REVISION OF SOME ITEMS IN TRANSLATION STRATEGY

Attention : change analysis into comment!

1. SYNTACTIC STRATEGY
Syntactic strategies may be thought of as involving purely syntactic changes of one kind or
another. Larger changes obviously tend to involve smaller ones too. Syntactic strategies
primarily manipulate form. The main ones are these:

1: Literal translation
Chesterman (2000) defines this strategy “rather loosely, as meaning ‘maximally close to the
source language form, but nevertheless grammatical’’’ (p. 94).
Example:
Source text Target text: literal
The woman stepped inside. Wanita itu melangkah masuk.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p. 3. Utama, p. 9.

Comment:
The Indonesian text is the closest grammatical translation of the source text. The translation
strategy used is literal.

2: Loan, calque
Chesterman’s (2000) opinion on loan and calque is as follows: “This strategy covers both the
borrowing of individual items and the borrowing of syntagma. Like the other strategies, it refers
to a deliberate choice, not the unconscious influence of undesired interference” (p. 94)

Loan
Source text Target text: loan
Poirot greeted her with a quiet ”Good Poirot menyapanya dengan ucapan “Selamat
evening.” sore” yang lirih.

1
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p. 3. Utama, p. 9.

Comment:
Poirot is a name of a person and is not translated but borrowed verbatim in the target text. This
translation strategy is called loan.

Calque
Source text Target text : calque
The food at Pleasant‘s was almost as good as Makanan di Plaris sama lezat seperti kopinya.
the coffee.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p. 3. Utama, p. 10.

Comment:
The word … coffee … in the source text is translated by the word … kopi … in the target text by
changing the letters …ff… into …p…and …ee… into … i … . This translation strategy is called
calque.

3: Transposition (word-class change)

Chesterman (2000) has used the term transposition from Vinay and Darbelnet to mean any
change of word-class, e.g. from noun to verb, adjective to verb. Normally this strategy obviously
involves structural changes as well, but it is often useful to isolate the word-class change as
being of interest in itself (p. 95).
Example:
Source Text: verb Target Text: noun
Hercule Poirot, …, knew what the waitress Hercule Poirot, … tahu apa maksud si pelayan
with the flyaway hair meant. berambut berantakan.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .Nteew York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
pp.1-2. Utama, pp.7-8.

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Comment:
In the source text the verb … meant is used. This verb (meant) is transposed into noun in the
target text, namely … maksud .… . This strategy is called transposition

4: Unit shift
According to Chesterman (2000) unit shift “is a term from Catford (1965). The units are
morpheme, word, phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph. A unit shift occurs when a ST unit is
translated as a different unit in the TT: … “ (p. 95)
Example:
Source Language: word Target Language: phrase
“What makes you so sure?” Jason inquired, “Apa yang membuatmu begitu yakin?” Tanya
puzzled. Jason, sama sekali tak mengerti.
Segal (1985) The Class. London: Bantam Press, Threes Susilastuti (1997) Kelas ’58. Segal
p. 47 (trans). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.
71
Comment:
In the English source text …puzzled is a word and it is translated into …sama sekali tak
mengerti which is a phrase. So, there is a shift from a word (puzzled) into a phrase (sama sekali
tak mengerti); this translation strategy is called unit shift

5: Phrase structure change

Chesterman (2000):
Phrase structure change strategy (or rather group of strategies)
comprises a number of changes at the level of the phrase., including
number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase, and
person, tense and mood in the verb phrase. The unit itself may
remain unchanged , i.e. an ST phrase may still correspond 5to a TT
phrase, but it internal structure changes (p.96).
For example: a change of mood
Source Text : indicative mood Target Text : imperativre mood
Details of the excusion can be read on page Rincian tentang perjalanan itu buka halaman
112. 112.
Segal (1985) The Class. London: Bantam Threes Susilastuti (1997) Kelas ’58. Segal

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Press, p. 54. (trans). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.
93.
Comment:
… can be read on page 112 is a statement (indicative mood), while … buka halaman 112 is
imperative (imperative mood). Thus, there is a change of mood, namely fro indicative to
imperative. This translation strategy is called phrase structure change.

