Lesson 21

Lesson 21
Aim: Structure 6 (Subject + Transitive Verb + Object (Noun

Pronoun) + Adjective-Complement) JtT1 1 1t CTI
transitive verb CT lo object

ic 14 PI I C1 verb-' CVU object-
adjective- complement I ft c?Q 7 FI verb- tIkk
'il r&i't C6TT :
Subject + Transitive Verb + Object + Adjective

get/got/got Her mother is getting breakfast ready.
hold/held/held They held the engineer responsible

for the collapse of the building.
like/liked/liked I like my tea hot.
drive/drove/driven Your behaviour will drive your father

mad.
keep/kept/kept The nurse kept the baby quiet.
leave/left/left He left the door open.
make/made/made They made themselves comfortable.
render/rendered/rendered The storm rendered many people

homeless.
turn/turned/turned Grief turned his hair white.
wipe/wiped/wiped He wiped the window clean.
break/broke/broken The thieves broke (burst, forced) the

burst/burst/burst door open.
force/forced/forced
Verb- Cq 1%-4 form Ci'311 k1 CT'tTt present, past 18 past

participle form.
F-9
118 LEARNING ENGLISH THE EASY WAY
verb T12±
-q* structure- cPf T Gq,FttM CTT 111 to be
z -ry i
ct— I
Examples:
cons ider/consideredlconsi I consider him (to be) clever.
dcred
declare/declared/declared The President declared the
conference (to be) open.
find/found/found I found him (to be) dishonest.
pro 'e/provedJp roved The evidence proved the accused
(to be) guilty.
thi nk/thoughtlthought They think Karim (to be) clever.
believe/believed/believed I believe him (to be) honest.
verb CW to be 5T:
feel/felt/felt They felt the plan to be unwise.

discover/discovercd/discov We discovered him to be
ered unreliable.
suppose/supposed/supposed Our neighbours supposed its to be
vu sociable.
report/reported/reported They reported the bridge to be
unusable.
Judge/judged/
U(lge/judgedlj
'. udged Ijudge him lobe forty.
ilnagi ne/i magiried/imagi ned We imagined the situation to be
grave..
verb CWC4 as f1LT adjective adjective phrase

11i'l-kill
regard/regarded/regarded We regard the boy as clever.
condernn/condemned/conde The public condemned the
mn ed politicians as corrupt.
treat/treated/treated I-ic treated the matter as urgent.
acknowledge/acknowledged The government acknowledged
/ acknowledged the donations as generous.
' structure-'I adjectivc-' 1c'. past participle '3 111CI 1T
Examples:
a) I want this letter typed.
b) You should have your hair cut.
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 119
c) We found the road blocked.

d) I must get my car fixed.
e) I consider the job done.
lt5 -po""M paragraph ' structure- 5tt1 il1 CYTT
a) The burglars supposed the house to be empty. They broke

the door open. The owner of the house got his pistol ready.
He caught them red-handed. The accused found themselves
unable to defend their act in the court. The judge pronounced
them guilty.
a) Mrs Hasina found the drawing-room 'dirty. This made her very
unhappy. She held the children responsible for the mess. They
thought the accusation untrue. But argument might have driven
her mad. So they made the room tidy without a word.
c) The servant swept the office clean. Then he left the windows
Open. He found the office nice and cool. He made himself
comfortable on the sofa. Coming in, the head clerk found
him fast asleep. This made him angry. He reported the
sweeper to be lazy and ill-bred. He wanted him dismissed.
But the manager treated the matter as negligible.
Vocabulary:
burglars— fY CT dirty— Cfl31 empty— I1I unhappy— 5T
caught them red-handed— k1t 1t 4iTM responsible— W1
accused— 'iii1 tidy— fIFt guilty— C91t swept— V1 fiT3T -41
iil lazy— 5PWI ill-bred— cthi negligible— t 'tI I
1. Write structure 6 sentences using the verbs given in this lesson.
2. Complete the following sentences with suitable adjectives or

participles:
a) I like my egg -.
b) The students found the sum -.
c) They regarded the plan -,
d) I am having my house -.
e) She got the children -.
f) They proved him -.
3. Write a short passage using mainly structure 6 sentences.

Lesson 22
Aim: Structure 7 (Subject + Transitive Verb + Object + Noun-

Complement) 4F JNTl 1 '3 ii1 Gt'3fl I
structure- verb-' 1 noun t't noun-

t1iT I CT noun 4 structure-'.I 1 ITM 5ttW
WPW Au Cetl fl:
appoint/appointed/appointed They appointed him headmaster.

crown/crowned/crowned The people crowned him king.
label/labcllcdJIabelIeCl They labelled him a demagogue.
name/named./named Mr and Mrs Hakim named their
son Rahim.
elect/elected/elected We elected Mr. Hasan secretary
of the club.
Structure 6-i! CT verb -ZM 5tt 17t1 structure 7 'I'3
J1 j 1 1 Tfl I 0t'Ztfl kT1:
call believe find

consider make prove
declare think
Examples:
He called me a fool.
We consider Socrates a genius.
The police declared the man a criminal.
The Government believed the conference a success.
The University made him a professor.
I thought him an illiterate man.
They found him the right man for the job.
Events proved him an innocent man.
C structure- noun-comp1ement- as M1for •W5
I CPM verb as for VT AtC5 'rc TIj 'iIii C9Gl1
Verb f form 'm tii crtn IMT4%A present, past 'e past participle
form.
accept as describe as regard as

acknowledge as interpret as take as/for
consider as know as treat as
define as recognize as use as
Examples:
We cannot accept him as our leader.
They acknowledge him as an honest man.
Grammarians define a noun as a name for something.
I know him as an honest man.
I mistook you for your brother.
They took him for a fool.
The Muslims treat Mecca as the centre of the Islamic World.
iftU paragraph '41KTCI structure 7 0 flt 'il.i q CN3fl 11M.

a) Mr. A. K. Fazul Huq considered it a great honour to serve
the people. He proved himself to be a courageous man. The
people nicknamed him Sher-e-Bang!a, the tiger of Bengal.
They have always regarded him as a great national leader.
b) The whole world considers Socrates a wise man. But some
people in Athens condemned him as a bad influence upon
the youth They also denounced him as an impious man.
Actually they found him to be a dangerous person. Now we
know them to be mean, selfish, misguided people. We
believe it a pity to have put a man like Socrates to death.
Vocabulary:
honour— courageous— 7t2kt nicknamed— 1T C11
wise— SFA condemned— f{Tl impious— dangerous—
mean— I .ii selfish— misguided— tt1 pity—
Exercises
1. Make structure 7 sentences with the verbs given in this lesson.
2. Analyse the noun phrases in the following sentences:

a) But some people in Athens condemned Socrates as a bad
influence upon the youth.
b) The people nicknamed him Sher-e-Bangla, the tiger of Bengal.
3. Write a short paragraph using mainly structure 7 Sentences.

Lesson 23
Aim: Structure 8 (Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object +

Direct Object)- Ttfl 1 3 tTiM.cT C9fl
structure-' verb- 9j rT object 7t I 41tT verb 4M

11 J CT( C'3Tl T cit
¶3 T qqM C91 T I C1 Cfl izT T i
kI 1 C1 T citt direct object F. .c1A ftft 4 9f 11
indirect object fcii TM TT 'iII fi t 1l11 iftt
1. Karim sent Nasirna some flowers.
2. 1 will lend you a book.
some flowers '3 book k1 direct object T1 t1
ii cTh Nasima '3 you 1fl I
indirect object. TfrT CT, structure 7 structure 8

4K EQ
Cq 7-iI verb noun 1f f 8
CIM. noun '1 '5 Tf% V C414F Nasima 3flowers

you G book 4 T I WM CT indirect object T verb Is direct
object ' Cr 1 Icct Nasitna . indirect
object T sent 0 some flowers 04 141T I
1: you 4Z indirect object- c1c
lend 44P, a book-C Ct 'iiI 1T i WO indirect object-t C'tt
41l1l T1i I WA WM ZM51 preposition 11(.\ i preposition t1
: to, for '4of
Examples:
He gave a book to me.
He gave me a book.
He sold a house to us.
He sold us a house.

