THE RAPAKIVI GRANITE PLUTONS OF BODOM AND OBBNAS,

SOUTHERN FINLAND: PETROGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY

PAULA KOSUNEN

KOSUNEN, PAULA 1999. The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obb-
näs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry. Bulletin of the Geologi-
cal Society of Finland 71, Part 2, 275-304.
The Obbnäs and Bodom granite plutons of southernmost Finland show the
typical petrographic and geochemical features of the Proterozoic rapakivi gran-
ites in Finland and elsewhere: they cut sharply across the 1900 Ma Svecofen-
nian metamorphic bedrock and have the geochemical characteristics of sub-
alkaline A-type granites. The Bodom pluton is composed of porphyritic gran-
ites (hornblende-, hornblende-biotite-, and biotite-bearing varieties) and an even-
grained granite that probably represent two separate intrusive phases. This litho-
logic variation does not occur in the Obbnäs pluton, which is almost entirely
composed of porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite that gradually becomes more
mafic to the southwest. Three types of hybrid granitoids resulting from magma
mingling and mixing occur on the southwestern tip of the Obbnäs peninsula.
The Bodom granites are syenogranites, whereas the composition of the Obbnäs
granite varies from syeno- to monzogranite. The main silicates of both the Bo-
dom and Obbnäs granites are quartz, microcline, plagioclase (An 1541 ), biotite
(siderophyllite), and generally also amphibole (ferropargasite or hastingsite). Pla-
gioclase-mantled alkali feldspar megacrysts are absent or rare. The accessory
minerals are fluorite, allanite, zircon, apatite, and iron-titanium oxides; the Obb-
näs granite also contains titanite. The Bodom and Obbnäs granites are metalu-
minous to weakly peraluminous, with average A/CNK of 1.00 and 1.05, respec-
tively, have high Fe/Mg (average FeO tot /[FeO tot +MgO] is 0.94 for the Bodom
and 0.87 for the Obbnäs granites), and high Ga/Al (3.78 to 5.22 in Bodom and
2.46 to 4.18 in Obbnäs). The REE contents are high with LREE-enriched chon-
drite-normalized patterns and moderate (Obbnäs) to relatively strong (Bodom)
negative Eu-anomalies. The Obbnäs granite is enriched in CaO, TiOz, MgO, and
FeO, and depleted in Si0 2 and K 2 0 compared to the Bodom granites. Also, there
are differences in the Ba, Rb, and Sr contents of the two plutons (Ba and Sr
higher, Rb lower in Obbnäs) that cannot easily be traced to single parental granite
magma. These features, together with the presence of titanite in the Obbnäs plu-
ton, suggest different sources for the granites of the two plutons: a potassium
feldspar-rich source for Bodom and potassium feldspar-poor for Obbnäs.

Key words: granites, rapakivi, plutons, petrography, geochemistry, Proterozoic,

Bodom, Obbnäs, Finland.

Paula Kosunen: Department of Geology, P.O. Box 11, FIN-00014 University

of Helsinki, Finland
E-mail: paula.kosunen@helsinki.fi
276 Paula Kosunen

1a

Lake Bottom,

H E LS IN Kl

Diabase
Rapakivi granite
Svecofennian Granite
basement
8
^fltiF ™ Grano- and quartz diorite
lu saiu
® Gabro, anorthosite, and peridotite
Metabasalt and amphibolite
Porkkala-Mäntsälä Phyllite, mica schist, and mica gneiss
shear zone
Quartz-feldspar schist and gneiss

Fig. 1. a. Map showing the location and geological setting of the Bodom and Obbnäs plutons. After Laitakari et
al. (1996) and Simonen (1980). Porkkala-Mäntsälä shear zone after Elminen (1999). b. Rapakivi granite plu-
tons (dark grey) of the area surrounding the Gulf of Finland. After Koistinen (1994).
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 277

INTRODUCTION U-Pb ages published by Vaasjoki (1977): the gran-

ites of both plutons were dated at 1645 ± 5 Ma,
The Bodom and Obbnäs granite plutons intrude which ties them, at least temporally, to the rapa-
the Svecofennian bedrock west of Helsinki in kivi granites of the Wiborg area. The question re-
southernmost Finland (Fig. 1). J. J. Sederholm mained, however, whether the Bodom and Obb-
described the plutons in some detail in 1926 and näs granites are petrographically and chemically
wrote: "The Bodom, as well as the Obbnäs gran- different from the rapakivi granites. In order to
ite, has in the most typical way penetrated the old- resolve this, the present author has remapped the
er rock masses, punching holes in them. There are two plutons in detail and conducted a geochemi-
no primary gradations between them and the old- cal and mineral chemical study on them. The pur-
er granitic formations. ...it seems indubitable that pose of this paper is to describe the lithologic and
these granites are decidedly younger than the sur- general geochemical traits of the plutons and make
rounding rocks" (Sederholm 1926, p. 101). Seder- a comparison to the rapakivi granites of the Wi-
holm suggested that the Bodom and Obbnäs gran- borg region. Petrochemistry and isotope geology
ites do not belong to the rapakivi granites of south- of the Bodom and Obbnäs plutons will be dis-
eastern Finland, but that they are slightly older cussed in detail in a parallel paper (Kosunen,
Late Precambrian granites. Halonen described the Rämö & Vaasjoki, in prep.).
petrography of the Bodom pluton in his unpub-
lished thesis in 1954, and the published data on
these plutons consist of brief mentions, mostly in GEOLOGICAL SETTING
explanations to maps of rocks (Härme 1960, 1969,
1978, 1980; Laitala 1960, 1961, 1994; Vorma The Bodom pluton is situated about 15 km north-
1976). west of Helsinki, extending from Lake Bodom in
Sederholm's suggestion that the Bodom and the southwest to the Seutula area in the northeast
Obbnäs granites are older than the classic rapaki- (Fig. 1). The pluton covers an area of about 60 km 2
vi granites of Finland was contradicted by the with a maximum length of 16.5 km and an aver-

1b
278 Paula Kosunen

age width of 5 km. The Obbnäs pluton is located FIELD RELATIONSHIPS

about 20 km southwest of the Bodom pluton, south AND PETROGRAPHY
of Kirkkonummi, and encompasses an area of
50 km 2 , with a maximum length of 15 and width Bodom
of 6 km.
Bodom granites (Fig. 2) are homogeneous and
Both plutons cut sharply across the Paleoprot-
massive, and have a pronounced red or reddish-
erozoic metamorphic bedrock of southern Finland
brown color, which makes it relatively easy to dis-
(Fig. 1). The country rocks adjacent to the Bodom
tinguish them from older Svecofennian granites
and Obbnäs granites are Svecofennian quartz-feld-
and gneisses. The granites are also usually coarser-
spar schists and gneisses, mica gneisses, granodi-
grained than the country rocks. Finer-grained va-
orites and potassium granites, which range in age
rieties exist near the margin of the pluton with
from 1900 to 1830 Ma (Koistinen 1996). The
sporadic magmatic foliation, which is visible as
granodiorites and potassium granites are general-
parallel orientation of the alkali feldspar mega-
ly migmatitic and typically heterogeneous, and
crysts. The external contacts of the pluton are
therefore easily distinguishable from the quite
typically sharp and cutting (Fig. 3b). Contact brec-
homogeneous Bodom and Obbnäs granites. The
cias with angular, well-preserved country rock
intrusion of the plutons did not cause notable
fragments are locally found; fragments of variable
metamorphic changes in the country rocks as these
size are especially abundant in the northeastern
had previously undergone relatively high-grade
part of the pluton, in the area south of Seutula
metamorphism.
(Fig. 2).
Several NW-SE oriented diabase dikes, usual-
The granites of the Bodom pluton can be divid-
ly less than one meter wide, crosscut the Svecofen-
ed into two main types, porphyritic and even-
nian supracrustal rocks and granitoids west of the
grained (see Halonen 1954). The porphyritic gran-
Bodom and Obbnäs plutons (Aro & Laitakari
ite is here divided further into hornblende, biotite-
1987). The dikes are clearly younger than the Sve-
hornblende, and biotite granite on the basis of the
cofennian bedrock, and most likely belong to the
mafic mineral assemblage; the areal extent of the
rapakivi granite-associated Subjotnian diabases of
different types is shown in Fig. 2. The porphyritic
southern Finland. A silicic-basic composite dike
granites generally seem to grade into one another
occurs on the island of Iso Haahkaluoto, in the
- only one locality with a sharp contact between
immediate vicinity of the Obbnäs granite (Kosu-
hornblende-biotite granite and biotite granite has
nen 1998).
been found. The even-grained hornblende-biotite
The Bodom and Obbnäs plutons occur along the
granite has a sharp contact against the porphyrit-
Porkkala-Mäntsälä shear zone (Fig. 1). The effects
ic granite and is, most likely, a separate intrusion
of movements along the zone are visible in both
phase.
plutons; these include local deformation structures
such as brittle shearing, en-echelon fractures, nar-
row bands of crushed quartz, and fractured feld-
Porphyritic granites
spar megacrysts. Clear signs of deformation are
always close to the shear zone. Some outcrops in The porphyritic granites of Bodom are red or red-
the vicinity of the shear zone consist of entirely dish brown, medium- to coarse-grained rocks.
undeformed granite, so the shearing in the Porkka- They contain variable amounts of alkali feldspar
la-Mäntsälä zone must have been fairly local. It megacrysts, which are chiefly euhedral or subhe-
seems likely that the shear zone already existed dral in the biotite and hornblende-biotite granites,
before the intrusion of the granite magmas and and ovoidal in the hornblende granite (Figs. 3a,
acted as a pathway for them (Elminen 1999). 3b, and 3c). The size of the megacrysts varies from
1 by 2 cm to 4 by 4 cm and they are locally man-
tled by plagioclase. Drop quartz exists in the
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 279

