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Whati Sel Ect R I Cci R Cui T

An electric circuit is an interconnection of various elements through which electric current can flow in a closed path. The performance of any electrical device is studied by drawing its equivalent electric circuit. Basic parts of a circuit include a source that provides energy, wires/conductors that interconnect the elements and carry energy, and a load that converts one form of energy to another. Elements of a circuit can be active if they possess their own energy or passive if they receive energy from the source like resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Elements can also be linear if their voltage-current characteristic follows a straight line pattern or non-linear if it does not. An element is bilateral if the same relation exists between voltage and current for currents flowing in

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
75 views3 pages

Whati Sel Ect R I Cci R Cui T

An electric circuit is an interconnection of various elements through which electric current can flow in a closed path. The performance of any electrical device is studied by drawing its equivalent electric circuit. Basic parts of a circuit include a source that provides energy, wires/conductors that interconnect the elements and carry energy, and a load that converts one form of energy to another. Elements of a circuit can be active if they possess their own energy or passive if they receive energy from the source like resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Elements can also be linear if their voltage-current characteristic follows a straight line pattern or non-linear if it does not. An element is bilateral if the same relation exists between voltage and current for currents flowing in

Uploaded by

Kholyn Rivas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON1 verysmal li

nsize&inwhichsimul t
aneous
actionstakesplace.
Whati
sEl
ect
ri
cCi
rcui
t Distri
butedelementsarethosewhicharenot
electri
cal
lyseparabl
eforanaly
ticalpur
poses.
 I saninterconnecti
onofv ari
ouselement
sin
whichther
eisatl eastoneclosedpathinwhi
ch Basi
cPar
ts
cur
rentcanflow.AnEl ectr
iccir
cuiti
susedasa
componentforanyengi neeri
ngsystem. Sour
ce-pr
ovi
desener
gyi
ntheci
rcui
t

 Theper formanceofanyel ectri


caldevi
ceor Wir
e/Conduct
or–int
erconnect
stheel
ement
s
machi neisalway sst
udiedbydr awingits i
ntheci
rcui
ts;
car
ri
ersofenergy
el
ect ri
calequival
entci
rcuit.Bysi mulati
ngan
el
ect ri
ccircui
ts,anyty
peofsy stem canbe Load-t
hepar
toft
hecircui
tthatconver
tsone
studiedfore.g.,mechanical,hydrauli
cthermal
, for
m ener
gyt
oanotherfor
m energy.
nuclear,t
raffi
cf l
ow,weatherpr edicti
onetc.
Swit
ch–thepar
toft
heci
rcui
tthatcanal
tert
he
cur
rent
.

Sy
stem Uni
ts

SIunit
s–i nt
ernati
onalmeasurementlanguage
thatconsi
stofsevenpri
ncipaluni
tsfrom whi
ch
theunit
sofallotherphy
sicalquant
it
iescanbe
deri
ved.

El
ement
sofanEl
ect
ri
cci
rcui
t:

Activ
e–aretheelement sofaci
rcui
twhich
possessener
gyoft hei
rownandcani mpar
titt
o
otherel
ementsofthecircui
t.

Passive–t hepassi v
eelement sofanel ect
ri
c
circui
tdonotpossessener gyoft heirown.They
receiv
eener gyfrom thesource.Thepassi v
e
element sar etheresist
ance,theinductanceand
capacitance.Whenel ect
ri
cal ener
gyi ssuppli
ed
toaci r
cui telement,itwi
llr
espondi noneand
mor eoft hef ol
lowingways.

Li
nearandNonLi nearElements-Linear
el
ement sshowthelinearchar
acteristi
cofvolt
age&
curr
ent.Thati
sit
sv olt
age–cur rentcharact
eri
sti
c
areall
-t
imesastrai
ght-li
nethrought heori
gin.

NonLinearelement’
sV-Icharact
eri
sticdonot
fol
lowtheli
nearpatt
erni.
e.thecurrentpassi
ng
thr
oughitdoesnotchangelinearl
ywi t
htheli
near
changeinthevol
tageacrossit.

Bil
ateralandUnilat
eralEl
ements–anel ement
i
ssai dtobebi l
ater
al,whenthesamer el
at i
onexist Char
geandCur
rent
betweenv olt
ageandcur r
entforthecurrentfl
owing
i
nbot hdirecti
on. Themostbasi
cquant
it
yinel
ect
ri
cal
cir
cui
tist
he
Anelementi ssaidtobeunilat
eral,
whent hesame el
ect
ri
ccharge
rel
ati
ondoesnotex i
stbetweenv ol
tageandcur r
ent
whencur rentfl
owinginbothdir
ections. Elect
ri
cChar
ge-isanel
ect
ri
cal
propert
yof
theatomi
cpart
icl
eswhi
chmatt
erconsist
,
LumpedandDi
stri
butedElements– measuredi
ncoulombsC.
Lumpedel
ementsarethoseelement
swhi
char
e
 I tshoul
dbedenotedthatt
hechar
geofan
el
ect
ronisnegat
iveandequali
nmagnitudet
o  wher em isthemassinkil
ogramsandaist
he
1.
602x10rai
sedto-19C accel
erati
oninmet er
spersecondsquar
ed.
Gravi
tat
ional
 Thepr ot
oncarr
iesaposi
ti
vechar
geoft
hesame for
ce,orweight,
ismg, wher
eg=9.81m/s2.
magni
tudeastheel
ectr
on.
EXAMPLE
Not
etor
ememberaboutChar
ge
Amassof5000gisaccel
erat
edat2m/
s2byaf
orce.
 Thecoul ombisalar
geuni
tforcharge.I
n1Cof Det
ermi
nethef
orceneeded.
charge,t
hereare6.
24x10^18el
ectrons.Thus
real
ist
icval
uesareint
ermsofmicro,nano,
and For
ce=mass×accel
erat
ion
picocoulomb.
=5kg×2m/
s2=10kg/
ms2
 Theonlychargesthatoccur
sinnat
ureare
i
ntegr
almul
ti
plesoft
hechar geoft
heel
ectr
on. =10N

