Slug Flow Analysis Using Dynamic Spectrum Method in Caesar II

Slug Flow Analysis Using Dynamic Spectrum Method in Caesar II
For dynamic analysis Caesar II software provides a very nice module, dynamic
module where we have to simply provide the input parameters to get the output
result. Before you start the dynamic analysis you have to perform conventional
static analysis of the system (without using any slug force) and qualify the
system from all criteria. To open the dynamic module in Caesar II click on
dynamic analysis button as shown in Fig.1.
When you click on the dynamic analysis button following window (Fig.2) will
open. Select Slug Flow (Spectrum) from drop down menu. The window will be
filled with some pre-existing data. For clarity simply select all those and delete.
Now we have to provide inputs for analysis.
During dynamic analysis our first input will be the generation of spectrum profile.
Slug load is one type of impulse load. So the magnitude of load varies from zero
to some maximum value, remains constant for a time and then reduces to zero
again. The force profile can be represented by a curve as shown in Fig. 3.
So from the above profile it is clear that in addition to slug force (Refer Static
method of Slug Flow using Caesar II for calculation of slug force), we need to
calculate two additional parameters, a) Slug Duration and b) Slug Periodicity.
1. Slug Duration: Slug duration is defined as the time required for the slug to
cross the elbow. Mathematically it can be denoted as, Slug
Duration=Length of Liquid Slug/Velocity of Flow.
2. Slug Periodicity: Slug Periodicity can be defined as the time interval for
two consecutive slugs hitting the same elbow. So mathematically it can be
denoted as, Slug Periodicity = (Length of Liquid Slug + Length of Gas
Slug)/Velocity of Flow.
Let’s assume that the calculated slug duration is 8 milliseconds and periodicity is
400 milliseconds as shown in Fig. 3. We will use these data for generation of
spectrum profile.
When you click on Enter Pulse data it will open the window where we have to
enter the data for spectrum profile generation. From the above curve at time 0
the force is 2120 N the same force will be active for next 8 milliseconds till the
slug crosses the elbow. Then at time 8.1 forces will be reduced to zero. And the
same zero force will be there till 400 milliseconds. Then the next cycle will start.
i.e, at time 400.1 seconds the force will be again 2120 N. That way enter data
for at least two cycles as shown in Fig. 5:
 Clicking Save / Continue button will convert the time history into its
equivalent force response spectrum in terms of Dynamic Load Factor
versus Frequency and the screen “Spectrum Table Values “as shown in
Fig. 5 will appear.
 Be sure to specify a unique spectrum name, as this processor will
overwrite any existing files of the same name.
 By clicking OK, the processor will load the appropriate data in the
Spectrum Definitions tab in Dynamic Input and move the data to the
dynamic input
Once the spectrum profile is generated click on force sets button and enter the
slug force with proper direction in the fields as shown in Fig. 6:
 Click on the + button to add more rows and – button to delete rows.
 In force set field input a numeric id which will be used to construct
dynamic load cases.
After that click on Spectrum load cases menu and create the required load cases
for dynamic analysis. You have to specify at least two load cases as shown.
 Operating + Dynamic for nozzle and support load checking.

 Sustained + Dynamic for stress checking.
Refer Fig. 7 for load case preparation

Finally click on control parameters button and select the load case for which you
want to perform the analysis. Normally operating load case is selected (Refer
Fig. 8) for dynamic analysis. Keep all other parameters as it is. Now click on
batch run to obtain the analysis results. Fig 9 shows a typical analysis results.
 This figure shows a typical output screen for dynamic slug flow analysis.
 The highlighted node 10 is for nozzle.
 All support and nozzle loads to be checked.
 Stresses to be kept below code allowable values.
 The highlighted direction sign will show other load case combinations.
1. be reduced / arrested by proper supporting of the piping system. Normally

following supports are used:
 HOLD DOWN SUPPORTS WITH 0 GAP

 GUIDE SUPPORTS WITH 0 GAP
 AXIAL STOPS WITH 0 GAP
Whenever modifying any support perform static analysis and keep the system
stresses within allowable limit.
2. Sometimes Vibration Absorbing Material (like PTFE) is used to reduce the
Transfer of vibration to connected systems.
3. It is preferred to keep natural frequency of piping system above 4 Hz for
Vibration prone lines.
4. The formation of Slug Flow can be reduced:
 By reducing line sizes to a minimum permitted by available pressure

differentials.
 By using a low point effluent drain or bypass.
 By arranging the pipe configurations to protect against slug flow. E.g. in a
pocketed line where liquid can collect, slug flow might develop. Hence
pocket is to be avoided.

Slug Flow Analysis Using Dynamic Spectrum Method in Caesar II

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How is a slug flow profile represented?

What parameters need to be calculated for dynamic slug flow analysis?

Slug Flow Analysis Using Dynamic Spectrum Method in Caesar II

 Operating + Dynamic for nozzle and support load checking.

Refer Fig. 7 for load case preparation

1. be reduced / arrested by proper supporting of the piping system. Normally

 HOLD DOWN SUPPORTS WITH 0 GAP

 By reducing line sizes to a minimum permitted by available pressure

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