THE BODOM PLUTON

Map sheets 2041 10 Nuuksio,
2043 01 Hämeenkylä, and
2043 02 Seutula

0 Geochemical sample
1 1
1 km

6689
Vantaanjoki river

Kehäin

To Helsinki

LEGEND

r-7-r-*
Porphyritic biotite granite

Porphyritic homblendc-biotite
granite

Porphyritic hornblende granite

Even-grained biotite-
horablende granite
Weakly porphyritic variety
of even-grained granite

Svecofennian rocks
2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542

Fig. 2. Lithologic map of the Bodom pluton.

groundmass of all varieties but is most common to An23_32 in the hornblende-biotite granite and
in the hornblende granite in which the total An32_33 in the hornblende granite. The plagiocla-
amount of quartz is lowest. se grains of the hornblende granite frequently have
The subhedral groundmass of the porphyritic albitic rims (An8_9). The central parts of the pla-
granites is mainly composed of quartz, alkali feld- gioclase grains are commonly altered to sericite,
spar, and plagioclase grains with diameters of 1
to 4 mm. Alkali feldspar is perthitic microcline 1
The mineral compositions were determined from
with a well-developed cross-hatch twinning. Pla-
polished thin sections with a Cameca Camebax SX50
gioclase grains are zoned and the anorthite electron microprobe at the Geological Survey of Finland
contents vary from An15_23' in the biotite granite in Espoo.
280 Paula Kosunen

fmm
wmsm&

Fig. 3. Photographs of the different granite types of the Bodom pluton: a) porphyritic biotite granite, b) porphy-
ritic hornblende-biotite granite with a chilled margin against country rock (Svecofennian gneissic granodiorite),
c) porphyritic hornblende granite, d) even-grained hornblende-biotite granite. The diameter of the lens cover in
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 281

a) and d) is 5 cm, the length of the hammer handle in b) is 45 cm, and the diameter of the coin in c) is 2.7 cm.
Photos: P. Kosunen.
282 Paula Kosunen

in places also to muscovite and epidote. Biotite is The mafic minerals are iron-rich, siderophyllitic
the main mafic component of the biotite granite, biotite and hastingsite or ferropargasite, which fre-
although some grains contain remnants of amphi- quently form aggregates of several grains. Biotite
bole and thus are probably secondary in origin. is the sole mafic silicate in some places close to
The hornblende-biotite granite is characterized by the outer margins of the even-grained granite. Al-
a slight preponderance of hastingsite over biotite, teration products include sericite, muscovite, epi-
whereas the hornblende granite contains only a dote, and chlorite. Fluorite and allanite are the
small amount of biotite produced by alteration of most common accessory minerals; zircon, apatite,
hastingsite or ferropargasite. The biotites are si- and oxides occur less frequently.
derophyllitic, rather than annitic, when calculated
to 22 oxygen atoms and 0 OH-groups. The mar-
Obbnäs
gins of the biotite grains are commonly chlori-
tized. Lithological variation comparable to that in the
Fluorite, allanite, zircon, and apatite are acces- Bodom pluton is not present in Obbnäs. The whole
sory minerals in the porphyritic biotite granite; the pluton is composed of porphyritic hornblende-bi-
hornblende-biotite granite has also oxides. The otite granite, except on the southernmost tip of the
hornblende granite does not seem to contain any Obbnäs peninsula, Obbnäsudden, where three va-
allanite and the amount of fluorite is lower than rieties of hybrid granitoids produced by magma
in the other two porphyritic varieties. The porphy- mingling and mixing are exposed (Fig. 4). On the
ritic hornblende granite contains a small amount Obbnäs peninsula and Haukipää (Fig. 4) the por-
of titanite, which occurs as sub- to euhedral grains, phyritic granite also contains mainly ovoidal mag-
usually together with hornblende. Titanite is also matic microgranular enclaves. The pluton is clear-
found in the Obbnäs granites. It should be noted ly outlined with sharp, cutting contacts exposed
that titanite is a relatively common accessory min- especially in the southeast. A contact breccia is
eral in some of the rapakivi-related granites of present in the northwestern rim of the pluton,
Estonia (Soesoo & Niin 1992), the United States where the granite encloses several angular frag-
(Anderson 1980), and Brazil (Dall'Agnol et al. ments of older migmatitic granite. The porphyritic
1997), but is generally rare in the Finnish rapaki- hornblende-biotite granite gradually becomes
vi granites (Laitakari et al. 1996). more mafic towards the southwestern part of the
pluton where it seems to grade into the hybrid
granitoids. Aplitic and pegmatitic dikes, 15 to
Even-grained hornblende-biotite granite 30 cm wide, are relatively common in the south-
The even-grained granite (Fig. 3d) is distinctly red, ern part of the pluton.
medium-grained, and more homogeneous in ap- Magmatic foliation is frequently visible on the
pearance than the porphyritic granites. The grain outcrops as parallel orientation of alkali feldspar
size typically varies from 2 to 5 mm, but in the megacrysts. More intense foliation and signs of
area north of Lake Bodomjärvi and Lake Matala- brittle deformation are locally seen in the north-
järvi (Fig. 2) the rock also contains euhedral al- western part of the pluton; they probably result
kali feldspar grains up to 5 mm wide by 10 mm from movements in the Porkkala-Mäntsälä shear
long and has a weakly porphyritic texture. zone during and after crystallization of the pluton.
The euhedral to anhedral alkali feldspar grains
are crosshatched perthitic microcline, like in the
Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
porphyritic granites, and are locally rimmed by
plagioclase or plagioclase and quartz. Both drop The porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite of Obb-
quartz and interstitial quartz is present. The com- näs (Fig. 5a) is coarser-grained than the porphy-
position of the plagioclase is An17_2o and the sub- ritic granites of Bodom, with groundmass grains
hedral grains frequently have albitic rims (An, 2). varying mostly from 3 to 7 mm in diameter and
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 283

Fig. 4. Lithologic map of the Obbnäs pluton.

alkali feldspar megacrysts from 1 by 2 cm up to fic in character. This change in character is accom-
5 by 5 cm in plan. The granite is red in the north- panied by a change in texture: ovoidal megacrysts
ern part of the pluton, and gets a reddish-brown become more common, plagioclase mantles
hue towards the southwest, where it is more ma- around megacrysts occur more frequently, and the
284 Paula Kosunen

