Lecture6 PDF

NPTEL - Humanities and Social Sciences - Technical English
PARAGRAPH WRITING
G.P.RAGINI
Senior Assistant Professor
School of Humanities and Sciences
SASTRA University
Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 1 of 5

Table of Contents
PARAGRAPH WRITING ............................................................................................................................. 2
1.1 SALIENT FEATURES.............................................................................................................................. 3

1.1.1 Unity: ........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.1.2 Coherence: ................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER: ................................................................................................................. 4
1.3 ASSIGNMENT: ................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 ANSWERS ................................................................................................................................................ 5

PARAGRAPH WRITING
A paragraph is a group of related sentences that discuss and elaborate a single,

complete idea. The sentences are connected like the links of a chain and together they
develop a theme or a topic sentence.
The central or main idea of the paragraph should be expressed as a complete

sentence, stating the idea and explaining it with details and examples. Be sure to express
your topic sentence that clearly expresses the main idea in the form of a conclusion,
observation or opinion.
A topic sentence should be general enough to be explained or supported with

further discussion. Do not make the mistake of confusing a topic sentence with a subject
or a title for writing. Remember the topic sentence expresses the entire theme of a
paragraph in one sentence which serves a base. Avoid personal remarks and express the
topic sentence in simple language. Do not elaborate complicated statements. Be precise
and direct.
1.1 Salient features
How do you write a good paragraph; what are its salient features?
A good paragraph should possess unity and coherence.
1.1.1 Unity:
The first principle to be observed in constructing a paragraph is that of unity. Just

as each sentence deals with one thought, each paragraph must deal with one topic or idea.
Every sentence in the paragraph must be closely connected with the main topic of the
paragraph. If summarized they usually result in a single sentence and that is the topic
sentence.
1.1.2 Coherence:
The second principle of paragraph construction is coherence. The presentation
should be logical and natural. There should be logical sequence of thought. Events must
be related in order of their occurrence that it should be both logical and chronological
order. All the ideas should be connected with the central idea and arranged according to
their importance. Spatial order is also important. Visual descriptions often follow spatial
order.

1.2 Key points to remember:
• Try to understand the central idea around which the paragraph is built.
• Arrange the points in logical and chronological order.
• Pay attention to your first and last or concluding sentence. Both should be
impressive.
• Write complete sentences in a simple and precise manner.
• Connect your sentences with transitions. Transitions are words and phrases that
show how ideas in a sentence relate to each other. They act as verbal sign posts
like, for example, to begin with, in addition to, furthermore, however,
nevertheless, all the same, not withstanding, etc.
• Use pronouns and demonstrative adjectives – this, that, those, these and
pronouns like many, each, some, either, such and easily connect sentences.
Notice how the underlined transitions in the following paragraph signal the
connecting of ideas between sentences.
Each one of us can make a more productive effort to cut down on the use of fossil
fuels in this country. To begin with, all of us can start reducing gas and oil consumption
by driving only when we have a dire need. In addition, we can begin car-pooling to work
once or twice a week and we can also buy smaller cars with better gas mileage. Another
way to reduce our fuel consumption would be to use less gas and electricity at home.
How many times for example have you walked out of a room and left the lights or fan on
when no one else was there? Furthermore, why not use a microwave to cook instead of
traditional gas ovens which consume more time? I am not suggesting that we must do all
these things. However, each of us could start immediately to do some of them to cut
down on our use of limited fossil fuels.
To build interest or to create a strong final effect it is sometimes good to begin

with the least interesting or striking details or facts and save the strongest for the end. The
following paragraph is an example for climactic order.
A dismissal drizzle of rain was falling as the dawn came to Washington after a
night of terror. In the street, men stood in groups discussing the tragic drama on which
the curtain had not fallen. The city was “in a blaze of excitement and rage”. Then at
seven thirty, the tolling of all church bells in the town and hush in the streets; Lincoln was
dead.

1.3 Assignment:
2. Read the words and use them to write a paragraph on ‘Morning walk’
No
Noise,
Dust,
Smoke
Good
Best health,
way Morning Enjoy
Begin Walk nature,
Day Pleasant
sunrise
Chirping
birds,
Dew
drops,
Calm,
Quiet
3. Write a paragraph on any two:

a. College life is for enjoyment and not studies.(Say the statement is not true and
it is a combination of the two. Also give hints how you combine the two and
make your life at college successful)
b. I am rather a book worm.(you always study and you fail to indulge in extra -
curricular activities)
c. I never submit assignments in time( you are lazy and not disciplined. Though
you want to give in time your laziness overtakes you)
3. Arrange the following sentences in the proper order changing into a complete
paragraph and give a suitable title.
1) Students are taught by well trained teachers and are encouraged to continue
studying at the university.
2) Finally Canada’s cities are cleaned and efficiently managed
3) Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live
4) All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price
5) As a result Canada is a desirable place to live.
6) There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best country in the world.
7) First Canada has an excellent health care system.
8) Canada has high standard of education
1.4 Answers
Order 6, 7, 4, 8, 1, 3, 2, 5

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NPTEL - Humanities and Social Sciences - Technical English

Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 1 of 5

1.1 SALIENT FEATURES.............................................................................................................................. 3

Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 2 of 5

A paragraph is a group of related sentences that discuss and elaborate a single,

The central or main idea of the paragraph should be expressed as a complete

A topic sentence should be general enough to be explained or supported with

1.1 Salient features

A good paragraph should possess unity and coherence.

The first principle to be observed in constructing a paragraph is that of unity. Just

Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 3 of 5

1.2 Key points to remember:

To build interest or to create a strong final effect it is sometimes good to begin

Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 4 of 5

3. Write a paragraph on any two:

Joint Initiative of IITs and IISc – Funded by MHRD Page 5 of 5

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