely, carrying the art into places like
Szechwan and Hupei provinces, where few knew of it. Through his
exertions, it came to be the nei-chia (internal art) in those places.
An said that although Hsing-i looked simple, it was difficult to
learn, and few learned it because they were afraid of failing. One of
his best students was Pao Hsien-t'ing.
Pao Hsien-t'ing also was from Ch'ang-an Hsien and a Muslim.
Very intelligent, he left the study of the classics early for the mar-
tial arts. In a few years, he had mastered fifty military arts, such as
horse riding, archery, and swordsmanship. But he gave weapons
up for boxing. Here too he was successful, and after ten years and
ten teachers could defeat most of the Hsing-i teachers around. He
then approached hot-tempered, aloof An Ta-ch'ing and was ac-
cepted as a student. An soon sensed his sincerity, and within two
years Pao was regarded as the "thumb" (number one) student.
(See page 110 for Pao's advice.)
Because of the pressure of foreigners at the time of the Boxer
Rebellion (1900), the Ch'ing dynasty prohibited boxing. Pao,
leaving An's circle and returning to his own village, gave up all
the martial arts except the nei-chia, especially Hsing-i. He joined
the army, was promoted, and would have gone higher had it not
been for his individualistic temperament. In 1917 he took troops
to northern Szechwan Province to repel the Communists. He con-
tinued teaching and in 1921 founded the Chi Chien Wu-shu She
(Chi Chien Martial Arts Society), which had more than five hun-
dred political and military members. At dawn Pao would read
Muslim classics; as the sun rose he began teaching and, with his
associates, taught until 9 P.M. He had no hobbies and neither
smoked nor drank spirits. During this period he created a north-
south type of synthetic boxing. He was seen in 1942, rosy-cheeked,
straight, and full of energy, though eighty. One of his best students
was Li Han-chang.
THE HONAN SCHOOL 15

After Kuo Yun-shen, Hsing-i split into three branches in Hopei:
(1) the conservative style taught by Li Ts'un-i, which used the
traditional postures (Li's most famous disciples were Shang Yun-
hsiang and Li Yen); (2) the natural style taught by Wang Hsiang-
chai, which stressed the importance of i ("will") and held postures
secondary; and (3) the synthetic style of Sun Lu-t'ang. Other great
Hsing-i boxers were Chang Chao-tung, Li Ch'ang-yu, Keng Chi-
shan, Sung T'ieh-lin, Teng Yun-feng, Keng Hsia-kuang, and Wei
Fang-shih. Hsing-i proved its worth in the national boxing tourna-
ments: 1928 in Nanking, 1929 in Shanghai and Hang-chou, and
1933 in Nanking. Its exponents led the winners in each tournament.
The name of Hsing-i was changed by Wang Hsiang-chai at one
point to I Ch'uan ("Mind Boxing"), the change allied to Sun Lu-
t'ang's sentiment, "Boxing, no-boxing; mind, no-mind." Later
still, he called it Ta Ch'eng Ch'uan ("Great Achievement Box-
ing"). Wang Shu-chin, who is now in Taiwan, studied from 1929-
38 under Chang Chao-tung, and when he died Wang trained under
Wang Hsiang-chai at Tientsin. Wang told me that Wang Hsiang-
chai had changed the name to Ta Ch'eng out of grief after Chang
Chao-tung's death.
Sun Lu-t'ang was a giant in the art (figure 2). His daughter, Sun
Chien-yuan, writes the following about him. Born poor in Pao-ting

in 1859, his father died when he was nine. The young boy at-
tempted to make a living by making brushes, but life was so harsh
he tried to hang himself when he was thirteen. Happily for boxing,
he was cut down by a passerby. After fifteen he studied Hsing-i
from Li Kuei-yuan. When he was nineteen Sun walked to Peking
and started Hsing-i training under Li's teacher, Kuo Yun-shen,
and learned Pa-kua from Ch'eng T'ing-hua, becoming so proficient
that after a year Ch'eng said he was his best student.
During this period Sun learned from Kuo half of each day and
then went to another section of Peking to learn from Ch'eng the
other half day. Kuo's training was spartan: often he would ride on
a horse, forcing Sun to hold onto its tail, for distances up to ten
miles. This instruction continued for several years. Gradually Sun
became famous and was challenged many times. It was said of him
that though he never lost a match, neither did he ever hurt anyone
—so great was his skill. (When he was fifty, Sun began learning
T'ai-chi from the famous Hao Wei-chen and was thus able to claim
mastery in all three of the internal arts.)
Later, Sun returned to Pao-ting and became a merchant. The
city was famed for the quality of its wrestlers. Predictably, soon
after his return two wrestlers jumped him in a public teahouse,
attacking simultaneously, one with two fists against his head, the
other with a scooping foot. Calmly Sun defeated the head attack,
raised his foot to avoid the scoop, and then used the sole of his foot
against the kicker. The deflection and stamp drove both wrestlers
ten feet backward, knocking them to the floor. The kicker could
not get up. Sun quietly asked, "Why this mischief?" The other
wrestlers crowded up asking his pardon and he smiled with, "We
are all friends." The onlookers noticed that the sole of Sun's shoe
had come off because of his ch'i* After teaching in Pao-ting for
* The scholar W. T. Chan defines ch'i as "the psychophysiological power

associated with blood and health." A simpler rendering is "intrinsic
energy."
THE HONAN SCHOOL 17
three years, Sun went to Ting Hsing Hsien where he soon estab-
lished himself as the leading boxer. One of his students there, the
son of a general, liked horsemanship. Once Sun told him that mere
riding revealed no true technique. Later the student rode past him
and Sun mounted behind him, the student unaware that he was
there.
Once, in Szechwan Sun was descending a mountain clinging to a
chain that bordered the more dangerous stretches along the stone
path. His ch'i flowing, Sun had gone about a mile when he was
accosted from the rear by a man. Sun neutralized the man's rush
and attempted to catch him. However, the white-bearded man in
Taoist clothes easily eluded him. When the man finally stopped,
Sun approached, bowed, and asked his name. The Taoist told him
that he was a master and that, seeing Sun's skill at descending, he
wanted to talk with him. The Taoist then invited Sun to stay with
him, but Sun regretfully declined, saying his aged mother needed
him at home. Sighing, "That is your destiny," the Taoist forthwith
taught him to cultivate the ch'i and told him to give up meat.
Three hours later Sun reached the inn at the foot of the mountain
where he stayed. There, a servant boy hit a guest over the head
with an earthen pot containing hot wine, breaking the pot and
scalding the man. While trying to escape, he was touched by Sun
with one finger in the ribcage and fell. Sun quieted the onlookers,
prescribed medicine, and said that in seven days the man would
recover. The guests thought the boy was dead, but Sun kicked him
gently and massaged the base of his skull; the boy stood up then
but his head hung listlessly. Sun told him that when the guest
whom he had hit recovered he would cure the boy's head. The
guest did recover and Sun righted the boy's head.
Another time a woman from a nearby village came to complain
to him about her husband, who beat her. Sun, a martial, not marital,
expert desisted. But she implored him and finally he went. Her
husband told Sun to mind his own business. In the ensuing quarrel
a bell was rung, which brought men with weapons from the seven-
teen surrounding villages. Sun used a long stick to keep them at
bay, and those who ventured too close he felled with tien hsueh (the
art of attacking vital points). More than thirty men fell injured.
When the magistrate's guards came to arrest him, he jumped on a
horse and sped away. When the injured were found unable to rise
or speak, the magistrate came to Sun and, after hearing his story,
scolded the husband, and Sun returned and cured his attackers.
Sun also was expert in archery. From a distance of a hundred
paces he could shoot a coin off of an egg held by a student.
In the summer of 1927 some of his students asked him to come
to Tientsin to teach them a few days each month. There, a proud
senior student named Li asked to be shown something. Sun lightly
struck at Li's head and he deflected, hardly feeling it. Sun said,
"That's enough to show you." The next day Li was pale and could
barely stand. He came to Sun, who prescribed medicine for the pur-
ple lump on his arm, cautioning him to take it immediately for
delay would be fatal. Li recovered, no longer proud, and now fully
cognizant of the old master's prowess.
Sun walked as though he were flying. One evening after supper,
when he was past seventy and chairman of the Kiangsu Boxing
Association, he invited his students to try their kung fu (skill,
ability): they should try to keep up with him as he descended a
mountain. None could get within ten feet of him and most he left
far behind. Then he told them that they needed more practice.
He studied literature and philosophy in his spare time. By the
time of his death at seventy-four in 1933, he had gathered all his
knowledge in five books: Hsing-i Ch'uan Hsueh, Pa-kua Ch'uan
Hsueh, T'ai-chi Ch'uan Hsueh, Pa-kua Chien Hsueh (sword), and
Ch'uan-i Shu Cheng (The Real Explanation of Boxing). The first
three and the last he completed, but the book on Pa-kua sword he
did not. A diary he kept from youth was stolen. (See page 111 for
Sun's advice.)
When the Communists came to power in 1949, Hsing-i masters
such as Ch'en P'an-ling, Wang Shu-chin, Chang Shih-jung, Yuan
THE HONAN SCHOOL 19
Tao, Chang Chun-feng, and Kuo Feng-ch'ih fled with the Nation-
alist government to Taiwan. Among the leading Taiwanese mas-
ters of the art developed by them was Hung I-hsiang. For three
years (1959—62) I learned Hsing-i from all of these teachers except
the two Changs, most of the instruction coming from Yuan Tao
and Kuo Feng-ch'ih.
My principal instructor was Yuan Tao, a retired guerrilla gen-
eral, who spent much of World War II behind Japanese lines. He
had learned Hsing-i in Shanghai from the famed Wei Fang-shih.
Yuan won the Fukien Province boxing championship in 1934. One
of his boxing associates, Chin Yun-t'ing, wrote a book on the art,
which says in part: "Mencius said, 'Keep your will and control
your temper,' which proves the inseparable relation between the
will and the ch'i. The will commands and the ch'i responds. But
without ch'i, the will of the will is not performed. Thus, Mencius
was also able to say: 'I know how to cultivate my great ch'i.' As
a child I was an invalid and could do little. Some friends told me
that Hsing-i was excellent for cultivating ch'i and eradicating ill-
ness. Thus I went to the great Sun Lu-t'ang and practiced under
him for twelve years. Gradually Hsing-i freed me of disease and
I grew robust. This boxing art is characterized by a simple and
graceful style. It is easy for novices to learn and is not injurious
to beginners. If practiced correctly, the exercise in a short time
should strengthen the sinews and promote blood circulation. Fi-
nally, it is a kind of practice good for everyone regardless of age."

