CVL871 - Durability and Repair of Concrete Structures: Shashank Bishnoi

CVL871 – Durability and
Repair of Concrete Structures

Lecture 5
Shashank Bishnoi
Aggregates and durability of
concrete
2
S. Bishnoi, IIT Delhi
Efect of aggregates
 Alkali silica reaction
 Alkali silicate reaction
 Alkali carbonate reaction
 Interfacial transition zone
3
Alkali aggregate reaction
 Aggregates are considered to be inert
 They can react under certain conditions
 Aggregates can imbibe water
 Swelling and cracking occurs
 Known as ASR or AAR
 Usually a slow process
 Less often cause of failure than other
mechanisms
4
History of ASR
 Poulsen in 1914 referred to the reaction
of alkalis with aggregates to Institution
of Danish Civil Engineers
 Stanton demonstrated that high alkali
cement reacts expansively with opaline
silica in fne aggregate sand
 Problems progressively identifed in
many countries
 One identifcation leads to many in the
country
5
ASR in the press!
 Press overstated the problem of ASR in
UK
 Jersey Dam (1971)
 Power stations in southwest England (1976)
 Overall around 200 structures identifed
 Volcanic aggregates in Iceland and other
volcanic countries
 29% of bridges in France
6
Bhakra Nangal Dam
7
Structures afected
 ASR most common in:
 Dams
 Pavements
 Bridges
 Mass concrete
 Change in construction practices
 Changes in cements
 Changes in aggregate sources
 Changes in guidelines
8
Damage due to ASR
Rajabipour et al. 2015

9
Damage due to ASR
 Aggregate surface or pockets react with
silica
 Aggregate decomposes and is replaced
by gel
 Gel migrates to voids and cracks
 ASR may not lead to damage
 Gel may fll existing cracks
 Cracking leads to loss of strength and
other durability issues
10
Crack patterns
 Crack pattern depends on level of stress
 25 to 50 mm deep cracks
 Three-pronged cracks propagate to make
map cracks
 Reinforcement can lead to rectangular
pattern
 Three-dimensional reinforcement can limit
ASR cracking
11
Map cracks
Richardson 2002, BenHaha 2006

12
Cracking due to ASR
13
Rectangular cracks: reinforcement
Richardson 2002
14
Efects of ASR
 ASR doesn't usually afect structural
adequacy
 10% to 30% loss in strength reported by
some researchers
 Structural load tests found satisfactory
 Serviceability, aesthetics and expansion
are issues
 Misalignment
 Diferential expansion
 Cracking from restraint
 Reduced durability due to cracks is debated
15
Identifcation of ASR
 Requires expert knowledge
 Presence of gel in cracks
 Presence of reactive aggregates
 Presence of internal cracks in aggregates
 Cracking pattern similar to other
mechanisms
 Carbonation of gel changes colour to
white, similar to eforescence
16
Preliminary investigation
 Age of the structure
 Source of aggregate
 Cement composition
 Mix design
 Exposure conditions, e.g. rainfall, salts
17
Site investigation
 Crack patterns
 Discolouration
 Gel exudation
 Pop-outs and visibly reactive aggregates
 Diferential expansion or movement
18
Laboratory investigation
 Microscopic examination
 Crack patterns
 Patches with sweating on drying wet
cores
 Cracking in aggregates
 Gel in cracks
 Tests on extracted aggregates
19
What is ASR gel?
 ASR gel is formed by the reaction of
glassy silica with alkalis in solution
 In some ways similar to C-S-H but has a
much lower density than C-S-H
 Causes cracks and expansion in the
aggregates
 Requirements:
 Reactive silica
 Alkalis
 Moisture
20
Mechanism of ASR
 SiO- ions formed in the aggregated
difuse out slowly
 Na+, K+, Ca+ ions from solution
attracted into the aggregates
 Silica reacts with alkalis
 SiO2 + 2NaOH → Na2Si4O9 + H2O
 Water is adsorbed by the gel
 Pressure builds in the aggregate
 Surface reaction slow in quartz
 Penetration of ions if poorly crystalline
21
Mechanism of ASR
 Penetration of Na+ and OH- ions breaks
Si-O-Si bonds
 Difusion of silica out of the aggregate is
slow
 The gel is insoluble in the presence of
Ca2+
 Gel contains Ca, not formed in the absence
of Ca2+
22
Role of moisture
 Moisture acts as transport route for ions
 Moisture is imbibed by gel leading to
expansion
 ASR not observed below 80% RH
23
Role of silica
 Reactive silica is commonly present, esp.
in fne aggregates
 Silica makes 65% of earth's crust
 Disorder increases surface available for
reaction
 Depends on geological processes and
formations
 Amorphous, glassy, crypto-crystalline,
microcrystalline silica are vulnerable
 Quartz is unlikely to react
 Reactive aggregate don't necessarily give
ASR
24
Role of alkali
 Alkalis in cement play an important role
 Represented by acid soluble Na equivalent
 Na2O + 0.658 * K2O
 Comes from natural resources: variable
 Typical range: 0.3% to 1.5%
 Low alkali cements: <0.6%
 Alkalis from aggregates, e.g. feldspar
 Alkalis from admixtures
 Alkalis from SCMs: disputed
 External salts
25
Pessimum efect
 Low alkali content: less gel
 High alkali content: vigorous reaction
before hardening?
 Combination of inert aggregate with
highly reactive can increase expansion
Richardson 2002
26
Efect of additives
reduction in cement
 Reduction in alkalinity can reduce