I will write you a letter I will write a letter to you.
ffl tft3 verb indirect object 11I(.d1 for IPM1
: make, buy, cook, prepare.

She made a dress for her daughter.

He bought a present for his wife.
She cooked a nice dinner for her guests.
The teacher is preparing a lesson for the students.
verb of+ indirect object 4: ask, request

Examples:
He asked-a favour of me.
The manager requested punctuality of his staff.
0 P1iui verb t1t CWU indirect object 0 verb direct

object 04 iitc1
open, explain, describe, say, mention
Examples:
He described the thing to me, (Not: described me the
thing.')
The teacher explained the poem to the students. (Not:

'explained the students the poem'.)
He said good-bye to us. (Not: 'said us good-bye.')
1ii1 verb CWU indirect object M I'TT verb A -4 9"

cost, charge, bill, envy
Examples:
The umbrella cost me Tk. 70.00 (not: 'cost Tk 70.00 to me.')
The shopkeeper charged him Tk. 100.00 (Not: 'charged Tk

100.00 to him.')
t5 paragraph structure 8 lct T 1:
a) The President granted the poor man an interview. The man

told him his problems. The president gave him a patient
hearing, lie also asked him a few questions. He offered him
tea. Then he assured him of all possible help.
b) Rashida's parents got nice birthday presents for her Her

father bought her a beautiful necklace. Her mother gave a
new dress to her. Some of her friends handed prize bonds to

her. Rasida offered them thanks. At their request she sang a
song for them. Then he served tea to them. They wished a
very happy birthday to her. Towards the evening they bade
her farewell.
Vocabulary:
interview— problem— T3T patient hearing—

assured— birthday presents—
bade farewell— fWi T171 I
Structure 8-4 C1 TJt1 passive voice- ff1 t 1i I '.i 'ti

object lT1T C4 C1 passive- subject 1i ii 91V I
Examples:
Active : The President granted the poor man an interview.
Passive : The poor man was granted an interview by the

President.
or,
An interview was granted (to) the poor man by the
President.
Active : He sent his father a telegram.
Passive His father was sent a telegram (by him).
or,
A telegram was sent (to) his father.
passive voice- to ijik optional

I 1T1: structure 8 i1J passive
YI indirect object 0 passive 4E4 subject RCICi INkRI *T 511 I
indirect object '9 I RI
1. The poor man was granted an interview.
2. An interview was granted (to) the poor man.
Wft?5 The /3001 /11011
interview CT ci I
Exercises
1. Write ten structure 8 sentences.
2. Write sentences which take for and an indirect object.
3. Write sentences which take to and an indirect object.

4. Use the following verbs illustrating structure 8.
open, explain, describe, say, mention.
5. Correct the errors in the following sentences:
a) The teacher explained him the rule.

b) She gave to me an answer.
c) She opened him the door.
d) My sister bought for me the book.
e) She asked a question to Shirin.
6. Give two possible ways of putting the following sentences in the

passive. Do not use the agent unless it is necessary for the
meaning:
a) The waiter handed him the bill.
b) I will teach you the next lesson tomorrow.
c) The patient's relatives have brought him some fruit.
d) The headmaster is writing her father a letter.
e) My father told me an interesting story.

Lesson 24
Aim: Structure 9 (There + Verb + Subject)- flTl 3M

C931
CT 5tift structure L ftI

-ft CGT1 kC1t
subject f 9fZ verb 4C4C C"
1: Subject + Verb 44"
verb
WIKTift complement object. structure 9
structure-it there- 1 verb vcrb-
9fLT 5 1I subject 4 I Verb-rn subject- agree , there-
ii q fi iTsvm 9ff;p
1. There is a pen on the table.

2. There are books on the shelf.
O qM Icdt subject It singular (a pen), verb-C45 singular (is)

1 tk, 1W1, subject plural (books)
verb-05 plural (are) 1 I Structure 8
1. C1 f: adverbial of
place 1l I
Examples:
There was a watch on the table.
There were ten students in the class.
2. ct t if i
Examples:
a) There is a God.
b) There is Heaven.
c) There were extensive damages.
d) There is a house for sale.
0 noun rn subject modifiers f1
CTT 5TZ1 exzen.vn'e 4Q adjective-rn dw?uIes CTS modify
iItI house T9f determiner (a)
prepositional phrase (for sale) I
3. i1 5ITt CT 1 1 5l41 ici 19K5 ¶C (a) 5P1M

(b)'Ml
Examples:
(a) zPM1 (noun 431 9"present participle):
There are four soldiers missing.
There is a bird flying in the sky.
(b) 7MI (noun tZ past participle):
There were five men killed.

There were several trees uprooted.
structure ' be W 'uki CPT verb 4F1 T zoiic TtI
1. Verbs of existence or position i 'iili 21't verbs)
exist, live, stand, remain

Examples:
There exists Hell.
There lived a hermit in the forest.
There stood a tree behind the mosque.
There remained two bananas on the table.
2. Verbs of motion or direction (41 i f ¶ r4'tI verbs)
come, go, walk, run

Examples:
There came a clap of thunder.
There goes the bus.
There ran a rabbit.
3. Event verbs (c verb
arise, happen, occur

Examples:
There arose a difficult problem.
There appeared a rainbow in the sky.
There happened/occurred an accident yesterday.
There developed a quarrel between the two villages.
Paragraph structure 9-i 1T C3 1:
a) There was no one around the house. Karim knocked twice.

There was no response. He pushed the door open. Then he
went in. There were signs of violence in the drawing-room.
There was blood on the carpet. He hurried out. There was no
time to lose. He must inform the police.
a) There was a short fat man crossing the field. There came the
sound of footsteps behind him. He looked back. There was a
horrid-looking man following him. The short man quickened
his steps. So did the horrid-looking man. There was only one
thing to do. He broke into a run. There appeared several men
carrying sticks. There developed it fight. Soon the horrid-
looking man was overpowered.
Vocabulary:
response— signs of violence— NkII hurried out-
CfCT C1 the sound of footsteps-- ¶1 horrid-looking man-
cii quickened his steps— ki 11t1 broke into
a run— C'T1 overpowered— iq1 1 PI
There 4-4 it C 9tM. I i'here-'
N it-05 non-referential fC4 ipikl zi *1 I weather
(1k!'1), time (), distance () t't it I 1TT I
Examples:
Statements of Statements of Statements of Distance
Weather Time
It is raining. It is ten o'clock. It is eight hours' journey.
It is snowing. It is Monday. It is 30 miles to Natore.
It is hot. It was 1985. It is quite near.
TftN identify 1 R1 tI'5 non-referential 9tM I
Examples:
Someone is knocking at the door. It may be the postman.
Someone is crying. It is the baby.
Something has eaten up the pages of this book. It is termites.
lT (I it ' singular verb C it
tennites () plural 51 verb 05 singular (is) II1 I

fltfl Ct non-referential it .lj'l :
a) It is + adjective + infinitive: It is hard to find ajob these days.

11 is absurd to believe in ghosts.
t TfIi q it wKD infinitive 0 ft'i I infinitive C 1t1T
subject rP1c 131k11 1Nl T TI
To find a job is hard these days.

To believe in ghosts is-absurd.
b) It is + noun + ing-form: It is no use worrying about death.

It is a shame behaving like that.
it —ing-form I ing-form 05 11CPFA subject

rci isi1 J 1N 1Th
Worrying about death is of no use.