2. Hsing-i and Internal Boxing
Hsing-i is one of the three ancient Chinese internal boxing arts,

the other two being T'ai-chi and Pa-kua. Internal boxing is es-
sentially moving meditation. Boxing is something of a misnomer,
because by learning the skill there is no need to use it. Ultimately
it becomes part of your bones; it is there if required, but it need
never be used. In our utilitarian society this seems a silly motiva-
tion—to learn something so that you never have to use it. The
internal masks the boxing skill; an internal boxer looks like any-
thing but a boxer.
Indeed, none of the internal boxing arts has sparring. They are
essentially methods of boxing by oneself, of changing sperm into
ch'i, ch'i into spirit, and spirit into emptiness. The boxing is at
once the tool and the product of this creative process. And because
it lies so close to creation, it cannot lead to destruction. True
enough, the old masters met challenges. But more often than not
they were able to send the challenger away happy—happy because
lie had been soundly defeated, educated but not hurt.
This reveals another reason why Hsing-i has no sparring: while
the master boxer can meet and defeat a challenger without injur-
ing him, the aspiring boxer cannot. The nature of Hsing-i blows
is such that, done correctly, they are dangerous. If the punches
are pulled, or muted in some way, they are no longer Hsing-i.
Thus the karate no-contact bout cannot help the Hsing-i boxer
21
sharpen his technical skills. Hsing-i is similar in this respect to the
ancient jutsu forms of Japanese combatives, which have remained
the same because of their intrinsically dangerous natures. If regu-
lated and restricted and made sportive, these arts lose their essence.
If the motivation in learning the art is primarily to gain skill
as a boxer, then motivation will impede learning. To learn comba-
tives because of their self-defense value is a confession of weak-
ness, of being unable to resolve interpersonal problems rationally.
But if the internal is viewed, as it should be, as a form of medita-
tion that in time bequeathes boxing skill and other useful values,
then progress will be more rapid. For the internal emphasizes
meditation and exercise, out of which the combat technique
emerges, but the combative is always under the control of the
meditative.
The internal requires quiet, stillness. But this stillness is not
simply the absence of sound. It is a total presence, an attentive-
ness, which must be a part of the discipline if excellence is to
emerge. I believe that the silences a man must live with in train-
ing in the internal themselves produce part of the skill that ulti-
mately comes. When the silence releases its new energy a quiet
mind is produced, and when this happens the whole being becomes
truly active.
The internal is dynamic training of mind-body. An old Taoist
saying goes: "In standing, like a pine tree; in moving, like the
wind; in sleeping, like a dead man." To which I would add, "In
thinking, like a placid, slow-moving stream." Theoretically, many
Asian martial arts promise this mind-body synthesis. Few achieve
it.
A system based solely on body mechanics remains forever at
the level of calisthenics and rudimentary fighting. Functionally,
such a system is limited by the fact that in the animal world man
is something of a weak creature. Except by recourse to his brain,
he cannot stand physically with most of the other animals.
But the brain itself needs to be checked and trained. The trouble
22 HSING-I AND INTERNAL BOXING
with urban cultures throughout the world is that man's brain is
out of control. The internal imposes the restraint that, paradoxi-
cally, leads to freedom. The mind is king—remember this—and
must be accorded priority over the body. Louie Armstrong once
croaked, "I never let my mouth say what my heart can't stand,"
which is simply another way of stating it.
By its very nature, the internal is cooperative. It breaks down
when it becomes overly competitive. Springing from Taoism and
Buddhism, it stresses being and becoming rather than thinking and
doing. Learning is aided if one remembers that there is no op-
ponent—only ourselves.
However, the internal is not a gift: it must be worked for, and
discipline is necessary (an old text runs, "An inch of meditation,
an inch of Buddha"). But even this is largely cooperative. Too
often what passes for discipline becomes sadistic (on the part of the
teacher) or masochistic (on the part of the student). Many martial
arts taught today, in Asia as well as the West, tend toward the
sociopathic on this score. What is wanted is a good balance. The
Indiana poet, Max Erhmann, put it well: "Besides a wholesome
discipline, be gentle to yourself."
In a relativistic world, one of the few absolutes is that it is more
difficult to train external boxers in the internal than it is those who
know no boxing at all. Previous boxing or highly competitive or
strength-oriented sports are impediments. Competitiveness must
be discarded if one is to enter into—much less make progress in—
the halls of the internal. Although the internal is harder work and
takes longer than the external, it has no limits. One has but to
watch old judoka or karateka and to contrast them with an internal
master to see the truth of this.
Because I have taught the external, I know the difficulties of
the transition. And I can tell the reader in advance his reaction to
the internal. He will be vexed at the lack of tangible indices of
progress, which are easily recognizable in the external. He will
want to go faster. (Talleyrand once said to his coachman, "Slow
HSING-I AND INTERNAL BOXING 23
up, slow up—I'm in a hurry.") Most of these reactions will be
competitive, hence detrimental to the mind-body synthesis we are
trying for.
The teacher-student relationship pivotal in Asian martial arts
rests on competitive, and thus frail, foundations. That is why I
favor the name guide, rather than teacher. But because I know
something of the internal and the reader does not, he must accept
what I write initially, for skepticism lies close to paralysis. Later
he will not progress unless he himself can add to what is given
him.
Deep humility will help one learn. The greatest Hsing-i boxer
to ever come to the United States was a woman who taught Chi-
nese at a large Midwestern university. A few years ago, she told
me, that as an experiment she started a Hsing-i class on campus
(for which she charged no fee). Only five persons enrolled. Within
a month, one person remained. She, who on the mainland had sat
at the knee of Teng Yun-feng, one of the greatest boxers China
has produced, told me that never again would she teach the art—
such students did not deserve it.
Therefore, in the face of real knowledge, be receptive. The in-
tellect may hold facts but hardly truths, and the internal gives
intellection short shrift. Once a Zen master gave a student the
problem: "What was Buddha before he came to this world?" A
week later the student brought in his solution; he presented the
master with a frog. But the master rejected the answer, saying it
was "too intellectual." In sum: relax, work, cooperate.
24 HSING-I AND INTERNAL BOXING

3. The Primary Requirements
To learn Hsing-i one must master these fundamentals:

A. Five Postures
1. Chicken Leg One leg firmly supports; one
leg is held off the ground.
2. Dragon Body The body is segmented in
three: heels to knees, knees to
hips, and hips to head.
3. Bear Shoulders The shoulders are sprung for-
ward from the spine like a bow.
4. Eagle Claws The fingers clutch tightly.
5. Tiger Embrace The arms are folded threaten-
ingly, like a tiger leaving its
den.
B. Nine Words
1. Three Pressings Head presses upward, tongue
presses forward, and palms
press to front.
2. Three Strengthenings Strengthen the two shoulders,
hands and feet, and teeth.
3. Three Roundings Back round, breast round, and
the space between thumb and
index finger (hu k'ou, "tiger
mouth") round.
25
4. Three Sensitives Eyes sensitive, heart sensitive,
and hands sensitive.
5. Three Holdings Hold the lower body, hold the
upper breath, and hold the two
shoulders.
6. Three Sinkings Ch'i sinks, shoulders sink, and
elbows sink.
7. Three Curvings Knees curve, shoulders curve,
and elbows curve.
8. Three Straightenings Neck straightens, spine straight-
ens, and joints straighten.
9. Three Embraces Two arms embrace chest, ch'i
embraces navel, and courage
embraces body.
C. Six Coordinations
1. Internal
a. Heart — Mind
b. Mind — Ch'i
c. Ch'i — Strength
2. External
a. Shoulder — Thigh
b. Elbow —• Knee
c. Hand — Foot
D. Three points on one line: the tip of the nose, the finger-
tips, and the toe tips are on one imaginary line.
E. The body lowers with the ch'i rising and rises with the
ch'i falling.
F. The hands rise like steel spades and fall like iron hooks.
G. Eight attitudes Rising and falling, to and fro,
right and left, acting and ob-
serving
H. Foot Movements
1. Action Flying, firm, dropping, and
treading
26 THE PRIMARY REQUIREMENTS
2. Steps Inch step, big step, pushing
step, quick step, and flying step
Hand Actions
l. Single Hand Thrusting like a hawk raiding
a forest and falling like a swal-
low sweeping over the water's
surface
2. Two Hands Rising like two hands raising a
tripod and falling like two
hands breaking bricks
J. Summation
In essence, body components must conform to the following:
The waist — sinks
The shoulders — shrink
The chest — withdraws
The head — pushes up
The tongue — touches the roof of the mouth
The hand — feels as if pushing upward
The sacrum — circles inward and upward
The fundamental tactic—and one the masters practice by the
hour—is the same as in Pa-kua: rise, drill, fall, overturn. Twist 1-5
THE PRIMARY REQUIREMENTS 27

as you rise and overturn as you fall. Twist while your head pushes
up and overturn as your head contracts. Twist while your hands
stretch out and overturn while they lower. Twist as your foot goes
forward and overturn as it drops in place. Your waist rises as you
twist and falls as you overturn. Rise equals go, fall equals strike.
Together they mean to strike like a rolling wave. Each part must
be clearly differentiated; all must be done like lightning. This is
facilitated by keeping the body relaxed until the final instant. A
cardinal principle of Hsing-i is that all movements must be done
lightly and briskly without the heavy muscular contraction of
karate.
28 THE PRIMARY REQUIREMENTS

4. The Five Basic Actions
Hsing-i's five basic forms are built on the wu-hsing, or five

primary elements: metal, wood, water, fire, and earth. Each ele-
ment is capable of generating another element as follows: metal
generates water, water generates wood, wood generates fire, fire
generates earth, and earth generates metal. The five basic forms
originally followed this sequence, each form symbolizing an ele-
ment, which generated another. However, both Sun and Yuan
placed wood ahead of water, and this is the sequence I learned and
present here.
The five forms are as natural as a baby's movements. But be-
cause they are natural, after long practice they become dangerous.
They are correlated with the five elements, physiology, and the
ch'i as follows:
Name Element Organ Action of Ch'i
1. Splitting Metal Lung Rises and falls as if 1
{p'i-ch'uan) chopping with an axe
2. Crushing Wood Liver Expands and contracts 2
{peng-ch'uan) simultaneously
29
3 3. Drilling Water Kidney Flows in curving eddies
(tsuan-ch'uan) or shoots like lightning
4 4. Pounding Fire Heart Fires suddenly like a
(p'ao-ch'uan) projectile from a gun
5 5. Crossing Earth Spleen Strikes forward with
(heng-ch'uan) rounded energy
A. The Preliminaries
Starting, stand erect and relax your entire body. Your mind is
at ease and your hands, palms inward, hang at your thighs. Sun
called this prestarting posture the illimitable (wu chi).
Next, turn halfway to the right and move your left foot a bit
forward and attach the heel to your right instep at 45°. Hold your
30 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

tongue against the roof of the mouth and raise your sacrum.
Following this, in a posture which Sun related to the Grand
Terminus [T'ai-chi), relax and slump your shoulders. Circle your
two arms above your head until the fingers form a pyramid; then
lower them as you lower your body until the hands are in front of
your heart, fingers extended forward. Your elbows are near your
ribs. Simultaneously, push your head upward, straighten your neck, 7
sink your waist, curve your thighs inward, and twist your heels
outward so that the knees are pressed together. Quiet your mind
and sink your ch'i to your navel.
Done properly, you thus achieve the three internal coordina-
tions. Your body should resemble: ( l ) a chicken's leg, (2) a
dragon's body, (3) a bear's shoulders, and (4) a tiger embracing
its head. Sun termed this the "one ch'i embracing the four sec-
ondary figures [szu hsiang]." The I Ching says: "The four sec-
ondary figures are closely related to the two powers [liang-i],
the yang and yin, which in turn are closely related to the one ch'i.
The emptiness [shih-wu] creates the one ch'i, which lays the
foundation for the two powers." The chicken's leg symbolizes
independence; the dragon's body, a three-part folded posture; the
bear's shoulders, the straight energy of the neck; and tiger em-
bracing its head, a tiger springing from its den with its two paws
embracing its head.
The philosophy and exercise proceed together. Hsing-i as relat-
ed to the two powers is the principle of movement and stillness,
rise and fall, expansion and contraction, and going back and forth
in boxing. When expanding it is yang; when contracting it is yin.
Clench your fists and screw your right fist, palm up, directly
ahead. As you step forward with your left foot, gradually push 8
your left hand forward and pull your right hand back as if tearing
silk. Your left hand and foot should rise and fall at the same time 9
and your right foot should not move. Your left foot holds 45 per-
cent, your right foot, 55 percent of your weight. The fingers of
both hands are open: the thumb of your left hand must be flat
THE PRELIMINARIES 31
horizontally and the index finger stretched forward. You are now
in san-t'i (three essentials). Your left hand is on a line with your
mouth, the forearm kept level, and your right hand is near your
navel. Both arms are bent "seeking straightness." The thumb and
index fingers of both hands should be semicircular, your eyes
looking at the "tiger mouth" of your left hand (hu k'ou: that area
of the hand from the base of the thumb to the tip of the index
finger).
Relax your shoulders and curve your thighs inward; the shoul-
ders will then coordinate with the thighs. Your elbows should be
bent and your knees curved inward, thus coordinating the elbows
and knees. Your heels twist outward, coordinating them with the
hands. This is termed the three external coordinations. The shoul-
ders press the elbows, which press the hands; the waist presses the
thighs, which press the knees, which press the feet. Your body
should be straight, your mind at ease. There is yin in the yang and
yang in the yin: they are in harmony. In this state the three in-
ternal and three external coordinations are complete.
Thus, from the harmony of yang and yin the three essentials
(san t'i) are created. The essentials symbolize heaven, earth, and
man; in boxing they are the head, hands, and feet. Each is divided
into three sections:
head
Head back
waist
hands
Hands elbows
shoulders
feet
Feet knees
thighs
An ancient classic says: "When yang and yin united, the three
essentials were created, which in turn produced all creatures. Thus
the one ch'i that came from the emptiness and created yang and
yin is the foundation of heaven and earth." Sun called it the pill of
immortality and the internal energy of Hsing-i boxing.
B. The Heart of the Matter
The five basic forms are the core of Hsing-i. Unlike T'ai-chi,
the movements in Hsing-i are normally done at regular speed. As
a meditational breathing practice, however, the postures can be
held at various points for varying times. The method given below
is that of Yuan Tao; its differences from that of the orthodox
school (which Yuan learned first and then modified) are delineated
and the full set of the orthodox is then provided by Master Wang
Shu-chin. In striking, the weight, which in san-t'i has been held
45-55 percent front to rear, is reversed, the front leg receiving
the greater weight. All Hsing-i strikes occur directly on a line
with the nose and most are centered on the opponent. Power,
speed, and focus are thus enhanced. Your nose is your guide: by
fronting yourself to your opponent, it is difficult to miss him.
Moreover, a strike at his middle meets his arms at their ends —
the hands—their most vulnerable points. Finally, before jumping
in, because the English terms are somewhat ambiguous, the reader
is asked to memorize the Chinese names of the five forms.
THE HEART OF THE MATTER S3
1. SPLITTING (P'I-CH'UAN)
P'i belongs to metal of the Five Elements and lets the ch'i rise
and fall as though one were chopping something with an axe.
You are in san-t'i. With your left hand and leg forward, lower
your left hand to your navel, twist it upward to your mouth, and
then continue twisting forward and gradually clenching it, until,
palm up, it is on a line with your left foot not higher than your
eyes or lower than your mouth. Simultaneously, take your left foot
a short step forward in accordance with your height, put it down
toed out at 45°; curve your thighs inward, and place your right
10 hand palm down near your left elbow. (Sun's style keeps the right
fist near the right lower ribs; other schools place the right fist,
palm upward, near the left elbow.) Now over the loaded, toed
out left foot take your right foot a full step forward and strike
with your right palm, the middle finger of your right hand passing
over the index finger of your left hand, which is retracted to your
11 left side, palm downward. At the same time, your left foot follow-
steps to where it is at shoulder-width from your right. This half
step foliow-step is essential; in fact, Hsing-i is also called Three
Legged Boxing for this reason.
Advance your right foot farther forward and toe it out while
your right hand is pulled back, clenched into a fist, and stretched

