P.R. 2 Chapter 1

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE SHS (STEM 12)
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
THE EFFICACY OF HOME-MADE HAND SANITIZER MADE

FROM CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA (LIME), CITRUS MICROCARPA
(CALAMANSI), AND ALOE BARBADENSIS MILLER (ALOE
VERA)
RUBILYN R. BEDANIA
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

TAGUDIN CAMPUS
LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

GRADE 12
October 2020
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Now that people currently experiencing a
pandemic called Coronavirus (COVID-19), being
caused by the recent coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, a lot
of information is being presented about how to help
prevent Coronavirus (COVID-19) from affecting
everyone. One of the best ways to help prevent and
can protect one’s health is to wash hands with soap
and water. One of the dirtiest parts of the body are
hands. There are plenty of bacteria present in hands
that people can’t see or notice that’s why they need to
clean it every time. Oftentimes, people, whether busy
or not, feels the need to wash their hands with an
antibacterial soap and clean water. But sometimes, it
is inconvenient since most of the time, we are
travelling. Water spills and water wastes are one of the
factors so the solution is to use hand sanitizer
especially when travelling. A hand antiseptic, hand
disinfectant, or hand sanitizer is a supplement or
alternative to hand washing with soap and water. Many

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preparations are available, including gel, foam, and
liquid solutions. The active ingredient in hand
sanitizers may be isopropyl alcohol(isopropanol),
ethanol, n-propanol, or povidone-iodine. Inactive
ingredients in alcohol rubs typically include a
thickening agent such as polyacrylic acid for alcohol
gels, humectants such as glycerine for liquid rubs,
propylene glycol, and essential oils of plants. Alcohol-
based hand sanitizers are more effective at killing
microorganisms than soaps and do not dry out hands
as much. However, commercial hand sanitizers are
less likely to be accessible or affordable to poor people
in a rural area. So, the researcher decided to make a
hand sanitizer made from Citrus Aurantifolia (lime),
Citrus Microcarpa (calamansi) and Aloe Barbadensis
Miller (aloe vera).

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Citrus Aurantifolia or lime is an important
medicinal plant of the family Rutaceae. Different parts
(leaves, stem, root and flower) of Lime is cultivated
mainly for its alkaloids, which are having anticancer
activities and the antibacterial potential in crude
extracts of against clinically significant bacterial
strains. Biological activities including antibacterial,
antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer and antiviral
activities are due to the presence of Citrus flavonoids.
They function as direct antioxidants and free radical
scavengers, and have the capacity to modulate
enzymatic activities and inhibit cell proliferation. In
plants, they appear to play a defensive role against
invading pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and
viruses (Ramesh, Seth, Sujatha & Chaubey,2016).
Citrus Microcarpa or calamansi belongs to the
citrus family. It is a fruit tree native in the Philippines.
The tree is low set spreading and well branched. The
leaves are broad and oval and dark green to pale
green on the upper and lower surfaces, respectively.
The fruit is usually small and round, ranging from 3.0
to 3.0 inches in diameter. The rind may be thin or thick.

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Calamansi is a rich source of vitamin C. Its juice is
used as a flavoring ingredient or as an additive in
various food preparations. The pulp can be utilized in
beverages, syrups, concentrates, and purees;
whereas, the peel can be need in making jams,
candies and marmalade. With its alkalinizing effect,
calamansi helps blood circulate energy and facilitates
normal digestion. This days people are really prone to
diseases just by simply touching a dirty thing, and
commonly the hands are particularly one of the
suspects on why people usually has germs in the body
that sometimes causes to be ill, but not all bacteria that
the people have are bad, there are some bacteria that
is good for the body, that helps the body function
perfectly (Bocala,2014).
Aloe Barbadensis Miller or Aloe vera contains
natural moisturizers that help retain moisture on dry
and rough skin. After finished sanitizing, the alcohol
will evaporate off in hand killing the germs, and the
aloe vera in hand sanitizer will remain and form a
protective layer on skin leaving it soft. A hand sanitizer

