TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

MANILA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PLATE NO. 3
IN

INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING DRAFTING (ME 21D)

“REVIEW OF HEATING, VENTILATING, AIR

CONDITIONING, AND REFRIGERATING
SYSTEMS”

PROPONENTS: RATINGS:
BUSTAMANTE, ARMHEL JOHN Q.
GARCIA, EMMANUEL RUFO L.
RAGAY, ROWE M.
SEBASTIAN, CARL JOSEPH R.
TISADO, JEROME KNOHLL M.

BSME 5B
INSTRUCTOR:
ENGR. JOMARI A. PICAR

DECEMBER 20, 2018

Objectives
1. Analyze the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems.
2. Discuss the operation of air conditioning and drying systems.
3. Introduce the trends in air conditioning
4. Review the concepts of heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigerating systems.
5. Analyze the ideal and actual vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.
6. Discuss the operation of refrigeration and heat pump systems.
7. Evaluate the performance of innovative vapor-compression refrigeration systems.
8. Analyze gas refrigeration systems.
9. Introduce the concepts of absorption-refrigeration systems.
10. Review the concepts of thermoelectric power generation and refrigeration.

Strategies

Answer the problems below. For concept questions, make sure to include necessary figures and
diagrams with proper caption. Cite sources using APA style of referencing. Avoid plagiarism.

For problems, show your neat and detailed solution. Include necessary figures and diagrams
with proper captions. Attach copies of all property tables, charts and diagram used. For
psychrometric properties, use Carrier’s Chart (if necessary). You may use any heating,
ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigerating systems for other property tables, charts and
diagrams.
Concept Questions

Answer the following questions

1. Discuss the statement “this building is air conditioned”. Consider the systems that must
be installed and the possible satisfaction of user’s thermal comfort.

The statement “this building is air conditioned”, means that the building’s
temperature is under control by an air conditioning unit that provides necessary heat or
cool air for the comfort of the people inside the place. The best system to use for a
large storey building is a centralized air conditioning system. Centralized air
conditioning unit helps to keep the building cool and reduce humidity levels. It provides
cleaner air and a quiet environment as long as the unit placed outside the building.

2. Explain the difference between mechanical ventilation and air conditioning.

The mechanical ventilation is the movement of air in a circle. The system takes the
air that is in the building, without making any changes to it (if the air is warm, the
system does not cool it down), mixes fresh air from outside (warms it, if outside
temperature is lower than interior), and circulates the mixed, fresh air back into the
building. The air ventilation systems are often used in the industry, to remove the
harmful elements or unwanted smell.

On the other hand, air conditioning unit is the circulation and cooling of air. Air
conditioning system is made of ventilation and warming/cooling mechanism, which
takes the air from the interior, cools or warms it and brings it back to the building. The
air conditioning systems are often installed in offices and similar objects, where fresh air
of appropriate temperature is needed. Nowadays, air conditioning system is almost
necessary part of any trading ir industrial object, to ensure the comfort of workers as
well as customers.

3. Define the term “low-cost air conditioning”. State the ways in which it can be achieved.

Low cost air conditioning is a term to describe a system which is very efficient yet it
does not cost much to operate.

Ways to achieve high efficiency and low-cost operation:

Maintain the system – conducting routine maintenance such as changing filters,
brushing off dirt, and replacement of refrigerant.
Lighten the load – reduce the internal generated loads by increasing insulation and
reducing air leakage
Ventilate – providing adequate ventilation to prevent contaminants from building up
which can cause health issues and comfort problems.
4. List the reasons for the air conditioning of the different categories of building, such as
residence office, retail, containment, and manufacturing. Explain each reason.
 Providing Air Conditioning System to a place where people most likely to stay to
do their jobs can give comfort and ease for them to work on things.

These are the reason why air conditioning system is needed in buildings:
Comfort – of course when people work in a hot environment, they sweat a lot and it
can cause irritation to them that can lead to poor performance. Same as working in cold
environment, so that providing air conditioning system to working places is very
necessary.
Ventilation – unwanted air can cause health problems especially in hospitals where air
must always be replaced with fresh and cool air.
Preservation – there are products that needs to be air conditioned to prevent
contaminants from forming especially in a high humid place.

5. Summarize in your own words the considerations involved in making use of building
without the use of refrigeration. State the limitations inherent in such designs the ways
in which outdoor air can be cooled without refrigeration.

Using outdoor air to cool buildings must consider the factors of supplying air
without using refrigeration. There are two components which can be used for providing
ventilation inside a building and these are mechanical fans and windows. Windows can
provide cool air especially when the weather is great however air cannot be controlled
and a larger opening is needed to meet the desired comfort. On the other hand,
mechanical fans are used to supply air or used as an exhaust for unwanted air inside the
building.

Outdoor-Air Ventilation System Types:

1. Exhaust-only systems – are the most problematic. The source of outdoor-air is
unknown. It may be coming from nasty places like the garage, ground, attic or through
building cavities containing mold. Exhaust-only systems make it more difficult for other
exhaust vents to do their job; bath vents, dryer vents and the range hood will have a
harder time exhausting those pollution sources. Indoor combustion appliances like
woodstoves, gas furnaces, gas water heaters or gas dryers in a de-pressurized house,
risk back-drafting flue gases. Exhaust-only systems have no capabilities of cleanable
filtration or energy recovery.
2. Supply-only systems – are less risky in our climate. Outdoor-air is supplied from a
known location. Where the indoor-air escapes from the house is usually unknown. This
can be a problem when indoor-air is humid and surfaces inside hidden building cavities
are cold from outdoor weather. The escaping, humid-air will condense on these cold
surfaces leading to mildew, mold and rot. Supply-only outdoor air can be filtered, but
cannot utilize energy recovery.
3. Balanced systems – are the safest and most energy efficient outdoor-air ventilation
systems. They are usually referred to as Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators HRV/ERVs.
They supply and exhaust from known locations reducing risk of pollution and potential
 of exfiltrating humid-air condensing in hidden building cavities. They usually include
filters and are capable of capturing 75-95% of the energy used to condition the indoor-
air.

6. List the applications of the 16 types of air conditioning system and discuss the suitability
of each.

Window Air Conditioner – window units cool a room be emitting the warm air out the
back of it and blowing cool air into it. These types of units are best for those who live in
small spaces. It would not be ideal for a larger home as you will discover that it doesn’t
cool efficiently in that kind of environment.

Portable Air Conditioner – Like window air conditioning units, portable air conditioners
are designed to cool only one room. They’re easy to install, versatile, and an affordable
option. You’ll find that the portability of your air conditioner makes staying cooling on a
hot summer day that much easier.

 Geothermal Heating and Cooling – Geothermal energy is sustainable, energy efficient,

and has a long lifespan. Since the ground temperature below us remains a fairly
consistent 55 degrees no matter how hot or cold it is in the atmosphere, geothermal
technology is able to extract the heat from below and transfer it into your home. A
geothermal coil (”loops” or “wells”) is installed deep in the ground and can be used to
heat and cool your home. In the winter, heat is extracted from the earth; in the
summer, heat is extracted from your home and distributed back into the ground.

Split-system Central Air Conditioner – for this type of system, there are two separate
cabinets. One is located outside in a metal cabinet and houses the condenser and
compressor.  The second cabinet is on the inside of the house and contains the
evaporator.  Typically, the indoor cabinet contains a furnace or part of a heat pump,
which has the evaporator coils installed in the main supply duct of the heat pump or
furnace.  This system is great for anyone who already has a furnace but no air
conditioner.  It offers the most affordable option for their needs.

Packaged Central Air Conditioner – the name is a good indicator of what to expect from
a packaged central air conditioner. The evaporator, compressor, and condenser are all
installed in one cabinet.  This cabinet is typically placed on a roof or a concrete slab near
the house’s foundation.  Packaged ones normally include electric heating coils or a
natural gas furnace, which eliminates the need for a separate furnace inside.

Ductless Mini Split Air Conditioner – This is a great option for cooling your home or
business without having to deal with the ductwork.  Other systems require ductwork so
that the cool air can travel throughout the space.  A ductless mini split air condition
doesn’t require ductwork because it has an air conditioner or a heat pump outside that
connects to units in the home that handle the cooling being pushed into them from
 outside.  You can control the temperature of a whole home or just one room by
controlling the air handlers in each specific area.  This allows for more control and a
more efficient way to control the temperature and cost of operating the ductless mini
split air conditioner.

Hybrid Air Conditioner – In the summer, your heat pump works as it normally does,
pulling heat from your home and distributing it outdoors. In the winter, your hybrid
heat pump system works in reverse, pulling heat from the outside environment and
distributing it into your home. If you remember the Second Law of Thermodynamics
from high school, you know that heat gets transferred from a hot object to a cold
object. When the refrigerant drops below the outside temperature, the heat from the
outdoors gets transferred to your heat pump’s coils and thus into your refrigerant.

7. Discuss how an air conditioning system operates.

An air conditioner is able to cool a building because it removes heat from the indoor
air and transfers it outdoors. A chemical refrigerant in the system absorbs the
unwanted heat and pumps it through a system of piping to the outside coil. The fan,
located in the outside unit, blows outside air over the hot coil, transferring heat from
the refrigerant to the outdoor air.

