Whati Sel Ect R I Cci R Cui T
Whati Sel Ect R I Cci R Cui T
nsize&inwhichsimul t
aneous
actionstakesplace.
Whati
sEl
ect
ri
cCi
rcui
t Distri
butedelementsarethosewhicharenot
electri
cal
lyseparabl
eforanaly
ticalpur
poses.
I saninterconnecti
onofv ari
ouselement
sin
whichther
eisatl eastoneclosedpathinwhi
ch Basi
cPar
ts
cur
rentcanflow.AnEl ectr
iccir
cuiti
susedasa
componentforanyengi neeri
ngsystem. Sour
ce-pr
ovi
desener
gyi
ntheci
rcui
t
Sy
stem Uni
ts
SIunit
s–i nt
ernati
onalmeasurementlanguage
thatconsi
stofsevenpri
ncipaluni
tsfrom whi
ch
theunit
sofallotherphy
sicalquant
it
iescanbe
deri
ved.
El
ement
sofanEl
ect
ri
cci
rcui
t:
Activ
e–aretheelement sofaci
rcui
twhich
possessener
gyoft hei
rownandcani mpar
titt
o
otherel
ementsofthecircui
t.
Passive–t hepassi v
eelement sofanel ect
ri
c
circui
tdonotpossessener gyoft heirown.They
receiv
eener gyfrom thesource.Thepassi v
e
element sar etheresist
ance,theinductanceand
capacitance.Whenel ect
ri
cal ener
gyi ssuppli
ed
toaci r
cui telement,itwi
llr
espondi noneand
mor eoft hef ol
lowingways.
Li
nearandNonLi nearElements-Linear
el
ement sshowthelinearchar
acteristi
cofvolt
age&
curr
ent.Thati
sit
sv olt
age–cur rentcharact
eri
sti
c
areall
-t
imesastrai
ght-li
nethrought heori
gin.
NonLinearelement’
sV-Icharact
eri
sticdonot
fol
lowtheli
nearpatt
erni.
e.thecurrentpassi
ng
thr
oughitdoesnotchangelinearl
ywi t
htheli
near
changeinthevol
tageacrossit.
Bil
ateralandUnilat
eralEl
ements–anel ement
i
ssai dtobebi l
ater
al,whenthesamer el
at i
onexist Char
geandCur
rent
betweenv olt
ageandcur r
entforthecurrentfl
owing
i
nbot hdirecti
on. Themostbasi
cquant
it
yinel
ect
ri
cal
cir
cui
tist
he
Anelementi ssaidtobeunilat
eral,
whent hesame el
ect
ri
ccharge
rel
ati
ondoesnotex i
stbetweenv ol
tageandcur r
ent
whencur rentfl
owinginbothdir
ections. Elect
ri
cChar
ge-isanel
ect
ri
cal
propert
yof
theatomi
cpart
icl
eswhi
chmatt
erconsist
,
LumpedandDi
stri
butedElements– measuredi
ncoulombsC.
Lumpedel
ementsarethoseelement
swhi
char
e
I tshoul
dbedenotedthatt
hechar
geofan
el
ect
ronisnegat
iveandequali
nmagnitudet
o wher em isthemassinkil
ogramsandaist
he
1.
602x10rai
sedto-19C accel
erati
oninmet er
spersecondsquar
ed.
Gravi
tat
ional
Thepr ot
oncarr
iesaposi
ti
vechar
geoft
hesame for
ce,orweight,
ismg, wher
eg=9.81m/s2.
magni
tudeastheel
ectr
on.
EXAMPLE
Not
etor
ememberaboutChar
ge
Amassof5000gisaccel
erat
edat2m/
s2byaf
orce.
Thecoul ombisalar
geuni
tforcharge.I
n1Cof Det
ermi
nethef
orceneeded.
charge,t
hereare6.
24x10^18el
ectrons.Thus
real
ist
icval
uesareint
ermsofmicro,nano,
and For
ce=mass×accel
erat
ion
picocoulomb.
=5kg×2m/
s2=10kg/
ms2
Theonlychargesthatoccur
sinnat
ureare
i
ntegr
almul
ti
plesoft
hechar geoft
heel
ectr
on. =10N
Thel awofconser v
ationofchargestat
esthat POWER
chargecanneitherbecreatednordestr
oyed,
onlytr
ansfer
red.Thustheal gebr
aicsum of Theunitofpoweristhewatt(W)wher
eonewattis
el
ectri
cchargeinasy stem doesnotchange. one
j
oulepersecond.Powerisdefi
nedastherat
eof
Cur
rent doingworkor
tr
ansfer
ri
ngenergy.Thus,poweri
nwatts,
Whenconduct
ingwiresi
sconnectedt
oa
bat
ter
y,t
hechargesarecompel
ledtomov
e. P=W/
t
Thi
smot i
onofchar
gescr
eat
eswhatweknowas whereW i
stheworkdoneorener
gyt
ransf
err
edi
n
el
ectr
iccur
rent
. j
oulesandti
s
t
het i
meinseconds.