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that does not contain aloe vera will typically dry out
hands because of the high content of alcohol in it. In
order to be effective, a hand sanitizer should contain at
least 60% to 95% alcohol in it according to the
Centers for Disease Control. Hand sanitizers without
alcohol generally do not work as well for all classes of
germs and they may just reduce the growth of germs
and not kill them outright. Additionally, hand sanitizers
without alcohol may be more likely than those with
alcohol to irritate and dry out the user’s hands (Tilton,
2016).
The researcher chose Citrus Aurantifolia (lime),
Citrus Microcarpa (calamansi) and Aloe Barbadensis
Miller (aloe vera) to make it into a home-made hand
sanitizer because the materials that needed can
already be found at home. Lime and calamansi can
easily be found and it’s cheaper especially during this
season. The Aloe vera plant also can easily be found
at home. The researcher wants to determine the
effectiveness of home-made hand sanitizer made from

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Citrus Aurantifolia (lime), Citrus Microcarpa
(calamansi) and Aloe Barbadensis Miller (aloe vera).
Framework of the study
The framework of the study illustrates the
wholeness of the study. This part is the backbone of
the research. This serves as a guide that helped the
researcher throughout the conduct of the study. It
comprised the important parts that the researcher
needs to take note during the duration of the study.
As stated by Adom et. al (2018) the overall aim of
framework of the study is to make research findings
meaningful, acceptable to the conceptual constructs in

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the research fields and ensures generalizability,
knowledge extension ang empiricism.
Aloe
Barbadensis
Miller (Aloe
Citrus vera)
Microcarpa
(Calamansi)
Citrus
Aurantifolia
(Lime)
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Hand sanitizer
Figure 1.1. Conceptual Framework
Hand sanitizer
Hand sanitizer, also called hand antiseptic,
handrub, or hand rub, agent applied to the hands for
the purpose of removing common pathogens (disease-
causing organisms). Hand sanitizers typically come in
foam, gel, or liquid form. Their use is recommended
when soap and water are not available for hand
washing or when repeated hand washing
compromises the natural skin barrier (e.g., causing
scaling or fissures to develop in the skin). Although the
effectiveness of hand sanitizer is variable, it is

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employed as a simple means of infection control in a
wide variety of settings, from day-care centres and
schools to hospitals and health care clinics and from
supermarkets to cruise ships.
Depending on the active ingredient used, hand
sanitizers can be classified as one of two types:
alcohol-based or alcohol-free. Alcohol-based products
typically contain between 60 and 95 percent alcohol,
usually in the form of ethanol, isopropanol, or n-
propanol. At those concentrations, alcohol immediately
denatures proteins, effectively neutralizing certain
types of microorganisms. Alcohol-free products are
generally based on disinfectants, such as
benzalkonium chloride (BAC), or on antimicrobial
agents, such as triclosan. The activity of disinfectants
and antimicrobial agents is both immediate and
persistent. Many hand sanitizers also contain
emollients (e.g., glycerin) that soothe the skin,
thickening agents, and fragrance.
The effectiveness of hand sanitizer depends on
multiple factors, including the manner in which the
product is applied (e.g., quantity used, duration of
exposure, frequency of use) and whether the specific

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infectious agents present on the person’s hands are
susceptible to the active ingredient in the product. In
general, alcohol-based hand sanitizers, if rubbed
thoroughly over finger and hand surfaces for a period
of 30 seconds, followed by complete air-drying, can
effectively reduce populations of bacteria, fungi, and
some enveloped viruses (e.g., influenza A viruses).
Similar effects have been reported for certain alcohol-
free formulations, such as SAB (surfactant, allantoin,
and BAC) hand sanitizer. Most hand sanitizers,
however, are relatively ineffective against bacterial
spores, nonenveloped viruses (e.g., norovirus), and
encysted parasites (e.g., Giardia). They also do not
fully cleanse or sanitize the skin when hands are
noticeably soiled prior to application. Despite the
variability in effectiveness, hand sanitizers can help
control the transmission of infectious diseases,
especially in settings where compliance with hand
washing is poor. For example, among children in
elementary schools, the incorporation of either an
alcohol-based or an alcohol-free hand sanitizer into
classroom hand-hygiene programs has been
associated with reductions in absenteeism related to