from under your chin forward over your right foot. Simultane-
ously, raise your left palm to a point near your right elbow. Then 12
take a full step forward with your left foot, the left palm striking
forward, the right hand pulling back to your right side, and your
right foot follow-stepping. 13
Following this, again stretch your left foot forward and toe out
your left foot and repeat the movement as before, taking your
right foot and hand forward, and your left foot in a follow-step. 14
With your right hand and foot forward you are ready to turn.
Shift your weight to your left leg, then pivot your right foot left-
ward on its heel and put it down about 60° from where it was.
Pick up your left foot and put it down toed out going the opposite
way. Simultaneously, lower your right hand near your left (near
your lower waist), and then stretch your left in a fist, palm up,
above your toed out left foot, the right hand palm down near
your left elbow. 15
THE HEART OF THE MATTER 35

Repeat the same three movements going in the opposite direc-
16-20 tion.
Thus, three movements forward, turn, and three movements
returning. (The orthodox turn is different, being done with the
left hand and foot forward and turning to the right instead of the
left as in the modified version.)
2. CRUSHING (PENG-CH'UAN)
Peng goes straight and true like an arrow and symbolizes wood
of the Five Elements.
Continuing from the previous posture, which ended with your
right palm and foot forward, turn as before (pivot right foot on
heel, 60° to the left). As you turn, take a short step forward with
your left foot, clenching your fists and bringing the right fist back
21 past the right side. Then, as you pull your left fist, palm up, back

to your left side, shoot your right standing fist over it directly
forward ahead of (but on a level lower than) your nose. Simul-
taneously, your right foot follow-steps and is put down on its toes
beside your left foot. Your knees are well bent, close together, 22
and the punch is focused low at the opponent's stomach, proceed-
ing like an arrow.
Put your right heel down, take your left foot a half step forward
and toe it out. Now, take your right foot forward. Follow-step 23-24
with your left foot on its toes, shooting your left fist over your
right fist, which retracts to your right side. 25
Take a half step forward with your right foot, toe it out, and
take a full step with your left foot. As you follow-step with your 26
right foot on its toes, shoot your right fist forward over your
withdrawing left fist. 27
Finally, repeat the movement by putting down your right heel,
28 taking your left foot a half step forward toed out. Take a full step
forward with your right foot and follow-step with your left foot,
while shooting your left fist forward and withdrawing your right
29 fist to your side.
You may repeat the same steps going the other way as you did
in p'i above, by turning and shooting your right fist. You would
then follow this as you move forward with your left fist, right fist,
and end with your left fist. Thus, four movements forward, turn,
and repeat the same four movements returning. Alternatively you
would go only one way, linking up with the next form when you
turn. This is the method illustrated below. (The orthodox peng
is higher stanced, aimed at the upper body or face, and the turn
is made when the right fist is forward.)
3. DRILLING (TSUAN-CH'UAN)
Tsuan belongs to water of the Five Elements and symbolizes
ch'i flowing in curving eddies. It is likened also to a shooting
geyser or streaking lightning. It correlates with the kidney. If the
ch'i is harmonious, the kidney becomes strong; if the exercise is
done incorrectly, the kidney will become weak.
Ending peng, after going only one way, you are anchored on
your right foot, your left foot on its toes and your left fist forward.
As you turn leftward toward the opposite direction, simultaneously
30 swing your left fist circularly and raise your right arm; twist your
left fist, palm up, out from under your chin straight ahead of your
31 nose as your left foot goes forward.
Toe out your left foot, turn your left fist over circling the arm
clockwise as your right foot takes a full step forward and your
right fist, palm up, is extended forward directly ahead of your
nose. Your left fist ends its circle near your left side, palm down, 32
and your left foot does a half step follow-step.
Toe out your right foot and go forward with your left foot,
shooting your left fist out on a line with your nose and over your
right arm, your right foot follow-stepping. 33
Toe out your left foot, go forward with your right foot, and
strike with your right fist. After follow-stepping with your left 34
foot, you are ready to turn into p'ao.
The target of tsuan is the opponent's chin. One very important
point is the weight. If both the advanced fist and foot carry most
of the weight, this is a fault called in Chinese boxing double-
weighting. Therefore, in tsuan be sure to keep most of your

weight on your rear foot as you strike. Thus, if your right fist
strikes, most of your weight is reserved on your rear (left) foot.
4. POUNDING (P'AO-CH'UAN)
P'ao represents fire in the Five Elements, is equated to the
heart, and symbolizes the sudden firing of a gun. If done correctly
p'ao will calm the mind; if done incorrectly, your mind will be-
come confused and your body awkward.
You ended tsuan with your right fist and foot forward. Pivoting
leftward on your heels so that you face the other way, curl your
35 two fists at your sides. Step out diagonally left with your left foot,
and simultaneously strike upward with your standing right fist
while your left arm circles upward, palm out, to protect your head
36 and your right foot follow-steps.
Take a half-step forward with your left foot on the same diagonal
line, bring your right foot up to it, and rest it on its toes. Both
fists circle downward to your sides, both knees are well bent, and
37 the body is "cocked" for the next strike. Now take a long step
diagonally rightward with your right foot while your right fist
rises, palm out, to protect your head and your left fist strikes
38 upward on the diagonal line and your left foot follow-steps.

Taking your right foot a half step forward on the same line,
lower your fists to your sides as before and bring your left foot up
to your right foot and put it down on its toes. Then step forward 39
to the left diagonal and raise your arms as before. 40
Finally, repeat the cocking step; then go forward to the right 41
diagonal, striking with your left fist and protecting with your
right. Follow-step with your left foot. 42
Now you are ready to swing leftward into heng. The path in
p'ao is a zig-zag one, your body lowering as it cocks and rising as
it strikes. (The orthodox p'ao is a higher, more extended posture.)
5. CROSSING (HENG-CH'UAN)
Heng belongs to earth in the Five. Elements. Even though it
comes last in the sequence, heng is considered the mother of the
others. Kuo Yun-shen called it the t'ai-chi ch'uan of Hsing-i.
Equated to the spleen, it has a rounded power. If done properly,
your stomach and spleen will be solid; if not, they will become
weak.
You ended p'ao aligned toward the right diagonal, your right
foot forward, your right fist, palm out, protecting your head and
your left standing fist striking forward. Turn leftward as before,
pivoting on both heels and circling both fists toward your sides. 43
As you take a short step with your left foot, your right fist circles
clockwise under your left and is stretched out on a line with your
nose with the palm up; your left fist, palm down, circles clockwise
and returns to your left side. As in the other forms, you take a
half step follow-step with your rear (right) foot. 44

Take a half step forward with your left foot and toe out. Then
take a full step forward with your right foot while your right fist
turns over and circles counterclockwise above your left fist, which
circles from under the right counterclockwise and strikes forward,
palm up, on a line with your nose. Simultaneously, follow-step
with your left foot. Your right fist comes to your right side, palm
45 down.
Toe out your right foot, taking it a half step forward. Now as
you take a full step forward with your left foot, turn your left fist
palm down and circle it clockwise above your right fist and bring
it to your left side, palm down. Simultaneously, your right fist
circles clockwise from under your left and strikes forward with the
46 palm up as you follow-step with your right foot.
Take your left foot forward a half step and toe out. Then take a
full step forward with your right foot as your right fist turns over
and circles counterclockwise above your left fist to your right
side, and your left fist circles counterclockwise under the right
47 and strikes forward and the left foot follow-steps.
Finally, turn leftward, bring your feet together and your fists
48 to your sides, thus ending the walking of the Five Forms. Alter-
natively, as you swing leftward go into a scissors crouch and use
49 p'i with your right arm.
Heng is done on a wavy alignment contrasted with the direct
path of p'i, peng, and tsuan, and the zig-zag of p'ao. Heng's target
is the opponent's upper body. In sum, going one way p'i is done
three times; peng, four; tsuan, three; p'ao, four; and heng, four.
To illustrate the orthodox style, Master Wang Shu-chin does
the five basic postures: p'i, figures 50-56; peng, figures 57-60;
tsuan, figures 61-63; p'ao, figures 64-67; and heng, figures 68-
71. 50-71
Let us briefly compare the two styles. In the orthodox method,
peng is used to strike the opponent's upper body; in the modified,
it is directed against the navel or groin. The orthodox stance is
higher, the knees less bent. The orthodox turn is also different,
being done when the right fist and left foot are forward.
Turn your left foot inward (to the right) 90° and lower your
right fist. Circle your right fist under your chin, and simultane- 72
ously raise your right knee to a point under your right elbow.
Turn your right toes rightward as far as they will go, raising the
sole in the direction toward which you are turning. Use left p'i, 73
and stop as your right foot goes forward as far as it can and is put
down at 45°. 74
Next, as you take a full step forward with your left foot, strike
forward with your right fist and retract your left fist under it to
your left side. At the same time your right foot follow-steps a 75—76
half step behind your left foot. Thus, the orthodox follow-step in
p'i is quite different from Yuan's. Then continue as before.

Wang Shu-chin stressed to me the virtue of peng as a double
impact punch. The initial strike is with the top of the standing
fist, breaking the opponent's foothold, or root, then the lower
part of the fist is screwed upward. Yuan also modified his peng
by using only the extended knuckle of the index finger.
C. Linking the Five Forms

The five forms are linked together in lien huan. Yuan's method
is as follows.
Stand upright with your heels together. Relax your entire body
77 and breathe naturally.
Pivot on your right heel 45° rightward while lowering your
body and bringing your open hands down near your thighs and
78-79 clenching them into fists.
Bring your fists up, your right extended, palm up, and your left,
palm down, near your right elbow as you pivot 45° leftward on
80 your left heel so that you again face directly to the front.
Separate your hands, bringing your right back to your right side
81 and using your left in p'i as your left foot goes forward.
As you peng with your right fist, bring your right foot forward
82 on its toes next to your left foot.
Take your right foot and most of your weight rearward, and as

you strike forward with left peng retract your right fist, palm up,
to your right side. 83
Step forward with your right foot and use right peng as you
retract your left fist to your left side. 84
Raise your two fists upward (in figure 85, the left is obscured)
and bring your right foot back on its toes near your left foot and
strike your right fist into your left palm. 85-86
Take your right fist up to protect your head, and as you step
directly forward with your right foot and follow-step with your
left foot, use left p'ao. 87
LINKING THE FIVE FORMS 47

Taking your left foot forward use left heng, while retracting
88 your right fist, palm up, to your right side.
89 Next, convert heng to p'i.
Thrust your right fist, palm up, forward in tsuan, your left hand,
palm down, at your right elbow, and take your right foot forward,
90 putting it down toed out.
91 Step forward with your left foot and use left p'i.
Go forward with right peng as your right foot goes forward on
92 its toes to your left.
Turn rightward slightly, your feet scissored, lower your two
hands to your pelvis and then take your right fist up in tsuan, your

left palm at the elbow, as you advance and toe out your right foot. 93
Go forward with left p'i and your left foot. 94
Again take your right foot forward on its toes as you use right
peng. 95
Retract your right foot and peng with your left fist. 96
Use right peng as your right foot goes forward. 97
Raise your two fists and strike the right fist into the left palm
as your right foot goes back on its toes. 98-99
Raise your right fist above your forehead and use left p'ao as
your right foot steps forward. 100
Take your left foot forward and use left heng. 101
LINKING THE FIVE FORMS 49

102 Change your left heng to p'i.
103 Step forward with your right foot toed out and use right tsuan.
104 Step forward with your left foot and left p'i.
105 Go forward with your right foot and right peng.
Turn rightward, your feet scissored, lower your right hand
to your pelvis, and shoot out right tsuan as you step forward with
106 your right foot and toe out.
107 Take your left foot and left p'i forward.
108 Take your right foot forward to the beginning posture.