Fig. 5. Photographs of the porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite of Obbnäs: a) typical granite in the northern
part of the pluton, b) the slightly more mafic granite variety in the southern part of the pluton. The diameter of
the lens cover is 5 cm. Photos by P. Kosunen.
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 285

groundmass gets less coarse (Fig. 5b). In the feldspar megacrysts is here called 'densely por-
southern part of the pluton some euhedral plagi- phyritic' (Fig. 6a), whereas the type that has only
oclase grains are present, these are coarser than few megacrysts is 'sparsely porphyritic' (Fig. 6b).
the groundmass and vary in plan from 0.5 by 1 cm The composition of the hybrid granitoids varies
to 1 by 2 cm. from granitic (densely porphyritic) to granodior-
The alkali feldspar of both the groundmass and itic (sparsely porphyritic and even-grained). The
the megacrysts is crosshatched microcline. The even-grained granitoid is found on a small islet
megacrysts typically contain relatively coarse just south of Obbnäsudden, in contact with the
perthite lamellae as well as small euhedral crys- densely porphyritic granitoid (Fig. 6c). The sparse-
tals of plagioclase and quartz. In addition to al- ly porphyritic type generally occurs as irregular
kali feldspar, the groundmass contains variable areas within the densely porphyritic granitoid,
amounts of quartz, plagioclase (An23_27), si- which probably grades into the porphyritic horn-
derophyllitic biotite, and hastingsite. The plagi- blende-biotite granite of Obbnäs. The contacts
oclase grains are commonly altered to sericite, and between the two porphyritic types are everywhere
muscovite, epidote and carbonate also occur in well defined, but not cutting, and in places it is
places. Biotite grains occasionally have chloritized possible to see alkali feldspar megacrysts on their
rims. Accessory euhedral or subhedral titanite, way from the densely porphyritic granitoid into the
metamict allanite, and interstitial fluorite are gen- sparsely porphyritic granitoid (Fig. 6d). The
erally encountered with the main mafic constitu- sparsely porphyritic granitoid is interpreted as
ents. Small euhedral zircon, apatite, and oxide the result of intrusion of more mafic material into
grains are also present. the alkali feldspar megacryst-bearing densely
Signs of brittle deformation are frequently vis- porphyritic granite melt, which had already been
ible in thin section: quartz grains display ubiqui- hybridized in a preceding mixing event. The old-
tous undulose extinction, biotite grains and pla- er Svecofennian granite and gneisses present on
gioclase twin-lamellae are locally bent, and defor- Obbnäsudden are clearly cut by the hybrid grani-
mation lamellae can be seen in titanite grains. In toids, and locally occur as fragments in them
the northwestern part of the pluton, where defor- (Fig. 6e).
mation has been most intense, quartz is sheared In addition to the ovoidal alkali feldspar mega-
and fine-grained, and alkali feldspar megacrysts crysts (2 to 5 cm in diameter), the porphyritic
are broken with fractures often filled with quartz, hybrid granitoids contain euhedral grains of pla-
chlorite, and epidote. gioclase, which are clearly coarser (0.5 by 1 cm
to 1 by 2 cm in plan) than the groundmass. The
sparsely porphyritic granite also contains some
Evidence of interaction of two magmas:
hybrid granitoids and magmatic microgranular relatively large quartz grains (diameter up to
enclaves 1 cm), as well as mineral aggregates coarser than
the groundmass in general. The megacrysts of the
The well-exposed seashore outcrops of Obbnäsud- sparsely porphyritic granite - alkali feldspar, pla-
den, the southernmost tip of the Obbnäs peninsu- gioclase, and quartz - are commonly rounded and
la (Fig. 4), comprise several Svecofennian rock have a slightly corroded appearance, which is one
types and three types of hybrid granitoids, which of the features indicative of mingling of mafic and
belong to the Obbnäs pluton. The latter are, most felsic components in a bimodal magmatic associ-
likely, results of mingling and mixing of two mag- ation (e.g. Cantagrel et al. 1984, Didier 1987, Sa-
mas of slightly different composition. One of the lonsaari & Haapala 1994, Salonsaari 1995).
hybrid granitoids is even-grained; the other two Among the other features typical of the hybrid
types are porphyritic and differ from each other rocks, needle-like apatite is found in the granitoids
by the amount of alkali feldspar megacrysts they of Obbnäsudden, but corona textures (amphibole
contain. The type that contains abundant alkali rims around quartz grains and micrographic pla-
286 Paula Kosunen
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 287

Fig. 6. Photographs of the hybrid granitoids in the

southern part of the Obbnäs pluton: a) densely por-
phyritic hybrid granitoid, b) sparsely porphyritic hy-
brid granitoid, c) even-grained hybrid granitoid in
contact with the densely porphyritic hybrid grani-
toid, d) alkali feldspar megacrysts on their way from
the densely porphyritic hybrid granitoid into the
sparsely porphyritic hybrid granitoid, e) country
rock fragments in the densely porphyritic hybrid
granitoid on the southernmost tip of Obbnäsudden,
f ) a mafic magmatic enclave in the porphyritic horn-
blende-biotite granite. The diameter of the lens cov-
er in a) and b) is 5 cm, the length of the hammer in
c) is 65 cm, the size of the compass in d) and e) is
6.5 by 12.5 cm, and the length of the pen i n f ) is 15
cm. Photos by P. Kosunen, except c) by O. Tapani
Rämö.
288 Paula Kosunen

gioclase-quartz mantles surrounding alkali feld- contain accessory apatite that is occasionally
spar grains) are not present. found as needle-like crystals. The An-content of
The groundmass of the densely porphyritic hy- plagioclase is 28-37 % in the densely porphyritic
brid granitoid contains the same mineral assem- granitoid and 36-41 % in the sparsely porphyrit-
blage as the porphyritic hornblende-biotite gran- ic granite; biotite of both types is siderophyllitic
ite, but the amounts of plagioclase, amphibole, (22 O, anhydrous), and amphibole is ferropargasite
biotite, titanite, and oxides are higher, and the or hastingsite. Compositions of the minerals in the
amounts of alkali feldspar, quartz, allanite, zircon, even-grained variety have not been determined.
and fluorite lower. The groundmass of the sparsely Relatively mafic microgranular enclaves of
porphyritic granitoid is finer-grained (0.5 to 1 mm) magmatic origin can be found in several places in
than that of the densely porphyritic type (1 to 3 the porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite of the
mm), and contains abundant amphibole, biotite, southern Obbnäs pluton, especially in the area of
titanite, and oxides. Plagioclase clearly predomi- Haukipää and Obbnäs peninsula (Fig. 4). The en-
nates over alkali feldspar, quartz is less common claves are usually ovoidal - deformed elongated
than in the densely porphyritic type, zircon and enclaves are found in places - and vary in size
allanite are rare, and fluorite is missing. The even- from 10 to 50 cm (Fig. 6f). They are finer-grained
grained hybrid granitoid is similar to the sparsely than the surrounding granite, contain variable
porphyritic one, but does not contain any alkali amounts of alkali feldspar megacrysts, and com-
feldspar megacrysts. All the hybrid granitoids also monly bear a resemblance to the sparsely porphy-
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 289

ritic hybrid granitoid of Obbnäsudden. Some en- by XRF, rare earth elements and trace elements
claves contain megacrysts that are partially inside Y, Sc, Th, U, Hf, Nb, Ta, Ga, and Zr by ICP-MS.
the surrounding granite, suggesting that the mega- Loss on ignition (L.O.I) was determined gravimet-
crysts originally crystallized from the granitic rically at 1000 °C and fluorine by ion-specific
magma and were subsequently engulfed by glob- electrode.
ules of more mafic magma intruding into the crys-
tallizing magma chamber.
Major elements