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infectious illness. Likewise, in the workplace, the use
of alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been associated
with reductions in illness episodes and sick days. In
hospitals and health care clinics, increased access to
alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been linked to overall
improvements in hand hygiene.
Agencies such as the World Health
Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention promote the use of alcohol-based hand
sanitizers over alcohol-free products. Indeed, the use
of alcohol-free products has remained limited, in part
because of WHO’s and CDC’s focus on alcohol-based
products but also because of concerns about the
safety of chemicals used in alcohol-free products.
Research has indicated that certain antimicrobial
compounds, such as triclosan, for example, may
interfere with the function of the endocrine system.
Environmental contamination from triclosan is another
concern. Disinfectants and antimicrobials also can
potentially contribute to the development of
antimicrobial resistance. In 2014, mounting concerns
over triclosan led authorities in the European Union
(EU) to restrict the chemical’s use in various consumer

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products in the EU.
By comparison, concerns over the use of alcohol-
based hand sanitizer have centred primarily on product
flammability and ingestion, both unintentional (e.g., by
young children) and intentional (by individuals seeking
to abuse alcohol). With proper storage and strategies
that limit access to alcohol-containing sanitizer (e.g.,
issuing hand sanitizer to individuals), the risk of fire or
poisoning from accidental or intentional ingestion of
alcohol-based hand sanitizers is considered to be low.
Citrus is a common term and genus of flowering plants
in the rue family, Rutaceae. These plants are large
shrubs or small trees, reaching 5-15 m tall, with spiny
shoots and alternately arranged evergreen leaves with
an entire margin. The flowers are solitary or in small
corymbs, each flower 2-4 cm diameter, with five (rarely
four) white petals and numerous stamens; they are
often very strongly scented. Citrus fruits are notable for
their fragrance. The juice contains a high quality of
citric acid giving them their characteristic sharp flavour.
The genus is commercially important as many species
are cultivated for their fruit, which is eaten fresh,
pressed for juice, or preserved in marmalades and

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pickles. The invention of hand sanitizer was from Lupe
Hernandez of Bakersfield, CA. In1996, he called an
invention hotline off of the TV, and ordered a package
for an idea he had on how he would create system in
hospitals, to where all sinks would have an alcohol
solutions, at the bottom of the sink connected to the
pipe, outgoing water reaching our hands with cleaning
solution and a sanitizer gel making it easier for hospital
staff and quicker to get patients. This idea came to
mind because he was attending school to become a
RN.
Citrus fruits are notable for their fragrance. The
juice contains a high quality of citric acid giving them
their characteristic sharp flavor. The genius is
commercially important as many species are cultivated
for their fruit, which is eaten fresh pressed for juice, or
preserved in marmalades and pickles. Hand sanitizers
have a form of alcohol, such as ethyl alcohol, as an
active ingredient. It works as an antiseptic. Other
ingredients may include water, fragrance, and glycerin.
Citrus Aurantifolia or lime

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Limes (Citrus aurantifolia) are the fruit of
tropical citrus tree closely related to lemons. This
evergreen tree is in the Rue family, Rutaceae, which
also includes citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons and
kumquats. Limes are native to Southeast Asia, and
probably originated in Indonesia or Malaysia. They
made their way to the eastern Mediterranean with the
Arabs, and to the western Mediterranean, with
returning Crusaders, and eventually to the West
Indies, when Columbus introduced citrus fruits there
on his second voyage. These limes, used in most of
the world, are what we call Key Limes. The large,
green, seedless limes found in your supermarket is the
Persian or Tahiti Lime (Citrus latifolia) a hybrid
developed in the early 20th century. The fruit is larger
than the Key Lime, more resistant to disease and
pests, and has a thicker rind. They are picked slightly
immature, while they are still green in color (they turn
yellow when fully ripe, and might be confused with
lemons).
Key limes which predominate in the rest of the world,
are smaller, yellower in color, seedy, sourer, and grow
on thorny trees which are sensitive to cold weather. As