 Thel awofconser v
ationofchargestat
esthat POWER
chargecanneitherbecreatednordestr
oyed,
onlytr
ansfer
red.Thustheal gebr
aicsum of Theunitofpoweristhewatt(W)wher
eonewattis
el
ectri
cchargeinasy stem doesnotchange. one
j
oulepersecond.Powerisdefi
nedastherat
eof
Cur
rent doingworkor
tr
ansfer
ri
ngenergy.Thus,poweri
nwatts,
Whenconduct
ingwiresi
sconnectedt
oa
bat
ter
y,t
hechargesarecompel
ledtomov
e. P=W/
t

Thi
smot i
onofchar
gescr
eat
eswhatweknowas whereW i
stheworkdoneorener
gyt
ransf
err
edi
n
el
ectr
iccur
rent
. j
oulesandti
s
t
het i
meinseconds.
Elect
ri
ccurrent–ist
heti
mer ateofchangeof
chargemeasuredinAmperes(A)orsimplyt
he Thusener
gy,
inj
oul
es,
W =Pt
chargerperuni
tti
me.
EXAMPLE

Aportabl
emachi
nerequi
resafor
ceof200Nt omove
i
t.
Howmuchwor ki
sdoneifthemachineismoved20m
andwhataver
agepoweri
sutil
i
zedifthemovement
takes
25s?

LESSON2 Workdone=for
ce×di
stance=200N×20m =
4000Nm or
CONTINUATI
ONOFINTRODUCTI
ONTO 4kJ
ELECTRI
CALCIRCUI
T
Power=wor
kdone/t
imet
aken
FORCE
=4000J/
25s
 Theunitoff orceistheNewt on(N)whereone
Newt on =160J/
s=160W
i
soneki l
ogram met erpersecondsquared.The
Newt on ELECTRI
CALPOTENTI
ALANDE.
M.F
i
sdef inedasthef orcewhich,whenappliedtoamass
of Theuni tofelectr
icpot
enti
ali
st hevol
t(V)whereone
oneki l
ogram,givesi tanaccel
erati
onofonemet er vol
tis
per onejoulepercoul omb.Onevoltisdef
inedasthe
secondsquar ed.Thus, dif
ferencei n
potenti
al betweentwopoint
sinaconduct orwhi
ch,
f
orce,
inNewt
on'
sF=ma when
car
ryi
ngacur
rentofoneamper
e,di
ssi
pat
esapower power
,inwat
tsP=VI
ofone
watt
,i.
e. El
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy=Power×t
ime

 vol
ts=watt
s/amper
es =VI
tJoul
es
=(j
oul
es/
second)
/amper
es
Alt
houghtheuni
tofener
gyisthej
oule,
whendeal
ing
=j
oul
es/
amper
eseconds=j
oul
es/
coul
ombs withl
arge
amountsofener
gy,t
heunitusedi
sthekil
owat
thour
 Achangei nelectr
icpotenti
albet
weentwopoint
s (kWh)
i
nanel ectr
ic where
circui
ti scal
ledapot enti
aldi
ffer
ence.The
electromot i
ve 1kWh=1000wat
thour
force( e.m.f
.)pr
ovidedbyasour ceofenergysuchas
a =1000×3600wat
tsecondsorj
oul
es
bat t
eryoragener atorismeasuredinvolt
s.
=3600000J
RESI
STANCEANDCONDUCTANCE
EXAMPLE
 Theunitofelect
ri
cresistanceistheohm (
Ω)
whereone  Asourcee.m.f
.of5Vsuppli
esacurr
entof3Af
or
ohm i sonev ol
tperamper e.I
tisdefinedasthe 30minutes.
resistance Howmuchener gyi
sprovi
dedinthi
sti
me?
betweent wopointsi
naconduct orwhenaconstant
electri
c Ener
gy=power×t
ime,
hence
potent i
alofonev ol
tappl
iedatt hetwopoint
s
producesa power=ener
gy/
ti
me
currentflowofoneamper eintheconductor
.Thus,
=1.
8×106J/30×60s
r
esi
stance,
inohmsR=V/
I
=1000J/
s=1000W
 whereVisthepot enti
al dif
ferenceacr
ossthe
t
wopoi nt
sin i
.e.Powerr
ati
ngofheat
er=1kW
vol
tsandIi st
hecur r
entf l
owi ngbet weent
hetwo
point
sin PowerP=VI
,thusI=P/
V=1000/
250=4A
amperes'herecipr
ocal ofresist
ancei scal
l
ed
conductance Hencet
hecur
rentt
akenf
rom t
hesuppl
yis4A
andismeasur edinSiemens( S).Thus,

EXAMPLE

Findt
heconductanceofaconduct
orofr
esi
stance(
a)
10,
(b)5kand(c)100m.

(
a)Conduct
anceG=1/R=1/
10si
emen=0.
1S

(
b)G=1/
R=1/5×103S=0.
2×10−3S=0.
2mS

(
c)G=1/
R=1/
100×10^
−3S=10^
3/100

S=10S

ELECTRI
CALPOWERANDENERGY STANDARDSYMBOLSFORELECTRI
CAL
COMPONENTS
 Whenadi r
ectcurr
entofIamperesisf
lowingin
anelect
ri
c
cir
cuitandthevol
tageacr
ossthecir
cuiti
sVv olt
s,
then

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