6: Clause structure change

Chesterman (2000); “Under this heading I group changes that have to do with the structure of the
clause in terms of its constituent phrases. Various subclasses include constituent order (analyzed
simply as Subject, Verb, Object, Complement, Adverbial), active vs. passive voice, finite vs. non-
finite structure, transitive vs. intransitive” (pp. 96-97).
Example:
Source text: active Target text: passive
“Your dinner’s cooking nicely, sir.” “Makan malam Anda sedang dimasak dengan
baik, Sir.”
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .Nteew York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p. 3. Utama, p. 10.
Comment:
In the source text ... ‘s cooking … stands for … is cooking … . The active clause (independent
clause) Your dinner ‘s cooking nicely… is translated into a passive one, namely Makan malam
Anda sedang dimasak dengan baik … . Thus there is a change of the structure of the clause,
namely from active voice into a passive one. This translation strategy is called clause structure
change.

7: Cohesion change
Chesterman (2000): “A cohesion change is something that affects intra-textual reference, ellipsis,
substitution, pronominalization and repetition, or the use of connectors of various kinds” (p. 98).
Example:
Source text: reference of pronoun Target text: noun + determiner (nomina +
pronominal penunjuk)
He wondered whether the “her” under Pria itu bertanya-tanya apakaj “dia” yang

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discussion … was another waitress or a regular dibahas … adalah pelayan lain atau pelanggan
patron like himself. seperti dirinya.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .Nteew York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
pp.1. Utama, pp.7.
Comment:
In the source text He … is a pronoun referring to a male guest at the restaurant; this word is
translated into Pria itu …i.e. a noun and a determiner. In this case He… is a reference of
pronoun. This translation strategy is called cohesion change.
8: Sentence structure change
Chesterman (2000): “Sentence structure change affects the structure of the sentence-unit, insofar
as it is made up of clause-units. Included are changes between main-clause and sub-clause status,
changes of sub-clause types etc.” (p.97).
Example:
Source text: sub-clause Target text : Main clause
This program will be sustained of which the Program ini akan terus dipertahankan dan
headmaster will assist with the fund. kepala sekolah akan membantu dengan
dana.
Segal (1985) The Class. London: Bantam Threes Susilastuti (1997) Kelas ’58. Segal
Press, p. 60. (trans). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.
93.
Comment:
This program will be sustained… is the main clause, of which the headmaster will assist
with the fund is the subclause. This sub-clause is translated into a main clause. Program ini
akan terus dipertahankan dan kepala sekiolah akan membantu dengan dana is a compound
sentence comprising 2 main clauses, so … kepala sekiolah akan membantu dengan dana is a
main clause. In other words the sub-clause … of which the headmaster will assist with the
fund is translated into a main clause … kepala sekiolah akan membantu dengan dana. Thus
there is a change from a sub-clause into a main clause. Such translation strategy is called
sentence structure change.

9: Level shift
Chesterman (2000):

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 What is meant by levels is phonology, morphology, syntax and lexis. In a level shift, the
mode of expression of a particular item is shifted from one level to another. An obviously
influential factor here is the type of languages concerned, whether they are more analytic or more
agglutinative, for instance. Another factor is the role of intonation in some languages … (p. 99).
Example:
Source text: verb plus gerund Target text: lexical item (tolong)
Do me a favor by opening the windows. Tolong buka semua jendela.
Segal (1985) The Class. London: Bantam Threes Susilastuti (1997) Kelas ’58. Segal
Press, p. 52. (trans). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.
70.
Comment:
In the source text the syntax (Do me a favor… ) with the main verb (do) followed by a gerund
(opening) is translated into a lexical item (tolong). The change from syntax into morphology is
called level shift.

10: Scheme change

Chesterman: “Scheme change strategies refers to rhetorical schemes, such as parallelism,
repetition, alliteration, metrical rhythm etc. Initially, the translator can choose between three
basic alternative here (1-3)” (p.100).
Parallelism refers to the similar arrangement of a pair or series of relayed words, phrases
or sentences (e.g. ‘I like swimming, skiing and skating’ instead of ‘I like swimming, to ski and
skating’), while alliteration refers to the fact that several words in a row begin with the same
letter (e.g. ‘something smelled sweet). These are four possible scheme changes.