D. The Function of the Five Forms
While the ultimate aim of Hsing-i is an immediate response
without cognition to an attack, like T'ai-chi and Pa-kua its ex-
ercise components are, in themselves, fighting techniques and thus
useful starting points for that no-mind response. The functions for
the five basic forms given below do not exhaust the fighting possi-
bilities, however. The discerning student will be able to discover
others. But the uses given are the major ones and should be learned
as a basis for others one might devise. Remember: like the forms,
the functions should be practiced from both sides.
l. SPLITTING (P'I-CH'UAN)
Better than any of the basic five forms, p'i reflects the use of the
Hsing-i guiding principle: rise, drill, fall, overturn. Some boxers
do this exercise until its use becomes as reflexive as withdraw-
ing one's hand from a hot grill. (See figures 1-5 on page 27.)
Guided by the hand the opponent uses—if he uses his right you
use your right—irrespective of which foot you have forward, you
counter him with p'i. Your fist is actually more of a strike than a
deflection, and is driven at the opponent's chin as he strikes. Only
if it meets his incoming attack does it become a deflection. Thus,
your lead hand may do the striking or may deflect and open your
opponent for your rear hand. You may use it with a simple half
step forward with your lead foot or a full step bringing up your
rear foot.
You and your opponent stand with your right feet forward. He
attacks with a right cross. Toe out your right foot, stretch your 109
right arm, palm upward, forward and deflect his cross, carrying
your left palm forward near your right elbow as you deflect. On 110
deflecting, turn your right fist over, grasp his right wrist, and pull
it toward your right side. Simultaneously, take a full step forward
with your left foot, keeping your ch'i at the navel and chopping
forward against the opponent's upper body or face with your open
111 left palm. The chop circles forward and down impacting on vital
points such as those in the face, the carotid artery, or the heart.
Alternatively, it is not necessary to take the body forward. The
strike may be accomplished from a static posture provided the
opponent is close enough, the auxiliary hand grasping or simply
slapping the opponent's wrist. This method is faster but not as
112 powerful. (Figure 112 shows it applied from the right side.) How-
ever, power is not the major determinant in a strike. Celerity and
placement from a well-centered body carry as much impact. Also,
in using the palm, you can spear or scrape the opponent's eyes on
113-14 impact.

2. CRUSHING (PENG-CH'UAN)
Peng is a response to a body attack. It is a powerful action and
one that the famed Kuo Yun-shen and Shang Yun-hsiang used to
perfection. Wang Shu-chin could use it starting with his fist against
the opponent's body and drop most men, so well was he able to
generate power from his legs. To perfect it the undefeated Shang
Yun-hsiang walked (barefoot with his shoes draped around his
neck) twenty miles to and from his teacher's house each day, using
a "half bamboo step." That is, he would take a half step forward,
bring the rear foot forward and punch. And then repeat with the
other fist (the same foot goes forward while the fists alternate.
Figure 117 shows the "half bamboo step.") Kuo Feng-ch'ih also 115-18
THE FUNCTION OK THE FIVE FORMS 53

taught me a full-stride walking method in which you peng alter-
nately with each fist as one foot touches down. The walk is then
varied by striking when the other foot touches the ground.
119 Your opponent, his left foot forward, strikes with his right fist.
120-22 Deflect lightly and use right peng in the orthodox (figures 121—
123 22) or modified (figure 123) way.
3. DRILLING (TSUAN-CH'UAN)
Functionally, tsuan is directed at the head. Your opponent at-
124 tacks with a right cross. Toe out your left foot, deflect the strike
downward with your left palm, and at the same instant drill your
right fist, palm up, to his chin or nose while taking your right
125—27 foot a full step forward. The fist strikes as the right heel touches
down, but the weight is then shifted to the rear leg to avoid double
weighting. Alternatively, tsuan can be used without stepping for-

ward, merely by shifting out of the path of the punch and impaling
your opponent on the fist. This requires no deflection and can be
done with either foot forward. Finally, the fist may be articulated 128-29
to either jab upward or to club downward.
THE FUNCTION OF THE FIVE FORMS 55
4. POUNDING (P'AO-CH'UAN)
Although the orthodox and modified versions use the same
direction for p'ao—a diagonal approach to the opponent—-the tar-
get and technique are somewhat different. The orthodox is a
longer expansive movement directed at the upper body; the modi-
fied is a quicker and shorter action focused on the opponent's face.
Depending on the opponent's angle of attack, the response may be
made inside or outside his attacking arm, and with either foot
ahead. In use, p'ao cannot follow the form exactly, however. If
you have your left foot forward and your opponent strikes with
his right fist, it would take too much time to step diagonally for-
ward with your left foot, bring your right foot up to it, crouch and
cock, block the punch with your right arm, and strike with your
left fist. Therefore, if you have your left foot forward, you should
130-31 use p'ao inside the deflection; if your right foot is forward, you
132-33 should use p'ao outside the deflection. Also, although p'ao works
better against a hook, it can also be used against a cross focused
on the upper body.
5. CROSSING (HENG-CH'UAN)
Functionally, there is a problem with heng analogous to the
Lotus kick of T'ai-chi: both are done clockwise rather than counter-
clockwise. We just have never been taught to strike in this way.
More than this, at first blush it is difficult to see how it could be
effective. But it can be and is. Its effect depends in large part on
the element of surprise; the striking arm is carried away from the
normal power source, apparently sacrificing leverage and mo-
mentum. In reality it is simply a circling strike of considerable
momentum but one that approaches the opponent from a quarter
he does not expect.
As your opponent strikes with his right fist (figure 134-), step 134
forward with your left foot, deflect and grab his right arm from
the inside with your left hand, pulling it toward your left shoulder.
Simultaneously, loop your right fist, palm up, in a clockwise circle
striking your opponent in the right armpit. On impact, the punch 135—36
is driven directly forward off the circle, the legs enlisted to create
punching power. The technique works as well from the outside as
the inside. If he crosses with his left fist, step in with your left foot,
capture his arm from the outside and attack his heart with your
137—38 right fist looping from underneath.
E. Functions Equated to the Five Elements

Above we stated that each element represented by a form is
capable of generating another element. The generating actions are
for normal practice. Each element also is capable of countering
another element as follows: metal (p'i) counters wood; wood
(peng) counters earth; earth (heng) counters water; water (tsuan)
counters fire; and fire (p'ao) counters metal. This is the tradition
and philosophy. In real combat, of course, other counters than
these may be used. These counters can be arranged in various
combinations. Sun Lu-tang's are as follows.
139 You are both in san t'i, each with your left foot forward. He
140 takes a short step forward with his left foot and uses right peng.

Grasp his right wrist with your left hand. He takes another half 141
step forward with his left foot and uses left peng. Toe out your 142
left foot, twist your left hand under his, grab his wrist, and step 143—44
forward a full step with your right foot and strike with right p'i. 145
Thus metal breaks wood.
However, he twists his left hand from your grasp, blocks your
p'i and uses right p'ao against your chest. Thus, fire can be pro- 146—47
duced from wood and can destroy metal.
As your opponent tries p'ao, take your right foot back and using
inward "wrap" energy press his right fist down with your left
hand; then take a half step forward with your left foot and use 148
FUNCTIONS EQUATED TO THE FIVE ELEMENTS 59

149 right tsuan against his chin. Therefore, metal can produce water,
which in turn can destroy fire.
He pulls back his right fist to his right side and simultaneously
150 strikes your right elbow with left heng on an upward slant. Thus
earth is produced by fire and can destroy water.

You retract your right fist and use left peng against his stom-
ach, showing that water creates wood which in turn can destroy 151-52
earth.
He uses p'i against your left fist and grasps the wrist, while
withdrawing his left hand and foot. Thus again metal breaks wood. 153-54
Take a left half step forward and use right peng. He takes back 155-56
his right hand and foot and uses left p'i against your right peng. 157
Thus, metal breaks wood.
Again take a half step forward with your left foot and use left
peng. He twists his left hand up outside your left arm, grasps 158-59
your wrist, and takes a full right step forward using right p'i
against your left shoulder or face, metal again destroying wood. 160
FUNCTIONS EQUATED TO THE FIVE ELEMENTS 61
5. The Twelve Styles
Because of his brain man is superior to other animals. But phys-

ically he can learn much from animals. To the five basic forms,
therefore, Hsing-i adds an auxiliary twelve styles derived from the
fighting characteristics of animals, some mythical. The arrange-
ment, types, and names vary according to the schools. The twelve
taught by Yuan Tao are as follows: (1) Dragon, (2) Tiger, (s)
Monkey, (4) Horse, (5) Turtle, (6) Chicken, (7) Falcon, (8)
Swallow, (9) Snake, (10) Dove, (11) Eagle, and (12) Bear. Other
schools delete some of these and use the mythical T'ai bird, the
Ostrich, Goose, Camel, and others. Below these styles are sampled
and their salient features pointed out.
1. Dragon is a vigorous series of movements employing vertical
action from down to up and hardy leaps into a low, crouching form
1-4 of p'i. (Performed by Ch'en Yun-ch'ao, eldest son of the great
Ch'en P'an-ling.)
2. Tiger also is vigorous and features an initial deflection fol-
5-6 lowed by strong palm-pushing.
3. Monkey reflects rapid dexterous retreating and jumping. The
back of the wrist is used to attack the opponent's heart. Alterna-
tively, you may use the hand to grab his wrist. Finally, the knee
can be employed to strike. (Performed by Kuo Feng-ch'ih.) 7-10
4. Horse advances directly forward and is a speedy and powerful
posture in which the fists are used with the palms downward (flat
fist). 11-14
THE TWELVE STYLES 6'3

5. Turtle is very fast and attacks obliquely with all the fingers
15—17 curved except the index finger.
6. Like the Horse posture, Chicken moves directly ahead. The
edge of the palm is used as you come forward onto one leg (figure
18—19 18); thereafter the open palm is changed into a fist (figure 1.9).
The elbow is also used extensively.
7. Falcon is sharp, violent, and multidirected. Among its actions
64 THE TWELVE STYLES
it employs a shooting palm (figure 20) and p'ao (figure '21) as 20-21
well as tsuan and others.
8. Swallow is also lively and invigorating and uses p'i and the
Chicken posture. 22—23
9. Snake stresses elasticity, diagonal movements, and shooting
palms, all from a crouching posture. 24-27
10. Dove uses much rising and falling movement and a cross
THE TWELVE STYLES 6'5

arm block that continues into a two fist (palms up) attack, finally
28—29 "folding" into elbow strikes.
11. and 12. Eagle is yang, uses the same straight-ahead route
as p'i and features grasping. It is often combined with Bear, which
is yin. Combined, the postures go diagonally like heng and cross
30-33 the opponent's attack, permitting the capture of his arm.
66 THE TWELVE STYLES