8. The variable “air volume system” has become very popular for office accommodation.
Explain its principles of operation and limitations. Include the topics of room air
calculation, zone volume control, economy control of the fans, duct air static pressure
modulation, and the satisfaction of users’ thermal and aural comfort.

Variable air volume (VAV) systems supply air at a variable temperature from an air
handling unit (AHU). The AHU draws in fresh air and return air from inside the building
and either heats or cools it before reaching the occupied space. Within each space, the
amount of air is adjusted to control the space temperature using VAV terminals, which
may also have some local heating capacity.

VAV systems either use central AHUs located on dedicated plant room floors that serve
multiple levels of the building, or may use smaller units in plant rooms on each floor.

Early Design Issues

According to an old adage, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”
This holds true for building design. An extra hour carefully spent in early design can save
weeks of time later in the process, not to mention improve client relations, reduce
construction costs, and reduce operating costs.

Zone Issues
Comfort is a complex sensation that reflects the heat balance between the occupant
and their environment but is tempered by personal preferences and many other
factors. This chapter covers zone design issues such as thermal comfort, zoning,
thermostats, application of CO2 sensors for demand control ventilation, integration of
occupancy controls, and issues affecting the design of conference rooms.

VAV Box Selection

Selecting and controlling VAV reheat boxes has a significant impact on HVAC energy use
and comfort control. This chapter examines the selection and control of VAV boxes to
minimize energy usage (both fan and reheat) while maintaining a high degree of
occupant comfort. Guidelines are provided for a range of terminal units including single
duct boxes, dual-duct boxes and fan powered terminal units.

Duct Design
Duct design is as much an art as it is a science; however, some rules of thumb and
guidelines are presented to help designers develop a cost-effective and energy-efficient
duct design.

Supply Air Temperature Control

This chapter covers the selection of the design temperature set point for VAV systems
in the climates of California. It also addresses energy efficient control sequences for
reset of supply temperature to minimize central plant, reheat and fan energy.

Fan Type, Size and Control

A number of factors need to be considered when selecting fans, including redundancy,
duty, first cost, space constraints, efficiency, noise and surge. This chapter discusses
how to select fans for typical large VAV applications. Information includes the best way
to control single and parallel fans, as well as presentation of two detailed fan selection
case studies. Supply air pressure reset control sequences are discussed in detail.

Coils and Filters

Selection of coils and filters needs to balance energy savings against first costs. This
chapter examines those issues as well as coil bypass dampers.

Outside Air/Return Air/Exhaust Air Control

Ventilation control is a critical issue for indoor environmental quality.
Maximizing “free” cooling through economizers is a cornerstone of energy
management. This chapter describes the design of airside economizers, building
pressurization controls, and control for code-required ventilation in a VAV system.
Thermal Comfort
The placement of thermostats is both crucial to comfort and can greatly affect the
performance of an HVAC system. Numerous reports from the Building Owners and
Managers Association (BOMA)15 and the University of California’s Center for the Built
Environment (CBE)16 document that second only to access to elevators, HVAC comfort
is a top concern for tenants and often the reason that they change buildings. Since the
thermostat is the HVAC systems proxy for occupant comfort, it is critical to make sure
that it accurately represents the needs of the occupant.
Comfort is defined in ASHRAE Standard 5517 as a “condition of mind that expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment.” It is a complex sensation that reflects a
heat balance between the occupant and their environment, but tempered by personal
preferences and by many environmental and social factors including job satisfaction.
There are six primary factors that affect thermal comfort:
1. Metabolic rate.
2. Clothing insulation.
3. Air temperature.
4. Radiant temperature
5. Air speed.
6. Humidity.

With most commercial HVAC systems, space temperature is the only one of these six
factors that is directly controlled, typically with a wall-mounted thermostat. Humidity is
indirectly limited on the high side as part of the cooling process, and can be limited on
the low side with humidifiers. For the mild, dry climates of California, humidity is not a
major factor in comfort in most commercial buildings. While temperature and humidity
are relatively constant throughout most conditioned spaces, the radiant temperature
may vary significantly from surface to surface. This variation, called radiant asymmetry,
is seldom directly controlled by the HVAC system18. Radiant asymmetry can be
significant in perimeter offices. An occupant in a west-facing zone with floor to ceiling
single pane glass may be hot in the summer and cold in the winter almost regardless of
the space temperature because of the asymmetric radiant environment. Luckily, this is
less of an issue since Title 24 now requires double pane low-e glass in all climates.
However when dealing with a highly asymmetric radiant environment, the best
strategies, in order of preference, are
1) provide better glazing, less glazing and/or external shading;
2) use a mean radiant temperature sensor to reset the zone thermostat setpoint.

Occupancy Controls
Occupant sensors have come of age. Due to their prevalence in lighting systems, they
are stable in design and reliability and relatively inexpensive. In addition to controlling
the lighting, they can be used to control the occupancy status of individual zones. By
setting back temperature and airflow setpoints when the space served is unoccupied,
central fan airflow is reduced and zone reheat is minimized. Where zones are provided
with subzone sensors, the occupant sensor can be used to eliminate the sub-zone
sensor reading from the signal selection controlling the VAV box.

Unfortunately Title 24 requires that zones provide the code-required minimum outdoor
airflow rate when spaces are “usually occupied.” To comply with this, VAV box
minimum airflow setpoints cannot be set to zero in response to an occupant sensor.
The box minimum can be reset to a minimum setpoint equal to the Table 1-F value from
Title 24 (e.g., 0.15 cfm/ft2)times the occupied area, and the temperature setpoints can
be widened. To allow spaces to return to comfortable temperatures fairly quickly after
they are reoccupied, the setpoints should not be set more than a few degrees off of
occupied setpoints.

Design of Conference Rooms

Conference rooms, because of their variable occupancy and high occupant design
densities, present a challenge to the designer. Minimum ventilation rates at the design
occupancy represent a high percentage of the overall supply air rate, particularly for
interior conference rooms. At low occupancies and low loads, design minimum
ventilation rates may be above the required supply air flow, potentially causing the
room to be overcooled.

Maintaining minimum rates and temperature control simultaneously can be done using
one of the following options:

1. Set the minimum airflow setpoint on the zone VAV box to the design occupancy
ventilation rate. For interior conference rooms, this minimum rate will equate to 75% to
100% of the design cooling maximum supply rate. Clearly, this option wastes fan energy
as well as cooling and heating energy through reheat. It can also require the heating
system to operate even in warm weather to prevent over-cooling conference rooms
that are only partially occupied. If the minimum ventilation rate represents more than
about 40% of the design cooling supply rate, this option is not recommended. This
typically limits the application to perimeter zones with high solar loads.

2. Use a VAV box with a high minimum as above, but integrate it with the lighting
system occupant sensor to reduce the box minimum to the Title 24 Table 1-F level (e.g.
0.15 cfm/ft2) during unoccupied times. This option is better than option 1 above but it
still wastes energy when the conference room is lightly loaded (less than the design
number of occupants are in the room).

3. Use a VAV box with a CO2 sensor to reset the zone minimum between the Title 24
Table 1-F level (e.g. 0.15 cfm/ft2) and the design ventilation minimum. This option uses
less mechanical system energy than the occupant sensor solution because it is effective
 when the space is partially occupied as well as unoccupied.

4. Use a series fan-powered VAV box with a zero minimum airflow setpoint. Because
Title 24 allows transfer air to be used to meet ventilation requirements (see Code
Ventilation Requirements), minimum ventilation can be provided by the series-fan
supplying only plenum air, eliminating central air and reheat. This is the simplest option
from a controls perspective and it is one of the most efficient. Selecting and controlling
VAV reheat boxes has a significant impact on HVAC energy use and comfort control. The
larger a VAV box is, the lower its pressure drop, and in turn, the lower the fan energy.
However, the larger VAV box will require a higher minimum airflow setpoint, which in
turn will increase the amount of reheat and fan energy. In addition to these energy
trade-offs, smaller boxes also generate more noise than larger boxes at the same
airflow but they can provide more stable control because they have a greater damper
“authority” or α-value (see ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals Chapter 15 for details).
However, within the selection range discussed below, damper authority is seldom a
significant selection consideration.

9. State the advantages that can be gained by using a water-source heat-pump air
conditioning system capable of simultaneous cooling and heating of adjacent zones. List
suitable applications. Comment on the maintenance required for such systems.

What Is a Water Source Heat Pump?

A water source heat pump operates much like a traditional air source heat pump except
that it extracts and dissipates heat by way of water instead of air. This is certainly not a
type of home comfort system that will be available to anyone, but if you live in an area
close to a well, lake or other natural water source, it may be an option worth
considering.

All types of heat pumps can provide excellent year round home temperature control by
pumping heat in during the winter months and removing it during the summer. The
main difference between the types of heat pumps is where they get the heat or dispose
of it.