Behaving like that is a shame.
Exercises
1. Make five sentences with verbs from each of the following types:
a) Verbs of existence or position.
b) Verbs of motion or direction
c) Verbs describing something happening or developing
2. Change the following sentences so that they begin with non-

referential there:
a) A meeting will he held tomorrow.

b) A yellow book is lying on the table.
c) Many people are waiting outside the cinema.
d) A beautiful mosque is around the corner.
3. Write a short paragraph consisting of structure 9 sentences.
4. Answer the following questions:

a) Who is on the telephone?
b) Who is at the door?
c) What is the time?
d) What day was yesterday?
e) How far is Khulna from Rajshahi?
What is the weather like today?
5. Write a short paragraph about the climate of Bangladesh. Use as

many non-referential it as possible.

Lesson 25
Aim: Interrogative sentence-4`5 T11TT TC1 C3T1
1 1 Lesson Cc Glicz declarative sentence-d1`1f TNTl '

C91 kC I f'I ci i I
structure ZM 51c Ot I
structure interrogative sentence tt'3 Tkfl3

1 CK interrogative scntencc-' I
c C1 structure 1T T I, verb 47, position

TI verb- T:
1. 7ff verb f' be simple form ma, is, are, was, were
fti verb-f have T, ll 79f suhject- flt 41
Examples:
Mina is ill. Is Mina ill?
(Sub. ± be + adj. - compi.) (Be + sub. + adj. - compi.)

The doctor was very kind. Was the doctor very kind?
(Sub. + be + adj. - compi.) (Be + sub. + adj. - compi.)

Your brother is an engineer Is your brother an engineer?
(Sub. + be + noun - comp].) (Be + sub. + noun - compl.)

He was in hospital. Was he in hospital?
(Sub. + be + adverbial - compi.) (Be+sub. + adverbial compi.)

They have a farm. Have they a farm?
(Sub. + have + object) (Have + Sub. + object)
2. be 0YR verb C unexpanded 1

ff T subject 5t1CT do/does/did 1t5 T verb
zM ti1 lc subject 9"
Pattern: Do + Subject + Main Verb + Object / Complement
1.
Examples:
Declarative Interrogative
Hamid bought a pen. Did Hamid buy a pen?
(Sub. + Vt. + object) (Did + sub. + vt. + object)

Nahar helps her mother Does Nahar help her mother?
(Sub. + Vt. + object) (Does + sub. + vt. + object)
I like sweets. Do I like sweets?
(Sub. + Vt. + object) (Do + sub. -- Vt. + object)

Hasan has a car. Does Hasan have a car?
(Sub. + Vt. + object) (Does + sub. + vt. + object)
Interrogative sentence-4 tense 0 do 1TC

'IR N91 1t do/does iik
R1 li did iiiI main verb
form s es 1 1 lt past
tense 1 I t7 I Ctt P;3 I
t'F1c ct declarative sentence 4 bought 0 verb M past tense PI
fiti did T 1 lvcl form (buy) ft
main verb 4 --.
subject 4-4 9lt 1c 11 I fthI WTkct
declarative sentence 4 help verb present tense- ttT
Tt s Cfl1 W;WM interrogative sentence- , Q does iiiti T I f
main verb-r45 T form 4 1.0-41 kT s C11 T T1 I
CT, have verb-f tT pattern-co f41 fIT

pattern 'I ui.Ii 1T I pattern-e' 41 CI
Examples:
Has he a car? (Pattern 1)

Does he have a car? (Pattern 2)
3. declarative sentence-0-4 verb T expanded 005

auxiliary V1 subject c 4 verb-4 ;-1
Pattern : 0 Auxiliary + Subject + (Second Auxiliary) + Main

Verb + Object/Complement)
Examples:
Declarative Interrogative
She is reading a hook. Is she reading a book?

He will be going to Dhaka Will he be going to Dhaka?
She could have helped her Could she have helped her?
T TkC1 Auxiliary (is) interrogative

scntencc- 1tt main verb (reading) "ll
subject (she) I lc't
auxiliary (will be S could have) I 47 subject 4
fTt1 1C >l; ftT1i main verb ' subject I
4. TTI 11 special interrogative words (f'

ffij ) I fl:
a) Interrogative adverbs. b) Interrogative pronouns, c) Interrogative

adjectives
a) Interrogative adverbs: It1t interrogative

adverbs RCCI iij 1 i:
when, where, why, how
Examples:
When were you in Dhaka?
Where did you put the book?
Why have you broken the window?
How could you do this?
pattern-4 interrogative adverb Efl I i1ci 5IttI
pattern 3 04 11^-. auxiliary + subject + main verb +

object/complement. verb subject
i1it it iq ii
When were you in Dhaka?
b) Interrogative pronouns: ItI interrogative

pronoun Rcci
who, which, what

Examples:
Who stole the pen?
Which is the way to the station?
What is your name?
pattem-4 who, which, what -4 1UPTI subject Rcicg t

1ji c5T declarative sentence WQ 3P11S verb 'ili subject
I C4 verb-' C1T T ktAI sign (do/does/did) C
Who stole the pen? C Who did steal the pen I
pattern-4 interrogative pronoun-la 11iT tl sign I
c) Interrogative adjectives: 11ii PtTt interrogative

adjectives Rici :
which, what, whose, how many
Examples:
Which book was stolen?
What misfortune has upset you?
Whose father is a doctor?
How many children are present today?
t iQ pattern-4 interrogative adjective- 11 subject !I* 5fl1 Q1

1751t modify 1 I icii iit 5Ttt 1T (b) 04 VCz-l'Q I
5. Interrogative 'i1 object INQM complement I41 complement- 4-4

modifier Rcici '4sM 91V I clivip co q *P0 4 c i
C6fl :
What does he read?
Which school does he attend?
t^i 1C q what interrogative read 4Z transitive verb

object fcc Declarative sentence- verb object
Interrogative sentence-4 object C , C
1CIC does &
auxiliary tt subject T1 I
ft TIt attend object 7kM school, Which "M school
modify I
F- 10

134 LEARNING ENGLISH THE' EASY WAY
6. Tf Interrogative sentence-4 prepositional object (preposition +

object) TC1 object C preposition-1
9( 1f9Z 1VA ZtT 4it
Examples:
What are you talking about?
Whom are you speaking of?
icdt what 6 whom about V3 of'4 -4 objects.

propositions il kC
prepositional phrase C hG TGfl
About what are you talking?
flfl:
Tag questions:
C1 statement 0 confirm Th statement-

C C91 I 2 tag question hC
cff I
I. ''"Y auxiliary (be, have, do) modals (cam?, coul(l,

may, etc.) tag question-4hih -4U i Main verb h31I11 T
I iI statement- It1T C11 primary auxiliary l modal 1
'l1t TkC do/does/did be e `4 444 form I'c iI
2. statement- subject pronoun t1 one non-

referential there it GGh tag question 4 subject
1GG4 hihIh I statement-0 subject-s noun
tag question- .4_,q Subject- pronoun Gh I
3. 7A statement tag question 1

statement T fl- tag question
Examples:
You are married, aren't you?
He is an American, isn't he?
Karim went to Dhaka last week, didn't he?
You don't like noise, do you?
There are no ghosts, are there?
(t is very cold to-day, isn't it?

One can never be sure about such things, can one?
He can't swim, can he?

Mira has passed the exam, hasn't she?
Exercises
1. Write five sentences illustrating each of the first three patterns.
2. Make up questions as follows:
a) three questions with interrogative adverbs
b) three questions with interrogative pronouns
c) three questions with interrogative adjectives
3. Write five questions using prepositions with objects.
4. Change the following statements into questions:
a) They went to Chittagong.
b) They have a beautiful house.
c) She will give him English lessons.
d) He could have passed the examination.
e) The weather was bad.
5. Complete the following sentences with tag questions:
a) Mina is a nurse, —?
b) You know their address, —?
c) Hamid (toesn't speak English well, —?
d) It's raining,—?
e) There is enough food for everybody, —?

