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    Warm-Up Activity: Fill in The Names of The Bones in The Skeleton Diagram

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    Dina Naeem
    The document provides information about the skeletal system, including the main bones and sections of the skeleton, bone structure differences between males and females, common bone diseases, and a warm-up activity identifying bones and answering questions about the skeletal system. It details the classification of bones, bone development and remodeling, and functions of the skeletal system in support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. Key bone features and cells involved in bone formation and resorption are also outlined.

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    Warm-Up Activity: Fill in The Names of The Bones in The Skeleton Diagram

    Uploaded by

    Dina Naeem
    33 views44 pages
    The document provides information about the skeletal system, including the main bones and sections of the skeleton, bone structure differences between males and females, common bone diseases, and a warm-up activity identifying bones and answering questions about the skeletal system. It details the classification of bones, bone development and remodeling, and functions of the skeletal system in support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. Key bone features and cells involved in bone formation and resorption are also outlined.

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    4.-Skeletal-system

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    The document provides information about the skeletal system, including the main bones and sections of the skeleton, bone structure differences between males and females, common bone diseases, and a warm-up activity identifying bones and answering questions about the skeletal system. It details the classification of bones, bone development and remodeling, and functions of the skeletal system in support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. Key bone features and cells involved in bone formation and resorption are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views44 pages

    Warm-Up Activity: Fill in The Names of The Bones in The Skeleton Diagram

    Uploaded by

    Dina Naeem
    The document provides information about the skeletal system, including the main bones and sections of the skeleton, bone structure differences between males and females, common bone diseases, and a warm-up activity identifying bones and answering questions about the skeletal system. It details the classification of bones, bone development and remodeling, and functions of the skeletal system in support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. Key bone features and cells involved in bone formation and resorption are also outlined.

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    of 44

    Warm-Up Activity

    • Fill in the names of the bones in the skeleton


    diagram.
    Warm-Up
    1. What are the 4 types of bones? Give an
    example of each.
    2. Give 3 ways you can tell a female skeleton from
    a male skeleton.
    3. What hormones are involved in the skeletal
    system?
    Skeletal System
    .
    Skeletal System = bones, joints, cartilages, ligaments
    • Axial skeleton: long axis (skull, vertebral column,
    rib cage)
    • Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles
    Appendicular
    Axial Skeleton
    Skeleton
    • Cranium (skull) • Clavicle (collarbone)
    • Mandible (jaw) • Scapula (shoulder blade)
    • Vertebral column (spine) • Coxal (pelvic girdle)
    ▫ Cervical vertebrae • Humerus (arm)
    ▫ Thoracic vertebrae • Radius, ulna (forearm)
    ▫ Lumbar vertebrae • Carpals (wrist)
    • Metacarpals (hand)
    ▫ Sacrum
    • Phalanges (fingers, toes)
    ▫ Coccyx • Femur (thigh)
    • Sternum (breastbone) • Tibia, fibula (leg)
    • Ribs • Tarsal, metatarsals (foot)
    • Calcaneus (heel)
    • Patella (knee)
    Functions of the Bones
    • Support body and cradle soft organs
    • Protect vital organs
    • Movement: muscles move bones
    • Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) &
    growth factors
    • Blood cell formation in bone marrow
    • Triglyceride (fat) storage
    Classification of Bones
    1. Long bones
    ▫ Longer than they are wide (eg. femur, metacarpels)
    2. Short bones
    ▫ Cube-shaped bones (eg. wrist and ankle)
    ▫ Sesamoid bones (within tendons – eg. patella)
    3. Flat bones
    ▫ Thin, flat, slightly curved (eg. sternum, skull)
    4. Irregular bones
    ▫ Complicated shapes (eg. vertebrae, hips)
    Figure 6.2
    Bones
    • Adult = 206 bones
    • Types of bone tissue:
    ▫ Compact bone: outer layer – dense & solid
    ▫ Spongy bone: inner layer - open spaces, marrow
    • Features:
    ▫ Very hard (calcium salts)
    ▫ Light weight
    ▫ Ability to resist tension and forces (collagen
    fibers)
    Spongy vs. Compact Bone
    Bone Development
    • Osteogenesis (ossification): bone tissue formation