Elect
ri
ccurrent–ist
heti
mer ateofchangeof
chargemeasuredinAmperes(A)orsimplyt
he Thusener
gy,
inj
oul
es,
W =Pt
chargerperuni
tti
me.
EXAMPLE
Aportabl
emachi
nerequi
resafor
ceof200Nt omove
i
t.
Howmuchwor ki
sdoneifthemachineismoved20m
andwhataver
agepoweri
sutil
i
zedifthemovement
takes
25s?
LESSON2 Workdone=for
ce×di
stance=200N×20m =
4000Nm or
CONTINUATI
ONOFINTRODUCTI
ONTO 4kJ
ELECTRI
CALCIRCUI
T
Power=wor
kdone/t
imet
aken
FORCE
=4000J/
25s
Theunitoff orceistheNewt on(N)whereone
Newt on =160J/
s=160W
i
soneki l
ogram met erpersecondsquared.The
Newt on ELECTRI
CALPOTENTI
ALANDE.
M.F
i
sdef inedasthef orcewhich,whenappliedtoamass
of Theuni tofelectr
icpot
enti
ali
st hevol
t(V)whereone
oneki l
ogram,givesi tanaccel
erati
onofonemet er vol
tis
per onejoulepercoul omb.Onevoltisdef
inedasthe
secondsquar ed.Thus, dif
ferencei n
potenti
al betweentwopoint
sinaconduct orwhi
ch,
f
orce,
inNewt
on'
sF=ma when
car
ryi
ngacur
rentofoneamper
e,di
ssi
pat
esapower power
,inwat
tsP=VI
ofone
watt
,i.
e. El
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy=Power×t
ime
vol
ts=watt
s/amper
es =VI
tJoul
es
=(j
oul
es/
second)
/amper
es
Alt
houghtheuni
tofener
gyisthej
oule,
whendeal
ing
=j
oul
es/
amper
eseconds=j
oul
es/
coul
ombs withl
arge
amountsofener
gy,t
heunitusedi
sthekil
owat
thour
Achangei nelectr
icpotenti
albet
weentwopoint
s (kWh)
i
nanel ectr
ic where
circui
ti scal
ledapot enti
aldi
ffer
ence.The
electromot i
ve 1kWh=1000wat
thour
force( e.m.f
.)pr
ovidedbyasour ceofenergysuchas
a =1000×3600wat
tsecondsorj
oul
es
bat t
eryoragener atorismeasuredinvolt
s.
=3600000J
RESI
STANCEANDCONDUCTANCE
EXAMPLE
Theunitofelect
ri
cresistanceistheohm (
Ω)
whereone Asourcee.m.f
.of5Vsuppli
esacurr
entof3Af
or
ohm i sonev ol
tperamper e.I
tisdefinedasthe 30minutes.
resistance Howmuchener gyi
sprovi
dedinthi
sti
me?
betweent wopointsi
naconduct orwhenaconstant
electri
c Ener
gy=power×t
ime,
hence
potent i
alofonev ol
tappl
iedatt hetwopoint
s
producesa power=ener
gy/
ti
me
currentflowofoneamper eintheconductor
.Thus,
=1.
8×106J/30×60s
r
esi
stance,
inohmsR=V/
I
=1000J/
s=1000W
whereVisthepot enti
al dif
ferenceacr
ossthe
t
wopoi nt
sin i
.e.Powerr
ati
ngofheat
er=1kW
vol
tsandIi st
hecur r
entf l
owi ngbet weent
hetwo
point
sin PowerP=VI
,thusI=P/
V=1000/
250=4A
amperes'herecipr
ocal ofresist
ancei scal
l
ed
conductance Hencet
hecur
rentt
akenf
rom t
hesuppl
yis4A
andismeasur edinSiemens( S).Thus,
EXAMPLE
Findt
heconductanceofaconduct
orofr
esi
stance(
a)
10,
(b)5kand(c)100m.
(
a)Conduct
anceG=1/R=1/
10si
emen=0.
1S
(
b)G=1/
R=1/5×103S=0.
2×10−3S=0.
2mS
(
c)G=1/
R=1/
100×10^
−3S=10^
3/100
S=10S
ELECTRI
CALPOWERANDENERGY STANDARDSYMBOLSFORELECTRI
CAL
COMPONENTS
Whenadi r
ectcurr
entofIamperesisf
lowingin
anelect
ri
c
cir
cuitandthevol
tageacr
ossthecir
cuiti
sVv olt
s,
then