The major element compositions of the Bodom

and Obbnäs granites and the hybrid granitoids are
WHOLE-ROCK GEOCHEMISTRY
given in Table 1 and shown in Figs. 7 through 9.
For comparison, the composition of Finnish rapa-
Samples and analytical methods
kivi granites is shown as fields in the diagrams.
Twenty samples were analyzed for major and trace According to the classification of plutonic ig-
element compositions of the Bodom pluton: six neous rocks that is based upon cation proportions
samples from the porphyritic biotite granite, four (De la Roche et al. 1980), the Bodom granites are
from the porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite, syenogranites while the samples from the Obbnäs
two from the porphyritic hornblende granite, and granite fall in the fields of syeno- and monzogran-
eight from the even-grained granite. Twenty-five ites (Fig. 7). The densely porphyritic hybrid gran-
samples came from the Obbnäs pluton: 19 from itoid also has a granitic composition and the
the porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite, five sparsely porphyritic and the even-grained types are
from the hybrid granitoids of Obbnäsudden (one granodioritic. The average major element compo-
from the even-grained type and two from both sitions of the Bodom and Obbnäs granites and the
porphyritic types), and one from a magmatic mi- porphyritic hybrid granitoids are shown in Table 1;
crogranular enclave in the porphyritic hornblende- the complete set of analytical data is available
biotite granite. Most of the samples were taken by from the author by request.
Dr. Seppo Lahti of the Geological Survey of Fin- The porphyritic hornblende granite of Bodom
land in 1984; one sample from the porphyritic contains 64.9 to 69.7 wt% Si0 2 , porphyritic horn-
hornblende granite of Bodom, one from the por- blende-biotite granite 69.7 to 73.7 wt% Si0 2 , por-
phyritic hornblende-biotite granite of Obbnäs, and phyritic biotite granite 71.4 to 75.4 wt% Si0 2 , and
the samples from the hybrid granitoids and the even-grained granite 69.6 to 74.0 wt% SiO, (Fig.
microgranular enclave were taken by the author 8). The major element compositions of the por-
in 1996 and 1998. Sample locations are shown in phyritic granites overlap, but a trend of increas-
Figs. 2 and 4. ing silica content is obvious in the average com-
The samples were crushed with a manganese- positions: the hornblende granite has 67.3 wt%
steel jaw crusher and milled in a carbon-steel pan. SiO,, the hornblende-biotite granite 71.4 wt%
Most of the samples were analyzed at the Geolog- SiO,, and the biotite granite 73.3 wt% SiO, (Ta-
ical Survey of Finland in Otaniemi, Espoo. Five ble 1). Also, the average amount of FeO tot , Ti0 2 ,
samples were analyzed at the XRAL Laboratories A1 2 0 3 , MgO, and P , 0 5 decreases from hornblende
in Ontario, Canada; these include one sample from granite to biotite granite. The even-grained gran-
each of the porphyritic hybrid granitoids, the sam- ite has an average major element composition
ple from the even-grained granitoid and the mag- close to that of the porphyritic biotite granite but
matic microgranular enclave, and a sample from is more homogeneous. Two samples of even-
the porphyritic hornblende granite of Bodom. The grained granite have a lower content of SiO,, and
major elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, a higher content of A1,0 3 , MnO, FeO tot , and K 2 0
and Fe) as well as some of the trace elements (S, than average (Fig. 8).
Cl, V, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, and Pb) were analyzed The porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite of
290 Paula Kosunen

Table 1. Average major element compositions of the Bodom and Obbnäs granites and the porphyritic hybrid
granitoids*

BODOM
Porphyritic granites
Even-grained
Hbl-granite Hbl-bt-granite Bt-granite granite

4-
3"
wt% (n = 2) (n = 6) (n = 8)

M
Si0 2 67.30 ±3.39 71.35 ± 1.69 73.30 ± 1.43 72.38 ± 1.72
TiOi 0.41 +0.21 0.24 ± 0.02 0.16 ±0.02 0.22 ± 0.04
A1Ä 14.05 ±0.21 13.38 ± 0 . 6 7 12.72 ±0.73 12.39 ±0.54
FeOtol 5.27 ±2.51 3.23 ± 0 . 2 2 2.48 + 0.44 3.48 ± 0.54
Fe 2 0 3tM 5.85 ±2.79 3.59 ±0.24 2.75 ± 0.49 3.87 ±0.60
MnO 0.08 ± 0.05 0.04 ±0.01 0.03 ±0.01 0.04 ±0.01
MgO 0.31 ±0.01 0.19 ±0.05 0.18 ± 0.11 0.16 ±0.07
CaO 2.09 ±1.41 1.19 ± 0.12 1.06 ±0.16 1.24 + 0.12
Na 2 0 2.95 ± 0.24 2.70 ± 0 . 1 3 2.67 ±0.19 2.50 ±0.14
K,6 5.68 ± 1.48 6.01+0.59 5.63 ±0.62 5.83 ±0.23
P2O5 0.062 ± 0.040 0.033 ± 0.005 0.024 ± 0.007 -

LOI 0.48 ±0.18 0.45 ±0.13 0.75 ±0.15 0.76 ±0.20

Total 98.97 ±0.69 99.06 ± 0.43 99.37 ±0.31 99.57 ± 0.50

ACNK 0.96 ±0.11 1.02 ±0.01 1.03 ± 0.04 0.98 ±0.01
K 2 0/Na 2 0 1.95 ± 0.66 2.23 ±0.23 2.13 ±0.35 2.34 ±0.11
Fe/Mg 0.94 ± 0.03 0.94 ±0.01 0.93 ±0.04 0.95 ±0.02

OBBNÄS
Porphyritic hbl- Densely porphyr. Sparsely porphyr.
bt-granite hybrid granitoid hybrid granitoid
wt% (n = 19) (n = 2) (n = 2)

Si0 2 70.14 ±2.10 66.05 ± 0.64 62.60 ±0.28

TiO, 0.38 ±0.14 0.53 ±0.08 1.18 ±0.07
AI 2 6 3 13.99 ±0.79 15.20 ±0.42 14.25 ±0.35
FeOtot 3.42 ± 0.90 4.26 ±0.75 8.02 ±0.16
Fe203Eot 3.80 ± 1.00 4.73 ± 0 . 8 3 8.91 ±0.17
MnO 0.04 ±0.01 0.05 ±0.02 0.11 ±0.00
MgO 0.53 ±0.22 0.68 ± 0.00 1.29 ±0.31
CaO 1.46 ±0.48 2.16 ±0.50 4.08 ± 0.25
Na 2 0 2.78 ±0.32 2.71 ±0.12 2.71 ±0.17
K?0 5.64 ±0.59 6.05 ±0.92 3.51 ±0.37
P2O5 0.096 ± 0.044 0.166 ±0.023 0.421 ±0.013
LOI 0.68 ± 0.29 0.70 ± 0 . 1 4 0.63 ±0.11

Total 99.35 ±0.35 98.76 ± 1.02 99.15 ±0.42

ACNK 1.05 ± 0.04 1.02 ±0.04 0.91 ±0.04
K 2 0/Na 2 0 2.06 ±0.36 2.25 ± 0.44 1.29 ±0.06
Fe/Mg 0.87 ±0.04 0.86 ±0.02 0.86 ± 0.03

* The analytical data is available from the author by request.

FeO101 calculated from Fe 2 0 3to , according to Ragland (1989)
ACNK = Al 2 0 3 /(Na 2 0 + Ca0+K 2 0), molar ratio
Fe/Mg = FeOtot/(FeOtot + MgO)
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 291

2000
•olivine
gabbro
''alkali
gabbro

syenogabbro /
essexite <4-°
R2
syenodiorite

1000 I monzonite\

tonalite

nepheline quartz
syenite monzonite granodiorite
+
syenite
xsv ^ monzogranite
quartz
syenite
V;
alkali g r a n i t e

1000 2000 3000

R1
Obbnäs
Finnish rapakivi granites
• Even-grained hybrid granitoid
Bodom • Sparsely poiphyritic hybrid granitoid
• Porphyritic hornblende granite • Densely porphyritic hybrid granitoid
• Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite H Magmatic microgranular enclave
V Porphyritic biotite granite in porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite

O Even-grained granite + Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite

Fig. 7. Classification of the Bodom and Obbnäs granites and the hybrid granitoids using the parameters R1 and
R2 (De la Roche et al. 1980), calculated from millication proportions. R1 = 4Si - ll(Na + K) - 2(Fe + Ti); R2
= 6Ca + 2Mg + Al. The data that were used to construct the fields for the Finnish rapakivi granites include
rocks from the rapakivi areas of Wiborg (Sahama 1945, Lokka 1950, Rieder et al. 1996), Suomenniemi (Rämö
1991), Jaala-Iitti (Salonsaari 1995), Ahvenisto (Savolahti 1956), Laitila (Sahama 1945, Lokka 1950, Vorma 1976),
Vehmaa (Sahama 1945), Eurajoki (Haapala 1977), and Åland (Sahama 1945).

Obbnäs is less evolved in character than the Bo- densely porphyritic hybrid granitoid contains 65.6
dom granites. It contains 66.4 to 73.8 wt% SiO, to 66.5 wt% SiO,, and has a major element com-
and has a generally lower content of K 2 0 , and a position similar to that of the least evolved sam-
higher content of Ti0 2 , CaO, MgO, and P 2 0 5 than ples of the porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
the latter (Fig. 8 and Table 1). Samples with the (Fig. 8). The compositions of the sparsely porphy-
least evolved major element composition are ritic and even-grained granitoids are more primi-
present in the southern part of the pluton, in agree- tive with 62.4 to 62.8 and 64.6 wt% SiO,, respec-
ment with the field observations of the more ma- tively, which is probably due to a smaller propor-
fic nature of the granite in the southwest. The tion of alkali feldspar megacrysts in the mixture.
292 Paula Kosunen

Bodom Obbnäs
Finnishrapakivigranites T Porphyritic hornblende granite • Even-grained hybrid granitoid
(about 85 % of the rocks
" Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite • Sparsely porphyritic hybrid granitoid
plot within the area)
V Porphyritic biotite granite • Densely porphyritic hybrid granitoid
O Even-grained granite H Magmatic microgranular enclave
in porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
+ Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
Fig. 8. Harker-variation diagrams for the major element compositions (wt%) of the Bodom and Obbnäs granites
and the hybrid granitoids. Data for the Finnish rapakivi granite fields as in Fig. 7.