    Stages:
    • Begins at 8 weeks gestation
    • Start as cartilage  replaced by bone
    • Post-natal bone growth  early adulthood
    • Epiphyseal plates: (growth plates) regions
    where long bones lengthen
    • Appositional growth: bones increase in
    thickness
    • Bone modeling and repair – lifelong
    Formation of bony skeleton
    Epiphyseal plates
    Epiphyseal plates
    Hormonal Control
    • Growth hormones: stimulate longitudinal bone
    growth
    • Thyroid hormone: control activity of growth
    hormone
    • Testosterone & estrogens (at puberty):
    • Adolescent growth spurt
    • Close epiphyseal plates  end growth
    Bone Cells
    • Osteoblasts: bone-forming cells
    • Osteocytes: mature bone cell (doesn’t divide)
    • Osteoclasts: dissolve/break down bone (bone
    resorption)
    Fractures (Breaks)
    Classified by:
    1.Position of bone – nondisplaced (normal) or
    displaced (bone out of alignment)
    2.Completeness of break – complete (broken
    through) or incomplete
    3.Orientation to long axis of bone – linear
    (parallel to bone) or transverse (perpendicular to
    bone)
    4.If bone penetrates skin – open (compound)
    fracture or closed (simple) fracture
    Male vs. Female Bone Structure
    Male vs. Female Bone Structure
    Male vs. Female Bone Structure
    Bone Structure: Gender Differences
    • Male Skull • Male pelvic bones
    ▫ Larger and heavier ▫ Heavier and thicker
    ▫ Forehead shorter ▫ Obturator foramen
    ▫ Face less round and acetabula are
    ▫ Jaw larger larger and closer
    ▫ Mastoid processes together
    more prominent
    Bone Structure: Gender Differences
    • Male pelvic cavity
    ▫ Narrower and longer
    ▫ Less roomy and more
    funnel shaped
    • Male sacrum
    ▫ Narrower
    ▫ Sacral promontory projects forward
    ▫ Sacral curvature is less sharp posteriorly
    • Male coccyx
    ▫ Less movable
    The Skull
    • 2 bone types:
    ▫ Cranial – form the
    top, sides, and back of
    the skull
    ▫ Facial – form the face
    “Soft spots” felt on an infant's skull are
    actually fontanelles
     Fibrous connective tissue that
    connect the incompletely developed
    flat bones
    The Skull: Cranial Bones
    • Frontal – anterior • Sphenoid and ethmoid
    bones – floor
    • Parietal – top and
    most of the sides • Ear ossicles are the
    smallest bones of the
    • Occipital – back body
    ▫ Malleus
    • Temporal – form the ▫ Incus
    lower sides of the skull ▫ Stapes
    The Skull (cont.)
    • Mandible – forms the • Palatine – form the
    lower jaw bone anterior portion of the
    palate
    • Maxillae – form the
    upper jawbone • Vomer – a thin bone
    that divides the nasal
    • Zygomatic – form the cavity
    prominence of the cheeks

    • Nasal bones – fuse


    together to form the
    bridge of the nose
    The Spinal Column
    • 7 Cervical vertebrae
    • 12 Thoracic vertebrae
    • 5 Lumbar vertebrae
    • Sacrum
    • Coccyx
    The Spinal Column (cont.)

    • Cervical vertebrae • Thoracic vertebrae


    ▫ Smallest and lightest ▫ Join the 12 pairs of
    ▫ Located in the neck ribs
    region
    ▫ C1 = Atlas
    • Lumbar vertebrae
    ▫ C2 = Axis
    ▫ Have very sturdy
    structures
    ▫ Weight-bearing
    The Spinal Column (cont.)

    • Sacrum
    ▫ Triangular-shaped bone  5 fused vertebrae
    • Coccyx
    ▫ Small, triangular bone  3-5 fused vertebrae
    ▫ Considered unnecessary
    ▫ Also called the tailbone
    Apply Your Knowledge
    ANSWER:
    Cervical – 7
    Identify the sections
    of the spinal column
    and give the number Thoracic – 12
    of vertebrae for each.

    Sacrum –
    Lumbar – 5
    5 fused

    Right! Coccyx –
    3 to 5 fused
    The Rib Cage
    • Sternum
    ▫ Breastplate
    ▫ Forms the front middle
    portion of the rib cage
    ▫ Joins with the clavicles
    and most ribs
    • Xyphoid process
    ▫ Cartilage tip in youth
    ▫ Ossified by age 40
    The Rib Cage (cont.)

    • 12 pairs of ribs • False


    ▫ All are attached ▫ Rib pairs 8-10
    posteriorly to thoracic ▫ Attach to the costal
    vertebrae cartilage of rib pair 7
    • True • Floating
    ▫ First 7 pairs of ribs ▫ Rib pairs 11-12
    ▫ Attach to sternum by ▫ Do not attach
    costal cartilage anteriorly to any
    structure
    Apply Your Knowledge

    ANSWER:
    True or False:
    T The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage.
    ___

    F The xyphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum.


    ___
    cartilaginous
    F The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs.
    ___
    seven
    T False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven.
    ___

    F Floating ribs attach to the xyphoid process.


    ___
    do not attach anteriorly to any structure.
    Common Diseases and Disorders

    • Arthritis – general term meaning joint


    inflammation

    • Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease,


    primarily of weight-bearing joints

    • Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic systemic


    inflammatory disease of smaller joints and
    surrounding tissues
    Common Diseases and Disorders
    • Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-
    filled sac that cushions tendons)

    • Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of


    wrist; the median nerve in the wrist becomes
    compressed

    • Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a


    group of tumors that affect different tissue
    types; primarily bone

    • Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid


    crystals in the joints
    Common Diseases and Disorders
    • Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine
    (humpback)
    • Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of
    the lumbar spine (swayback)
    • Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone
    disease
    • Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones
    thin (become porous) over time
    Common Diseases and Disorders
    • Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that
    originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make
    bony tissue

    • Paget’s disease – causes bones to


    enlarge and become deformed
    and weak

    • Scoliosis – an abnormal
    S-shaped curvature of the spine

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