Traditional air source heat pumps get their heat from the air outside, as even relatively
cold air actually contains a substantial amount of heat. They use this heat to keep your
house warm in the winter, but as the outside temperatures go down below freezing,
these heat pumps can become less and less effective.

Water source heat pumps, on the other hand, work on basically the same principle as
air source heat pumps, but they extract heat from a body of water rather than the air.
They do this by cycling water through a system of pipes that is laid out at the bottom of
 a body of water. As the water cycles through, it gathers heat from the lake or reservoir
and then carries it back to your house.
Benefit Explanation
High efficiency Compared with other heat pumps, water-source systems have a very
high efficiency, with a ‘Coefficient of Performance’ (CoP) of around 5. This means every
unit of electricity delivers 5 units of heat to the building.
Quick financial payback Typical payback period of less than 5 years for domestic, or less
than 10 years for larger projects.
No boreholes or large trenches Unlike ground-source heat pumps, water-source
systems don’t require any deep excavations and the collector area is much smaller.
Low energy consumption Only a small amount of electricity is required, the
remaining energy all comes from the natural heat present in the water source.
Small carbon footprint And by using electricity from renewable sources, the carbon
footprint can be reduced even further!
Eligible for government incentives The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) supports
almost all water-source heat pump projects.
Works well with other heating systems Ideal for retrofit alongside conventional gas
boiler, solar thermal and other heating systems. It’s also possible to use a thermal store
to improve performance in winter.
Works well with on-site generation Using electricity generated on-site, such as
from wind, solar or hydropower, can improve the project finances. Battery storage may
also help to reduce running costs.
Can provide both heating and cooling Some Heat Pump models are well-suited to
cooling, including air conditioning. Reversible heat pumps can even alternate between
heating and cooling if necessary.
Quiet, long-lasting operation Water-source heat pumps are quieter and have a
longer lifetime than air or ground source heat pumps. Servicing is very straightforward –
similar to a conventional gas boiler.

10. List the applications for independent air conditioning units, split systems, reversible
heat pumps, chilled ceilings, and district cooling. Comment on their design
characteristics and maintenance requirements. Acquire manufacturer’s literature of a
variety of equipment.
11. On a hot summer day, a student day, a student turns his fan on when he leaves his
room in the morning. When he returns in the evening, will his room be warmer or
cooler than the neighboring rooms? Why? Assume all the doors and windows are kept
closed.

The room will be warmer, due to continuously running of the fan heat gets
added in the room because of the air friction and electrical power in the room.
12. Consider two identical rooms, one with a refrigerator in it and the other without one. If
all the doors and windows are closed, will the room contain the refrigerator be cooler
or warmer than the other room? Why?

The room with the refrigerator will be warmer because the refrigerator would
be pumping heat out from the food and drinks stored within it. 
When at steady state, when the things inside the refrigerator can no longer be
cooled down further, the only heat source of the room would be the refrigerator
system - specifically from the condenser and compressor
13. Discuss how a refrigerating system operates. Also, state what are simple and actual
vapor compression cycles. Discuss the factors to be considered in actual refrigerating
cycles.

1. The compressor constricts the refrigerant vapor, raising its pressure, and pushes it
into the coils on the outside of the refrigerator.
2. When the hot gas in the coils meets the cooler air temperature of the kitchen, it
becomes a liquid.
3. Now in liquid form at high pressure, the refrigerant cools down as it flows into the
coils inside the freezer and the fridge.
4. The refrigerant absorbs the heat inside the fridge, cooling down the air.
5. Last, the refrigerant evaporates to a gas, then flows back to the compressor, where
the cycle starts all over.

Simple Vapor Compression Cycle

This refrigeration cycle is approximately a Rankine cycle run in reverse. A working

fluid (often called the refrigerant) is pushed through the system and undergoes state
changes (from liquid to gas and back). The latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant
is used to transfer large amounts of heat energy, and changes in pressure are used to
control when the refrigerant expels or absorbs heat energy.
The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle is comprised of four steps. The
conceptual figure of the process shows the PV changes during each part.
 Two-phase
liquid-vapor mixture

The processes of this cycle are

 Process 4-1: two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of refrigerant is evaporated through

heat transfer from the refrigerated space.
 Process 1-2: vapor refrigerant is compressed to a relatively high temperature and
pressure requiring work input.
 Process 2-3: vapor refrigerant condenses to liquid through heat transfer to the
cooler surroundings.
 Process 3-4: liquid refrigerant expands to the evaporator pressure.

Actual Vapor Compression Cycle

Heat transfers between refrigerant and cold and warm regions are not reversible.

 Refrigerant temperature in evaporator is less than TC.

 Refrigerant temperature in condenser is greater than TH.
 Irreversible heat transfers have negative effect on performance.

The COP decreases – primarily due to increasing compressor work input – as the
  temperature of the refrigerant passing through the evaporator is reduced
relative to the temperature of the cold region, TC.
 temperature of the refrigerant passing
 through the condenser is increased relative to the temperature of the warm
region, TH.

 Irreversibilities during the compression process are suggested by dashed line from
state 1 to state 2.
 An increase in specific entropy accompanies an adiabatic irreversible compression
process. The work input for compression process 1-2 is greater than for the
counterpart isentropic compression process 1-2s.
 Since process 4-1, and thus the refrigeration capacity, is the same for cycles 1-2-3-4-
1 and 1-2s-3-4-1, cycle 1-2-3-4-1 has the lower COP.

14. To size the compressor of a new refrigerator, it is desired to determine the rate of heat
transfer from the kitchen air into the refrigerated space through the walls, door, and
the top and bottom section of the refrigerator. In your analysis, would you treat this as
a transient or steady-state heat transfer problem? Also, would you consider the heat
transfer to be one-dimensional or multidimensional? Explain.

This circumstance where compressor releases heat due to the work of compressor
may be called as transient heat transfer. Transient heat transfer is the non-steady
state transfer of energy through a medium. The transient state refers to a non-constant
flow of energy. This changing rate of heat transfer could be due to fluctuating
temperature difference over the medium or changing properties throughout the
 medium. The mode of transient is multidimensional because the heat radiates in every
direction where the compressor located.

15. Discuss the effects of a) increasing the vaporizing temperature; b) increasing the
condensing temperature; c) subcooling the liquid; and d) superheating the vapor in any
refrigerant systems.
16. What are the advantages of using multi-pressure and cascade systems in comparison
with simple vapor compression cycle?
17. Discuss steam-jet refrigeration systems. Indicate its advantages and disadvantages.
18. Discuss absorption refrigeration systems. Indicate its advantages and disadvantages.
19. Discuss air refrigeration systems. Indicate its advantages and disadvantages.
20. What is cryogenics? State its operation, parts, uses, advantages, and disadvantages.
21. What are the eight processes involved in air conditioning system? Discuss each process
and sketch them in a psychrometric chart.
22. What are the different trends in air conditioning system? Sketch their schematic
diagrams.

The HVAC industry describes the amount of conditioning homes need as heating
and cooling loads. The load refers to the amount of work any system must do to keep
the structure comfortable. HVAC professionals base the size of the systems they
install on their capacity to satisfy three different kinds of loads.

Design Load
The cooling or heating load is distinctly connected to pre-set design conditions in
your home – or in other words, pre-determined summer and winter temperatures that
are considered typical for the sort of load your HVAC system will have to contend with
during cold or hot weather. For a certain area and climate, the temperature might be 84
degrees in the summer and 18 in the winter. Certain factors, including your home’s size,
layout and energy efficiency, should be considered in determining how much cooling or
heating will be needed to bring your home to a pre-set comfortable temperature during
outside design conditions.

Extreme Load
Extreme loads will occur during the coldest or hottest days of the year. A
knowledgeable HVAC installation technician will never recommend a heating or cooling
system based on an extreme load. This would mean that the system would over-sized
for all other times, resulting the many negative consequences of an over-sized HVAC
system.

Partial Load
In each home, the partial load is the most common requirement for any cooling or
heating system. Even during a cold or hot day, much of the time the temperature is
either increasing to a peak, or digressing back from the highest or lowest temperature.
 Similarly, when it’s milder outside, or in the spring or fall, design temperatures will not
often be reached. This means that a standard HVAC system will operate on too much
capacity during the greater part of a day or a year. Fortunately, HVAC technology has
seen advancements in recent years in variable-speed and multi-level functioning,
meaning systems can now adapt their running level to current conditions.