6. Consecutive Step Yunnan Boxing
A. The Form
Hsing-i principles can be seen in various fistic forms. One in
which they figure prominently is the standardized Consecutive Step
Yunnan Boxing (Yunnan Lien-pu Ch'uan), named after the south-
western province in which it was widely practiced in the 1930s and
40s by Chinese Nationalist soldiers. (It is also called Szechwan
Linked Boxing by boxers who learned it in that adjoining prov-
ince. ) This form is done at normal speed and makes balanced use
of internal and external methods. It is realistic in eschewing over-
use of feet and stresses extrication from holds, a blend of open and
closed hands, and ripostes from vulnerable positions. It must be
practiced lightly and power applied only at the last moment of each
strike. It should not be done so rapidly that the techniques are
blurred or cheated of their full value. Crispness and celerity are the
key words in its practice. Below we first detail the form and then
delineate the functions of the postures.
Stand at attention but without rigidity. Bring your left hand,
palm down, smartly to your midriff where it "holds a ball" above
the palm-up right hand. Lower your body, fixing your knees to-
67
gether, and bring your right hand outside the left hand up above
3 your forehead, palm inward (figure 3), while your left hand is
lowered to the level of your knees (not shown).
Take a full step leftward with your left foot, your left hand
stretched above it. Your right hand is clenched, palm up, at your
4 right side.
Turn abruptly to face in the opposite direction with most of your
weight on your left leg, snapping your right fist upward, your left
5 palm held at the right elbow. Slide your right foot forward and ex-
6 tend your right fist, shifting most of the weight to your front foot.
7 Slap your left shoulder with your right palm and step out fully
with your left foot 90° to the left as your left palm stretches out
above your left leg, and your right fist, palm up, is pulled to your
8 right side.
Shift your weight to your rear (right) foot, toe out your front
(left) foot, and go forward with your right foot and right flat fist
while your left hand is clenched and held slightly higher than (and
9 in front of) your left shoulder.
As you take your right foot a full step to the rear, turn your left
fist palm up and screw clockwise until the palm is down on the right
arm as your right fist screws clockwise until the palm is up. Thus,
the left fist ends up forward, palm down, and the right fist at your
68 CONSECUTIVE STEP YUNNAN BOXING
<D
right side, palm up, while most of your body weight is on the rear
(right) leg. 10
Toe out your left foot and step forward with your right foot and
fist as before. I I
T o e out your right foot and take your left foot forward as your
left fist hammers down and your right fist is retracted, palm up, to
your right side, most of your weight remaining on your right leg. 12
Straighten up, shift most of your weight forward to your left foot
and shoot your right, palm down, forward over your left fist. 13
Shift your weight back to your rear (right) foot, as your left fist
screws counterclockwise, palm up, to your front and your right fist
clockwise, palm up, to your right side. 14
THE FORM 69
Toe out your left foot and take a full step forward with your right
15 foot as your right fist chops into the palm of your left hand.
Toe out your right foot, take your left foot forward while your
right fist opens, palm down, and lowers to your midriff, and your
left hand, palm up, is raised to shoulder height. Your weight is
16 largely on your rear foot. Toe out your left foot and step forward
fully with the right foot, your right palm spearing directly forward
over your left hand, which is held palm down at your right armpit.
17 Your weight is now thrust forward on your right foot.
Shift your weight rearward, make a flat fist with your right hand,
clench your left hand and strike forward out of a Horse posture with
18 your right while your left is held above your head.
Shift your weight to your right foot, pivot your left foot on its
heel leftward 90°, and as it touches down, turn your body leftward
and with a right standing spear hand strike diagonally downward,
your left hand slapping the top of the right forearm. Again, your
19 weight is thrust forward.
Shift your weight to your rear (right) foot as you strike forward
20 with your left fist and retract your right fist to your right side.
Toe out your left foot, step forward with your right foot and
21 chop your right fist into your left palm directly ahead of your chest.
(This repeats a previous posture.)
Shifting your weight rearward, shoot out your standing left palm
and retract your right fist, palm up, to your right side. 22
Shifting your weight to your front (right) foot, spear, palm
down, with your right hand over your palm-down left hand held at
your right armpit. (This is a repetition.) 23
Shift your weight to your rear (left) foot, clench your hands,
and as you shift your weight forward again, assume a Horse posture
and shoot your right flat fist forward and bring your fist, palm
outward, above your head. (This repeats the previous Horse pos- 24
ture movement.)
Take your right foot backward a full step and put most of your
weight on it, and strike forward with p'i. 25
Toe out your left foot, take a full step forward with your right
and chop into your open left palm with your right fist, palm up. 26
(Another repetition.) Keeping your feet in place, lower your right
fist, unclenched and palm down by your left armpit, as your left
standing palm strikes forward as more weight is pushed onto your
front (right) leg. 27
Turn leftward 180° by spinning on your left heel and swing your
right elbow to where it strikes into your left palm as your left toe
28—29 touches down. Now bring your right foot to your left, put it down,
and then step 180° rightward with your right foot as your right
30 elbow is pushed out by your left palm over your right knee.
Toe out your right foot, take a full step forward with your left
31 so that your feet are parallel, and "uphold" with your two hands.
Turn around rightward 180°, taking your right leg forward and
32 pushing with both hands. Shift leftward and strike with a standing
33 spear, your left palm slapping your right wrist in the process.
Retract your weight to your rear (right) foot, sliding your left
7'2 CONSECUTIVE STEP YUNNAN BOXING

foot back on its toes, shooting out a left standing fist, and bringing
your right hand clenched, palm up, to your right side. 34
As you step with your left foot toed out about 20° to the right,
circle your left fist counterclockwise, step forward with your right 35
foot and chop with a right standing fist into your left palm. 36
Take a short step farther left with your right fist circling clock-
wise while your left fist circles to your left side. 37
Take a full step with your left foot as your left standing fist
strikes down into your right palm. 38
Fixing your weight on your front (left) foot, spread your arms
at shoulder height and scoop forward with your right foot. 39
THE FORM 73
As you put your right foot down a full step back, strike down-
40 ward into your left palm with your right standing fist.
Turn your body rightward 180° and push forward with both
41 hands over your right foot.
Spinning on your left heel, turn back leftward 180° and push
42 with both hands over your left foot.
Bring your right foot forward, join the heel to the left, and hold
your left hand, palm down, over your right, palm up, repeating the
43 first posture.
44 Finally, lower your hands to your sides and stand at attention.
B. The Function
The uses of the postures are many and are not limited to those
shown. The thinking student will be able to create functions of his
own. In many postures of the form you end in a stance much more
expanded than you would in a real street situation because in the
street your opponent's body "interrupts" your strike. By practicing
going into such an expanded stance you "image through" the op-
ponent in the street and enhance your strike. All of these tactics
can be used consecutively, correlated with the form, but, to give
them more realism, some are divorced from their form context.
The first technique is one for use in close quarters in which you
have no room to use long strikes or kicks. It only requires that
your opponent be close to you. He crowds you, attempting to get
a hold on you. Keeping your power in the navel, circle your left
hand, palm down, laterally to your chest while simultaneously cir-
cling your right hand, palm up, to your navel. Your fingers striking 45
the opponent's armpit and external oblique muscles (both vital
points) at the same instant can create a strong impact (although it
lacks the body movement, the posture is similar to the Cloud Hands
of T'ai-chi). This technique is a good example of defense from a
static posture in a confined space. ("If you're close enough, there's
room enough" is the way Dashiell Hammett's Continental Op put
it when he confronted a gangster who, looking around the small
room, complained, "There's no room.")
Another close quarters, static posture: You have no place to go
and your opponent launches a fist, foot, or combination attack.
From the previous posture, simply lower your left palm inside
your right to your knees and raise your right hand outside your
left above your forehead, while your knees are brought together
and your body lowered, deflecting both his fist and foot. You thus 46
use vertical distance—the lowering—to mitigate the effect of the
strike. As in all the functions, you may modify it depending on the
circumstances and use only part of the posture.
THE FUNCTION 75
I
The third posture functions as an attack or simply to move your

opponent from a close-in position to one farther away preparatory
47-48 to attacking him.
49 He attacks your middle from the rear with his right fist. Spin and
lightly deflect his right forearm from outside with your right fist,
50 your right foot poised on its toes a half step ahead of your left foot.
Then extend your right foot and your right fist forward, the fist
51 striking your opponent's right armpit.
Your feet are on a line. He grabs your shirt near your left shoul-
52 der. Press his right hand with your right, holding- it against your
right shoulder. Next, step forward with your left foot and thrust
53 your left thumb into his right armpit.

Your left thrust misfires, and he grabs it (alternatively, he grabs
your left wrist as an initiating rather than a countering action). 54
Clenching it into a fist, raise it, palm toward you, near your left
shoulder. Simultaneously, toe out your left foot and take a full step
forward with your right foot while striking him with your right
flat fist. Here again, "imaging through" is important. Your cir- 55
cling left arm will seek to evade his grasp at its weakest point—
between his index finger and thumb. This will cause him to
"freeze" his mind and energy on your wrist, thus permitting you
to step forward and strike. The strike itself can be articulated as
full fist, all knuckles, or one knuckle.
He grabs your right hand. As you take your right foot a full step 56
THE FUNCTION 77
to the rear, turn your left fist, palm up, then screw it down against
57 his hold, effecting your release.
58 He grabs your left hand. Repeat the earlier movement of toeing
out your left foot, twisting your left fist to your left shoulder, and
59 stepping forward with your right foot and flat fist.
Again he grabs your right fist. Shift your weight to your rear
60 (left) leg, toe out your right foot, and go forward with your left
61 arm and leg. Your left arm circles up and, as your left foot touches
down, your left hand scythes his hand (be it right or left) off your
62 wrist. "Imaging through" is done here by going into a deep squat.
As you cut his hand off your wrist turn your right fist over and
retract it, palm up, to your right side.
The next function can flow from the preceding one or it can
originate from scratch. If the former, simply rise, straighten your
left toes, and thrust forward at his throat with a flat right spear
hand, palm down, as your weight goes forward to your left leg. 63
From scratch, he throws either hand. Depress the attacking
hand with your left and simultaneously spear forward with your
right hand. 64-65
He holds your right hand, palm down, with either of his. As you 66
shift your weight rearward to your right foot, twist your left fist
up in a counterclockwise circle against his hand, and simultaneously 67—68
twist your right hand, palm up, out of his grasp to your right side. 69
Your weight shifts but your feet do not move.
He strikes at you with his left fist. Toe out your left foot and
70 shift your weight to it; then, deflect his left fist with your left hand,
71 and grab it as you go forward with your right foot and fist. Your
right fist loops and strikes his head at the carotid artery or base of
his skull, while your right foot thrusts inside his left leg if possible
to "freeze" him for the strike, or to use as a lever if the strike
72 misses.
73 You have your left foot forward, and he tries a right cross. In a
moving lock, shift your weight rearward to your right foot and
strike his right elbow from left to right and, simultaneously, his

right wrist from right to left. These converging strikes applied 74
crisply at the same time can produce dislocation. (Caught with your
left foot back, the strike will work, but less effectively.)
Your feet are on a line, and he strikes with his left fist. Deflect 75
and grab his left arm and, going into a Horse posture, strike his left
side with your right fist, which can be held flat or as a standing 76—77
fist.
You have your right foot forward and are attacked from the rear. 78
Shift your weight to your right foot, pivot on the heel of your left
foot and, as the toe touches down facing your opponent, deflect his
THE FUNCTION 81
strike with your left hand and attack his groin with a standing
79-80 spear. The left foot turn is important: it permits you to throw most
of your body weight forward to the left foot as your right hand
strikes.

You have your left foot forward. He grabs your right wrist. As 81
you shift your weight rearward to your right foot, twist your right
fist out of his grasp and retract it, palm up, to your right side.
Simultaneously, strike his middle with your left standing fist. 82-83
Both of you have your left feet forward. He grabs your left wrist
with his left hand. Shift your weight to your right foot, toe out 84
your left foot, and take a full step forward with your right foot. As 85
your right foot comes down, attack his left carotid artery or the
base of his skull with your looping right fist. As in a previous pos- 86
ture, your right foot thrusts inside his left leg if possible, so as to
"freeze" him for the strike.
You have your right foot forward, and he grabs your right hand. 87
Spear forward with your left standing spear as you twist your right
fist, palm up, and take it to your right side. 88
Again, your right foot is forward. He grabs your left hand with
THE FUNCTION 83
89 his right. Turn your left hand palm down, bring it back to your
chest, and strike over it with your right flat spear against his
90 throat or upper torso without moving your legs. Alternatively, the
left hand, if not held, can depress a strike and the spear can be used
over it.
The next posture is a repeat of a previous posture. You have
your left foot forward. He shoots a left cross at your head or upper
torso. Deflect it with your left hand, grabbing his wrist, and strike
his side with either a standing or flat fist as your right foot goes
91-92 forward into a Horse posture.
93 The next posture is p'i of Hsing-i. He strikes with his right fist,
and you chop down against his head and arm as you take your
94 right foot back.
95 He grabs your left wrist with his right. Toe out your left foot

and take a full step with your right foot directly between his legs
and loop your right fist to his neck. 96
You have your right foot forward. He strikes with his right fist. 97
Depress his fist with your right hand and strike over it with your
left standing spear. 98
THE FUNCTION 85
99 You have your right foot forward. He approaches from the side
and grabs your left shoulder. Shift your weight to your left foot and
100 attack him with your right elbow.
You have your left foot forward. He tries a right cross. Deflect
101 outward with your right hand, then cup your right fist and strike
his chest with your right elbow as your right foot goes a full step
102-3 forward.
You have your right foot forward. He grabs your shirt with both
104 hands, palms up. Take your left foot forward to where it is on a line
with your right, turn both your palms upward, and seize his elbows
from underneath. Simultaneously, push down against his fists with
your chest. This usually is a hold preliminary to a strike, but can be 105
used as a strike rather than a hold.
This posture is simply a push-strike with or without an initial
deflection. He attacks you from the rear. Turn rightward, take your 106
right foot forward, and, evading the blow, strike him in the
abdomen. 107-8
This, too, is an attack from the rear and repeats a previous pos-
ture. As he attacks, spin on your left heel, and as the toes touch
down, deflect the strike with your left hand, and strike his groin
109 with your right standing spear.
I 10 You have your left foot forward, and he grabs your right wrist.
As you shift your weight rearward to your right foot, clench your
right hand and twist it back, palm up, to your side while your left
111 fist is driven into his abdomen. (This is a repetition.)
You both have your left feet forward, and he strikes at you with
112 his left fist. Take your left foot nearer to his, toe it out, and take a
full step forward with your right foot. Simultaneously, cross his
left arm with your left, palm up, and turn it over and grab his arm

as you strike the base of his skull with your right fist. (This also is 113
a repeat.)
Using the same technique against his right fist, repeat the same
movement but use your right hand to deflect and grab and your
left fist to strike. 114-16
You have your left foot forward. He uses his right fist. Toe out I 17
your left foot and step forward with your right, while deflecting his
right fist with your left and attacking the right side of his neck with I I 8
your right. At the same time, attack his right ankle from inside
with a right foot scoop. This action is common in Chinese boxing I I 9
THE FUNCTION 89
and is also used in traditional Chinese wrestling {shuai chao).
I 20 You have your right foot forward and he grabs your left hand.
As you step rearward with your right foot, strike the left side of his
121-22 neck with your fist.
I 23 This posture is a repeat. As he attacks from the rear, swing
rightward, take your right foot forward and, evading his strike,
124-25 push-strike his midriff.
I 26 — 28 This is also a repeat, but with your left foot going forward. This
tactic works as well when used as a response to a hold.