The magmatic microgranular enclave contains w i t h i n the g r a y f i e l d s in F i g . 8, as d o m o s t of t h e

61.9 w t % S i 0 2 and r e s e m b l e s the sparsely p o r p h y - B o d o m and Obbnäs granites. The most notable
ritic g r a n i t o i d . d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n the m a j o r e l e m e n t c o m p o s i -
A b o u t 85 % of the Finnish rapakivi granites plot tions of t h e B o d o m a n d O b b n ä s g r a n i t e s a n d the
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 293

other Finnish rapakivi granites seem to be the batholith, where Rb/Ba and Rb/Sr vary from 0.13
lower P , 0 5 in Bodom and lower FeO to , and partly and 1.26 in hornblende granite to 3.45 and 26.5
higher A1 2 0, in Obbnäs. in topaz-bearing granite. The values for Rb/Ba and
According to Fig. 9, both the Bodom and Obb- Rb/Sr of the Bodom granites settle between the
näs granites are subalkaline, peraluminous to met- values for the biotite-hornblende and biotite gran-
aluminous granites, with average A/CNK values ites of Suomenniemi, as does the average Si0 2
of 1.00 and 1.05, and K 2 0 / N a 2 0 of 2.22 and 2.06, content. The Rb/Ba of the Obbnäs granite resem-
respectively; the corresponding average values for bles the average value for the hornblende granite
Finnish rapakivi granites are 0.99 and 2.33 (Rämö of Suomenniemi (lower Si0 2 than in the Obbnäs
& Haapala 1995). The granites of both plutons granite), but the Rb/Sr is clearly lower in the
also have the high Fe/Mg typical of rapakivi gran- former.
ites; the average FeO tot /(FeO tol + MgO) is 0.94 for The difference in the fluorine content of the
the Bodom granites and 0.87 for the Obbnäs gran- Bodom and Obbnäs granites is also noteworthy.
ites. In the Finnish rapakivi granites this ratio var- In the Bodom granites, the amount of fluorine
ies from 0.79 to 1.00 (Rämö & Haapala 1995). It varies from 1300 to 6600 ppm, with an average
should be noted, however, that there is a clear dif- of 3400 ppm, while the porphyritic hornblende-
ference in the overall Fe/Mg ratio between Bod- biotite granite of Obbnäs contains only 200 to
om and Obbnäs, with a higher ratio in the former. 1700 ppm fluorine, the average being as low as
The hybrid granitoids shown in Fig. 9 are excluded 1111 ppm (Table 2, Fig. 10). As the highest
from the averages above; averages for the differ- amounts of fluorine are usually encountered in
ent granitoid types are given in Table 1. highly fractionated, high-silica rapakivi granites,
the Obbnäs granite could be expected to contain
a lower amount of fluorine than the more evolved
Trace elements
Bodom granites. However, the porphyritic horn-
The average trace element composition of the blende granite of Bodom, with a lower average
Bodom and Obbnäs granites and the porphyritic S i 0 2 than the Obbnäs granite, also contains a
hybrid granitoids are given in Table 2. Rapakivi clearly higher amount of fluorine, 1750 ppm on
granites by definition have the geochemical char- the average. In the mean compositions of the Wi-
acteristics of A-type granites (Haapala & Rämö borg and Laitila rapakivi granites and the horn-
1992), which include high contents of high field blende and biotite-hornblende granites of the
strength elements such as Ga, Zr, and REE (ex- Suomenniemi complex, with Si0 2 contents lower
cluding Eu), high F content, and high Ga/Al, Rb/ than in the Obbnäs granite or close to it, the
Ba and Rb/Sr (Whalen et al. 1987, Rämö 1991). amount of fluorine is 1900 to 2600 ppm (Rämö
The trace element contents are generally higher in & Haapala 1995, Table 2), again considerably
the Bodom granites than in the porphyritic horn- higher than in the Obbnäs granite.
blende-biotite granite of Obbnäs (Fig. 10), but The average trace element composition of the
there are two important exceptions: Ba and Sr. The hybrid granitoids differs from that of the porphy-
average Rb/Ba and Rb/Sr of the Bodom granites ritic hornblende-biotite granite of Obbnäs (Fig.
are 0.44 and 3.14, while the values for the por- 10). The higher amounts of Ba and Sr in the hy-
phyritic hornblende-biotite granite of Obbnäs are brid granites suggest that the anomalously high Ba
considerably lower, 0.14 and 0.89. Rämö and Haa- and Sr contents of the Obbnäs granite could also
pala (1995, Table 2) presented area-weighted be explained by mixing, especially because the
mean composition of rapakivi granites of the Wi- contact between the hybrid granitoids and the ac-
borg and Laitila batholiths and reported Rb/Ba of tual granite is gradational. High Ba and Sr con-
0.24 and 0.23, and Rb/Sr of 2.23 and 2.50, respec- tents are, however, found also in samples from the
tively. They also presented the mean composition northern half of the pluton where no clear evi-
of different granite types of the Suomenniemi dence of mixing is present. Also, the low amount
294 Paula Kosunen

BODOM OBBNÄS

a) A/CNK 2

peraluminous peraluminous
1
T
metaluminous metaluminous

0
60 70 60 70
SiO,(wt%) SiO, (wt%)

b) Na,0+K,0 (wt%) 15 15

12 - 12

... %
9 9
B

6 +
6 0 -
Alkaline Alkaline
3 3
Subalkaline Subalkaline
0 0
40 50 60 70 80 40 50 60 70 80
SiOj (wf/o) SiO, (wt%)
1.0 1.0
RRG+CEUG +
(wt%) RRG+CEJG YTÅ&Y \
0.9 +
0.9 • B N+V++ +
—
0.8 0.8
POCJ/ H
POG
+
0.7 0.7
IAG+CAG+CCG IAG+CAGHXG
0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5
60 65 70 75 60 65 70 75
Si02(wt%) Si02(wt%)

Finnish rapakivi granites Obbnäs

• Even-grained hybrid granitoid
Bodom
• Sparsely porphyritic hybrid granitoid
• Porphyritic hornblende granite
• Densely porphyritic hybrid granitoid
i Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
H Magmatic microgranular enclave
V Porphyritic biotite granite in porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
O Even-grained granite
+ Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite

Fig. 9. Bodom and Obbnäs granites and the hybrid granitoids plotted in a) A/CNK vs. Si02, b) K20+Na20 vs.
SiO2, and c) FeOto/(FeOlcll+MgO) vs. Si02 variation diagrams. The line separating the alkaline and subalkaline
fields in b) is from Irvine and Baragar (1971). The fields in c) are from Maniar and Piccoli (1989): RRG - rift-
related granitoids, CEUG - continental epeirogenic uplift granitoids, POG - post-orogenic granitoids, IAG -
island arc granitoids, CAG - continental arc granitoids, CCG - continental collision granitoids. Data for the
Finnish rapakivi granite fields as in Fig. 7.
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 295

Table 2. Average trace element compositions of the Bodom and Obbnäs granites and the porphyritic hybrid granitoids*

BODOM OBBNÄS
Porphyritic granites
Hbl-granite Hbl-bt-granite Bt-granite Even-grained Porphyritic hbl- Densely Sparsely
granite bt-granite porphyr. porphyr.
hybrid hybrid
granitoid granitoid
ppm (n = 2) (n = 4) (n = 6) (n = 8) (n = 19) (n = 2) (n = 2)