Lesson 26
Wh-Questions
1-P 5C1 N T T1T I (1) yes-no questions;
(2) wh- questions. CT 'yes' 'no' fl cin
yes-no questions
Question Response
Are you hungry? Yes, I'm.
Have you read this hook? No, haven't.
f 11M RM3 information 1'11 T

GTzX I1!C-:P wh- questions 4M, W1 Ct1 'wh' ftT tth
1tT 3T I C 11 :
who what whom when where

why how which whose
Lesson-4 (Lesson 25) Z9 interrogative sentence-4-4

structure 1 TTflb 1 I 11CiIt1I f43 'J1
1 i1i I l: tTh 1f who ' what
subject 1CCI q5M 4T..To -,z;vM -ilup o 5 N declarative sentence-,A-i4
subject- 91C verb 4: Who goes there'? ikJ Ct
inversion k, ZIOM ZtT auxiliary subject-'. 5TtL [C: Is he
sleeping? auxiliary 1 flt subject do/does/did
Why did y ou go there? T yes-no questions
I wh- questions-4
TC9 T1Tl-PT 1FTT 111 I L I 'Q Lesson- 21T CT[1 1I
'Wh' fT I information
f:
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 137 -
1. Who as Subject:

Question Response

Who broke the window? Hasan did.

What happened last night? An accident happened.
'fT who Is what subject 1.cici i

CT 4 OF9 subject- tt verb 14M I 01 identify '1
7;TM isfT who 1J* 1 tt 1
Ctl what v A1q I C1 classify CT
1 P1t TtT fr&k1 what -q J -4 --t P-1 7TV T:
Question Response
What is he? He is a teacher.
2. Object:
Who (m) did you find in the room? I found your brother.
What did you do? I went for a walk,
1T tt whom 'tt find-u object 1ii 1J I

whom who ijj 1 Whom IM formal; who
informal. WttCt what xtTf do- object 44 1
I 5T 11clTiq focus 'It predicate ' I CtT
auxiliary C, 15f subject-q-,4 fltt did '1111 c: What did you
do?
3. Object of a preposition:
Question Response
Of whom are you speaking? I am speaking of my father.
Who (m) are you speaking of?
What are you talking about? We are talking about films.
,4MTO whom 3 what 11t of 2 about prepositions

object. 31 ffR whom Is who IC
what i Object-4-4 !tZt preposition -Pilccl formal English T,
i1ij CnC7 preposition informal English T i t1 C1
fTf focus 9It predicate I auxiliary subject
5flCI iC.- What are you talking about.
4. Adverbials of time, reason and manner:
Question Reponse
When are you coming home? I am coming home next month.
( kl when c)
Where are you going? I am going to the post office.
(Clfl C1 rc il where )
Why are you laughing? I am laughing because
(1t ki why k) you said something funny.
How does she sing? She sings very well.
(CW P11 how )

How did you come to Dhaka? I came by bus.
(f Tl&c 5fl1 71\T1 f7ft how k)
S. Demonstrative determiner:
Question Response
Which boy in the class is the Kamal is the most intelligent
most intelligent? boy in the class.
Of the two dresses, which The blue one is more expensive

one is more expensive?
What game do you play? I play football.
Which-4`q w1zat- CbT qM ,2 iffiTz, which

csc ; what- . ff
What do you want? tea or coffee?

Which class are you in?
09M 4C^ what

4`4 1C which choice
I which what Tt C1
C which \3 I
class- I C*74
6. Possessive determiner:

Question Response

Whose pen is it? It is my pen.

Whose umbrella is this? It is Hasan's umbrella.
fIfI fit noun- 5t1t whose

7. Quantifier determiner:
Question Response
How many children does he have? He has five children.
How much water do you drink a day? I drink eight glasses of

water.
How many T1 C how much lc ct I
8. Intensifier:
Question Response
How old is your father? He is 50 years old.

How good is your English? My English is rather poor.
How well do you know him? I hardly know him.
F11 adjective adverb 4 91 how 1 adjective ' adverb c

degree 1qM I how 'I old \3 good
adjec1ive- well adverb 3 degree 1I I
9. Adverbial phrase (state, condition):

Question Response
How are you? T am fine.
How does she look? She looks depressed.
CT Wnz -,c CT{ Ci1 tT3 how 15* TI
10. t1 lt how-question 44
ctc instrument- C! with
CTM C98lt:

Question Response

How do you unlock a door? with a key.

How do your brush your teeth? with a tooth brush.
A summary of the basic patterns of questions

Yes-no question
Statements Questions
Sentences with be verb Be + subject
She is pretty. Is she pretty?
He is an intelligent man, Is he an intelligent man?
Statement Questions
Sentences with one auxiliary Auxiliary + subject + verb
He was sleeping. Was he sleeping?

She has bought an umbrella. Has she bought an umbrella?
You can read my handwriting. Can you read my handwriting?
Sentences with more than one I auxiliary + subject + verb

auxiliary
They are going to buy a fridge. Are they going to buy a fridge?
He has been sleeping for two Has he been sleeping for two
hours. hours?
Sentences with no auxiliary— (Use do/does/did) + sub + verb

present simple and past simple
I get up at six o'clock. Do 1 get up at six o'clock?
I missed the train. Did I miss the train?
Wh-Questions
WhQucstions with who and what as subject
Who/What + verb
Who telephoned?
Who knocked?
What caused the accident?
Most u/i-questions are made in this way:
Question word Auxiliar Subjec Verb

y t
Whom!Who would you like to meet?
What would you like to do?
Where are you going?
Win' is he hesitating?
How can I help you?
How did you do in the exam?
How many children do you have?

How much water do you drink a day?

Which book do you want?

Whose help do you need?
Some more sample questions

Date Time
What is the date today? What time is it?
What date is it today? What's the time?
What day/month/year is it? What time do you make it?
What day is the 2Oth? Have you got the right time?
10th
Is the a Monday or a Tuesday?

Weather Identity

What's the weather like today? Who are you?

Is it hot or cold? What's your name?

What's the forecast for next week? Where do you live?

What temperature is it? How old are you?

Interests and Hobbies Opinion

What do you do in your spare time? What do you think of
English?

How do you spend the weekend? How do you like my
shirt?

What do you hope to become? Did you enjoy the meal?
Exercise
Write the questions to which the following are answers:
1. Kamal failed in the exam.
2. The ringing of the telephone disturbed his sleep.
3. They talked about crimes.
4. He spoke to his mother.
5. She works in Khulna.
6. It is my house.
7. 1-lamid is ten years old.
8. He came to Rajshahi by train.
9. He is a lawyer.
10. Nasirn has two sisters.

II - Zamal has a lot of money.
12. He goes to bed at ten o'clock.
13. The baby is crying because it is hungry.
14. She looks cheerful.
15. Of the two shirts. I prefer the white one.
16. This is for you.
17. 1 brush my hair with a comb.

Lesson 27
Aim: Imperative ' Exclamatory sentence-' 31J1 T',9 1t cTh2'1l
lt1 Z -4T1 CT ( 13 1 wJCqt9 QM imperative
I I Imperative sentence-4'.4 structure l 5tI Il:

sentence
1. Intransitive Verb: Go, ( structure 4 verb
particle 1319M adverbial lI: Go away. Go quickly.
2. Transitive Verb + Direct Object: Shut the door.
3. Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object : Tell me

the story.
4. Linking Verb + Adjective: Be quiet.
Imperative sentence- verb- do auxiliary J1
¶, Tt structure- CI 3T 1 I
Examples:
Do come in. (Do + Intransitive Verb)
Do shut the door. (Do + Transitive Verb + Object)
tL11 'i1't do xfqM q Ms j 0 emphatic V CGTF1WNI
Please '3 Kindly imperative sentences-'1i1iT l: 4J I
Please 11031 It1 T Gt Kindly Tt
Examples:
Please come in.
Come in, please.
Kindly pass me the salt.
ilCii TNJ1 '3 1t Ct'3TT CT I
1fltT Let's (= Let us)
Let's indirect imparative, 41 1tJ 1 I 1Tt 1tT
Examples:
Let's start work at once.
Let's not quarrel.