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we have done with tomatoes, we have sacrificed flavor
for convenience and appearance. Key limes were
grown commercially in southern Florida and the Florida
keys, until the 1926 hurricane wiped out the citrus
groves. The growers replaced the Key Lime trees with
Persian Lime trees because they are easier to grow,
easier to pick because they have no thorns, and due to
the much thicker skin, are easier and more economical
to ship. There are still many Key Lime trees throughout
the Florida Keys in backyards however, commercial
production is only on a very small scale. Though they
do seem to be making a slight comeback as a Florida
crop in recent years.
Key limes are small, somewhat larger than a
walnut, oval in shape with a thin yellowish rind which
are prone to splotchy brown spots. They are aromatic
and very juicy, with a stronger and more complex
acidic flavor than Persian limes. The evergreen trees
are 7 to 8 feet tall, shrubby, crooked and thorny, with
shiny green leaves. Both Persian and Key Limes have
a higher sugar and citric acid content than lemons, and
Key limes are more acidic than Persian.
Key limes (like Persian limes) are more susceptible to

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frost than other citrus fruits. The peak season is during
the summer, June through August, but they are
available year-round from Mexico and Central
America. Unless you live in the Florida Keys or are
otherwise a Key Lime pie aficionado, in which case
only limes grown in the Keys are acceptable as 'Key
Limes'. Most (more than 90%) of the Key Limes
increasingly found in supermarkets are grown in
Mexico and Central America; they are also grown in
Texas and California, where they are known as
Mexican limes. Juice content is high, well over 40%.
Skin should be light yellow and fine grained, like
leather. Avoid any signs of decay, mold or blotchy,
brown spots. Don't buy if skin is turning hard or
shriveled.
Store at 40-45 degrees F. for 2 weeks maximum.
Frozen juice keeps for 2-3 months. Bottled juice is
available, but very inferior (especially for Key Lime
Pie!).
As a Key West resident, I must say first and foremost,
Key Lime Pie. They are also delicious in beverages,
sorbets, and jams. They are excellent in marinades for
fish (seviche) or meats and chicken, and used in fish

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and meat stews.
Limes, including the Key Lime, actually contain less
vitamin C than lemons.
Aloe Barbadensis Miller or aloe vera
Aloe Vera has been used for a host of purposes
since the ancient Egyptians called it the “plant of
immortality”. Aloe Vera is a cactus plant that belongs
to the Liliaceae family. It grows in dry climates such as
those found in parts of Africa and India has been used
medicinally for centuries. Aloe leaves secrete a clear
gel that when broken off from the rest of the plant that
can be applied topically to heal wounds and soothe
skin.
Aloe Vera is a succulent plant species that is found
only in cultivation, having no naturally occurring
populations , although closely related aloe’s do occur
in Northern Africa. The species is frequently cited as
being used in herbal medicine since the beginning of
the first century AD. Extracts from Aloe Vera are
widely used in the cosmetics and alternatively
medicine industries, being marketed as variously

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having rejuvenating, healing or soothing properties.
It acts as moisturizer .Aloe moisturizes the skin without
giving it a greasy feel, so it’s perfect for anyone with an
oily skin complexion. For women who use mineral-
based make-up, aloe vera acts as the moisturizer and
is great for the face prior to the application to prevent
skin drying. For men Aloe Vera gel can be used as an
aftershave treatment as it’s healing properties can
treat small cuts caused by shaving.
Aloe Vera is used popularly by many cosmetic
products manufacturers to lower the harmful effects of
the sun. It is used in moisturizing creams and lotions.
Aloe Vera oil can be combined with other essential oils
to heal and rejuvenate the skin. This has astringent
properties for the skin’s repair process. Aloe Vera oil is
a very good source of anti-oxidants that can be useful
in preventing skin damage from radiation. It includes
aloe-emodin to eliminate the viruses that lead to cold,
sores and shingles. This solid materials contains over
75 different nutrients including vitamins, minerals,
enzymes, sugars, anthraquinones or phelonic
compounds, lignin saponins, sterols, amino acids, and
salicylic acid - Alcohol (Arabic al-kuhul), term applied