(1) ST scheme A = TT scheme A (use the same scheme)

Example:
Source text: alliteration Target text : alliteration
The waitress with the flying hair likes Pelayan dengan berantakan itu gemar
swimming, surfing and sunning. berenang, berselancar dan berjemur

Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.

murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p. 5. Utama, p. 11.

6
(2) ST scheme A = TT scheme B (use a different scheme)
Example:
Source text : alliteration Target text: parallelism
That house is exotic, expensive and Rumah itu istimewa, mahal dan luar biasa.
extraordinary.

Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.

murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p. 83. Utama, p.97.
Comment:
In the source text the scheme used is alliteration, while in the target txt the scheme is parallelism,
namely … adjective, … adjective, … adjective. Thus the scheme in the source text is different
that of the target text.

(3) ST scheme A = TT scheme 0 (no scheme)

Example:
Source text: parallelism Target text: no scheme
As a teacher he should be informative, Sebagai guru ia harus sering memberi
communicative, and imaginative. penerangan, suka bersawala dua arah, dan
berkhayal.
Segal (1985) The Class. London: Bantam Threes Susilastuti (1997) Kelas ’58. Segal
Press, p. 85. (trans). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.
99.
Comment:
The scheme in the source text is parallelism, while the target text has no scheme.
(4) ST scheme 0 = TT scheme A (add a scheme)
Example:
Source text: no scheme Target text : alliteration
A teacher should master the teaching materials, Seorang guru harus dapat menguasai materi
and he should know well the innovative pengajaran, dan dia harus memahami
changes in the teaching world and also be perubahan inovatif di dunia pengajaran, dan
equipped with computer skill juga dapat menggunakan komputer.

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Segal (1985) The Class. London: Bantam Threes Susilastuti (1997) Kelas ’58. Segal
Press, p. 33. (trans). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.
76.
Comment:
The source text has no scheme, but the target text has alliteration as scheme.

2. SEMANTIC STRATEGIES

1: Synonym
Centerman: “This strategy selects not the “obvious” equivalent but a synonym or near
synonym for it. e. g. to avoid repetition” (p. 102)
Example:

Source text: Target text: two near synonyms

The investigation was done in 1984 and Penyelidikan itu diadakan dalam tahun 1984
it was done satisfactorily. dan penyelidikan itu dilakukan dengan
memuaskan
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram
murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, murders. Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT
p. 66. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.71.

Comment:
The Indonesian translation uses two near synonyms (diadakan, dilakukan) for the English
phrase was conducted.

11: Antonymy
Chesterman (2000): “The translation selects an antonym and combines this with a negation
element” (p.1010.
Example:
Source text Targe text: antonym
For three days a discount of 30% was given for Selama tiga hari diberikan potongan harga
all kinds of clothes for ladies excluding sebanyak 30% untuk semua pakaian wanita,
evening dresses. tidak termasuk gaun malam

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Segal (1985) The Class. London: Bantam Threes Susilastuti (1997) Kelas ’58. Segal
Press, p. 33. (trans). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.
76.
Comment:
The opposite of the word excluding in the source text is including of which the translation is
termasuk. The word termasuk added with a negation element tidak becomes tidak termasuk.

12: Hyponymy
Chesterman: “Shifts within the hyponymy relation are common. In principle this strategy comes
in three subclasses “(p. 102).

(1) ST superordinate => TT hyponym

Example:
Source text: superordinate Target text: hyponym
Her garden is full of various flowers Kebunnya penuh dengan beraneka
mawar.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram murders. Lingliana Tan (2014). The monogram
New York: Agatha Christie Limited, p. 66. murders. Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT
Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.7.
Comment:
In the source text flowers is a superordinate, while in the target text … mawar is a
hyponym, as it is more specific.