4 --^T M Exclamatory sentence '. TfibiI TiTT 41J i1

Tc c Pt how %3 what 4 vf tu t f fZ l i
Examples:
How kind you are!
How well you look!
What genius you have!
t Structure
Exclamatory Word + Complement/Object + Subject + Verb.
CT T3 direct '3 indirect object 1TGQ 01 CWtT direct object l

Subject indirect object-s verb- ft
Examples:
What a story he told us!
exclamatory word ZM cornp]emcuilobject-

aI modifiers RtL 1i fC I
Exclamatory T CTj 'c Subject I
Examples:
How wonderful! (How wonderful it is!)
How beautiful! (How beautiful she is!)
Exercises
1. Write five sentences illustrating each of the imperative
structures.
2. Write five sentences illustrating each of the following:

please, kindl y , let 's
3. Write five exclamator y sentences.

Section 3
The Compound Sentence and its Structure
Lesson 28
Aim: Compound sentence- structure 70V 911 3 c3'fl
Section 2-05 simple sentence-' IciIi cit I a section-

1 Iflt RPkcI tt ti simple sentence j4tU5
Mt fti rfi i ir
It I1t TT I Compound ' 9 complex sentence '
iii 'i1 cPh1, UT y lt 57p 4 clt
it 'wfn 1M, it 105 compound 3 complex sentence-04
9ffflcf
simple-q-4 CCWC-T4 Mt I t j simple sentence-4 l'4ci
3 t 11T 1 i A Section- compound sentence-

structure fti 111tl t
Compound sentence 5I111 simple sentence-fl -4 - ii tf

I simple sentence-C tT coordinate clause I1 T I CT
'tT coordinate clause tflt compound sentence 'I 9fPM5
_c GT' rtt $ coordinating conjunctions 11 1 iT:
and, but, or, nor

coordinate clause 19T TI I rni
1t4 U To f c it ci
1. Rahim and his brother are playing in the field,
2. Mina sang and danced.
3. 1-lasina and her mother went to town and bought some clothes.
NT Tkt and 0 conjunction 11 Rahim 2 brother A TCVI noun-

compound subject fI' Ic-t sang

danced . 1 verb-C and Ri compound predicate

11 and 4 f7 subject predicate
compound l DC1C:
Hasina and her mother– Compound subject

went to town and bought some clothes– Compound predicate
f 051-MI compound sentence

simple sentence. WO subject zzQM predicate 331QM compound.
Compound sentence ' coordinate clause tfi subject '

1T71 predicate 11 I
Example:
Hasan whistled, and the dog came back.
2. Mina passed her examination, but her sister failed.
iI"1I vfttl coordinate clauses

coordinating conjunctions (and '3 but) fi i kt I
coordinate clause-T subject 'a predicate T:
Hasan whistled-coordinate clause

1. and—conjunction
the dog came back— coordinate clause
Mina passed her examination— coordinate clause

2. but— conjunction
her sister failed— coordinate clause
ICdt O IRM coordinate claise-. .subject 'a predicate

I-texan 13 whistled: f coordinate clause 4 subject 13 predicate
The dog 'a came back I 17 1k coordinate clause-
-e subject 'a predicate Mine 'a passed her cvanunauon;
coordinate clause- subject 'a predicate TIMT4tT her sister 'a f
i ii1ed.
C, coordinate clause 'a ?T I
conjunction C1I compound sentence )
- The rain stopped, and the sun began shining. (1 tl

151M dt 111 WX and '1jk11 1T
CP C- grammarian 'a 5?Itt compound sentence i

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 147
2. Mr Hasan is fat, but his wife is thin. ( '1 1l

hut jii i)
3. lIe has lost his purse, or it may have been stolen. (T
493 C 1 or T)
4. Hamid is not tall, nor is he short. (( '1'

3 C9N 1 nor JIthI 3T I CT fl'
,iTM nor ' lt 103 subject + verb 1 T verb +
subject ' nor is he short.)
tøl conjunction tI1 W WtM paired conjunctions WX k
fl
either ... or
neither ... nor
not only ... but also
94 ts@. rt I q fl coordinate clauses-C
compound sentence I
Examples:
1. Either he will come, or I will go.
2. Neither will she have her dinner, nor will she go ti bed.
( 13 auxiliary verb C subject c.
I)
3. Not only does he have it car, but he has also a house.
( 171 coordinate clause 4 not only-fl
auxiliary , subject, coordiante
clause ' verb 4K
also but
7TC5f --71 tT verb- i)
Compound sentence-' punctuation C' ^ TFVch. I Coordinate z

clause- C1C con junction- 1t comma 1C I
clause, and clause either + clause, or + clause
clause, but clause neither + clause, nor F clause
clause, or clause not onl y + clause, but + clause
clause, nor clause.
clause Tf4 tiic COk comma T 1t

Hasan whistled and the dog came back.
C, conjunction 11'3 compound sentence 1i

C5 Qfl W.1 coordinate clauses 1tflt semicolon (;)
5tI1 colon () 17U(.'
Examples:
I. I heard a scream; a little girl had fallen into the drain.
2. Hamid listened: somebody was coming.
3. He went to bed early: the long walk had tired her.
4. 1 called out for help: there was no response.
5. A jeep stopped outside the house; two policemen with
rifles got out.
tt CIT, 1It1I CPT conjunction 1 11tI 1 coordinate

clauses- WCTJT 13 CT19 ' 5TlT I
Compound sentence- coordiante clause 29Til simple

sentence. Section 2-C32i simple sentence-4 0 structure C'61
C structure- fit qSl Icz 294 I t9ro CT 5M'iI1 C1'3TI
CZT41 04,ti analysis Cflt9l kg
1. Hasan whistled— Subject + Intransitive Verb (Structure 1)

and
the dog came back— Subject + Intransitive Verb
(Structure 1)
2. Mina went to bed— Subject + Intransitive Verb with

adverbial (Structure 1)
but
her sister continued to work— Subject + Transitive Verb +
Object (Structure 5)
3. The rain stopped—Subject + Intransitive Verb (Structure 1)
and
the sun began shining— Subject + Transitive Verb + Object
(Structure 5)
4. Mr. Hasan is fat.— Subject + Linking verb + Adjective

(Sthicture 2)
but
his wife is slim— Subject + Linking Verb + Adjective
(Structure 2)

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 149
5. He has lost his purse— Subject + Transitive Verb + Object

(Structure 5)
or
it may have been stolen— Subject + Passive Verb
(Passive transformation of Structure 5)
11 11I C, simple sentence-4 structure 51TT compound

sentence fl C1 5T[ '241 I1 TI I Conjunctions fi
semicolon 5Il1 colon 13 ,4kPI 1 T1 simple sentence-C
compound sentence- Ift it , 't simple sentence tI1
3 CIT I1 CPT CM tN l ko I
Exercises
1. Make the following pairs into a compound sentence, using a
conjunction:
a) Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh. It contains about six
million people.
b) Karim likes indoor games. His brother prefers outdoor activities.
c) Help Nasim. He will be late for class.
d) Take the Iöod off the fire. It will get burnt.
e) Hamid's essay is good. His handwriting is bad.
f) Mina enjoys sports. Nasima prefers songs.
g) We heard the joke on television. We burst out laughing.
2. Complete the following sentences with coordinate clauses.

a) I cannot understand this book:
b) The storm caused it great deal of damage in the village:
c) Let me give you a piece of advice:
d) The baby is crying:
e) The rain continued to fall:
3. Write five compound sentences with each of the fllowing

conjunctions: and, but, o; either-or, neither-nor, not 0111)'... but also
4. Rewrite the following passage, using compound predicates and
compound sentences:
Ali burst into the di-awing-i-oom lie rushed up to his father. "I
have come out first in the annual exam. I have got top marks in
all subjects" HIS Either patted him proudly. Then he said:
"That's fine. Don't let it go to your head!"
F-i 1