expansion:
 Fly ash
 Slag
 Silica Fume
 Metakaolin
 Chemical efects on gel
 Lithium salts: replacement of Na & K in gel
 Air entrainment
27
Efect of lithium carbonate on ASR
Illustration: PCA
28
Lithium salts
Diamond 1999
29
Topical treatment with lithium
very little lithium penetrates below 25 to 50 mm (1 to 2 inches) unless the concrete is

heavily cracked. Even in heavily cracked concrete, the lithium concentration at this
depth is low, and its ability to suppress ASR is questionable3.
Picture from: Michael Thomas & Kevin Folliard

30
Efect of air-entrainment
31 Rixom and Mailvaganam, 1999

Efect of temperature
The gels would not be able to imbibe water in the high temperature, so expansion will be less.
Richardson 2002
32
Mitigation of ASR
 Solutions should include:
 Climate
 Materials
 Geology
 Mixes and applications
 Region-specifc approaches
33
Controlling damage from ASR
Richardson 2002
34
Alkali silicate reaction
 Similar to alkali silica reaction
 Reaction with phyllosilicates
 Chlorite
 Vermiculite
 Micas
 Generally in fne-grained silicates
 Not all silicates are reactive
35
Expansion due to ASR
36
Expansion due to ASR
37
Testing for ASR potential
 Test aggregates for
reactivity (ASTM
C289)
 Measure length
change/cracking of
mortar bars under
accelerated conditions
(ASTM-C1293)
Image: Detweiler
38
Alkali-Carbonate reaction
 Reaction between alkalies in cement and
carbonate rocks, e.g. CaMg(CO3)2
(Dolomite)
 Less frequent than ASR
 ACR not detected by ASR tests
 ACR also leads to expansion and
cracking
 Faster than ASR ACR occurs even at low alkalinity
 Requires lower alkalinity
 Pozzolans usually not efective
39
ACR controversies
 Generally occurs in Si bearing
carbonates
 Gel contains calcium magnesium
aluminium silicate hydrate
 Some conclude that ACR=ASR
40
Interfacial transition zone
 Is the zone in the paste/mortar around
the aggregates
 This zone is generally weaker than the
rest of the paste
 Is due to physical constraints posed by
the aggregates
 The weaker zone can also be due to
segregation – collection of water under
the aggregates
41
ITZ: SEM
Scrivener et al. 2004

42
ITZ: Wood's metal impregnation
43
Wall efect

44
Efect of ITZ
 Micro-cracking in
the zone can lead
to a more ductile
behaviour of
concrete
 Is a more
permeable and
weaker zone in
concrete

45
Efects of ITZ: porosity

46
Efects of ITZ: CH

47
Efects of ITZ: C-S-H

48
Pervious aggregate and ITZ
49 Bentz 2009
Summary
 Deterioration of aggregates in concrete
 Alkali silica reaction
 Alkali carbonate reaction
 Alkali silicate reaction
 Interfacial transition zone
50
Thank you!
51

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CVL871 – Durability and

Repair of Concrete Structures

Rajabipour et al. 2015

Richardson 2002, BenHaha 2006

 Reduction in alkalinity can reduce

very little lithium penetrates below 25 to 50 mm (1 to 2 inches) unless the concrete is

Picture from: Michael Thomas & Kevin Folliard

31 Rixom and Mailvaganam, 1999

Scrivener et al. 2004

Scrivener et al. 2004

Scrivener et al. 2004

Scrivener et al. 2004

Scrivener et al. 2004

Scrivener et al. 2004

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