F 1750 ± 3 5 3 1725 ± 700 3400 ±1200 4775 ± 1424 1111 ± 4 0 7 1105 ± 7 0 0 1780 ± 4 5 2
Cl 475 ± 2 1 9 395 ± 57 222 ± 82 342±118 239 ± 8 1 365 ± 2 3 3 655 ± 1 7 6
Ba 1788 ± 2 3 7 1309 ± 5 2 1 701 ± 2 4 7 483 ± 193 1449 + 590 2283 ± 4 2 1 1693 ± 2 5
Rb 190 ± 45 211 ± 13 269 ± 49 257 + 24 159 ± 2 2 157 ± 2 5 96 + 11
Sr 168 ± 10 131 ± 3 0 91 ± 2 4 62 ± 13 215 ± 7 8 316 ± 6 381 ± 4
Y 96 ± 2 9 78 ± 1 4 82 ± 3 4 124 ± 18 55 ± 16 53 ± 8 62 ± 1
Zr 795 ± 474 411 ± 7 6 278 ± 42 487 ± 114 432 ± 113 521 + 18 669 ± 1
Nb 74 ± 3 2 46 ± 9 42 ± 17 79 ± 12 24 ± 6 31 ± 5 34 ± 2
Th 20 ± 9 33 ± 10 44 ± 12 36 ± 4 20 ± 12 11 ± 0 5±3
Pb 27 ± 2 4 48 ± 6 48 ± 6 53 ± 6 38 ± 5 25 ± 18 _
Ga 33 ± 5 29 ± 2 28 ± 1 33 ± 1 25 ± 2 27 ± 1 27 ±2
Zn 144 ± 3 1 105 ± 18 78 ± 17 143 ± 3 7 68 ± 19 80 ± 2 7 131 ±23
V - 9.0 ± 2 . 0 7.0 ± 2 . 0 7.0 ± 3 . 0 22.0 ± 9 . 0 27.5 ± 13.4 71.5 ±19.1
Hf 20.1 ± 11.2 11.0 ± 1.6 8.7 ± 1.5 14.5 ± 2 . 5 10.5 ± 2 . 3 11.0 + 1.4 15.3 ±1.0
Sc 6.8 ± 3 . 3 4.3 ± 1.0 3.6 ± 4 . 6 5.0 ± 2 . 0 7.1 ± 2 . 0 8.8 ± 2 . 8 16.6 ±3.1
Ta - 1.7 ± 0 . 4 2.0 ± 0 . 4 3.5 ± 0 . 7 0.9 ± 0 . 2 - -

U 3.5 ± 0 . 4 2.8 ± 0 . 4 5.8 ± 3 . 1 5.3 ± 0 . 9 2.8 ± 0 . 9 1.8 ± 0 . 1 0.9 ± 0 . 2

Ga/Al 4.47 ± 0.79 4.08 ±0.18 4.22 + 0.30 5.01 ±0.16 3.37 ±0.26 3.32 ±0.21 3.62 ± 0 . 2 3
Rb/Ba 0.11 ±0.01 0.19 ±0.09 0.46 ± 0.29 0.64 ± 0.32 0.14 ± 0.10 0.07 ± 0.00 0.06 ±0.01
Rb/Sr 1.14 ±0.34 1.68 ±0.44 3.22+1.30 4.32 ± 1.10 0.89 ±0.46 0.50 + 0.07 0.25 ±0.03
La 169.50 ±36.06 200.25 ± 32.08 143.63 + 37.59 291.13 ±43.70 117.32 ±58.35 121.00 ± 12.73 88.00 ±0.85
Ce 328.50 ± 54.45 376.75 ± 58.15 276.67 ± 64.40 566.75 ±71.99 230.26 ± 110.74 231.00 ± 9 . 9 0 198.50 ±9.19
Pr 38.65 ±5.30 42.95 ± 6.65 31.68 ±9.76 64.89 ±7.88 26.01 ±11.65 26.05 ±0.21 24.75 ± 0 . 7 8
Nd 147.00 ± 9.90 151.75 ±26.51 110.45 ±38.73 234.63 ± 28.94 92.22 ±37.53 94.10 ± 1.41 97.60 ± 6.22
Sm 27.20 ± 2.97 25.20 ±4.20 19.78 ±7.46 39.61 ±5.31 15.54 ±5.37 15.65 ±0.35 17.40 ± 0.99
Eu 4.55 ±0.57 3.04 ±0.84 1.71 ±0.57 2.81 ±0.46 2.32 ±0.67 3.20 ±0.11 3.59 ±0.28
Gd 24.65 ± 3.32 22.58 ±4.78 18.27 ±7.31 35.38 ±5.14 14.14 ±4.60 14.80 ±0.42 16.20 ±0.28
Tb 3.68 ±0.88 3.13 ± 0 . 6 3 2.71 + 1.16 4.88 ±0.72 1.94 ±0.60 2.09 ± 0.02 2.33 ±0.25
Dy 18.95 ±6.29 15.00 ±3.40 13.82 ±6.49 24.09 ±4.38 9.42 ± 2.74 10.20 ±0.14 11.90 ± 1.70
Ho 3.44 ± 1.07 2.74 ±0.57 2.68 ± 1.29 4.29 ±0.73 1.75 ±0.49 1.93 ±0.04 2.28 ±0.33
Er 9.51 ±3.67 7.19 ± 1.48 7.33 ±3.32 11.06 ± 1.77 4.64 ± 1.21 5.05 ± 0.06 6.12 ±0.54
Tm 1.38 ±0.59 0.95 ±0.16 1.02 ±0.43 1.45 ±0.23 0.61 ±0.16 0.71 ±0.01 0.89 ±0.16
Yb 7.96 ±2.89 5.59 ±0.88 6.27 + 2.28 8.64 ± 1.33 3.84 ±0.90 4.28 + 0.25 5.31 ±0.27
Lu 1.26 ±0.60 0.80 ±0.14 0.90 ±0.30 1.18 ±0.18 0.55 ±0.12 0.65 ±0.08 0.83 ±0.12
(La/Yb) N 16.01 ±8.89 24.25 ± 1.05 16.58 ±5.04 23.04 ±3.61 20.40 ± 7.73 19.20 ±3.15 11.21 ±0.46
(Eu/Eu*) N 0.53 ±0.00 0.38 ± 0.03 0.29 ±0.10 0.23 ± 0.03 0.52 ± 0.22 0.63 ± 0.04 0.64 ± 0.02

* The analytical data is available from the author by request.

Ga/Al=10000*Ga/Al 2 0 3 *0.5292; conversion factor for AI,0 3 according to Ragland (1989)
(La/Yb) N and (Eu/Eu*) N are chondrite-normalized ratios: normalizing values according to
Taylor and McLennan (1985)
296 Paula Kosunen

10000

1000

I 100

10

Cl Ba Rb Zr Nb Th Pb Ga Zn V Hf Sc Ta
Fig. 10. A spiderogram showing average trace element compositions (ppm) of the Bodom and Obbnäs granites
and the hybrid granitoids.

of fluorine in the hornblende-biotite granite can- rocks of Obbnäs the ratio is slightly lower, 3.01
not be explained by mixing, as the fluorine con- to 4.18 in the porphyritic hornblende-biotite gran-
tents are higher in the hybrid granites, and thus ite and 2.46 to 4.09 in the hybrid granitoids, but
mixing would have elevated the fluorine content still high enough to set them apart from S-, M-,
in the granite instead of lowering it. and I-type granites. Also, the high Zr-, Nb-, Ce-,
Despite the peculiarities in the trace element and Y-content of the Bodom and Obbnäs rocks
composition, the porphyritic hornblende-biotite separates them from highly fractionated, non-per-
granite of Obbnäs plots into the A-type granite alkaline I- or S-type granites, which can have ge-
field in the Ga/Al-discrimination diagrams, togeth- ochemical features resembling the A-type (Figs.
er with the hybrid granitoids and the Bodom gran- 11c and l i d ) .
ites (Figs. 11a and l i b ) . The Ga/Al-ratio varies In the tectonic discrimination diagrams of
from 3.78 to 5.22 in the Bodom pluton, where the Pearce et al. (1984), the Bodom and Obbnäs gran-
highest values are encountered in the even-grained ites plot into the field of within-plate granites of
granite (averages are given in Table 2). In the attenuated continental crust (Fig. 12); the Finnish
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 297

a) b)
Zr
1 1 ' i

/ \\
1 / i \ 1 i
T
1 100
90
80
Nb
' 1 1 ' 1 '
•
o

0 °
° o -

70 - s .. v o

/ \ °
600
/
/
+
O
+
o •
60
50
/ •
V
o

V
_
\ B 40

-
v o V 0 • ffi P
30 - B
S A v ../
A
M 20
I V +1 v v 1
SMI
-v. , 1..,- , 1
10 + 1 i

3 4 5 3 4 5
10000*Ga/Al 10000*Ga/Al
c)
50
FeO*/MgO (K^O+Ni ijO)/CaO
V o o °
+
- " v O
FG + 7 •
v i o T
V,
v ¥ o vJ- *
?r
10
D