Section 4
The Complex Sentence and its Structure
Lesson 29
Aim: Complex sentence- f*7,FO adjective clause- n1 1

'a tvrw c31
complex sentence '1 i Iti cf

T1 11C C141 4 ,1z 1
I Compound sentence-' complex sentence 'a t tT1
simple sentence 1 clause ftCT t5 CTh t3 fl3 C-1
compound sentence-' clause independent

complex sentence-4 Cz T main clause 1C 01
Clause C 7
clause-C subordinate 1 dependent clause 1 1U. I
complex sentence main clause + subordinate clause l

clauses 7TM i Subordinate clause t
1. Adjective clauses
2. Adverbial clauses
3. Noun clauses
lesson-4 adjective clause CI qf complex sentence Tilfl 'a

i q csfl kz
Adjective noun-C modify , adjective clause '3 noun-

CTS modify WO I adjective noun- linking
verb-4-4 f adjective clause- noun
I Adjective clausc-' relative pronouns 1
ctTT subject, object 11 possessive form-4 VV 91M
relative pronouns '3 RtT forms CT'afl C
THE COMPLEX SENTENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE 151
Relative Pronouns
Subject form Object form Possessive form
who whom whose
which which of which
that that
Relative pronoun- form'ii1 adjective clause C

tct Tt ccNICil c'fl I
a) Adjective clause with relative pronouns as subjects. (C

adjective clause 0-Hr{ relative pronouns (who, which, that) '
clause- subject Rcic t)
1. Mr Karim is a teacher, [who works in Lybia.]
2. This is a grammar book, [which should be read carefully.]
3. My friend has bought a car, [that looks very nice.]
4. This is the man [that helped me yesterday.]
main clause. 15T

rf qQT 2IP'1 I i1 TT II adjective clause
( t1 i r fFT FT il 1c) I 41 main clause-4q t9M
I14ir noun-05 modify Cq' R ORM
adjective clause-I (who works in Lybia) teacher 0 modify I
41IHi 1cdt\3 TMf 1'J TJ1 adjective ZZT1 14461f noun-
W1 ?'t t't I Tt1 TfhT CT cilD adjective
clause ' relative pronouns (who, which 1M1 that) clause-
subject Ri who works in Lybia
I clause-
4 subject cII who, which should be read, carefully-44 clause-t
subject 1ZM which, t7TV C - C11
which iIi 12W 3T CThtT OqM i1f teLher- 44 9V who lqCiC
fhI ZWf ct book 04 9" which ictc I 1I'ci, that 4 relative
pronoun-fess i t1 car 4-4
that man that
IN 1Tf WtCt main clause 04 comma ii!
C1T comma 11 Adjective clause
CTT noun Cl l 3 main clause
ui j ,
comma crr
1I main clause 4f1xt I adjective

clause ZM noun 11' ti I tH

54 9ift i non-restrictive/non-defining adjective
clause U T 1f comma I 1 adjective
clause MT jT\1 noun 0i define 11 ¶f noun
1 WI comma clause C
restrictive/defining clause T,1 T I b 9Tkt1 adjective clause
the man 045 define -4TC I This is the man I lt
CF C11? Adjective clause 01 cft define ti
01 comma lcl I
adjective clause 05 main clause Tt(1

tQ,
^Nvf T object complement 0 modify
adjective clause C45 main clause ilc1 fi
subject C'3 modify t flZT
Examples:
1. My brother. [who works in Canada], has come home.
2. Mr. Hakim's car. [which is old], has broken down.
3. The man [that wrote to me] came to see me yesterday.
4. The house [that was built last year] has callapsed.
tC main clause- subject-0,1 9M adjective clause

subject C modify I Main clause predicate adjective
clause-' cic I predicate T 1c 1't, cc
main clause IL 1t4 I
LIJ Ct complex sentence- main clause' subordinate clause-

structure Section 2-C simple sentence- C
structure C fit I lI1
analysis t11 1
1. My brother has come home - Main clause

Sub + Intransitive Verb with adverbial (Structure I)
who works in Canada - adjective clause
Sub + Intransitive Verb with adverbial (Structure 1)
2. Mr. Flakn]'s car has broken down - Main clause
Subject + Intransitive Verb
which is old - Adjective clause
Sub + Linking Verb + Adjective (Structure 2)
qM.
1t CT adjective clause PTM q ic ,11"l T IkM paragraph-1
V&1 T1C1 1l Ci'5Tt rI
At the age of five I went to a primary school, which was near our
home. My father, who took me there, introduced me to the
headmaster. The headmaster, who was a big bald-headed man, asked
my name. I answered in a voice which was hardly audible. Smiling,
the headmaster gave me a book, which was full of nice pictures.
b) Adjective clauses with relative pronouns as objects (C

7-
adjective clause C 4V relative pronoun t clause-44 transitive
verb-' object r1c
Examples:
1. The book [which I borrowed from the library] is very
interesting.
2. This is the pen [that I lost yesterday.]
3. Professor All is a scholar. [whom everybody respects.]
tt1 lc't which, that 6 whom borrowed, lost '5

respects objects. 1c I WM verb 4'^l 10. Fl
adjective clause subject Ml IzWt --; T cic I OqM tviW. cO analysis
c1
The book is very interesting - Main clause
Sub + Linking Verb + Adjective

(Structure 2)
which I borrowed from the library - Adjective clause
Object + Subject + Transitive Verb with adverbial

(Structure 5)
CT relative pronoun adjective clause 1 transitive verb-

objcct ai Cl omit Cfl flT I
5tcT CN1 c1t5 -ftt
1. The book I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
2. This is the pen I lost yesterday.
3. Professor Ali is a scholar everybody respects.

Relative pronoun TJ 4t5M analysis I
The book is very interesting - Main clause

Sub + L- verb + Adjective.
I borrowed from the library - Adjective clause
Zero Relative Pronoun + Sub + Transitive Verb with adverbial.
Paragraph- flTT (B) 4 f' adjective clause it

c;1 3 p t11
The money (which) I had lost was found after all. I had left the bag
with the money on the rickshaw (which) I had taken. The
rickshawman came back a few minutes later with the hag (which) he
had found on his rickshaw. I thanked him and offered him ten Tk for
the honesty (which) he showed. But he declined to accept the money
(which) I offered.
Paragraph- relative pronoun ?1 GI1tT1 t I1

'3fl C9fl CTc ¶ I
c) Adjective clauses with relative pronouns as objects of

prepositions (c adjective clause CI1tT relative pronoun
ZM preposition- object Ric Tt TO i)
Examples:
1. This is the book [about which I told you.]
2. The man [to whom I spoke on the-telephone] is ill.
3. The house [in which we live] is small.
OQM 1C1 which relative pronoun-s about object.

to 4'T
object I whom 1c11 in- object
1 which. 0 preposition + object-05 adjective clause-
subject- T't Ic1 I Tk1 analysis 1:
This is the book - Mina clause

Sub + L-Verb + Noun-Complement (Structure 3)
about which I told you - Adjective clause
Preposition + Object + Subject + Transitive Verb + Object
lI'ztr1 slct C'Tfl V17 I Relative pronoun T1 f17

preposition-05 verb itc1 KM l3 C\5
11flf!5: gj TI
This is the book [1 told you about.]

The man [I spoke to on the telephone] is ill.
The house [we live in] is small.
Paragraph-' N1'&Tttfl5 adjective clause- 5tT1 iliil C9Sfl
The adjective clauses I am writing about are not difficult to learn.

