Jet Grouting PDF

JET GROUTING
Foundation Engineering Branch

Goldsteinstrasse 114
D-60528 Frankfurt
Phone: +49 -69 6688-345
Fax: +49-69 6688-277
Email: nlst@bilfinger.de
www.foundation-engineering.bilfingerberger.com
Introduction Grout body produced by jet
grouting (Soilcrete Columns)
Grouting of soil bodies for strength improvement and/or sealing is a
standard method in geotechnical engineering.
Low pressure injection grouting with solid particle suspensions,
chemical solutions or artificial epoxy resins has been in use for Grout body produced by low
pressure conventional grouting
some time. It is restricted to soils with certain void ratios and pore (Injection Grouting)
sizes. Conventional low pressure grouting uses pressures up to 20
bar to inject grout into the naturally existing pores and voids of a
soil. Apart from displacing air or water in pores and voids with grout,
the structure and fabric of the soil remains unchanged. The
resulting grout body in the ground is an undefined random
structure. Conventionally, fine grained soils can only be grouted
with chemical solutions or artificial resins, which increasingly raises
environmental concerns.
Jet Grouting
Jet Grouting or High Pressure Grouting can be employed in all soils
from clays to coarse gravels irrespective of grain size distribution,
void ratio or pore sizes. Jet grouting uses a high pressure jet
(approx. 400 bar) to cut the natural soil in order to mix and partially
replace it with the grout. This creates a "soilcrete" body whose
strength and/or permeability characteristics are independent of the
original soil fabric.
To construct a jet grouted column, a small diameter bore is drilled high pressure jet
with the jet rods and drill bit down to the design depth. Drilling gear
and drill fluid are chosen to be appropriate for the soil type. To
increase the diameter of the jet grouted column and to optimise
usage of cement and efficiency in dense, cohesive or very compact limits of application for grouting
soils, pre-cutting with high pressure water may be employed during methods
the initial drilling.
As soon as the design depth has been reached, the rods and drill
bit are slowly withdrawn from the soil. During the withdrawal, grout schematic execution of a jet grout
is injected at high pressure (approx. 400 bar) into the soil from jet body
nozzles which are situated horizontally just above the bottom of the
drill bit. The speed of particles in the jet is approx. 200m/s. Because
the drill rods and drill bit are kept rotating during withdrawal and
jetting, a homogenous cylindrical body is produced consisting of a
mix of injected grout and displaced soil.
Form and size of the jet grout body can be influenced by varying jet
pressure, withdrawal rate and rotation of the jetting gear.
Some of the soil-grout mixture overflows through the drill hole onto
the ground surface. This spoil is collected and removed.
All materials used in the jet grouting process – water, cement,
occasionally bentonite and the soil -- are natural inert materials
which have no negative impact on groundwater and environment.
Jet grouted columns can be executed as vertical columns or in any
inclination.
Jet Grouting Methods Jet Grouting Methods
Bilfinger Berger AG uses three different methods for jet grouting:
Simplex-Method
Cement grout is injected into the soil with high pressure (approx.
400 bar) at the drill head (monitor). The jet cuts the soil and mixes it
thoroughly with the grout. The Simplex-method is appropriate for
shallow depths and horizontal jet grouting.
Duplex-Method
Using special rods with double inner conduit (Duplex string)
compressed air is introduced into the grout jet at its exit point. This
adds energy and enables the Duplex-method to reach much greater
depths and achieve larger diameters than the Simplex-method.
Triplex-Method
The Triplex-method uses a high pressure water jet with
compressed air to cut the soil. Cement grout is introduced into the
soil and mixed with it through a separate jet nozzle situated just
below the jet nozzle for the water (Triplex string with triple inner
conduit rods). The Triplex-method is an appropriate method for
underpinning, especially in cohesive soils.
Dimensions
Different geometric forms and dimensions of the soilcrete body can
be produced with jet grouting:
• without rotation of the rods during withdrawal and jetting, cut-off
walls of various thickness can be produced;
• with partial rotation, segments of a cylinder can be produced
(bow-tie);
• with full rotation, a cylindrical body is produced; diameter of the
cylinder can be changed by varying withdrawal rate and/or jet
pressure.
Jet Grouting Parameters underpinning of existing
Jet grouting parameters which are chosen for a given project structures, downward extension of
depend on the required characteristics of the finished product, the foundations
geotechnical characteristics of the soil and the chosen jetting
method.
Principle jet grouting parameters are: soil improvement underneath
existing structures, impermeable
• withdrawal rate of the jet string base for excavation
• rotation speed of the jet string
• flow rate of the grout
• jet pressure
• jet volume horizontal canopy for tunnelling
• number and diameter of jet nozzles
• volume and pressure of compressed air
• mix design of the grout
vertical impervious barrier wall
Applications of Jet Grouting using overlapping jet grout bodies
• underpinning of existing structures