FG "^S-tQ \
B
ti
SMI +

200 1000 2000 200 1000 2000

ZH-Nb+Ce+Y Zr+Nb+Ce+Y

Finnish rapakivi granites Obbnäs

Bodom • Even-grained hybrid granitoid
H Sparsely-porphyritic hybrid granitoid
• Porphyritic hornblende granite
• Densely-porphyritic hybrid granitoid
» Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
H Magmatic microgranular enclave
V Porphyritic biotite granite
in porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
O Even-grained granite + Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
Fig. 11. Bodom and Obbnäs granites and the hybrid granitoids plotted in a) Zr vs. 10000*Ga/Al, b) Nb vs.
10000*Ga/Al, c) FeOJMgO vs. Zr+Nb+Ce+Y, and d) (K20+Na20)/Ca0 vs. Zr+Nb+Ce+Y discrimination dia-
grams of Whalen et al. (1987). Data for the Finnish rapakivi granite fields as in Fig. 7.

in the B o d o m a n d O b b n ä s plutons. F r o m the c h o n - that the B o d o m g r a n i t e s c o n t a i n h i g h e r a m o u n t s

d r i t e - n o r m a l i z e d a v e r a g e s in Fig. 13a and f r o m the of the R E E than the p o r p h y r i t i c h o r n b l e n d e - b i o t i t e
a v e r a g e a m o u n t s g i v e n in T a b l e 2, it c a n b e seen g r a n i t e of O b b n ä s . A l s o , t h e R E E c o n t e n t of the
298 Paula Kosunen

Y Y+Nb

Finnish rapakivi granites Obbnäs

Bodom • Even-grained hybrid granitoid
• Porphyritic hornblende granite Q Sparsely-porphyritic hybrid granitoid
• Densely-porphyritic hybrid granitoid
» Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
B Magmatic microgranular enclave
V Porphyritic biotite granite in potphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
O Even-grained granite + Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
Fig. 12. Bodom and Obbnäs granites and the hybrid granitoids plotted in a) Nb vs. Y, and b) Rb vs. Y+Nb tec-
tonic discrimination diagrams of Pearce et al. (1984). WPG - within-plate granites, acc-WPG - attenuated con-
tinental crust within-plate granites, VAG - volcanic arc granites, syn-COLG - syn-collision granites, ORG -
ocean ridge granites, an-ORG - anomalous ocean ridge granites. Data for the Finnish rapakivi granite fields as
in Fig. 7.

even-grained Bodom granite is distinctly higher aly, average Eu/Eu* 0.52, in line with the more
than those of the porphyritic Bodom granites, primitive character of the rock. The average (La/
which supports the idea suggested by the field Yb) N and Eu/Eu* of the Finnish rapakivi granites
observations of a separate intrusion phase. All the are 9.24 and 0.26, respectively (Rämö & Haapala
patterns show a strong LREE-enrichment: the av- 1995). The smaller (La/Yb) N value and the pro-
erage (La/Yb) N is 19.0 for the porphyritic Bodom nounced negative Eu-anomaly reflect the presence
granites, 23.0 for the even-grained Bodom gran- in several Finnish rapakivi suites of highly frac-
ite, and 20.4 for the porphyritic hornblende-biotite tionated, topaz-bearing granites, which character-
granite of Obbnäs. The average Eu/Eu* for the istically show a flat chondrite-normalized pattern
porphyritic Bodom granites is 0.36, and the in- with a strong Eu-depletion. The representative
crease in the depth of the anomaly from the horn- samples of the hornblende and biotite granites of
blende granite to biotite granite (see Table 2) the Suomenniemi complex (Rämö 1991) have
agrees with the idea of a single fractionation se- REE patterns fairly similar to the Obbnäs and
ries. The strongest Eu-depletion is found in the Bodom granites (Fig. 13a).
even-grained Bodom granite, for which the aver- The hybrid granitoids (including the magmatic
age Eu/Eu* is 0.23. The porphyritic hornblende- microgranular enclave) are slightly enriched in
biotite granite of Obbnäs has a weaker Eu-anom- HREE in comparison to the porphyritic horn-
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 299

a) 1000

Hornblende
_ granite of the
Suomenniemi
complex

Bodom
Biotite granite of the T Porphyritic hornblende granite
Suomenniemi complex v Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite
V Porphyritic biotite granite
O Even-grained granite

La Ce Pr Nd S m E u Gd Tb Dy Ho Er T m Y b Lu

b) Obbnäs
O Hybrid granitoids and the magmatic
microgranular enclave in porphyritic
hornblende-biotite granite

+ Porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite

La Ce Pr N d S m E u G d T b D y H o Er T m Y b L u

Fig. 13. Average chondrite-normalized REE contents of a) the Bodom and Obbnäs granites compared to repre-
sentative samples of the rapakivi granites of the Suomenniemi complex (Rämö 1991), and b) the porphyritic horn-
blende-biotite granite and the hybrid granitoids of Obbnäs compared to the magmatic mafic enclaves (MME) of
the Jaala-Iitti complex (Salonsaari 1995). The normalizing values according to Taylor and McLennan (1985).

blende-biotite granite of O b b n ä s and h a v e a small- R E E p a t t e r n s of t h e r o c k s of t h e O b b n ä s p l u t o n

er n e g a t i v e E u - a n o m a l y (Fig. 13b): t h e a v e r a g e r e s e m b l e t h e p a t t e r n s of t h e h y b r i d r o c k s ( M M E )
( L a / Y b ) N f o r the h y b r i d g r a n i t o i d s is 15.2 a n d E u / of t h e Jaala—Iitti c o m p l e x ( S a l o n s a a r i 1995).
E u * is 0 . 6 2 . T h e c h o n d r i t e - n o r m a l i z e d average
300 Paula Kosunen

DISCUSSION of fractionation that would produce a melt with

Ba, Rb, and Sr contents similar to the porphyritic
According to Sederholm (1926), the Bodom and hornblende-biotite granite of Bodom from a melt
Obbnäs granites do not have a clear petrogenetic with the contents similar to the porphyritic horn-
relation with either the Svecofennian granites or blende-biotite granite of Obbnäs. Five-percent
the rapakivi granites of southeastern Finland. The fractionation of the granitic assemblage (model 1)
foliation observed especially in the Obbnäs gran- produces Ba contents close to the value of the
ite was the main reason why he thought the two Bodom granite; the slightly more mafic, granodi-
plutons were somewhat older than the rapakivi oritic mineral assemblage (model 2) requires a
granites as the latter seldom show clear foliation. somewhat higher degree of crystallization (7 %).
The U-Pb age data by Vaasjoki (1977), however, Clearly higher degrees of fractionation are re-
together with the fact that the non-magmatic fo- quired to produce Rb and Sr contents similar to
liation in the plutons can be attributed to defor- those in the Bodom granite (33 % and 24 % in
mation in the Porkkala-Mäntsälä shear zone model 1, and 35 % and 31 % in model 2, respec-
(Elminen 1999), makes it unnecessary to distin- tively). Thus the observed differences in the Ba,
guish the Bodom and Obbnäs granites from the Rb, and Sr contents of the porphyritic hornblende-
rapakivi granites of Finland. Also, these two plu- biotite granites of Obbnäs and Bodom cannot be
tons show the petrographic and geochemical fea- explained by simple fractional crystallization.
tures typical of rapakivi granites in Finland and According to Beard et al. (1993), the most im-
elsewhere. portant factor in producing recognizable signatures
Even though both the Bodom and Obbnäs gran- in Ba, Eu, K/Ba, and Ba/Rb is the relative stabil-
ites can be classified as rapakivi granites accord- ity of K-feldspar during partial melting. Their
ing to the definition by Haapala and Rämö (1992), melting experiments showed that partial melting
there are some features that require further con- of a source in which potassium-rich feldspar is
sideration - variation in the contents of Ba, Rb, stable (granodioritic starting material) will produce
and Sr in particular. The two plutons are situated granitic, metaluminous to slightly peraluminous
rather close to each other and include porphyritic melts with low Ba and Ba/Rb, high K/Ba, and
granites that show many features in common, so large negative Eu-anomalies. When potassium-rich
the possibility that their granites are related to each feldspar is not present in the restite (dioritic start-
other by fractional crystallization must be consid- ing material) the melts will be granitic, strongly
ered. In this scenario the Bodom and Obbnäs gran- metaluminous, enriched in CaO, Ti0 2 , MgO, and
ites could represent two different levels of one FeO, and depleted in S i 0 2 and K 2 0 compared to
initial pluton, now exposed and torn apart by the melts of the granodiorite, and will have high
movements along the Porkkala-Mäntsälä shear Ba contents. These observations match the chem-
zone. The more primitive Obbnäs granite would ical features of the Bodom and Obbnäs granites:
represent lower parts of this hypothetical pluton, compared to the Bodom granites, the Obbnäs gran-
and the more evolved Bodom granites its upper ite has higher contents of Ba and Sr, is enriched
parts. The porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite in CaO, Ti0 2 , MgO, and FeO, depleted in Si0 2
of Obbnäs contains ca. 70 wt% Si0 2 , 1450 ppm and K 2 0 (see Fig. 8), and has a relatively small
Ba, 160 ppm Rb, and 220 ppm Sr, on average. The Eu-depletion (see Fig. 13). Thus, derivation from
porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite of Bodom compositionally different sources seems to provide
is slightly more silicic, with average SiO, of an explanation to the observed chemical differenc-
71 wt%, Ba 1310 ppm, Rb 210 ppm, and Sr es between the two plutons. Possible source com-
130 ppm. Two models (Table 3) involving frac- positions might be granodioritic (Bodom pluton)
tional crystallization (Rayleigh fractionation) of and tonalitic or quartz dioritic rather than dioritic
slightly different mineral assemblages (granitic (Obbnäs pluton), considering the metaluminous to
and granodioritic) were used to define the degree slightly peraluminous character of the Bodom and
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 301