(2) ST hyponym => ST supordinate

Example:
Source text: hyponym Target text: supordinate
“Your steak is cooking nicely, sir” “Makan malam Anda sedang di masak dengan
baik, sir”.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .New York: Agatha Cponymhristie Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
Limited, p. 3. Utama, p.5

Comment :
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In the source text there is the hyponym steak and in the target text there is the supordinate
makan malam.

(3) ST hyponym X => TT hyponym Y (of the same superordinate)

Example:
Source text Target text:
“From all the flowers, I prefer jasmine,” said “Di antara semua bunga saya paling suka
the waitress with the flying hair. melati,” kata pelayan dengan rambut
berantakan.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram
murders .New York: Agatha Christie murders. Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT
Limited, p. 8. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.10.

Comment:
The source text has jasmine as hyponym, while the target text has melati as hyponym; both
jasmine and melati has the same superordinate, i.e. flowers. Jasmine and melati is
synonymous.

13: Converses
Chesterman (2000): “Converse are pairs of (usually) verbal structures which express the
same state of affairs from opposing viewpoint, such as buy and sell” (p.103).
Example:
Source text: restaurant owner Target text: guest
Kindly note that the prices on this menu Mohon diperhatikan bahwa pajak tidak
are exclusive of tax. usah dibayar untuk harga di daftar
makanan itu.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram murders. Lingliana Tan (2014). The monogram
New York: Agatha Christie Limited, p. 11. murders. Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT
Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p. 19.
Comment: The source text as well as the target text is talking about the same issue, namely
that tax need not be paid if you have a meal in that restaurant. The source text is talking from
the point of the restaurant owner, while the target text is talking from the point of the
guest. So one point looked upon from two opposite viewpoints.

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 14: Abstraction change
Chesterman: “A different selection of abstraction level may either move from abstract to
concrete or from concrete to more abstract” (p. 103).
Example:
Source text: abstract Target text: concrete
“your dinner is cooking nicely, sir” “Stik Anda sedang dimasak dengan baik, Sir,”
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram murders. Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
New York: Agatha Christie Limited, p. 2. Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
Utama, p. 4.
Comment:
The source text has the word … dinner … which is abstract, while the target text has the word
Stik … which is concrete. Thus the level of abstract (source text) moves to the level of concrete
(target text).

15: Distribution change*

Chesterman (2000): “This is a change in the distribution of the same “semantic” components
over more items (expansion) or fewer items (compression)” (p. 104).

Expansion

Source text Target text: expanded

Her tone revealed how little she cared. Nada suara wanita itu menunjukkan bahwa ia
tidak peduli.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p. Utama, p. 11.
Comment:
The source text which consists of 7 words is expanded into a 9 words sentence in the target
text. This translation strategy is called expansion
Note: The difference must at least be 2 (two) words!

Compression

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 Source text Target text: compressed
“I thought she was nice enough,” said …. “Menurutku dia cukup baik,” kata …
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p.1. Utama, p. 7..

Comment
The source text that has 6 words is compressed into 4 words in the target text. This translation
strategy is called compression.
Note: The difference must at least be 2 (two) words !

16: Emphasis change

Chesterman (2000) “This strategy adds to, reduces or alters the emphasis or thematic focus, for
one reason or another” (p.104).
Example:
Source text: Target text: emphasis added
“This is the limit !” “Ini sangat keterlaluan!”
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p.8. Utama, p. 16.
Comment:
The translation in the target text is added by the word indicating emphasis, namely …sangat …
This translation strategy is called emphasis change.

17: Paraphrase
Chesterman (2000) “This is a typical strategy for the translation of idioms, for instance, for
which no corresponding idiomatic expression can be found in the TL” (p.104).
Example 1:
Source text: idiom Target text: non idiom
A girl needs something to get her through Seorang gadis butuh sesuatu untuk membuat
Italian (not to mention junior year) without dia dapat melalui kelas bahasa Italia (apalagi
going crazy. tahun pertama) tanpa menjadi gila.
Segal (1985) The Class. London: Bantam Threes Susilastuti (1997) Kelas ’58. Segal
Press, p. 54. (trans). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.
12
 93.
Comment:
In the source text … not to mention … is an idiom, for which no corresponding idiomatic
expression can be found in the TT, therefore it is translated non idiomatically, namely …
apalagi… .