• downward extension of foundations in the case of settlements or
increased load
• soil improvement, even underneath existing structures
• vertical impervious barriers
• impermeable base for excavations
• bracing and stiffening of excavations underneath their base
• connection of sealing walls to existing structures and/or services
and utilities
• walls for cylindrical or polygonal excavations
• horizontal screens and canopies for tunnelling
• soil stabilisation between neighbouring excavations or foundation
works
• impervious connection of individual piles in pile walls
Quality Control removal of overbreak
Requirements for quality control are listed in:

• European Standard EN 12716, Execution of Special Geotechnical
Works, Jet Grouting anchored underpinning of an
• Accreditation of Bilfinger Berger AG for Jet Grouting by the existing building next to an
excavation
German Institute for Civil Engineering (Zulassungsbescheid
Düsenstrahlverfahren Bilfinger + Berger (HDI) des Deutschen
Instituts für Bautechnik)
underpinning of pillars next to an
European Standard EN 12716 defines in chapter 4 which excavation
information must be determined prior to design or execution
activities:
• detailed description of the ground profile and its geotechnical
properties within the intended extent of treatment;
• hydrogeological conditions;
• boundary conditions such as adjacent structures, buried structures
and services, overhead power lines and other work restrictions,
access;
• environmental requirements, in particular disposal of spoil;
• acceptable deformation of structures to be underpinned or of
adjacent structures.
Verification and Trial Columns jet grouting works for an
impermeable excavation base
In comparable soil conditions, the same jet grouting parameters
produce the same dimensions and properties of the jet grouted
structure. If comparable experience on the same jet grouting
system in similar ground conditions is not available, appropriate soil improvement using jet
preliminary field tests are performed. These take the form of grouting
verification or trial columns. The number of necessary verification
columns depends mainly on the variability of expected soil
conditions.
Verification columns are executed with a chosen set of jet grouting jet grouting in confined space
parameters, which must be recorded during the execution. The
verification columns serve to demonstrate that with this set of jet
grouting parameters all design requirements (diameter of column,
strength etc) are achieved. column drawing for underpinning
works
Column diameters are usually checked after production of the
verification column by
• excavation and physical inspection of the column;
problems can be restricted space, groundwater
• inclined control bores into the column from which the position of
the encountered grout can be calculated; problems can be
deviations of the control bores.
Bilfinger Berger AG has developed a new method for the control of
column diameters which uses hydrophones. Hydrophone
Measurement avoids the above mentioned problems and can be
executed during the production of the columns. It thus saves time
otherwise required before columns can be excavated, and avoids
safety issues associated with excavation and visual inspection.
Quality Controls during and after Production recording jet grouting parameters
• delivery control of cement type

• density and viscosity of fresh grout
• density of spoil return Hydrophone measurement
• continuous and automatic recording of jet grouting parameters
with regard to time and depth
• testing for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of samples and
cores monitoring of movements on
• monitoring of movements on adjacent structures during foundation adjacent structures
or underpinning works
testing for unconfired compessive

strength

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JET GROUTING

Foundation Engineering Branch

• underpinning of existing structures

Requirements for quality control are listed in:

• delivery control of cement type

testing for unconfired compessive

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