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to members of a group of chemical compounds and, in
popular usage, to the specific compound ethyl alcohol,
or ethanol. The Arabic word denotes kohl, a fine
powder of antimony used as an eye makeup. The word
alcohol originally denoted any fine powder; the
alchemists of medieval Europe later applied it to
essences obtained by distillation, and this led to the
current usage.
Aloe vera properties make them very versatile.
When ingested, they are incredibly soothing, loaded
with antioxidants, and offer countless other health
benefits. Of course, the various species of aloe will be
composed of different compounds and properties.
Even the inner and outer parts of aloe leaves contain
different properties. The biggest between most of them
is typically the amount and density of minerals,
vitamins, and nutrients (Dr. Edward, 2016). In addition,
aloe vera properties include Anti-Pruritic Properties
and Healing Properties.
Anti-pruritic properties are those that can
alleviate itching and dryness. Pruritus ailments include
vexing skin and scalp issues, like psoriasis and

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eczema. Psoriasis is an auto-immune disease
characterized by the excessive production of skin cells.
Recall, Aloe Vera’s enzymatic properties, enabling
Aloe to destroy excessive dead skin cells, while
conditioning the skin and scalp. Since excess skin cell
production is the heart of Psoriasis’ existence, you
could see why Aloe is able help eliminate this issue.
Aloe can also reduce the redness, scaling, itching and
inflammation of scalp psoriasis, which directly benefits
the hair, as well (Anonymous, 2012).
Aloe is an excellent treatment for skin
conditions such as burns and eczema. It is often
reported that burns can be healed remarkably quickly
and the pain reduced very quickly with topical
application of Aloe Vera to the burn area. As well as
applying topically, Aloe can also be taken internally so
it is just as useful for internal epithelial tissues as it is
for the skin. For example, mouth and stomach ulcers,
nasal, and sinuses, bowels, lungs and genital tract
(Anonymous, 2014).
Aloe Vera is one of the most powerful and
well-known medical plants. It has been used for more

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than 5,000 years, and traces of it have been found in
numerous civilizations. Today, it has a strong global
reputation due to widespread usage in cosmetics,
particularly to treat burns and sunburn, to aid wound
healing, and fight against cell aging. It also helps in
reinforcing the immune system and improve blood
circulation. In addition, aloe vera gel can relieve
sunburn and help heal wounds. But this plant can also
be used for much more than sunburn and household
reliefs.
The following are the amazing uses of aloe
vera:
Heartburn relief – A 2010 review suggested that
consuming 1 to 3 ounces of aloe gel at mealtime can
reduce the severity of GERD (gastoroesophageal
reflux disease). It can also ease other digestion-related
problems. Aloe vera’s low toxicity makes it a safe and
gentle remedy of heartburn.
Keeping produce fresh – Aloe gel can help fruits and
vegetables stay fresh, and eliminate the need for
dangerous chemicals that extend the shelf life of
produce. Aloe gel coating successfully blocked the

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growth of many types of harmful bacteria on the fruits
and vegetable.
An alternative to Mouthwash – Aloe vera extract is a
safe and effective alternative to chemical-based
mouthwashes. Researchers found out that aloe’s
natural ingredients, which include a healthy dose of
vitamin C, can block plaque. It can also provide relief if
you have bleeding or swollen gums.
Lowering blood sugar – Aloe vera may have a future
diabetes treatment according to Phytotherapy research
that used pulp extract. People with diabetes who take
glucose-lowering medications, should use caution
when consuming aloe vera. The juice along with
diabetes medications could possibly lower your
glucose count to dangerous level.
A natural laxative – Aloe vera is considered a natural
laxative. A handful of studies have looked into the
benefits of the succulent to aid digestion.
Skin care – Aloe vera is helpful to keep your skin clear
and hydrated. Its water dense leaves, combined with
special plant compounds called complex