Example 2:
Source text: phrasal verb Target text: non phrasal verb
Although she is the daughter of the richest Walaupun dia puteri orang yang terkaya di
man in the village, she has to abide by the desa, dia harus mengikuti peraturan yang
same rules as everyone else. sama seperti yang lainnya.
Segal (1985) The Class. London: Bantam Threes Susilastuti (1997) Kelas ’58. Segal
Press, p. 60. (trans). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.
103.
Comment:
Phrasal verbs belong to idiomatic expressions (Duff, 1990, p.11.) as idioms do, as such the
translation strategy used is Paraphrase. In the source text … abide by … is a phrasal verb and is
translated as … mengikuti…, which is a non-phrasal verb.

Students! look up the meaning of trope, before you read these examples.

18: Trope change

Chesterman (2000): “This strategy, or rather set of strategies, applies in the translation of
rhetorical tropes (i.e. figurative expressions). Correspondingly, three main subclasses of strategy
can be distinguished here {(1) – (3)}” (p.105).

(1) ST trope X = TT trope X. For instant, a ST metaphor is retained at a metaphor in the

TT.

Example:

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 Source text: metaphor Target text : metaphor
After his father’s death, John is the spear head Setelah ayahnya wafat, John merupakan ujung
of the family tombak keluarganya
Segal (1985) The Class. London: Bantam Threes Susilastuti (1997) Kelas ’58. Segal
Press, p. 50. (trans). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.
93.
Comment:
In the source there is the metaphor … spear head … and in the target text the metaphor is …
ujung tombak… Thus ST trope X = TT trope X.

(2) ST trope X =TT trope Y. Here the general feature of figurativeness has been retained,
but the realization of this feature is different, so that for instance an ST metaphor
might be translated as one based on a different tenor, or as some other trope
altogether.

Example:
Source text : metaphor Target text : simile
She has a heart of stone. Hatinya keras seperti batu.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p.8. Utama, p. 16.
Comment:
The metaphor … a heart of stone is translated into a simile keras seperti batu. Thus ST trope X
=TT trope Y. Trope X = metaphor, trope Y = simile.

(3) ST trope X = TT trope 0 (none). In this TT the figurative element is dropped

altogether.

Example:
Source text: simile Target text: trope 0 (none)
Feeling guilty, the whole class was as silent as Kare.na merasa bersalah, seluruh kelas
the grave yard. terdiam, tidak ada suara sedikit pun.
Segal (1985) The Class. London: Bantam Threes Susilastuti (1997) Kelas ’58. Segal
Press, p. 45. (trans). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, p.
14
 73.
Comment:
The trope in the source text is a simile, but in the target text there is no trope, just plain prose
translation.

3. PRAGMATIC STRATEGY

By pragmatic strategies Chesterman (2000) means those which primarily have to do with the
selection of information in the target text, a selection that is governed by the translator’s
knowledge of the prospective readership of the translation. If syntactic strategies manipulate
form, and semantic strategies manipulate meaning, pragmatic strategies can be said to
manipulate the message itself. These strategies are often the result of a translator’s global
decisions concerning the appropriate way to translate the text as a whole.

Pragmatic Strategies
1: Cultural filtering
Chesterman (2000):
This strategy is referred to as naturalization, domestication or adaptation; it describes
the way in which the source language items, especially cultural-specific items, are translated as
the target language cultural or functional equivalents, so that they conform to the target language
norms. The opposite procedure, whereby such items are not adapted in this way but e.g.
borrowed or transferred directly, is thus exoticization, foreignization or estrangement (p.
108).

Example 1:
Source text: Target text: naturalization
Greetings! I am pleased to see that we are Salam! Saya senang mengetahui bahwa kita
different. berbeda.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram murders. Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
New York: Agatha Christie Limited, p.12. Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
Utama, p. 20.
Comment:

15
Greetings… in the source text is translated into Salam … in the target text. This translation is a
natural way of the Indonesian norm to greet people.