But the students to whom sentence structures are not yet clear might
feel baffled. They should first learn the structures of simple
sentences which have been presented in Section 2. Thei they should
read this lesson carefully and try to understand the various ypcs into
which adjective clauses have been divided.
d Adjective clauses with relative pronouns as possessive (t

adjective clause 01 relative pronouns-0 possessive f1L
Examples:
The man [whose car crashed against a tree] died soon after.
The book [whose leaves are torn] has been replaced.
The building [whose roof collapsed] has been rebuilt.
tTM 0 whose 4Z relative pronouns-s C cTI 'TJ
(example 1). 0-- Tf 011T MT4M (examples 2 4 3).
Whose 0-4 of which '8 T 07-5 9M I

91U Ct W
The book, [the leaves of which are torn] has been replaced
The building, [the roof of which collapsed, has been rebuilt.
e) Adjective clauses with when and where meaning on which, in

which (c adjective clause Ctt when '8 where on
which '8 in which 5Z'1 JW 2M
Examples:
I forget the day when (on which) we moved house.
She went back to England where (in which) she was born.
Exercises
1. Write live complex sentences with adjective clauses in which the

relative pronouns function as subjects.
2. Write five complex sentences with adjective clauses in which the

relative pronouns function as objects of transitive verbs.

relative pronouns function as objects of prepositions.

relative pronouns function as possessive.
5. Rewrite the following sentences using adjective clauses:

a) The mail a magician. We saw him the other day.
b) The shopping centre is in the heart of the town. They have
just built it.
C) lime trees cannot he replaced. They have cut down the trees.
d) The bird was beautiful. He shot down the bird.
ftc electrician was reliable. We hired him.
The man is niv friend. I borrowed money froni him.
e The city is big. lie works there.
6. Add adjective clauses to complete the following sentences:

a) The bus ... was involved in an accident.
h) His father is a novelist
C) The man ... has died.
W Monica is a student
c) The watch ... is missing.
7. Identify the types of adjective clauses in the following passage:

After his classes Hamid takes a bus that goes to his part of the
town. The bus he travels oil often crowded. On getting off the
bus, he walks to his house, which is about two hundred yards
away from the bus stop. He has his tea in the drawing-room in
which he watches television. The programmes he likes best
include sports and cartoons.
Lesson 30
Aim: Complex sentence- 511 t Rcici adverbial clauses- iflt

1i1 q cr1
rttt T 0 complex sentence- tC3 cT IT

subordinate clauses adverbial clause I Adverbial
clause TC9 <15 21`7tC1 511C I 13 iiir adverbial clause tT1
a) Adverbial Clauses of Time
b) Adverbial Clauses of Reason
c) Adverbial Clauses of Concession
d) Adverbial Clauses of Condition

e) Adverbial Clauses of Comparison
f) Adverbial Clauses of Degree
g) Adverbial Clauses of Result
h) Adverbial Clauses of Purpose
ft5 4t 1t C\1 1:
Adverbial clauses of time 1 Ift3 conjunctions ftr i

when after as soon as
while tillluntil
before as
Adverbial clauses-C-45 main clause- 11 11 7M. I
TT 4fQ clause comma f ; ( T comma
Examples:
1. [When I was five,] I went to a primary school.
2. Karim fell asleep [while he was reading the newspaper.]
3. [Before she went to bed,] Mina put out the light.
4. He went abroad [after he finished his studies.]

5. Mimi nursed her mother [till/until she recovered completely.]
6. [As he went out,] he cast a glance at his little son.
7. 1 will let you know [as soon as the results come out.]
lCdt im1i Z14T4 7510, lrt Adverbial clauses of time, 4M main

clause- verb 0 modify 4 `11
\ CT{ time conjunction fkO
In-43 -kOC I Main clause- f 1 adverbial clauses-.
¶ I CT time clause- future tense
I q tCc1 as Soon as the results will conic out
1 , 8 I1 IC-3 CT 1;
]Before she went to bed,] Mina had put out the fight.
He went abroad lafter he had finished his studies.]
1t past perfect tense-' *I Vuf (pre-past) I
iIci before \3 after 91TTZ rf9cT past tense
I1 0 cIause- Section structure-4--.4

O^R fit WO I analysis 1t9 1:
When I was five - Adverbial clause of time

When + Sub + Linking Verb + Adjective (Structure 2)
I went to a primary school - Main clause
Sub + Intransitive Verb with adverbial (Structure 1)
Paragraph- T Adverbial clauses of time 1C1 t PfWN C
When I was a school student. I went to Dhaka for a month. My elder

brother, who is an engineer, used to live in Dhaka. I arrived there in the
afternoon after I had travelled for ten hours by train. As soon as I came
out of the station. I looked round for my brother. He was supposed to
meet inc at the station. But I could not find him. I was beginning'to feel
lost when I heard my name called. Turning round, I saw my brother
waving his hand at mc. His son, Karim, elbowed his way up to me.
While we were shaking hands and exchanging greetings, my brother
came up. Then we walked towards his car. As soon as we got in, the car
moved off. While I was staying with my brother. I went round the city
and saw some of the important places there.

b) Adverbial Clauses of Reason.
Adverbial Clauses of Reason 1f5 conjunctions fcT ' U:
because, since, as
Examples:
1. He could not attend the meeting [because he was ill.]
2. [Since the summer is very hot.] most people use electric fans.
3. [As he came late.] the teacher refused to let him in.
CI reason clause N vM main clause- T1

comma CT 1t 6 ZgN cfl main
clause 1t1 TC I'i 0$1 comma [ttt 71 CTTT 0" IIt C I
llT 'r<clT clause zM analysis tT CT41t9T Tt:
He could not attend the meeting - Main Clause

Sub + Transitive Verb + Object (Structure 5)
Because he was ill - Adverbial clause of reason
Because + Sub + L-Verb + Adjective (Structure 2)
Paragraph-' flJZT 4Z clause- 5Tt1 t 91M. 11 Gi3fl kt1:
Bangladesh is a poor country mainly because it is overpopulated. Its

population exceeds 100 million. As most people here are uneducated,
the family planning programme of the Government has not been very
effective. We must do everything possible to control the growth of
population because the survival of the nation is at stake. The country
is unable to make progress also because there is widespread
corruption. Since nobody can help us except ourselves, we must
make a determined effort to get out of the rut.
Adverbial clauses of concession 4 C1 41 f 1pi

U clause 911 conjunctions 1T U:
though, although
Examples:
1. [Though he is poor,] he is honest.
2. [Although the house is small,] it looks nice.
3. [Though she suffered a lot,] she never complained.

Though although 0 CR 1¶
IN analysis CICT :
Though he is poor - Adverbial clauses of concession

Though + Subject + Linking Verb + Adjective (Structure 2)
He is honest Main clause
Subject + Linking Verb + Adjective (Structure 2)
d) Adverbial Clauses of Condition
Adverbial clauses of condition-'

Clause 1Nf: if I type 7TC I type
fltfl fl:
Type I : conditional clause

r' ct ¶,
k1 conditional ClaUSe- 1fl simple present tense
Tf1 imperative 1J I
Examples:
1. If it rains, I will not come. IFuture tense in the main clause.1
2. 1 I you come out first,1 your parent will he delighted.
3. [If the shirt is dirty, wash it.
4. [If you are hungry, have a banana.
Type 2 : 4 WPM conditional c1ause43

i rc c
Ct T I conditional clause-5 past tense main
clause- .chould/ri'ould/might + base form of the verb I
Examples:
1. [If you spoke to your, teacher that way,] he would be
angry. (ic TC fl
2. [If you lived in England.] you would speak English

fluently. (77c1 Tft 1TT 1l I)
o1 dl 'tC CT 7rr3tl CITh wtt I

C9\T1 11:
I. [If I were you,j I would not accept the job.