Table 3. Behavior of Ba, Rb, and Sr during fractional crystallization of two slightly different mineral assem-
blages (granitic and granodioritic) from a parent melt with composition similar to the porphyritic hornblende-
biotite granite of Obbnäs.

Model 1 (granitic) Model 2 (granodioritic)

Crystallizing 15 % quartz, 34 % alkali 15 % quartz, 18 % alkali
mineral feldspar, 34 % plagioclase, feldspar, 35 % plagioclase,
assemblage 10 % hornblende, 7 % biotite 20 % hornblende, 12 % biotite
Ba 2.87 2.39
D Rb 0.29 0.35
Sr 2.83 2.28
Ba 1449 1449
C 0 (ppm) Rb 159 159
Sr 215 215

Fractional crystallization
(Rayleigh fractionation)
C = C 0 F (D "" (ppm) C = C0F<°-" (ppm)
F Ba Rb Sr Ba Rb Sr
0.95 1316 165 196 1349 164 201
0.93 1265 167 188 1309 167 196
0.76 867 193 130 989 190 151
0.69 724 207 109 865 202 133
0.67 685 211 103 830 206 129
0.65 647 212 98 796 210 124
Determined average amounts of Ba, Rb, and Sr in the porphyritic
hornblende-biotite granites of Obbnäs and Bodom
B a (ppm) Rb (ppm) Sr (ppm)
Obbnäs (C0) 1449 159 215
Bodom (C) 1309 211 131
D is the bulk partition coefficient. The mineral/melt partition coefficients used in the calculation of D are from Rollinson
(1993, Table 4.3).
C 0 is the trace element abundance in the parent melt (equal to the porphyritic hbl-bt granite of Obbnäs).
F is the amount of the residual (daughter) melt.
C is the trace element abundance in the residual (daughter) melt (equal to the porphyritic hbl-bt granite of Bodom).

Obbnäs granites (see Fig. 9). Detailed quantitative Niin 1992, Laitakari et al. 1996) do contain ac-
modelling and isotopic studies of the Bodom and cessory titanite. According to Dall'Agnol et al.
Obbnäs granites are currently under way and the (1997), the Jamon granite represents a magnetite-
results will be presented in a separate paper. bearing, more oxidized subgroup of the A-type
Accessory titanite is present in the porphyritic granites, while the Finnish rapakivi granites, for
hornblende-biotite granite and the hybrid grani- example, belong to 'typical' ilmenite-bearing A-
toids of the Obbnäs pluton, but it is rare in the type granites. These authors further state that the
other Finnish rapakivi granites (Laitakari et al. differences in the oxygen fugacities of these two
1996). Some of the Proterozoic rapakivi granites groups reflect differences in magma sources or in
elsewhere, for example the Wolf River batholith magmatic evolution. The presence of accessory
in Wisconsin, U.S.A. (Anderson 1980), the Jamon titanite in the Obbnäs pluton suggests that it is
granite in Brazil (Dall'Agnol et al. 1997), and sev- more oxidized than the Bodom pluton in which
eral of the Estonian rapakivi granites (Soesoo & rare titanite is found only in the porphyritic horn-
302 Paula Kosunen

blende granite. Also, the comparatively lower Fe- and plagioclase ( A n ^ , ) , with iron-rich biotite
O tot /(FeO tol +MgO) in the Obbnäs granite is indic- and/or amphibole (ferropargasite or hastingsite) as
ative of more oxidizing conditions during the mag- the mafic silicates. Accessory minerals include
matic evolution of the Obbnäs pluton, compared fluorite, zircon, allanite, apatite, oxides, and - in
to that of the Bodom pluton and similar Finnish the Obbnäs pluton - titanite.
rapakivi granites. The Jamon and Musa granites 5. The Bodom and Obbnäs granites have the
of the Amazonian Craton also display Fe/Mg sim- geochemical characteristics of subalkaline A-type
ilar to those of the Obbnäs granite (Dall'Agnol et granites. They are metaluminous to slightly per-
al. 1999). These observations are compatible with aluminous, with average A/CNK of 1.00 (Bodom)
the idea of different sources for the Obbnäs and and 1.05 (Obbnäs). Fe/Mg is high for both the
Bodom granites. Bodom and Obbnäs granites: average FeO,OI/
Interestingly enough, some of the Estonian ra- (FeO, ot +MgO) is 0.94 and 0.87, respectively. They
pakivi granites show features similar to the Obb- also have high Ga/Al and plot into the A-type
näs granite: they contain accessory titanite, have granite field in the discrimination diagrams of
low contents of F, high contents of B a, and a low Whalen et al. (1987). The REE contents are high
Rb/Sr (Soesoo & Niin 1992, Kirs & Petersell with LREE-enriched chondrite-normalized pat-
1994, Rämö et al. 1996). Further work to find out terns and moderate to relatively pronounced neg-
the extent of these similarities, as well as their ative Eu-anomalies.
implications, is required. 6. The differences in the Ba, Rb, and Sr con-
tents of the porphyritic hornblende-biotite gran-
ites of Bodom and Obbnäs cannot be adequately
CONCLUSIONS explained by fractional crystallization of either
granitic or granodioritic mineral assemblages, so
The following conclusions can be made consid- the plutons are, most likely, separate intrusions
ering the granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs: with different sources.
1. The mode of occurrence of the granites of 7. Compared to the Bodom granites, the Obb-
the two plutons is typical of the Finnish rapakivi näs granite is partly enriched in CaO, Ti0 2 , MgO,
granites: they sharply crosscut the Paleoprotero- and FeO, depleted in Si0 2 and K 2 0, contains high
zoic (Svecofennian) metamorphic bedrock, and amounts of Ba and Sr, and has a relatively small
occasionally enclose fragments of these older average negative Eu-anomaly. These features can
rocks. be explained by different protoliths: a potassium
2. The Bodom pluton comprises two intrusion feldspar-rich (-granodioritic) for the Bodom and
phases: a fractionation series of porphyritic gran- a potassium feldspar-poor (-tonalitic or quartz
ites (hornblende, hornblende-biotite, and biotite dioritic) for the Obbnäs granites.
granite) and a slightly younger phase composed
of even-grained granite. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I wish to thank Profes-
3. The main rock type of the Obbnäs pluton is sor Ilmari Haapala for initiating the study, Dr.
porphyritic hornblende-biotite granite, which be- Seppo Lahti for providing unpublished geochem-
comes more mafic towards the southwestern part ical data, and Dr. O. Tapani Rämö for his expert
of the pluton. Three different types of hybrid rocks advice. Professor Roberto Dall'Agnol and Dr. Ulf
produced by magma mingling and mixing are B. Andersson, to whom I offer my sincerest thanks,
found on the southernmost tip of the Obbnäs pe- also provided useful comments and insights. The
ninsula; in the southern part of the pluton the gran- research was supported by the Academy of Fin-
ite also contains magmatic microgranular en- land. This paper is a contribution to 1GCP Project
claves. 426 (Granite Systems and Proterozoic Litho-
4. The Bodom and Obbnäs granites are main- spheric Processes).
ly composed of quartz, alkali feldspar (microcline)
 The rapakivi granite plutons of Bodom and Obbnäs, southern Finland: petrography and geochemistry 303

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