Example 2:
Source text Target text: adaptation
Poirot never went to cafes for drinking coffee. Poitot tidak pernah ke kafe untuk minum kopi.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p.8. Utama, p. 14.

Comment:
… kafe … in the target text is adapted from … café… in the source text. It is adapted to the
usual name commonly used in Indonesia.

19: Explicitness change

Chesterman (2000):
This change is either towards more explicitness (explicitation) or more implicitness
(implicitation). Explicitation is well known to be one of the most common translatorial
strategies. It refers to the way in which translators add components explicitly in the TT which
are only implicit in the ST (p. 108).

Example:
Source text: implicit Target text: explicit
“Coffee, sir ?” “Anda mau pesan kopi, sir ?“
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram murders. Lingliana Tan (2014). The monogram murders.
New York: Agatha Christie Limited, p.7. Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
Utama, p. 14.
Comment:
The source text should actually be: “Will you order coffee, sir ?”, but it is written only “Coffee,
sir ?” That means that “Will you order … is left out or implicit. However, in the target text it is
written explicitly “Anda mau pesan …

20: Information change

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Chesterman (2000): “Information change is the addition of new (non-inferrable) information
which is deemed to be relevant to the TT readership but which is not present in the ST, or the
omission of ST information deemed to be irrelevant …” (p.109).

Example:
Source text Target text: additional new information
They were Muggles, … Mereka Muggles (orang biasa, bukan
penyihir), …
Rowling, J. K. (1999). Harry Potter and the Listiana Srisanti (2002). Harry Potter dan
Prizoner of Azkaban. London: Bloomsberry Tawanan Azkaban. Trans. Rowling. Jakarta:
Publishing Plc., p.8. P.T. Gramedia. Hal.11.
Comment:
In the target text there is an additional information between brackets that is not in the source text,
namely … (orang biasa, bukan penyihir) … to make the text more understandable for the
readers.

21: Interpersonal change

Chesterman (2000): “This strategy effects the overall style of the text; it alters the formality
level, the degree of emotiveness and involvement, the level of technical lexis and the like:
anything that involves a change in the relationship between text/author and reader (p. 110).

Example:
Source text: Target text: equal status
“I don’t have to like her, do I?” “Aku tidak perlu menyukainya, bukan ?”
……………………………………………… ……………………………………………….
“I thought she was nice enough,” said the “Menurutku dia cukup baik,” kata pelayan lain
shorter waitress with the round face, … yang lebih pendek dan berwajah bulat.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .New York: Agatha Christie Limited, Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
p.7. Utama, p. 14.
Comment:

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The dialog above is a discussion between one waitress and another, they work at the same
restaurants, so they are fellow waitresses. The word I … in the source text is translated into Aku
…The first person singular in Indonesian are saya, aku, hamba, etc. (Hasan Alwi and friends,
1998, pp. 241 – 252). Aku is used among friends among those who are socially equal in status or
those of socially higher status to those of lower or among those who are familiar to each other.

22: Illocutionary change

Chesterman (2000):
Illocutionary changes (changes of speech act), are usually linked with other
strategies too. For example, changing the mood of the verb from indicative to imperative also
involves an illocutionary change from statement to request.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
There can also be changes within particular classes of speech acts. For example, within
the class of acts known as representatives (such as stating, telling, reporting, a translator may
choose to shift from direct to indirect speech. (p.111).

Example:
Source text: direct speech Target text: indirect speech
“May I have coffee, please?” asked the lady Wanita dengan jaket coklat itu bertanya
with the brown jacket as soon as she entered apakah dia bisa minta secangkir kopi.
the restaurant.
Hannah, S. (2014). The monogram Lingliana Tan (2014).The monogram murders.
murders .New York: Agatha Christie Hannah (trans.). Jakarta;PT Gramedia Pustaka
Limited, p.108. Utama, p. 260.
Comment:
The source text is in the form of direct speech, while the translation is in the indirect speech. This
translation strategy used is one of the illocutionary changes.

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