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carbohydrates, make it an effective face moisturizer
and pain reliever.
Here are nine proven aloe vera benefits from
Dr. Josh Axe, aloe vera can soothes rashes and skin
irritations. In addition, it treats burns, heals cold sores,
and moisturizes hair and scalp. Treats constipation,
helps with digestion boosts the immune system and
provides antioxidants. Lastly, reduces inflammation
and treats diabetes.
Aloe vera is high in vitamins and minerals. Aloe
vera is also high in amino acids and fatty acids. Aloe
vera is an adaptogen, helps with detoxification and
alkalizes the body. Cardiovascular health, great for
skin disinfectant, anti-biotic, anti-microbial, germicidal,
anti-bacterial, anti-septic, anti-fungal and anti-viral.
Lastly, weight loss –a secondary effect (Dawn, 2015).
Citrus Microcarpa or calamansi
Calamondin is a shrub or small tree growing to
3-6 meters. The plant is characterized by wing-like
appendages on the leafstalks and white or purplish
flowers. The fruit of the calamondin resembles a small,

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round lime, usually 25-35 mm in diameter, but
sometimes up to 45 mm. The center pulp and juice is
the orange color of a tangerine with a very thin orange
peel when ripe. Each fruit contains 8 to 12 seeds. The
extract may be found in skin lotions, such as body
lotions or cold creams, or added to shampoos and
conditioners. Many women in the Philippines find the
extract of calamansi an important element of staying
youthful looking and growing long, shiny hair that is
both strong and glossy (Ghosh, 2015).
In addition to that, soaps containing calamansi
extracts may also feature fruit extracts with built-in
alpha hydroxy acids. The combination of calamansi
and other fruit acids are believed to help the skin shed
dead skin cells and reveal a smoother, rosier and less
wrinkled surface. Soaps made with calamansi may be
designed for use on the body, or especially for the
facial area. Sometimes, these soaps will be used
alongside toners and moisturizers that also contain
calamansi.
In addition, shampoos, conditioners and hair
products containing calamansi may be used to clean,

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condition and groom the hair. These products will use
small percentages of calamansi extract, alongside
larger concentrations of typical shampoo, hair
conditioner and hair product ingredients, such as aloe
vera extract and mild detergents. In addition, lotions
containing calamansi may be applied to the face and
body in the morning and at night. Twice daily
application of these ingredients allows for smoother
skin, due to the acidic nature of calamansi, which
helps to overturn dead skin cells. Sometimes, extra
sunscreen with UVA.UVB protection should be used,
to counteract the extra sensitivity of the complexion
after exposure to fruit acids, such as calamansi. As
cited in an online article tovitalpiece.wordpress.com,
(2015), the calamansi plant in the Philippines is as
ubiquitous as the calamansi plant is common. The
calamansi plant is often used to season dishes,
preserve food, remove stains in clothing, deodorize
and whiten the skin, and of course, make into juice. A
prevalent ingredient found in most local commercial
products, the calamansi plant is definitive and
preferred in daily cleansing supplies. Ironically, what is

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not as common and certainly not ubiquitous is the
calamansi (citrus microcarpa) essential oil.
Aromatic, antiseptic, antiphlogistic, carminative,
deodorant, refrigerant. Studies have suggested
antimicrobial, antianxiety, antidepressant,
hepatoprotective, expectorant and antioxidant
properties (Straut Jr., 2016).
Angiogenesis or the development of blood vessels and
oxidation or the radical transformation of cellular
substances are two key processes that contribute to
cancer progression. Hence, the study that evaluated
the antiangiogenic and antioxidant properties of
different concentrations of calamansi (citrus
microcarpa) ethanolic peel extract can lower the
number of blood vessels that can trigger cancer
progression and more powerful antioxidant property
than the ascorbic acid (Anonymous, 2016).
Calamansi is one of the tiniest and cheapest
fruit that you will see in the market. It is a small fruit but
it does not reflect the many benefits it can give your
body. This fruit helps in enhancing beauty, helps