This is a repeat of the first posture in which your two hands are
thrust circularly inward to the attacker's side and opposite armpit. 29
THE FUNCTION 91
7. Advice from the Masters
KUO YUN-SHEN
Hsing-i is similar to Taoist meditation: both have the goal of
emptiness. But where we go from inaction to action, the Taoists
go from action to inaction. We borrow from the Taoists three
changes: ( l ) sperm to ch'i, (2) ch'i to spirit, and (3) spirit to
emptiness.
Hsing-i Sedentary Changes Type of Type of

Stages Stages Energy Breathing
1. Change Fire work Bones Overt Basic
sperm (hard burn-
into ch'i ing)
2. Change Summoning Sinews Covert Inter-
ch'i into fire mediate
spirit
3. Change Divine Marrow Mysterious Advanced
spirit into fire
emptiness
The way to mysterious [hua] energy is through the obvious and
the concealed energies. To get obvious energy you must be cen-
tered and balanced. Through this energy sperm is worked into
ch'i, which changes the bones. At birth our bodies are strong but
92 ADVICE FROM THE MASTERS
later they decline. Ta Mo developed a teaching to change the
sinews and to wash the bone marrow. He believed that this would
permit the body to return to its prenatal state. In the Sung dynasty
[960-1279], Yueh Fei added to Ta Mo's doctrine that of changing
the bones. The Five Fowl exercise and Eight Part exercise re-
flected these teachings. After concerted practice, the dispersed ch'i
is concentrated at the navel and all parts of the body are coordi-
nated. This is called Little Heaven.
The next stage is concealed energy. It is free, relaxed, soft, and
natural. However, do not be misled by the word soft. It is not soft
like grass; rather, it is elastic. This stage deals with changing ch'i
into spirit and concomitantly changing the sinews. It is called Big
Heaven. In boxing when your right hand goes forward, the left
hand pulls back as though it were tearing cotton or drawing a bow.
This is done slowly, not abruptly. When your two hands go for-
ward it is like pulling a cart. That is, just as your legs, not your
hands, move the cart, it is your legs, not your hands, that impart
strength to your boxing. The rear foot holds strength as though
you are going to leap off it across a ditch.
The highest stage grows from the second. It is called mysterious,
the result of marrow washing. It is soft and uses no strength. It
lets you move more easily because the energy is concentrated. And
this energy merges you with emptiness, the Tao in which "Boxing
is non-boxing, non-boxing is boxing." The energy derived is dif-
ferent from actual strength. Although the actions taken are the
same, the energy stays inside, controlled by the mind. This is the
acme of Hsing-i—the best of alchemy, boxing, and the Tao.
Simultaneously with your advancement through these stages,
there occur three changes in your body: (1) change of bones, (2)
change of sinews, and (3) washing of the bone marrow. To change
the bones means to hold your body like a mountain. When you
stand and move, your bones become hard. To change the sinews is
to fuse energy into and through all sinews, forming membranes to
them and energizing them. To wash and clean the bone marrow is
KUO YUN-SHEN 93
to relax completely and purify and refine the internal organs by
using your mind, thus making your body as light as a feather.
There are three ways of breathing in Hsing-i: basic, intermedi-
ate, and advanced. In the basic stage of obvious energy, put your
tongue on the roof of your mouth, which is half opened, half closed.
Breathe naturally, through your nose without attention to inhala-
tion and exhalation. The hands and feet coordinate with your
breathing to transform sperm into ch'i. In the intermediate stage
of concealed energy, the mouth and tongue are held the same and
you breathe through the nose, but now you pay attention to sinking
your breath to the navel, thus transforming ch'i to spirit. The third
and highest breathing stage of mysterious energy is reached un-
consciously by doing the first two stages. In this stage your spirit
is transformed to emptiness and you do not feel that you are breath-
ing: there is no sound, no smell, and everything is empty.
How is Hsing-i used in the three stages? In the first stage it is
like a steel chisel, which goes out strongly but falls like a light
piece of bamboo. In the second, it starts like an arrow, and falls
weightless like the wind. In the highest stage, it follows the wind
and chases the moon. An outsider never sees it hit; if he does, it
does not belong to this stage. This is Hsing-i, the highest level of
achievement: the mind is mindless; you do nothing and have done
everything. In the emptiness we find our prenatal bodies. But do
not be overly concerned about this. If you try too hard, it will
elude you. Instead of trying to achieve it, pretend you already have
it. This will help your mind. After all, the mind is the embodiment
of your actions: therefore, Hsing-i is mind boxing.
In the basic posture [san-t'i] most of the weight is on your rear
foot. In Hsing-i the weight is never shared equally: this eases
movement and avoids the rigidity of double weighting. It lets you
distinguish the soft from the hard (yin and yang). Hsing-i is un-
complicated because it is natural. We are in harmony with every-
thing. Do not look for miracles. Carry on like a normal person
doing ordinary actions, and with perseverance progress will come.
You may learn Hsing-i simply for health. But if you learn it for
boxing purposes it is more difficult. Whoever is proud will lose.
Watch the distance between yourself and an antagonist; study his
physical characteristics and stance. When you step forward intend
to dig into him. Protect your body with your elbows. Be versatile
and flexible; do not be afraid of changing your tactics. Do not use
strength. Be calm and you will be stable. Ch'eng T'ing-hua told
me: "Whenever I fight someone, I look to see how strong, soft,
muscular, or tricky he is. I try to discover his weak points. I never
stick to one way: long or short or high or low. Assessing your
enemy this way, even if you don't defeat him, you will never be
defeated."
To practice your movements plant nine numbered bamboo sticks
as shown in figure 1. At first make the distance between them great;
gradually decrease it until the sticks are barely a shoulder-width
apart. Go from one through nine from inside and then reverse the
order, gradually increasing your speed. Avoid colliding with the
gates. Later arbitrarily move through them without regard to
number. This exercise derives from the I-ching and is excellent in
that you may regard the posts as opponents to evade and strike. If
you do it long enough, it will produce a great change in you.
Figure 1
KUO YUN-SHEN 95
PAI HSI-YUAN
The function of Hsing-i is to get rid of disease and to prolong
life, as with the study of herb medicine. A person may be seventy
years old, but his body will be elastic and lively even though he has
never taken a strength tonic or medicine. Because of boxing, we
know how to train breathing and body movements. To learn box-
ing is easy, but to reach the pinnacle is hard. First, you need a good
teacher from whom you learn the essentials of boxing, the basics,
accurately and thoroughly. Be patient and do not rush. You should
love boxing and throw all your energies into it. And you must
persevere.
As you learn, beware of becoming proud. This is one of the
greatest defects. You need a teacher who can see your errors at
one glance; otherwise your mistakes will be habitual, you will be-
come sick and think boxing is the cause. The teacher must be skill-
ful and experienced in correcting errors and in discovering the
causes of sickness. Trouble on the right side of the body can come
from the left; it takes a good teacher to identify these troubles. If
every student practices hard, with a good teacher seven or eight
of every ten will make progress. But only two of the ten will be-
come good teachers.
LIU CH'I-LAN
Hsing-i merges body and function. To use the action on some-
one, you must practice this during the exercise. Concentrate your
eyes on a point—e.g., your hand or a wall—without letting your
eyes wander. Your ch'i and mind will sink, and your inside and
outside will coordinate. To focus your eyes on one point is the
most important thing when you begin to practice. Fix your eyes,
but fix your mind also. In a fight, fix your eyes on the enemy's
forehead, palms, or feet. You must not fix your movement in one
way, however. Mobilize all your actions in one round of exercise,
but mix them up, using the proper action at the proper time. One
thing, however, does not change: you remain calm and concen-
trated. If your eye is never distracted by his actions, you will be-
come invincible.
Without a calm mind you cannot learn. Remain calm when you
meet an enemy. Begin with a firm foothold and finish with a body
like bamboo, dexterous and light. Use all your actions: jump, rise,
soar up like a dragon, strike like a thunderbolt, attack like an
arrow, overwhelm like a whirlwind. Your opponent comes to feel
that he is chasing the moon. He cannot discern your actions. Your
actions are faster than physical speed and your body is fully co-
ordinated.
To master Hsing-i, your mind must be empty. Start with an
empty mind and imagine yourself bodiless. Although you have a
mind, imagine yourself mindless. An old sage said, "Mindless mind,
insubstantial-substantial." If you are attacked, counter naturally.
Hit the person as if you were disembodied. You come to be the
same as a Taoist: mind, mindless; body, bodiless; something,
nothing.
(From Shen Hsien, Hopei, Liu was a student of Li Neng-jan.
After learning for several years, he left for the countryside, where
he spent the rest of his life teaching. He was liberal, and he co-
ordinated all forms of boxing with Hsing-i. He had many famous
disciples, one of whom was his son Liu Tien-ch'en, who wrote
Hsing-i Ch'uan Chueh Wei [Probing the Essence of Hsing-i Box-
ing].)
SUNG SHIH-JUNG
All the Hsing-i postures are very simple; in use they may be
changed and combined differently. Thus, a limited number of pos-
tures becomes numberless. Your mind is empty, your body bodi-
less. When fighting, your body becomes as strong as metal, your
mind becomes many minds. When a boxer achieves the peak, he
can act without your being aware of his action.
SUNG SHIH-JUNG 97
In the Snake style you must imitate a snake going through the
grass turning left and right, up and down. You must become a
snake. Full coordination is required. If you hit a snake's head, its
tail will respond and hit you; if you hit the snake's tail, its head
will hit you. So when you learn a certain style, you must understand
its functions. After you know the functions, it is easier to under-
stand coordination.
To hit objects some distance from you, you must use long
strength. For close objects, use short strength. If your enemy is
close and on the left or right side, hit him with flapping strength
(like rowing a boat). For objects moving on a curving path, you
must use soft strength. Against something hard and fast close to
you, use hard strength. So we have long, short, soft, and hard
strength. Hsing-i is a philosophy that enables you to deal with
changes, to maximize use of the mind as a demonstration of nature.
Hsing-i fundamentally consists of two things: (1) the art of
Hsing-i itself, and (2) its functions. It is a martial art because its
functions show how to fight another person. As a Taoist exercise,
it is used to prolong life.
Hsing-i uses the san-t'i posture, with one foot having more
weight than the other. Shaolin boxing emphasizes the attack in
fighting; its postures emphasize equal weighting on both feet, so
that the center of gravity descends to the center of the two feet.
Movement is then awkward, clumsy, and confused. Breathing may
also become mixed up. The ch'i is not always kept in the navel.
Therefore, in Hsing-i never equally share the weight on your two
feet. Also, Hsing-i boxers say in fighting the feet take 70 percent
of the importance, while the hands take only 30 percent. [This
means that the weight is sunk and the hands are subordinated to
the body. It does not mean that kicking is given 70 percent and
fisting 30 percent of the importance.]
In Hsing-i, we start exercises with the five forms (wu hsing).
These forms enable you to coordinate the five actions in the mind
and enable you to follow the 70-30 percent foot-hand ratio. Action
flows freely with a free mind and in accord with all changes. When
you beat something, you do so without feeling any difficulty. This
kind of exercise becomes real art. When you reach the peak, with
Hsing-i as your weapon you will be unbeatable.
The san-t'i beginning posture provides a solid foundation be-
cause the front foot is light and the back foot heavy. San-t'i gen-
erates the five forms. You must become flexible, elastic, and
dexterous, never clumsy or heavy as in Shaolin. While learning
you should emphasize mind cultivation and breathing. Breathe
easily to get a good foothold. Because your aim is to return to your
original prenatal self, strength used in Hsing-i is the same as the
strength you had when you were bom. The prenatal strength and
the postnatally acquired strength together make up the full-
strength fighting that can never be exhausted. Hsing-i paves the
way for your return to prenatal strength.
T'ai-chi uses the yin-yang; in Hsing-i the san-t'i posture derives
from the yin-yang also. We say of yin-yang: when we take action,
this is yang; when we remain standing still, this is yin. Actually the
three schools of Hsing-i, Pa-kua, and T'ai-chi are one. In Hsing-i
the action heng-ch'uan begins with prenatal strength, moves natu-
rally, and may be fatal, because with your original strength you
are unbeatable.
The Taoists have sedentary breathing exercises. In Hsing-i,
hand and foot actions are coordinated with the breathing. Every
action follows a discipline, so we never get confused; that is, the
movements are coordinated with the breathing so that boxing
becomes like sedentary work. You should pay great attention to
the breathing. Back and forth, up and down, the air moves in a
cycle with full regulation of breathing. In sedentary work, we try
to settle down from action, but in boxing we move from inaction
to action. Both of them reach the same goals: full calmness, full
regulation of breathing, and full coordination of the body.
SUNG SHIH-JUNG 99
CH'E I-CHAI
Hsing-i conforms with the theory of the Golden Mean [Chung
Tung] of Confucius. This theory is very broad, great, and compli-
cated, although it looks simple. It is always centered, balanced, and
thorough.
You put out strength and it goes everywhere; retract it and it
hides inside. This is difficult for a beginner, but as he progresses he
will understand. Each action is launched from emptiness but has
the greatest strength. From the empty to the substantial: this is
the mind action we call Hsing-i, which means "the shape of the
mind." This is also true of Pa-kua and T'ai-chi: both reach the
perfection of the empty mind. The three internal schools emphasize
the mind, whereas Shaolin stresses fighting. The latter's fighting
emphasis means it can never be as lively as the internal.
The boxing classics say, "Concentrate on the mind and spirit;
the tan t'ien [sea of ch'i]] must be cultivated always. Think about
the spirit and the ch'i, and crouch and sink it to the navel. When
you reach maximum stability, the yuan ch'i [original ch'i] will cir-
culate throughout the whole body and will penetrate every pore
and the extremities of the limbs. It prevails everywhere and com-
bines with yin and yang; it is never extreme."
Thus it accords with the philosophy of the Golden Mean. Con-
fucius says about the Golden Mean: "The spirit is great. It exists,
but you cannot see it; you can sense its existence but never hear it.
It is very full and lacks nothing." When we do Hsing-i, we never
move in a fixed way; we act flexibly. There are no rigid rules to
beat an enemy. When you perfect an action, you can use it prop-
erly. Outside of combat, Hsing-i will improve your ch'i, enlighten
your mind opening it to wisdom, refine your nature, and improve
your temperament. Finally, the body and function merge, every-
thing becomes natural, and you will walk and speak in conformity
with Hsing-i principles.
In my childhood I had great strength and I learned many types
of boxing. I was very aggressive and clever. Whenever I fought
someone I used different styles to win. I became very proud, but
this is poor. An enemy may be better than you. If he can use your
own style against you, you must be able to change your tactics.
When he changes, you should have more changes.
Formerly, I learned about the ch'i. The strength acquired after
birth is not real strength. Hsing-i strength is prenatal strength.
When I was young I tried to use the Horseback posture in which
the weight is even. Once while in the Horseback posture, a man
kicked at me. As soon as his leg reached me, I automatically evaded
it and he hit empty air. I realized then that whatever style I used I
had come to the stage of natural evading. When struck, I would
slap the attacker with my palm, and he would fly ten feet in the
direction of his strike. I realized then that it was only the strength
of his own strike that propelled him. Therefore, strength should be
used in an inconspicuous manner. Then real boxing emerges. The
father of boxing, Chang San-feng, left the real art to us; we must
give it to sincere people.
CHANG SHU-TE
Hsing-i never begins with weapons. When I began Hsing-i
exercises, I learned this. Later I learned weapons, especially the
spear, for scores of years. I visited my friends in different provinces
and met many popular boxers of many schools, some good, some
bad. I combined the use of the spear with Hsing-i. It is not simple,
for I do not depend on speed, but rather on Hsing-i. The spear
must accord with Hsing-i. It is segmented like Hsing-i. When you
use the sword or spear you must judge where you are going to hit
and fix your eyes on the target. Focus your eyes on your opponent's
head, torso, or foot. When you thrust out with the spear, fully
coordinate it with your mind, hands, and feet. Your spear shoots
like a dragon out of water, surrounding his body, and you will hit
him. Hsing-i depends on the mind. After I combined Hsing-i and
the spear, my spear art was greatly improved. Weapons and box-
CHANG SHU-TE 101