23. What are cooling towers? Discuss its parts, types and uses.
24. What are dryers? Discuss its parts, types and uses.
25. Discuss the factors to be considered in purchasing equipment related to heating,
ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigerating systems.
Problems

1. The dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures of the atmosphere are 22°C and 10°C,
respectively. Calculate the water vapor pressure, relative humidity, degree or
percent saturation, humidity ratio, and enthalpy.
Given:
DBT =22°C
WBT =10°C

Required:
Pv
RH
DOS
w
h

Solution:

For Pv,

From Carrier’s Equation

(Pm−Pvw )(dbt −wbt )

Pv=Pvw−
1546.62−1.44 wbt
Where Pvw=Pv@10°C

Pvw=1.2276kPa

Pm=101.325kPa

(101.325−1.2276)(22−10)
Pv=1.2276−
1546.62−1.44(10)

Pv=0.4437 kPa
For RH,

Pv
RH =
Psat @t=22 ℃
0.4437
RH =
2.645
RH =0.1677
RH =16.77 %
For DOS,
 Pm−Psat @t=22 ℃
DOS=RH ( )
Pm−Pv
101.325−2.645
DOS=0.1677( )
101.325−0.4437
DOS=0.164
DOS=16.4 %
For w,
Pv
w=0.622( )
Pm−Pv
0.4437
w=0.622 (
101.325−0.4437 )
kg
w=0.0027357 v
kg da
For h,
h=CpT +whg@ 22 ℃
h=1.0062 ( 22 ) +0.0027357 (2541.7)
kJ
h=29.39
kg

2. Using the humidity ratios from the psychrometric chart, calculate the error in
considering the wet-bulb line to be the line of constant enthalpy at the point 35°C
DB and 50%RH.
Given:
DBT =35°C
w= 50%
Required:
Error in considering the wet bulb line
Solution:
From Psychrometric Chart,
@Wet bulb line,
wbt =26.2 ℃

RH=50%

wbt=26.2°C
 dbt=35°C

@constant enthalpy line,

wbt =26.05 ℃

RH=50%

wbt=26.05°C

dbt=35°C

Thus,
Error=26.20 ℃−26.05 ℃
Error=0.15 ℃

3. An air-vapor mixture has a dry bulb temperature of 30°C and humidity ratio of
0.015kg/kgda. Calculate the enthalpy and dew-point temperature for two barometric
pressures 85kPaa and 101.325kPaa.
Given:
DBT =30°C
w= 0.015kg/kgda

Required:
h
dpt

Solution:
If Pm=101.325kPaa
For h,
h=CpT +w hg@ 30℃
h=1.0062(30)+(0.015)(2556.3)
kJ
h=68.5305
kg
For dpt,
dpt=tsat @ Pv
where:
Pv
w=0.622( )
Pm−Pv
Pv
0.015=0.622( )
101.325−Pv
Pv=2.386 kPa
dpt=tsat @ Pv=0.002386 mPa
Solve for dpt,
From Table 2:
0.0023 19.73
0.002386 dpt
0.0024 20.42
dpt −20.42 0.002386−0.0024
=
19.73−20.42 0.0023−0.0024
dpt=20.3234 ℃
If Pm=85kPaa
For h,
h=CpT +w hg@ 30℃
h=1.0062(30)+(0.015)(2556.3)
kJ
h=68.5305
kg
For dpt,
dpt=tsat @ Pv
where:
Pv
w=0.622( )
Pm−Pv
Pv
0.015=0.622( )
85−Pv
Pv=2.0016 kPa
dpt=tsat @ Pv=0.002386 mPa
Solve for dpt,
From Table 2:
0.0023 19.73
0.002386 dpt
0.0024 20.42
 dpt −20.42 0.002386−0.0024
=
19.73−20.42 0.0023−0.0024
dpt=20.3234 ℃
4. Air in an occupied room is at temperature of 20°C DB and has a moisture content of
0.007376 kg/kgda. When air at 20°C DB is fully saturated, it can hold 0.01475 kg/kg da.
Calculate the percentage saturation of the room air. Check the answer with a
psychrometric chart.

Given:

dbt1 =20°C= dbt2

w1= 0.007376 kg/kgda
RH2= 100%
w2= 0.01475 kg/kgda
Required:
DOS

Solution:
w1
DOS=
w2
0.007376
DOS= x 100 %
0.01475
DOS=50.01 %

5. How many tons of refrigeration is required to cool 472.3LPS of air from 35°C DB and
26°C WB to 27°C DB and 50%RH?

Given:

Va=472.3 LPS
dbt1=35°C
wbt1=26°C
dbt2=27°C
RH=50%

Required:

TOR

Solution:

m ah m ah
1 AIR 2
 Q
a

∆ E=0
E¿ =E out

ma h1=Q A + ma h 2

Q A =ma (h1−h2)

For ma,

PV =mRT

(P m−Pv )(V a )
m a=
Ra ( T ¿¿ 1)¿

For Pv1 from Carrier’s Equation,

(Pm−Pvw )(dbt −wbt )

Pv=Pvw−
1546.62−1.44 wbt
Where Pvw=Pv@26°C

Pvw=3.363kPa

Pm=101.325kPa

(101.325−3.363)(35−26)
Pv 1=1.2276−
1546.62−1.44 (26)

Pv 1=2.7788 kPa

kN L 1 m3
(101.325−2.7788) 2 (472.3) x
m s 1000 L
m a=
kN −m
0.28708 (35+ 273) ° K
kg−° K
kgda
m a=0.5264
s
For h1,

h1 =Cpa t 1+ w1 h g @35 ℃
 For w,

Pv
w 1=0.622( )
Pm−Pv
2.7788
w 1=0.622( )
101.325−2.7788
w 1=0.01754

h1 =1.0062( 35)+0.01754 (2565.3)

kJ
h1 =80.21
kg da

For h2,

h2 =Cpa t 2 +w2 h g @27 ℃

For w,

Pv
w 2=0.622( )
Pm−Pv
Pv 2=R H 2 Psat @ 27 ℃

Pv 2=(0.5)(3.567)

Pv 2=1.7835 kPa

1.7835
w 1=0.622( )
101.325−1.7835
w 1=0.01114

h2 =1.0062(27)+ 0.01114(2550.8)

kJ
h1 =55.58
kg da

Thus,

kg da kJ 1 TRO
Q A =0.5264 (80.21−55.58) x
s kgda kJ
3.517
s
Q A =3.6864 TOR
6. A continuous dryer is designed to produce, in 24 hours, a 20000-kg product
containing 5% water. The product enters the dryer with 35% water. The air used for
drying has an inlet temperature of 20°C DB and 45% RH and is preheated to 65°C
before reaching the product. The air leaves saturated at 43°C. Determine the air flow
in m3/s and heat required in the reheater.

Qh dbt3=43°C

dbt1=20°C dbt2=65°C
RH1=45% xm4=0.35

MT5=20000kg/24hrs
MT5=933.33kg/hr
xm5=0.05

Required:

V2
Qh

Solution:

For V2,

From,

PV =mRT

(T ¿¿ 2)(R a)
v 2=m a ¿
( Pm−P v2)

For ma,
System: Mixing Chamber
m
e

ma AIR ma
mv mv
2 3
∆ m=0
m¿ =mout

m a +m v2 +m e =m a +m v3

me =ma ( w3−w2)

me
m a=
(w3 −w2 )

For me,

m e =m T 4−m T5

mT 4=mm4 + mBD4

m BD 4=m BD 5

mT5 =mm5+ mBD5

m BD5 =m T5−mm5

mm5
x m5=
mT5

m m5=x m5 (m T 5)

mm5=0.05(833.33)

kg
m m5=41.6665
hr
m BD5 =833.33−41.6665

kg
m BD5 =791.6635 =m BD4
hr
mm4
x m4 =
mm 4 +mBD4

where

xm4=0.35
 m m4
0.35=
mm 4 +791.6635

kg
m m4 =426.28
hr
kg
m T 4=(426.28+791.6635)
hr
kg
m T 4=1217.94
hr
me =1217.94−833.33

kg 1 hr
m e =384.61 x
hr 3600 s
kg
m e =0.1068
s
For w3,

Pv3
w 3=0.622( )
Pm−Pv 3

Where:

Pv 3=R H 3 Psat @ 45℃

Pv 3=( 1 ) (8.644 kPa)

Pv 3=8.644 kPa

8.644
w 3=0.622( )
101.325−8.644
w 3=0.05805

For w2,

w2= w1

Pv 1
w 1=0.622( )
Pm−Pv 1

Where:

Pv 1=R H 1 Psat @ 20 ℃

Pv 1=( 0.45 ) (2.339 kPa)

 Pv 1=1.05255 kPa

0.05255
w 1=0.622( )
101.325−0.05255
w 1=0.006529=w2

Thus,

0.1068
m a=
0.05805−0.006529
kg
m a=2.0729
s
Then,

2.0729 ( 0.28708 ) ( 65+273 )

v 2=
( 101.325−1.05255 )

m3
v 2=2.0059
s
For QH,

System: Air in reheater

Q
H

ma h1 ma
mv1 AIR h2

mv
2
Q H + ma h1 =m a h 2

Q H =ma (h2 −h1 )

For h2,

h2 =Cpa t 2 +w2 h g @65 ℃

h2 =1.0062(65)+ 0.006529(2618.3)

kJ
h2 =32.4979
kg
 For h1,

h1 =Cpa t 1+ w1 h g @20 ℃

h1 =1.0062( 20)+ 0.006529(2538.1)

kJ
h1 =36.6953
kg
Thus,

Q H =2.0729(32.4979−36.6953)