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promote your immune system and help you lose
weight (Yayang, 2014).
The following are the other uses of calamansi,
calamansi can be used for hair growth. Before taking
bath, rub calamansi in your scalp and after 15 minutes
you can already rinse it. Do it every day to help your
hair grow. If you have dandruff, you can use calamansi
to reduce it. Just rub it to your scalp to reduce itching.
It can be also used as a deodorant. After taking a bath,
rub the slice calamansi in your armpit and let it dry. It
will also help lighten your armpit because sometimes
deodorants tend to darken our armpits. It helps whiten
your skin. If you are dizzy or nauseous, you can smell
the peel of calamansi just squeeze it, just be careful
not to squeeze it near your eyes. It can also remove
stains in your clothes. Just dab some calamansi drops
on stained area. It also helps in whitening white
clothes and also it helps removed acne (Yayang,
2016).
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INPUT PROCESS
OUTPUT
A. Ingredients in
making home-made
hand sanitizer
B. Treatments
T0 – Commercial hand
sanitizer
T1 – 1/3 cup of aloe
vera gel, ½ tbsp. of
calamansi (fruit and A. Preparation of
leaves), ½ tbsp. of lime the treatments.
(fruit and leaves) Efficacy of Homemade
T2 – add ¼ cup of aloe B. Evaluation
Hand Sanitizer made
vera gel, 1 tbsp. of and validation
calamansi (fruit and through survey from Citrus
leaves), 1 tbsp. of lime questionnaires. Aurantifolia (lime),
(fruit and leaves) Citrus Microcarpa
T3- add ¼ cup of aloe C. Analysis of (calamansi), and Aloe
vera gel, 1 ½ cup of the significant Barbadensis Miller
calamansi (fruits and differences (aloe vera)
leaves), 1 cup of lime among the
(fruits and leaves) treatments.
T4- add ¼ cup of aloe
vera, 2 tbsp. of
calamansi (fruits and
leaves), 2 tbsp of lime
(fruits and leaves)
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FEEDBACK
Figure 1.2. Research paradigm
Statement of the Problem
The study determined the following problems in
relevance to the conduction of data gathering relating
to the efficacy of home-made hand sanitizer made
from citrus aurantifolia (lime), citrus microcarpa
(calamansi), and aloe barbadensis miller (aloe vera).
Specifically, the study answered the following
questions:
1. What is the mean efficacy rate of home-made hand
sanitizer and commercialized hand sanitizer, in terms
of:
a) color
b) fragrance
c) texture
d) viscosity
e) allergic reaction
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Tagudin Ilocos Sur
2. What is the most effective home-made hand
sanitizer among all the treatments, in terms of:
a) color
b) fragrance
c) texture
d) viscosity
3. Is there any significant difference between and
among the treatments, in terms of:
a) color
b) fragrance
c) texture
d) viscosity
Hypothesis
H0. There is no significant difference between and
a) color
31
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
b) fragrance
c) texture
d) viscosity
H1: There is a significant difference between and
a) color
b) fragrance
c) texture
d) viscosity
Scope and Limitation
The study is conducted at the researcher’s
house and at Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College,
Tagudin Campus. The study aims to determine the
efficacy of home-made hand sanitizer made from citrus
aurantifolia (lime), citrus microcarpa (calamansi), and
aloe barbadensis miller (aloe vera) as a substitution to
a commercial hand sanitizer as an antibacterial hand
sanitizer. The study will take about a month or so, due
to various antibacterial tests and experimenting.

32
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Significance of the Study
The following components of the society are
benefited from the results of this study:
Students. The hand sanitizer will protect the
student’s hands from bacteria. Also, the hand sanitizer
will clean the student’s hands and will give a good
smell or scent.
Community. The hand sanitizer will somehow
be used by the Department of Health if the hand
sanitizer will satisfy them and can be used to help
prevent covid 19.
Researcher. As a high school student, the
researcher could make use of the findings and the
skills acquired during the research process to have a
better and more productive possibilities to create more
collaboration with research in order to enhance their
experience in conducting studies.

33
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Future Researchers. The future researchers
will inspire students to create a new product and to
discover more about the product. Also, they will make
the students more curious and interested in the
product.
Definition of Terms
Some terminologies are fundamentally and
repeatedly utilized in this study. For clarity and
understanding, the following terms are conceptually
and operationally defined:
Alkaloid- refers to a member of a large group of
chemicals that are made by plants that can absorb
acid or hydrogen ions.
Aloe vera- a gelatinous substance obtained from a
kind of aloe, used especially in cosmetics as an
emollient and for the treatment of burns.
Antibacterial- anything that destroys bacteria.
Calamansi- a citrus fruit about half the size of a lime
and almost perfectly round.
Efficacy- It refers to effectiveness or the capacity to
achieve the result desired.