ing are two in one. Old boxing classics (ch'uan ching) taught:
"The mind is the commander, the eyes are the spearhead, the feet
are the vanguard, and the hands are the sentries and the separate
combat units." Thus, by combining boxing with my spear practice
I achieved great success with my spear.
(Chang came from Hopei and learned Hsing-i and weapons play
from Li Neng-jan. His combination of these arts was unique. A
retiring man, he beat all comers, and lived to more than eighty
years of age.)
LIU HSIAO-LAN
Actually the theory of Hsing-i is simple. It aims to divest what
we acquire after birth and return to the origin (the oneness)
through the five fists and the twelve styles. All these derive from
one style. Keeping the mind calm and at the navel, you will come
to the one.
In my childhood, I learned Pa-chi Ch'uan ["Eight Ultimates
Boxing"], mastering all the postures and skills. When I fought, I
used Pa-chi and won. But finally, I met a man of changes. He
changed styles and his body, feet, and hands so quickly I was
unable to adjust and to use Pa-chi, a rigid style, against these
changes.
Hsing-i has the five fists at the beginning. Each fist complements
the others. You understand this only after scores of years. The
mind is always empty; the inside and outside are always coordinated.
Hsing-i has a mutual helping and overcoming principle by which
you can generate one style from another as though one fist grew
from another. This is its highest achievement.
(Liu, from Hopei, also learned the art from Li Neng-jan. He was
able to combine it with an active business career in Peking where
he had many students. He was past eighty when he died.)

LI CHING-CHAI
At the beginning of Hsing-i we have the san-t'i posture which
we always use to take some action. One boxer I knew had good
san-t'i, but when he practiced he forgot the fundamentals and how
they relate to actual fighting. The postures and actual use must go
together. Both are required to be consistent, harmonious, and fully
coordinated. It does little good to have perfect postures if you do
not keep them in the heat of combat.
(From Hsin-an Hsien, Hopei, Li was a scholar who liked box-
ing. He did not become a student of Li Neng-jan, however, until he
was thirty-eight. For a long period he lived with Kuo Yun-shen.
He kept improving and after seventy was able to merge the teach-
ings of Confucius with Hsing-i. He was over eighty when he died.)
LI TS'UN-I
To be calm means that you stand still. When you stand still,
keep everything in the navel; when you move, energy shoots out
from the navel in connection with obvious and concealed energy.
When you relax and keep the ch'i at the navel, the outside and the
inside combine. Take no action: fix your eyes on your enemy's two
eyes and his limbs. When you move your body coordinated with
your hands and legs, that is function. Hsing-i comprises the stand-
ing still and the function.
In my long period with Hsing-i, I have never used tricks. My
teacher mentioned them, of course, and warned that one must
guard against them. Instead of tricks, I have always relied on my
knowledge and skill. When you use tricks, your opponent will
never feel convinced by his defeat.
During a fight, pay heed to the soft and the hard. Do not rely on
the hard staying hard, because it can change to soft. Sometimes
your opponent will confront you with hard staring eyes and ex-
ternal strength; sometimes he appears soft and relaxed and, more-
LI TS'UN-I 103
over, uses the soft style to fight. His hand is like cotton, he conceals
his tactics; he is dexterous, lively, and swift. Against such an
opponent, you must be very careful for he has reached a stage
where his ch'i has been transformed into infinity, his obvious
energy has been replaced by concealed energy, his outside and
inside are unified, and his mind and body perfectly coordinated.
You can never hit him, for he will be insubstantial; when he hits
you, it is like a mountain. The main purpose of Hsing-i, Pa-kua,
and T'ai-chi is to develop the one ch'i, so that the inner strength
becomes great.
When practicing with a friend, agree in advance on the use of
strength. During a challenge, if you believe that he is a profound
boxer, you must be wary. Do not challenge him unless you want to
learn from him. Compromise with him and learn.
Military strategy books say that in order to fight a war, an army
must know itself as thoroughly as it knows the opposing army. The
same holds true in boxing. Invincibility does not reside in merely
appearing strong and bellicose. Carefully examine your opponents:
their bearing, gestures, and manner of speaking. This is internal
boxing, as contrasted with external boxing. Although it is some-
times easy to test him, often it is difficult to tell whether an oppo-
nent is an internal or external boxer. I have seen some who appear
soft as a pretense. I have been tricked, but I was never killed be-
cause I stayed alert.
(Li boxed as a boy in Shen Hsien, Hopei, and later became a

Hsing-i student of the famed Liu Ch'i-lan. He learned and taught
the art to many for nearly a half century. Although a generous and
kindly man, he was as rugged as a wall. As a convoy escort, he had
many battles with robbers. Once, surrounded by many of them as
they tried to seize the convoy, he dispersed them with his broad-
sword. For this, he earned the nickname "Tan Tao" [Single Knife]
Li. He died when he was more than seventy years of age.)

T'IEN CHING-CHIEH
Hsing-i is mainly based on balance and centeredness. When you
are upright and your body is harmonious, the ch'i circulates every-
where. You should never incline forward or backward, or left or
right; you must always keep your balance, always be centered. You
can withdraw ch'i to the navel or you can manifest it in the five
forms and the twelve styles. The ch'i reaches everywhere. When
you are balanced you can move up and down, left and right, back
and forth freely, using hard and soft actions commanded and guided
by your mind.
(From Hopei, T'ien also learned from Liu Ch'i-lan. He, too, was
a convoy escort for some years and had many students. After he
was seventy he still practiced in the countryside until his death.)
LI KUEI-YUAN
Hsing-i means the original nature of a person. The earth is like
the original soil of your body. Heng means all is one, comprehen-
sive, inclusive, centered, containing all elements. Keep the whole-
ness of your body and of your original nature. Hsing-i contains four
things to be transformed: p'i, peng, tsuan, and p'ao. These four
styles all derive from heng.
In Hsing-i you move your body and limbs in a natural, un-
obtrusive, and harmonious way. When you achieve the highest
level, you become a superior man. It emphasizes the inner aspect,
so that where you think, the action goes. Sedentary work empha-
sizes static sitting. After sitting very long, the ch'i circulates. Ac-
tion (yang) grows after sitting (yin). Although Hsing-i action
differs from that of a sedentary person, it derives action from the
calmness of Taoist sedentary work. Thus, our theory is consistent
with that of the Taoists.
In Hsing-i, the upright head looks like the use of obvious energy.
Also, the sloping shoulders may be regarded as obvious. In callig-
raphy, holding the brush is obvious. The concealed aspect is when
LI KUEI-YUAN 105
you write the characters; then you use concealed energy. The
posture is obvious; when you use it, it is concealed. Obvious and
concealed energy are tangible; mysterious energy is not. In cal-
ligraphy when one writes without looking, it is the same as
mysterious energy in boxing.
A student should not stick to one style, nor should he be too
fussy about a style. Neither is the right way to learn Hsing-i, which
does not follow formality too closely. Rules are taught by teachers,
but the essence is comprehended by the boxer himself. Rather he
should seek to get to the origin of boxing. The inner helps you do
the external exercise. He must have the best teachers, otherwise
everything will be confusing. The profundity of boxing appears
beyond our reach. But the Golden Mean says: Tao is not far from
you. If you try, you can approach it.
In the universe, fauna and flora prevail. Man also is a creature of
earth. If we understand the theory of plants and animals, we can
understand the way of our own body. This depends on using our
minds to analyze and to feel. As you think, so you become. Boxing
is the same. We begin by learning san-t'i. All the forms and styles
derive from it. You sink the ch'i to the navel and reach infinity.
Take the snake as an example—how it meanders and shoots forth.
It is one of the twelve styles. You act like a snake. From san-t'i
come the five forms, and from these come the twelve styles. They
all come from the inner strength, which comes from the ch'i gen-
erated at the navel. Crawling and curving naturally, the snake acts
just like a wire. If you touch a part of it, all parts move; it is flexi-
ble and dexterous.
When you concentrate, you can make yourself anything. The
mind is everything. When learning boxing, never feel proud. In my
youth, when I boxed or fought with the spear, I was often defeated.
But I learned and improved. Everybody can be your teacher. If you
want to advance, endeavor to get the best teacher. You can apply
it to your way of living. Remain modest and humble and never be
proud: that is the way to success.