Q H =94.94 kW

7. A compressor receives an air-water vapor mixture at 96kpaa, 10°C, and with a vapor
pressure of 1.0kPaa and compresses it adiabatically to 207kPaa and 65°C. Determine
the work required per kg dry air, and the relative humidity initially and finally.
Required:
RH1
RH2
Solution:
k−1
T 2 P2
=
T 1 P1 ( ) k

k−1
65+273 207
10+273
= ( )
96
k

k = 1.3
k−1
k P1 v 1 P 2
w=
k−1 P 1[ ] k
−1

v1 RT
=
ma Pm−Pv1

v 1 ( 0.28708 ) ( 10+273 )
=
ma 96−1.0

v1 m3
=0.8522
ma s−kgda

kW
W =69.02
kgda
k−1
65+273 Pv 2
10+273
=
Pw( ) k
 Pv 2=2.159 kPa

Pv 1
RH =
Psat
Psat =1.2276 Kpa
RH 1=0.8146∨81.46 %

Pv 2
RH 2=
Psat
Psat =25.03
RH 2=0.862∨86.2%

8. Air is 37°C DB and 15% RH. The air is to be cooled by evaporative cooling until the RH
is 60%. Determine the final temperature and the water required for 0.5m 3/s of air.
Given:
dbt1=37°C
RH1=15%
RH2=60%
Va=5m3/s

Required:
dbt2
mw

Solution:
For dbt2,
Pv 2
RH 2=
Psat @ dbt 2
Pv 2=Pv1
Pv 1=RH 1 Psat @dbt 1
Pv 1=0.15(6.281)
Pv 1=0.94215 kPa
Pv 2
Psat @ dbt 2=
RH 2
0.94215
Psat @ dbt 2=
0.6
Psat @ dbt 2=1.57025 kPa
From Table 2,
p t
1.5 13.03
1.57025 dbt2
1.6 14.02
Interpolate:
dbt 2−14.02 1.57025−1.6
=
13.03−14.02 1.5−1.6
dbt 2=13.73 ℃

For mw, from heat transfer of H2O to Air

ma ( h1−h2 )=mw Cp w ( t 1−t 2 )
ma ( h1−h2 )
mw =
Cpw ( t 1−t 2 )
For ma,
(P m−Pv )(V a )
m a=
Ra ( T ¿¿ 1)¿
(101.325−0.94215)(0.5)
m a=
0.28708(37+273)
kg da
m a=0.56398
s
For h1,
h1 =Cpa t 1+ w1 h g @37 ℃
For w1,
Pv1
w 1=0.622 ( Pm−Pv 1 )
0.94215
w 1=0.622 ( 101.325−0.94215 )
w 1=0.005838
h1 =1.0062(37)+ 0.005838(2568.9)
kJ
h1 =52.23
kg
For h2,
h2 =Cpa t 2 +w2 h g @13.73 ℃
For hg@13.73°C,
From Table 1,
t hg
13 2525.3
13.73 hg
14 2527.1
Interpolate:
 h g−2527.1 13.73−14
=
2523.3−2527.1 13−14
hg @13.73=2526.614
h2 =1.0062(13.73)+0.005838( 2526.614)
kJ
h2 =28.57
kg
Thus,
0.56398 ( 52.23−28.57 )
mw =
4.187 ( 37−13.73 )
kg w
m w =0.1370
s

9. A heating system for an office building uses an adiabatic saturation air washer
followed by heating coil. A mixture of 1.2m 3/s of outside air at 5°C DB and 50% RH
and 6m3/s of return air at 20°C DB and 55% RH enter the saturator. The mixture
leaves with a temperature 1 degrees less than saturation. Thea heating coil heats the
mixture to 38°C. For the mixture leaving the heating coil, determine the relative
humidity, specific volume, and the heat supplied to the coil.

Given:

V1 = 1.2 m3/s dbt1 = 5°C RH1 = 50%

V5 = 6 m3/s dbt5 = 20°C RH5 = 55%

dbt4 = 38°C dbt3 = dbt2 - 1

Solution:

a) Relative Humidity, RH4

System Mixing Chamber: Mass Balance (dry air basis)

m¿ =mout ; ∆ m=0

m a 1 +m a 5=m a 2

For ma1:

Pa V 1=ma 1 R a T 1

(Pm −Pv 1) V 1
m a 1=
RaT 1

For Pv1:

Pv 1=RH 1 (Psat @ 5 ° C )
 Pv 1=(0.5)(0.8721 kPa)

Pv 1=0.4361 kPa

kN m3
(101.325−0.4361) (1.2)
m2 s
m a 1=
kN −m
( 0.28708 ) ( 5+273 ) K
kgda−K

kg da
m a 1=1.517
s
For ma5:

Pv 5=RH 5 (Psat @ 20 ° C )

Pv 5=(0.55)(2.339 kPa)

Pv 5=1.2865 kPa

kN m3
(101.325−1.2865) ( 6)
m2 s
m a 5=
kN −m
( 0.28708 ) ( 20+273 ) K
kgda−K

kgda
m a 5=7.1369
s
For ma2:

ma 2=ma 1 +ma 5

kg da
m a 2=1.517+7.1369
s
kg da
m a 2=8.653
s
System Mixing Chamber: Energy Balance (wet air basis)

E¿ =E out ; ∆ E=0

m a 1 Cpa wbt 1+ ma 5 Cpa wbt 5=ma 2 Cpa wbt 2

ma 1 wbt 1 +ma 5 wbt 5=ma 2 wbt 2

ma 1 wbt 1 +m a 5 wbt 5
wbt 2=
ma 2
 From Carrier’s Equation:

( P m−Pvw )(dbt−wbt)
Pv =P vw−
1546.62−1.44 wbt

For wbt1: Assume, at 1

wbt1 = 1°C Pvw1 = 0.6567 kPa RH1 = 45.42%

(101.325−0.6567)kPa (5−1)° C
Pv 1=0.6567 kPa−
1546.62−1.44(1)° C

Pv 1=0.3961 kPa

Assume, at 2:

wbt1 = 3°C Pvw1 = 0.7577 kPa RH1 = 71.93%

(101.325−0.7577)kPa (5−3) ° C
Pv 1=0.7577 kPa−
1546.62−1.44(3) ° C

Pv 1=0.6273 kPa

By Interpolation:

wbt (°C) RH (%)

1 0.4542
wbt1 =? 0.60
3 0.7193

0.60−0.7193 wbt 1 −3
=
0.4542−0.7193 1−3
wbt 1=2.1° C

For wbt5: Assume, at 1

wbt5 = 12°C Pvw5 = 1.4022 kPa RH5 = 37.6%

(101.325−1.4022)kPa (20−12)° C
Pv 5=1.4022 kPa−
1546.62−1.44 (12) °C

Pv 5=0.8795 kPa

Assume, at 2:

wbt5 = 16°C Pvw5 = 1.8181 kPa RH5 = 66.56%

 (101.325−1.8181)kPa (20−16) ° C
Pv 5=1.8181 kPa−
1546.62−1.44 (16)° C

Pv 5=1.5569 kPa

By Interpolation:

wbt (°C) RH (%)

12 0.376
wbt5 =? 0.55
16 0.6656

0.55−0.6656 wbt 5−16

=
0.376−0.6656 12−16
wbt 5=14.4 ° C

kgda
(1.517 )( 2.1 ) + ( 7.136 ) ( 14.4 ) ; °C
s
wbt 2=
kgda
8.653
s
wbt 2=12.24 ° C=wbt 3

Using Carrier’s Equation:

(Pm −Pvw 3 )(dbt 3 −wbt 3 )

Pv 3=P vw 3−
1546.62−1.44 wbt 3

By Interpolation:

Pvw (kPa) wbt (°C)

1.4022 12
Pvw3 =? 12.24
1.4974 13

12.24−13 Pvw 3 −1.4974

=
12−12.24 1.4022−1.4974
Pvw 3 =1.425 kPa

For dbt3:

dbt 3=dbt 2−1

System Mixing Chamber: Energy Balance (dry air basis)

 E¿ =E out ; ∆ E=0

ma 1 dbt 1 +ma 5 dbt 5=ma 2 dbt 2

m a 1 dbt 1+ ma 5 dbt 5
dbt 2=
ma 2

kg da
( 1.517 ) (5 )+ ( 7.136 )( 20 ) ; °C
s
dbt 2=
kg da
8.653
s
dbt 2=17.37 ° C

Thus:

dbt 3=17.37 ° C−1

dbt 3=16.37 ° C

(101.325−1.425) kPa(16.37−12.24)° C
Pv 3=1.425 kPa−
1546.62−1.44 (12.24) ° C

Pv 3=1.1552 kPa=P v 4

0.622 P v3
w 3=
Pm−P v3

0.622(1.1552)
w 3=
(101.325−1.1552)

kg v
w 3=0.00717 =w4
kg da

Hence, RH4:

P v4
RH 4=
Psat @ 38 ° C

1.1552 kPa
RH 4= x 100 %
6.632 kPa
RH 4=17.42 %

b) Specific Volume, v4

V Ra T 4
v= =
m Pa
 Ra T 4
v 4=
Pm−P v 4

kN −m
( 0.20708 ) ( 38+273 ) K
kgda−K
v 4=
kN
(101.325−1.1552) 2
m

m3
v 4=0.8913
kg da

c) Heat Supplied, QA

System Heater: Energy Balance

E¿ =E out ; ∆ E=0

m a 3 h3 +Q A=ma 4 h4

ma 2=ma 3=ma 4=ma

Q A =m a (h 4−h3 )