34
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Emollients- are substances that soften and moisturize
the skin.
Enzymatic- relating to, or produced by an enzyme.
Ethanol- refers to a colorless volatile flammable liquid
which is produced by the natural fermentation of
sugars, alcohol.
Flavonoid- a compound found naturally in many fruits
and vegetables.
Fragrance- it is a pleasant smell.
Glycerine- a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is
sweet-tasting and non-toxic, used as moisturizer to
treat or prevent dry, rough and itchy skin.
Hand sanitizer- is a liquid generally used to decrease
infectious agents on hands.
Home-made- made at home.
Humectant- retaining or preserving moisture.
moisturizes- make (something, especially the skin)
less dry.
Isopropanol- a liquid alcohol, used as a solvent and in
the industrial production of acetone.
Lime- a citrus fruit which is typically round and green
in color.
35
Tagudin Ilocos Sur
Microorganism- a microscopic organism, especially a
bacteria, virus, or fungus.
Povidine-iodine- an antiseptic used for skin
disinfection before and after surgery. It may be used
both to disinfect the skin of the patient and the hands
of the healthcare providers.
Proliferation- another word for increase, reproduction
or rapid multiplication of parts or number of something.
Propylene glycol- a liquid substance used to absorb
water and maintain moisture in certain medicines or
food products.
Texture- the feel, appearance or consistency of a
surface or a substance.
Viscosity- refers to the state of being thick, sticky, and
semifluid in consistency due to internal friction.

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ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE SHS (STEM 12)

Tagudin Ilocos Sur

THE EFFICACY OF HOME-MADE HAND SANITIZER MADE

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Background of the Study

Now that people currently experiencing a

pandemic called Coronavirus (COVID-19), being

caused by the recent coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, a lot

of information is being presented about how to help

prevent Coronavirus (COVID-19) from affecting

everyone. One of the best ways to help prevent and

can protect one’s health is to wash hands with soap

and water. One of the dirtiest parts of the body are

hands. There are plenty of bacteria present in hands

that people can’t see or notice that’s why they need to

clean it every time. Oftentimes, people, whether busy

or not, feels the need to wash their hands with an

antibacterial soap and clean water. But sometimes, it

is inconvenient since most of the time, we are

travelling. Water spills and water wastes are one of the

factors so the solution is to use hand sanitizer

especially when travelling. A hand antiseptic, hand

disinfectant, or hand sanitizer is a supplement or

alternative to hand washing with soap and water. Many

preparations are available, including gel, foam, and

liquid solutions. The active ingredient in hand

sanitizers may be isopropyl alcohol(isopropanol),

ethanol, n-propanol, or povidone-iodine. Inactive

ingredients in alcohol rubs typically include a

thickening agent such as polyacrylic acid for alcohol

gels, humectants such as glycerine for liquid rubs,

propylene glycol, and essential oils of plants. Alcohol-

based hand sanitizers are more effective at killing

microorganisms than soaps and do not dry out hands

as much. However, commercial hand sanitizers are

less likely to be accessible or affordable to poor people

in a rural area. So, the researcher decided to make a

hand sanitizer made from Citrus Aurantifolia (lime),

Citrus Microcarpa (calamansi) and Aloe Barbadensis

Miller (aloe vera).

Citrus Aurantifolia or lime is an important

medicinal plant of the family Rutaceae. Different parts

(leaves, stem, root and flower) of Lime is cultivated

mainly for its alkaloids, which are having anticancer

activities and the antibacterial potential in crude

extracts of against clinically significant bacterial

strains. Biological activities including antibacterial,

antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer and antiviral

activities are due to the presence of Citrus flavonoids.

They function as direct antioxidants and free radical

scavengers, and have the capacity to modulate

enzymatic activities and inhibit cell proliferation. In

plants, they appear to play a defensive role against

invading pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and

viruses (Ramesh, Seth, Sujatha & Chaubey,2016).

Citrus Microcarpa or calamansi belongs to the

citrus family. It is a fruit tree native in the Philippines.

The tree is low set spreading and well branched. The