The practice of Hsing-i consists of several levels. Do not be
preoccupied: keep your mind empty and your ch'i full in every
posture. Hold your waist correctly. In the five forms and the twelve
styles, cleanse confused ch'i, imagine that it is perching beneath
your navel, and regulate your breathing. Hold your tongue against
your teeth and your mouth half open and breathe naturally. Never
do three things: (1) push out your chest, (2) raise your abdomen,
or (3) blow up your ch'i. Even if a boxer has a peaceful mind and
his inner side is good, if he does not follow the correct technique,
he will not make progress. Thus the rules for practice are also im-
portant, though the most important thing is the mind. If a person
who looks strong inside and out during a fight uses strength on his
enemy, he is not strong. He follows the rules rigidly but does not
know the mutuality of the postures that make his actions forceful
and effective.
Sometimes when following the technique exactly, you feel that
your body is not coordinated, your abdomen does not feel good,
the postures are bad, and you are not happy. Do not worry! You
have gained something and are at a point where you can solve
problems. Do not despair! Instead, ask guidance of your teacher.
You then comprehend, everything will crystallize in your mind,
and out of great confusion will come bliss, certainty, and progress.
(From Lai-chui Hsien, Hopei, Li was a singular man. Early in
life he became expert in T'an-t'ui ["Deep Legs"] and Pa-chi.
While he worked as a convoy escort he took on all challengers and
beat them. But when he faced Kuo Yun-shen he learned that huge
muscles and adroit kicks were not enough. Sun Lu-t'ang watched
this match and writes that when Li kicked, Kuo touched his leg and
Li flew twenty feet over a bench. Li then knelt to Kuo and learned
from him for several years, achieving high mastery. When he gave
up external boxing he also began to study the classics and became
a noted calligrapher. Later he turned to clerical work and stopped
boxing. He was past seventy when he died.)
LI KUEI-YUAN 107
KENG CHI-SHAN
During my youth, I liked boxing but I was uncouth and hot-
tempered. I looked for trouble and made enemies of my boxing
colleagues. My attitude affected my learning. Later, a friend in-
troduced me to Liu Ch'i-lan. He told me that Hsing-i will refine
your nature, reform your temperament, and return you to your
original self. The strength one feels comes from something ac-
quired after birth. Hsing-i takes you back to the stage before birth.
After practicing Hsing-i five years, I sensed a thorough change in
myself. I spoke and acted in a better way than before. Five or six
years after that, I began to learn concealed energy, which felt dif-
ferent from obvious energy. It changed my personality greatly. I
then could get along with anybody and I felt sympathy for others.
But I was reluctant to divulge secrets of the boxing I had learned,
and I concealed my art. Five or six years later, I learned an energy
entirely different from concealed energy, a fusion of obvious and
concealed energy: mysterious energy. Mind and abdomen became
empty. I no longer felt arrogant around nonboxers and I shared the
boxing I knew. I was content and knew I had achieved something.
Hsing-i transforms one into a man of perfection.
(Keng was born in Shen Hsien, Hopei, and was a classmate of Li
Ts'un-i under Liu Ch'i-lan. He lived quietly but had many students.
At sixty-eight he was still very agile in the art. He was over
seventy when he died, leaving a son, Keng Hsia-kuang, expert
like his father in both Hsing-i and Pa-kua.)
CHOU MING-T'AI
While learning Hsing-i, make your body lively and elastic, but
never rigid. The boxing classics say that of the sixteen ways to
learn boxing, the worst is rigidly; this is the greatest defect in
boxing. To straighten your body does not mean to make it rigid,
but to do so in a natural way, entirely relaxed and fully harmonious.
All is in balance. From the outside your breathing appears mild and
natural; inside, you have harmony and balance. Do not be proud.
Your actions are both substantial and insubstantial and you should
apply them flexibly. Sometimes you use an insubstantial action to
discern his action; then you can overcome him. When a person
with much kung fu [skill, ability] appears, do not let his bearing
upset you. Fix your eyes on his body and watch him. Evade his
challenge, hide your defects, and use your strong points. Although
you may not beat him, you will not be defeated. You should feel
neither proud and invincible, nor defeated and cowardly. During a
challenge, know yourself and know your enemy.
(From Jao-yang Hsien, Hopei, Chou was a servant of Liu Ch'i-
lan who was later accepted as a student. He became very skilled
and, like many other boxers, learned to apply the art as a convoy
escort. He died in his late sixties after passing the art to many
students.)
HSU CHAN-AO
In learning Hsing-i, carelessness is the greatest defect. Hsing-i
consists of five forms and twelve styles. Some people think they
can learn the five forms or the twelve styles in a week or ten days.
With this attitude, they are bound to fail. They will learn just the
skin and hair of Hsing-i, no profundity. A person who has no ambi-
tion and has the illusion of learning boxing very fast does not care
about flaws in his actions or about the rules. If he does not stick to
the san-t'i, he can never reach harmony and full balance in his body.
In Hsing-i, you must pay attention to san-t'i in order to reach full
harmony. Though you may not feel easy for weeks or months,
continue practice indefinitely. Some learn fast, others slowly. Con-
stancy, accuracy, carefulness, and concentration are needed on
every point. If you succeed with the san-t'i, the forms and styles
will be easy. You must master one style slowly in order to learn
the others fast. Do not be too anxious to learn quickly.
(Hsu came from Ting Hsien, Hopei, from an affluent family.
HSU CHAN-AO 109
From an early age he combined the study of classics with boxing
from teachers hired by his family. He also learned weapons play.
In Hsing-i, Hsu was as dexterous as a bird, from which derived his
nickname "Feather-matcher." Most of his skill came from Kuo
Yun-shen. Hsu had many students and was past sixty when he
died.)
PAO HSIEN-T'ING
Pao, an inheritor of the Honan school, wrote a book entitled
Hsing-i in 1936. Built on a treatise originating at least as early as
the nineteenth century, the book deals with internal boxing. To
this Pao added a brief chapter on Honan Hsing-i. The original is
abstruse and is essentially concerned with showing that internal
"shapeless" movement counters visible movement. The spirit and
mind control the ch'i, which in turn controls the strength wielded
through seven "fists": head, hand, elbow, shoulder, thigh, knee,
and foot. Pao summarized the fourteen principles of Hsing-i as
follows:
1. Keep the ch'i in your navel.
2. Retain some strength on top of your head.
3. Depress your chest and spring your back forward.
4. Sink your shoulders and elbows.
5. Be able to rise and fall rapidly.
6. Your sperm is insubstantial but your spirit is
substantial.
7. Coordinate your upper and lower parts.
8. Integrate yin and yang.
9. Blend your internal and external parts.
10. Make your action continuous.
11. Be calm—calmness controls your action.
12. Control your strength with your mind.
13. Defense is the best tactic.
14. Soft actions are better than hard ones.
SUN LU-T'ANG: THE FINAL WORD
Sun Lu-t'ang's skill and books did much to spread the internal
rationale. In an introduction to Sun's Ch'uan-i Shu Cheng (The
Real Explanation of Boxing, 1929), Wu Hsin-ku stated that
"youngsters think boxing is merely a weapon to be displayed with
foolish courage and youthful vigor" and that Sun had written the
book to offset this and to present the true art. I have drawn on this
book heavily for background on Hsing-i masters. It is only fitting
that this book end with Sun's own words.
Tao embodies the universe and is the foundation of the yin and
yang. In boxing Tao symbolizes the nei-chia comprising Hsing-i,
Pa-kua, and T'ai-chi. The forms of these three are different, but
the principle is the same: everything begins and ends in emptiness.
The yuan-ch'i [original ch'i] must be maintained. This force that
keeps the sky blue and the earth calm also makes for achievement
in man. The nei-chia thus conform to the teachings of Confucius,
Lao-tze, and Buddhism.
I had always heard that boxing is Tao, but I could not really
understand it until I learned secret energy [an ching}. In our train-
ing we combined hard and soft tactics and became light, dexterous,
and natural. But when we learned mysterious energy [hua ching},
we did not tell each other the sensations we felt. But I want to write
of it now. After practicing one form or style, I would stand upright
and calm, collecting my ch'i and i ["mind"]. Then I would feel
something in my genitals. I felt it every day. From action came
inaction. When I stopped practice I felt everything outside and
within me was empty. At this time the real yang felt as if it wanted
to discharge. If you moved, the yang would discharge. I used the
boxing way to curb this: I sank the insubstantial spirit to my navel
and at the same time moved the yang upward from my genitals to
the navel. My genitals thus shrank, the sperm moved to my tan-
t'ien, and I could feel continuous circulation throughout my body.
After four or five hours of being in a near coma I would become
SUN LU-T'ANG: THE FINAL WORD 111
normal again. In boxing you must breathe anchored to the navel.
Chuang Tzu said, "Breathe from the heels." With this channel the
continuous ch'i goes and the body fire never goes out. But you
must be slow and harmonious in your approach. Keep your arms
and legs flexible. Some boxers would do this after one set, others
after two sets, of practice. But in use it came to the same. Try to
lift yang to the navel and concentrate the ch'i there. Use your
spirit to motivate. In circulating the ch'i from the anus up the spine
to your neck and head, it is the same as in sedentary meditation.
From boxing you can get it, and, later, you can achieve it when you
merely stand or sit. You sleep alertly as though you were awake.
In the waking state you are as one asleep. Boxing is difficult at
first; later it becomes easy. When you sink the ch'i, it will cure
everything. Therefore boxing and Tao are the same. In an emer-
gency you do not try to hear or see: you merely avoid automati-
cally. Confucius said, "From the greatest sincerity comes the
greatest achievement." I know of only four boxers who were able
to avoid attacks from every quarter without hearing or seeing: Li
Neng-jan (Hsing-i), Tung Hai-ch'uan (Pa-kua), and Yang Lu-
ch'an and Wu Yu-hsiang (T'ai-chi).

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CHINESE MIND-BODY

North Atlantic Books' publications are available through most book-

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

IT IS WITH SOME PLEASURE that I make a few remarks on the new

Hsing-i Ch'uan ("The Form of Mind Boxing") is also called

Tai Ling-pang — M a San-yuan

Tai Lung-pang —Chang Chih-ch'eng

—Kuo Yun-shen —Chang Chu

Liu Ch'i-lan —Mai Chuang-t'u

•Chang Shu-te ^—An Ta-ch'ing

—Sung Shih-jung Pao Hsien-t'ing

10 THE NAME AND THE HISTORY

12 THE NAME AND THE HISTORY

THE HONAN SCHOOL

THE HONAN SCHOOL 15

16 THE NAME AND THE HISTORY

* The scholar W. T. Chan defines ch'i as "the psychophysiological power

20 THE NAME AND THE HISTORY

Hsing-i is one of the three ancient Chinese internal boxing arts,

24 HSING-I AND INTERNAL BOXING

To learn Hsing-i one must master these fundamentals:

THE PRIMARY REQUIREMENTS 27

28 THE PRIMARY REQUIREMENTS

Hsing-i's five basic forms are built on the wu-hsing, or five

30 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

34 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

THE HEART OF THE MATTER 35

36 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

THE HEART OF THE MATTER 39

40 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

THE HEART OF THE MATTER 41

THE HEART OF THE MATTER 45

C. Linking the Five Forms

46 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

LINKING THE FIVE FORMS 47

48 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

LINKING THE FIVE FORMS 49

50 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

52 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

THE FUNCTION OK THE FIVE FORMS 53

54 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

E. Functions Equated to the Five Elements

58 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

FUNCTIONS EQUATED TO THE FIVE ELEMENTS 59

60 THE FIVE BASIC ACTIONS

Because of his brain man is superior to other animals. But phys-

THE TWELVE STYLES 6'3

THE TWELVE STYLES 6'5

66 THE TWELVE STYLES

7'2 CONSECUTIVE STEP YUNNAN BOXING

The third posture functions as an attack or simply to move your

76 CONSECUTIVE STEP YUNNAN BOXING

80 CONSECUTIVE STEP YUNNAN BOXING

82 CONSECUTIVE STEP YUNNAN BOXING

84 CONSECUTIVE STEP YUNNAN BOXING

88 CONSECUTIVE STEP YUNNAN BOXING

90 CONSECUTIVE STEP YUNNAN BOXING

Hsing-i Sedentary Changes Type of Type of

CHANG SHU-TE 101