For h3:

h3 =Cpa t 3 +w 3 h g @ 16.37° C

By Interpolation:

t (°C) hg (kJ/kgv)
16 2530.8
16.37 hg =?
17 2532.6

16.37−17 hg−2532.6
=
16−17 2530.8−2532.6
kJ
h g=2531.5
kg v

kJ kg kJ
h3 =( 1.0062 ) ( 16.37 ° C ) +( 0.00717) v (2531.5)
kg da−° C kgda kg v

kJ
h3 =34.62
kg da
 For h4:

h 4=Cpa t 4 +w 3 h g @ 38° C

kJ kg kJ
h 4=( 1.0062 ) (38 ° C )+(0.00717) v (2570.7)
kgda−° C kg da kgv

kJ
h 4=56.67
kg da

Hence, heat supplied:

kgda kJ
Q A =8.653 ( 56.67−34.62)
s kg da

1 TOR
Q A =190.80 kW x
3.52 kW
Q A =54.204 TOR

10. A 5-TR Refrigerant 12 air conditioning system receives air at 32°C DB and 75% RH
and cools and dehumidifies it to 24°C and 45%RH. The R-12 discharge temperature
from the compressor is 43°C and the evaporator temperature is 4°C. Determine the
air flow rate and water removed.

AIR
dbt1=32° dbt2=24°
RH1=75% RH1=45%

QA=5TR

Required:
maf
me

Solution:
For ma,
System: Air

Q
A
ma h1 ma
AIR h2

ma h1=Q A + ma h 2
Q A =m a (h ¿ ¿ 1−h2)¿
QA
m a=
(h ¿ ¿ 1−h 2) ¿
For h1,
h1 =Cpa t 1+ w1 h g @32 ℃
where:
Pv 1
w 1=0.622( )
Pm−Pv 1
Pv 1=RH 1 Psat @ 32℃
Pv 1=0.75 ( 4.759 )
Pv 1=3.56925 kPa
7.56925
w 1=0.622( )
101.325−7.56925
w 1=0.02271
h1 =1.0062( 32)+0.02271(2559.9)
kJ
h1 =90.33
kg
For h2,
h2 =Cpa t 2 +w2 h g @32 ℃
where:
Pv 1
w 2=0.622( )
Pm−Pv 1
Pv 2=RH 2 Psat @ 24 ℃
Pv 2=0.45 ( 2.985 )
Pv 2=1.34325 kPa
1.34325
w 2=0.622( )
101.325−1.34325
w 2=0.008375
h2 =1.0062(24)+0.008375(2545.4)
kJ
h1 =45.42
kg
Thus,
 3.517 kW
5 TRx
1 TR
m a=
kJ
(90.33−45.42)
kg
kg
m a=0.3916
s

For mc,
System: Air

m
c

ma ma
mv1 AIR mv2

∆ m=0
m¿ =mout

m a +m v2 +m c =m a +m v1

mc =ma ( w1−w2)

m c =0.3916 (0.02271−0.008357)

kg
m c =0.00562
s

11. A cooling tower is to be installed to supply process cooling water. The water enters
the tower at a rate of 190 kg/s at 46°C. Water must leave the tower with a flow rate
of 190kg/s at 29°C. The air enters at 24°C DB and 50% RH and 1 atmospheric
pressure and leaves saturated at 31°C. Determine the air flow rate in m 3/s and mass
flow rate of make-up water.

1
m1=190kg/s
dbt1=46°C 4
RH4=100%
dbt4=31°C

3
dbt3=24°C
RH3=50%
 2
m2=140kg/s
dbt2=24°C

Required:
ma
mm

Solution:

For ma,

Heat transfer from the water to air

By heat balance,

∆ E=0
E¿ =E out

m w C p t 1+ ma h3 =m w C p t 2 +ma h4
w w

m w C p (t ¿ ¿ 1−t 2)=m a (h ¿ ¿ 4−h3) ¿ ¿

w

(t ¿ ¿ 1−t 2)
m a=m w C p ¿
w
( h ¿ ¿ 4−h3 )¿

h 4=C p t 4 + w4 h g @ 31℃
a

Pv 4
w 4=0.622 ( Pm−Pv 4 )
Pv 4=RH 4 ¿)

Pv 4=(1)4.496

Pv 4=4.496 kPa

4.496
w 4=0.622 ( 101.325−4.496 )
w 4=0.02888

h 4=1.0062(31)+(0.02888)(2558.1)
 kJ
h 4=105.07
kg
h3 =C p t 3+ w3 h g @24 ℃
a

Pv3
w 3=0.622 ( Pm−Pv 3 )
Pv 3=RH 3 ¿)

Pv 3=( 0.5 ) (2.985)

Pv 3=1.4925 kPa

1.4925
w 3=0.622 ( 101.325−1.4925 )
w 3=0.009299

h3 =1.0062(24)+(0.009299)(2545.4)

kJ
h3 =47.82
kg
Thus,

190(4.187)(46−29)
m a=
(105.07−47.82)

kg
m a=263.23
s

For mm,
System: Air

m
m

ma ma
mv3 AIR mv4
 ∆ m=0
m¿ =mout

m m +m v3 +m a=m a +m v4

mm=ma (w 4−w 3)

m m=263.23(0.02888−0.009299)

kg
mm=4.6256
s

12. An air-washer vapor mixture enters an adiabatic device with a pressure of 150kPaa,
at a temperature of 40°C, and an unknown RH. The air flow rate is 0.20 kg/min the
mixture leaves the device at 30°C, 150kPaa
Given:
P1=P2=150kPaa
dbt1=40°C
dbt2=40°C
ma=0.20kg/min
RH2=80%
tw=30°C

Required:
mw

Solution:

m
2

ma ma
mv AIR mv
1 2

By mass balance:
m e + m a+ m v =m a +m v
1 2
m e =mv −m v
2 1

m e =m a ( w2−w 1)
For w2,
Pv 2
w 2=0.622( )
Pm−Pv 2
Pv 2=RH 2 Psat @ 30℃
Pv 2=0.80(4.246)
Pv 2=3.3968 kPa
3.3968
w 2=0.622( )
150−3.3968
w 2=0.01441
For w1,
Pv 1
w 1=0.622( )
Pm−Pv 1
For wbt1,
wbt 1=wbt 2
From Psychrometric Chart,
@ dbt 2=30 ℃
RH 2=80 %
wbt 2=27.3 ℃=wbt 1
From Carrier’s Equation,
( Pm−Pvw 1 ) ( dbt 1−wbt 1 )
Pv 1=Pvw 1−
1546.62−1.44 wbt 1
For Pvw1 from Table 1,
t P
27 3.657
27.3 Pvw1
28 3.782
Interpolate:
Pvw 1−3.782 27.3−28
=
3.675−3.782 27−28
Pvw 1=3.6315 kPa
Then,
( 150−3.6315 ) ( 40−27.3 )
Pv 1=3.6315−
1546.62−1.44 (27.3)
Pv 1=2.3983 kPa
2.3983
w 1=0.622( )
150−2.3983
w 2=0.01011
 Thus,
kg da kg 60 min
mw =0.20 (0.01441−0.01011) w x
min kg da 1 hr
kg w
m w =0.0516
hr

13. Atmospheric air at 34°C DB and 60% RH is to be conditioned to 21°C DB and 50% RH.
This is to be done by first cooling the incoming free-air in a spray of chilled water to
the dew-point of the desired state and then heating the resulting mixture. The
temperature of the spray water increases from 3°C to 9°C. For 6m 3/s of incoming
free air, determine the temperature of the air leaving the spray; the amount of
vapor removed from the free air; the amount of spray water required; and the tons
of refrigeration required to chill the spray water back to 3°C.
Required:
mw
TR
Solution:
For Temperature of leaving air,

0.622 Pv 3
w 3=
Pm−Pv 3
Pv 3=RH 3 ; Psat at 21 ℃
Pv 3=( 0.5 ) ( 2.487 )
0.622 ( 1.2435 )
Pv 3=1.2435 kPaw 3=
101.325−1.2435
kgv
w 3=0.00773 Pv 2=1.2435 kPatsat at 1.2435 kPa=10.328℃
kgda
t 2=10.338℃

Vapor removed,
0.622 Pv 1
w 1=
Pm−Pv 1
Pv 1=RH 1; Psat at 34 ℃
Pv 1= ( 0.6 ) (5.324 )
Pv 1=3.1944 kPa
kgv
w 1=0.02025
kgda

Va ( Pm−Pv 1 )
ma=
RT
 6 ( 101.325−3.1944 )
ma=
028708 ( 34+ 273 )
kg
ma=6.684
s

mv=ma ( w 1−w 2 )
mv=6.681 ( 0.02025−0.0071 )
mv=0.0836 kgv
For Tons of refrigeration,