2. [If I were the President of Bangladesh,] I would introduce
free medical facilities for all.

t43 C 61l'.hJ conditional clause- 4 wereJ\v

subject 4F Is third person singular
Type 3 : Lq zftQ--.q conditional clause-1 1(.\v '-93 f tT

t4 conditional clause-4 past perfect tense (had + past
participle) main clause 4 should have QM1 would have + past
participle IJIJ' TI
Examples:
1. [If he had worked hard,] he would have passed.
2. [If you had put the bag here,] we would have kept an eye
on it.
CT M I iIi CtII wprm t
Type 4; 4 WrOh conditional clause' will U1 T i 4T request

't'4T polite suggestion P1't tI I
Examples:
[If you will take a seat,] I will give you a cup of tea.
[If you will come with rne,I I will take you there.
1t1 i1'l I conditional clause 4 would 4 -4 0\

clause 4 will Zi RM would/should 1 7M I
Examples:
[If you would come with me,] I will take you there.
[If you would let me know the result.] I should be most
grateful.
Conditional sentence- II11 FRD type 40 table Cflt1l1:
Condition I Adverbial Clause I Main Clause
Present tense I Future tense or imperative
1. Likely If it rains tomorrow, I will not conic.

If the shirt is dirty, wash it.

2. Unlikely in If you lived in You would speak English
fluently.
the future or England,
untrue now
If I were you. I would not accept the
job.
3. Untrue in If you had worked You would have passed.

the past hard,
we would have kept an
If you had put the eye on it.
bag here,
Future tense Future tense

4. Suggestion If you will take a I will give you a cup of
or request seat, tea.
If you would let me I should be most grateful

know the result, to you.
e) Adverbial Clauses of Degree

Adverbial clauses of degree as conjunction ft
main clause- as adverb-0 modify I
Examples:
1. I-Ic is as intelligent [as you are.]
2. 1-lamid is as tall [as Karim is.]
3. I came as quickly [as I could.]
i-J t?tJ lI'T as conjunction- T71)

1. Haniid is not so quick las you arc.]
2. Marnun does not write so neatly [as Rashid does.]

Adverbial clauses of comparison-fl main clause-
adjective 1512M adverb-4K CT f 1Wk ctc modify
TM I
Examples:
1. He is wiser [than I thought.]
2. She is cleverer [than you think.]
3. He ran faster [than 1 did.]
f) Adverbial clauses of Result

Adverbial clauses of result-Q-4 result 1 t'I II
main clause- so NQM such adverb-05 modify
4. that conjunction I

Examples:
1. The tea was so hot [that it burnt my tongue.]
2. He worked so hard [that he fell ill.]
3. There was such a big crowd [that we could not see the
film star.]
CT so- 9f adjective (so hot) IMM adverb (so hard)
such- noun (such a big crowd) C5 9f17
g) Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 1'1J 2N
conjunctions mM ZW IU: so that, in order that
Examples:
You must work hard [so that you may pass the examination.]
The speaker raised his voice [so that everybody could hear.]
He left an adequate provision for his children [in order that they
might live comfortably.]
I am studying English [in order that I can become an English teacher.]
clause- tense T, 5II

adverbial clause-4 present tense 11 main clause-4 present tense'
adverbial clause-4 past tense *TM main clause-4 past tense I
Nt 1 main clause purpose clause-04 subject
k to, in order to 11 so as so phrase qM Il 't3 PI
I lti1i example- C41 flT I
You must work hard to/in order to/so as to/pass the examination.
0l9 tWaq Nt choice Ij1i1 3l f:

First choice :10, in order to, or so as to
Second choice: so that
Last choice : in order that
Exercises
I. Complete the following sentences with time clauses. Do not
use the same subordinating conjunction twice.
a) My mother taught me to read
b) My father asked me to go to bed
c) Hamid had to wait half an hour
d) Mina went on reading
2. Complete the following

a) I had been to a doctor because
b) She is intelligent though
c) I would Live in Dhaka if
d) I would have written to you if
e) Goto bed if...
f) The work is not so easy
g) The journey took longer than
g) The passage is so difficult
3. Combine the following pairs of sentences:

a) Meat is expensive. I-Ic cannot afford to buy it.
b) There was it noise. I could not hear anything.
c) He felt tired. He refused to go for a walk.

ci) She is not intelligent. She is pretty.
e) My sister was reading. I was watching television.
4. Wide five complex sentences illustrating each of the

following clauses:
b) Adverbial Clauses of Reason
ci) Adverbial Clauses of Condition
t) Adverbial Clauses of Degree
g) Adverbial Clauses of Result
S. Identify the types of adverbial clauses in the following

paragraph and analyse their basic structures:
When I was a student of secondar y school, most of the other
girls in my class had watches. I felt very unhappy because I did
not have one. I asked my father to buy me a watch. As he was
poor, he cULLEd not afford it. Thouh 1 was disappointed. I was
not heart-broken. I worked harder than I usually did. As a result.
I won a scholarship and bought a watch with that money. Then I
felt very happy because I got the thing I had wanted.

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Aim: Structure 6 (Subject + Transitive Verb + Object (Noun

transitive verb CT lo object

Subject + Transitive Verb + Object + Adjective

hold/held/held They held the engineer responsible

like/liked/liked I like my tea hot.

drive/drove/driven Your behaviour will drive your father

keep/kept/kept The nurse kept the baby quiet.

leave/left/left He left the door open.

make/made/made They made themselves comfortable.

render/rendered/rendered The storm rendered many people

turn/turned/turned Grief turned his hair white.

wipe/wiped/wiped He wiped the window clean.

break/broke/broken The thieves broke (burst, forced) the

Verb- Cq 1%-4 form Ci'311 k1 CT'tTt present, past 18 past

feel/felt/felt They felt the plan to be unwise.

verb CWC4 as f1LT adjective adjective phrase

' structure-'I adjectivc-' 1c'. past participle '3 111CI 1T

c) We found the road blocked.

lt5 -po""M paragraph ' structure- 5tt1 il1 CYTT

a) The burglars supposed the house to be empty. They broke

1. Write structure 6 sentences using the verbs given in this lesson.

2. Complete the following sentences with suitable adjectives or

3. Write a short passage using mainly structure 6 sentences.

Aim: Structure 7 (Subject + Transitive Verb + Object + Noun-

structure- verb-' 1 noun t't noun-

appoint/appointed/appointed They appointed him headmaster.

Structure 6-i! CT verb -ZM 5tt 17t1 structure 7 'I'3

J1 j 1 1 Tfl I 0t'Ztfl kT1:

call believe find

C structure- noun-comp1ement- as M1for •W5

I CPM verb as for VT AtC5 'rc TIj 'iIii C9Gl1

accept as describe as regard as

iftU paragraph '41KTCI structure 7 0 flt 'il.i q CN3fl 11M.

2. Analyse the noun phrases in the following sentences:

3. Write a short paragraph using mainly structure 7 Sentences.

Aim: Structure 8 (Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object +

structure-' verb- 9j rT object 7t I 41tT verb 4M

kI 1 C1 T citt direct object F. .c1A ftft 4 9f 11

indirect object fcii TM TT 'iII fi t 1l11 iftt

1. Karim sent Nasirna some flowers.

2. 1 will lend you a book.

some flowers '3 book k1 direct object T1 t1

ii cTh Nasima '3 you 1fl I

indirect object. TfrT CT, structure 7 structure 8

Cq 7-iI verb noun 1f f 8

CIM. noun '1 '5 Tf% V C414F Nasima 3flowers

object T sent 0 some flowers 04 141T I

1: you 4Z indirect object- c1c

lend 44P, a book-C Ct 'iiI 1T i WO indirect object-t C'tt

41l1l T1i I WA WM ZM51 preposition 11(.\ i preposition t1

: to, for '4of

ffl tft3 verb indirect object 11I(.d1 for IPM1

: make, buy, cook, prepare.

She made a dress for her daughter.

verb of+ indirect object 4: ask, request

The manager requested punctuality of his staff.

0 P1iui verb t1t CWU indirect object 0 verb direct

The teacher explained the poem to the students. (Not:

He said good-bye to us. (Not: 'said us good-bye.')