At theChilled water =∆ E=0

mwCp ( t 5−t 4 )=ma ( h 1−h 2 )

ma ( h 1−h 2 )
mw=
Cp ( t 5−t 4 )

For h1,

h1 =cpt + whg
h1 =( 1.0062 )( 34 )+ ( 0.02025 )( 2563.5 )
kJ
h1 =86.12
kg
For h2,

h2 =cpt+ whg
h2 =( 1.0062 )( 10.338 ) + ( 0.00773 ) ( 2520.41 )
KJ
h2 =29.88
Kg

( 6.681 ) ( 86.12−29.88 )
mw =
4.187 ( 6−3 )
kg
mw=14.957
s

Qr=mwCpw ( t 5−t 4 )

Qr=106.84 TOR

14. Outdoor air at 24°C DB and 15°C DB, passes through an air washer in which water is
recirculated. The air washer has a humidifying efficiency of 70%. It is then heated by
a heating coil with a coil surface temperature of 27°C and a bypass factor of 0.30. For
50 m3/min of outside air supplied, calculate the capacity of the humidifier in TR, and
capacity of the heating coil in kW.
Solution:

Dbt1 =24oC

Wbt1 = 15oC

AWE = 0.7

t 1−t 2 24−t 2
AWE = =
t 1−wbt 24−13
t2 = 17.7oC

CCE = 1 – BPF

CCE = 1 – 0.3

CCE = 0.7 0R 70%

17.7−t 3
CCE =
17.8−27
t3 = 24.21 oC

( Pv−Pvw )(dbt −wbt )

Pv = Pvw -
1546.62−1.44 wbt
( 101.325−1.7051 ) (24−13 )
Pv1 = 1.7051 –
1546.62 – 1.44 (13 )
Pv1 = 1.11718 kPaa

0.622 Pv
W1 =
Pm−Pv
W1 = 0.0069 kgv/kgda

h1 = Cpat1 + w1(hg @ 24oC)

h1 = (1.0062)(24) + (0.0069)(2345.4)

h1 = 41.7999 kJ/kg

For h2:

h2 = Cpat2 + w2(hg @ 17.7oC)

( Pv−Pvw )(dbt −wbt )

Pv = Pvw -
1546.62−1.44 wbt
 ( 101.325−1.7051 ) (17.7−13 )
Pv2 = 1.7051 –
1546.62 – 1.44 ( 13 )
Pv2 = 1.5287 kPaa

0.622 Pv
W2 =
Pm−Pv
W2 = 0.0095 kgv/kgda

h2 = (1.0062)(17.7) + 0.0095(2533.86)

h2 = 41.9252 kJ/kg

For h3:

W2 = W3 = 0.0095jgv/kgda

h3 = Cpat2 + w2(hg @ 24.21oC)

h3 = (1.0062)(24.21) + (0.0095)(2545.778)

h3 = 48.616 kJ/kg

For Humidifier Capacity:

QHum = ma(h2 – h1)

( Pm−Pv ) V
ma =
RT
50
ma =
( 101.325−1.11718 ) ( )
60
0.28708 ( 24 +273 )
ma = 0.9794 kg/s

QHum = 0.9794(41.9525 – 41.7999)

1TR
QHum = 0.2418 kW x
3.517 kW
QHum = 0.0688 TR

For Heating Coil Capacity:

QH = ma(h3 – h2)

QH = 0.9794(48.616 – 41.9252)

QH = 6.553 kW
15. A space to be air conditioned has a sensible heat load of 36kW and a latent heat load
of 10.2 kW. The space is to be maintained at 26°C DB and 50% RH. Outside air is at
32°C DB and 24°C WB temperatures. With a reheater to satisfy the space conditions,
the conditioned air will enter the space at 19°C. If 45% of the supply air is fresh air,
and the rest is recirculated, find the volume flow rate of fresh air at supply
conditions, the apparatus dew-point temperature; the refrigeration load in TR; and
the reheater capacity.

Required:
Vo
dpt
TR
QH

Solution:
For Vo,
Qa=m a Cp ( t 4 −t 3)
36=ma ( 1.0062 ) ( 26−10 )

kg
m a=5.11
s
m o=45 % ma

kg
m o=2.2995
s
mr =55 % mo

kg
m r =2.8105
s
Pv 4
w 4=0.622( )
Pm−Pv 4

Pv 4=RH 4 ( P sat @26 ℃ )

Pv 4=1.6815 kPa

kgv
w 4=0.0105
kgda
mo dbt 1 +mR dbt 4
dbt 2=
ma

2.2995 ( 32 ) +2.8105 ( 26 )
dbt 2=
5.11
dbt 2=28.7 ℃

Q L=2500 ma ∆ w
10.2=2500 ( 5.11 ) ( 0.0105−w 3 )
Kgv
w 3=0.0097
Kgda

( Pm−Pvw ) ( dbt −wbt )

Pv 1=Pvw−
2456.62−1.44 ( wbt )

Pv 1=2.672 kPa

Pv 1
w 1=0.622( )
Pm−Pv 1

Kgv
w 1=0.0168
Kgda
h1 =Cp a t 1+ w1 hg
h 1=( 1.0062 ) ( 32 )+ ( 0.0168 ) (2559.9 )
kJ
h 1=75.205
kg

h 4=cpt +whg
h 4=( 1.0062 ) ( 26 ) + ( 0.0105 ) ( 2540 )
kJ
h 4=52.93
kg
mah 1+ mRh 4
h2 =
ma
2.2995 ( 75.205 ) + ( 2.815 ) ( 52.63 )
h2 =
5.11
kJ
h2 =62.95
kg
h3 =Cpt +whg
h3 =( 1.0062 )( 14 )+ ( 0.0105 )( 2536.2 )
KJ
h3 =45.74
Kg
m o RT
V o=
Pm−Pv3
 2.2995 ( 0.28708 ) ( 19+273 )
V o=
101.325−1.6815

m3
V o =1.935
s

Solving by interpolation:
dpt 3=19 °C

Solving for the QH,

Q H =m a ( h 4−h 3 )
Q H =10.44 TOR

Solving for the QH,

Q R=ma ( h2−h3 )
Q R=87.93 kW

16. The temperature to be maintained in an office building is 26°C DB and 18°C WB. The
sensible heat is 77.6kW and the latent heat gain is 14.3kW. The cooling and
dehumidifying of the air is accomplished by passing it through a spray-type washer
with water chilled by refrigeration. The air is then heated to 18°C then supplied to
the room. Find a) the apparatus dew-point temperature of washer; and b) the tons
of refrigeration necessary if 60% of air is recirculated and the 40% is new air at 35°C
DB and 29°C WB. Also draw the schematic flow diagram of the air condition system
with water-cooled condenser.

Solution:

Qs=maCp ( t 5−t 4 )
77.66=ma ( 1.0062 ) ( 26−18 )
Kg
ma=9.64
s
Kg
mo=3.856
s
Kg
mR=5.784
s

( Pm−Pvw ) ( Dbt−Wbt )
Pv 5=Pvw−
2546.62−1.44 Wbt
Pv 5=1.749 Kpa
0.622 Pv 5
w 5=
Pm−Pv 5
 kgv
w 5=0.0109
kgda

Ql=2500 ma ∆ w
Ql
w 4=w 5−
2500 ma
14.3
w 4=0.0109−
2500 ( 9.64 )
kgv
w 4=0.0103
kgda
0.622 Pv 3
w 3=
Pm−Pv 3
Pv 3=1.651 kPa
t 3=tsat at Pv 3=14.49 ℃

t 2−t 3
CCE=100 %=
t 2− ADP
ADP=14.49 ℃

h 1=cpt + whg
0.622 Pv
w 1=
Pm−Pv
( Pm−Pvw ) ( DBt−WBt )
Pv 1=Pvw −
2546.62−1.44 WBt
Pv 1=3.775 kPa
kgv
w 1=0.0241
kgda
h 1=( 1.0062 ) ( 26 ) + ( 0.0241 ) ( 2565.3 )
kJ
h 1=97.04
kg
h 5=( 1.0062 )( 26 ) +(0.0104)(2549)
kJ
h 5=53.94
kg
moh1+ mRh 5
h 2=
ma
kJ
h 2=71.18
kg
h 3=( 1.0062 )( 14.49 ) + ( 0.0103 ) ( 2527.48 )
kJ
h 3=40.618
kg
 Qr=ma ( h 2−h 3 )
Qr=83.77 TOR

17. An engineer has been given the following data on conditioned room:
Sensible heat gain 30 kW
Latent heat gain 15 kW
Supply air 18°C
Outdoor air 35°C DB and 24°C WB
Desired room condition 27°C DB and 50% RH

For ventilation, 15% is outdoor air, the balance of air requirement being
recirculated from room conditioned with some portion being bypassed around the
cooling coil. There is no reheater, the desired room state is attained by the bypassing of
air. It is found that the apparatus DP temperature of coil is 10°C. Find the tons of
refrigeration and mass flow rate of the bypassed air.
Required:
TR
ma
Solution:

QS =mCp (T 4 – T 1 )
kJ
30 KW =m(1.0062 )(27 – 18 ° C )
kg−° C
m = 3.31279 kg/s
At point 4,
T4 = 27°C (DB), RH4 = 50%
W4 = 0.01115 kg/kg
h4 = 55.6 kJ/kg

At point 3,
Q L=mCp( w4 – w3 )
15 KW = m (2500 kJ/kg-°C) (0.01115 – W3 kg/kg)
W3 = 0.01115 kg/kg
T3 = 18°C
TDP = 13°C

ADP = TDP2 = TWB2 = TDP2

 y+c=1 (1)
yT4 + cT2 = T3
27y + 10c = 18 (2)
yTDP4 + cTDP2 = TDP3
15.7y + 10c = 13(3)

By evaluating equations 2 and 3,

y = 0.4424778761 and 1,
c = 0.5575221239

mc = m (c)
mc = 0.5575221239 (3.31279 kg/s)
mc = 1.846953717 kg/s

At point 2,
h2 = 31.3 kJ/kg
At point 1,
h1 = 74 kJ/kg
mo=0.15(3.31279)
m o= 0.4969185 kg/s
mR=mC−mO
mR = 1.846953717 kg/s - 0.4969185 kg/s
mR = 1.3500035217 kg/s

RC =mO(h1 – h2)+mR (h 4 – h 3)
RC =0.4969185(7 – 31.3)+1.3500035217(55.6 – 31.3)
RC =54.02341995 KW (1 TR/352 KW )
RC =15.34756259TR

my = mC – mR
my = 1.846953717 kg/s - 1.3500035217 kg/s
my = 0.4969501953 kg/s

18. The exterior wall of a single-storey office building is 3 m high and 15 m long. The wall
consists of 100-mm face brick, 40-mm polystyrene board, 150-mm light-weight
concrete block, and an interior 16-mm gypsum board. The wall contains three single-
glass windows 1.5 m high by 2 m long. Consider air space between face brick and the
insulating board. Calculate the heat loss through the wall at design conditions if the
inside temperature is 24°C. Outside conditions are 35°C DB and 60% RH.
 15 m

dbt1=35oc

LIGHT-WEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCK 150 mm

3m
RH1=60% dbt1=24oc

GYPSUM BOARD
FACE BRICK
100 mm
40 mm

16 mm

Solution:
Area=( 3 ) (5 )−( 3 ) ( 1.5 ) (2 )=6 m 2
Resistance: Table 4-4.

Outside Air Film 0.029

Facebrick, 100 mm 0.076
Polystyrene Insulating Board, 40 mm 1.108
Lightweight Concrete Block, 150 mm 0.291
Gypsum Board, 16 mm 0.100
Inside Air Film 0.120
====
R= 1.724 m2.K/ W
tot
Wall:
A 36

q= t= − 18 − 20
Rtot 1.724

q = -794 Watts

For the glass:

 A=( 3 ) (1.5 )( 2 )
A=9 m2
Table 4-4, U = 6.2 W/m .K

q = UA t = (6.2)(9)(-18 - 20)
q = -2,120 Watts

Total Heat Loss Thru the Wall = -794 W -2,120 W

Total Heat Loss = -2,194 Watts

19. Compute the heat gain for a window facing southeast at 12° north latitude at 10 am
central daylight time on August 21'. The window is a regular double glass with a 13-mm
air space. The glass and inside draperies have a combined shading coefficient of 0.45.
The indoor design temperature is 25°C, and the outdoor temperature is 37°C. Window
dimensions are 2 m wide and 1.5 m high
Solution:

Solving for the heat gain:

Window Area= (2 )( 1.5 )

Window Area=3.0 m 2
W
¿ Table 4−4 ; U =3.5 2
m −K

For Transmission :
Q 1=UA (¿−ti)
Q 1=( 3.5 ) ( 3 ) (37−25 )
Q 1=126 W

For Solar:

Qsg= ( SHGFmax ) ( SC )( CLF )( A )

¿ Table 4−10 ; 32 ° North Latitude , Facing SE

W
SHGF=580 2
m
¿ Table 4−12 ; Facing SE at 10 A . M
CLF =0.79
SC=0.45

Qsg= (580 )( 0.45 ) ( 3 )

Qsg=618.6W
 Heat Gain=126+ 618.6
Heat Gain=744.6 W

20. A computer room located on the second floor of a five-storey office building is 10 m by
7 m. The exterior wall is 3.5 m high and 10 m long; it is a metal curtain wall (steel
backed with 10 mm of insulating board), 75 mm of glass-fiber insulation, and 16 mm
gypsumboard. Single-glazed windows make up 30 percent of the exterior wall. The
computer and lights in the room operate 24 hr/day and have a combined beat release
to the space of 2 kW. The indoor temperature is 20°C. If the building is located in
Manila with outside temperature of 35°C, what would be the load if the windows were
double-glazed?
Solution:
(a) Manila, Outside Temperature = 35 oC

Thermal Transmission:

Wall:

A
q= (t −t )
Rtotal o i

A=( 3.5 m ) ( 10 m )( 0.70 ) =24.5 m2

Table 4-4:

Outside Air Film 0.029

Insulating Board, 10 mm 0.320

Glass-Fiber Insulation, 75 mm 2.0775

Gypsum Board, 16 mm 0.100

Inside Air Film 0.120

Rtot=2.6465 m2.K/W

24.5 m2
q= 2
(35−20)
2.6465 m K
W
q=138.86 W
 Glass:

q = UA(to - ti)

A = (3.5m)(10 m)(0.30) = 10.5 m2

Table 4-4.

Single Glass, U = 6.2 W/m2K

qG= (6.2)(10.5)(35 - 20)

qG= 976.5 W

qt= 138.86 W + 976.5 W = 1115.36 W

Heating Load = 2000W- 1115.36W

Heating Load = 884.64W

(b) If double-glazed, Say 6-mm air space

Table 4-4, U = 3.3 W/m2K

qG = (3.3)(10.5)(35 - 20)

qG = 519.75 W

qt = 138.86W + 519.75W = 658.61 W

Since 658.61W < 2,000 W, there is no additional heat load required

21. A rectangular ducting system, shown, has the following data:

Duct size proportion W = 4H
Qs at outlet or room 4 10 kW
Room temperature 25°C
Air temperature 20°C
Air Volume Rates:
Ql = 1.0 m3/s Q2 = 2.0 m3/s
Qc = 0.75 m3/s Q5 = 0.75 m3/s
∆P Pa
Constant Pressure Drop: = 1.5
m m
Branches: β= 90°
Ri
Elbows: β = 90° =0.2
Ro
Determine a) the total mass flow rate, kg/s, of the system; b) the sensible heat load at the
room supplied by outlet 3; c) latent heat load at room 3; and d) sizes of the ducts in the
system.

22. A forced-draft cooling tower is required to cool 20.71 kg/s of entering water from 41°C
to 28°C with an evaporation loss of 0.457 kg/s. The cooling tower receives 11.81 m 3/s of
air at 101.325 kPaa, 38°C DB and 24°C W B. Find the temperature of the air leaving
tower.
Given:
mw = 20.71 kg/s
tw1 = 41°C
tw2 = 28°C
mloss = 0.457 kg/s
Va = 11.81 m3/s
Pm = 101.325 kPa
dbt1 = 38°C
wtb1 = 24°C
Required:
dbt2
Solution:
From Carrier’s Equation:
( P m−Pvw )(dbt −wbt)
Pv =P vw−
1546.62−1.44 wbt
(101.325−2.985)(38−24)
Pv 1=2.985−
1546.62−1.44( 24)
(101.325−2.985)(38−24)
Pv 1=2.985−
1546.62−1.44( 24)
Pv 1=2.0744 kPa
0.622 P v1
w 1=
P t−P v1
0.622(2.0744)
w 1=
101.325−2.0744
kgv
w 1=0.013
kgd .a
System: Cooling Tower
By Energy Balance: Ein = Eout
ma h1 +mw C p (t 3−t 4 )
h2 =
ma
For h1:
h1 =C p t 1 + w1 hg @ 38 ° C
h1 =1.0062 ( 38 ) +0.013(2570.7)
kJ
h1 =71.65
kg
For ma:
(P m−Pv 1 )V 1
m a=
RT1
(101.325−2.0744)(11.81)
m a=
(0.28708)(38+273)
kg
m a=13.128
s
Thus,
(13.128)(71.65)+20.71( 4.167)(41−28)
h2 =
13.128
kJ
h2 =157.107
kg
For t2:
h2 =C p t 2+ w2 hg @ 30 ° C
For w2:
mloss=mm =ma ( w2−w1 )
0.457=13.128(w 2−0.013)
 kg v
w 2=0.04781
kgd . a
Then,
157.107=1.0062 ( t 2 ) +(0.04781)(h g @ t 2)
Assume t2 = 35°C
h2 =1.0062 ( 35 ) +(0.04781)(2565.3)
kJ
h2 =157.86
kg
Assume t2 = 34°C
h2 =1.0062 ( 34 )+(0.04781)(2563.5)
kJ
h2 =156.77
kg
By Interpolation:
h t
157.86 35°C
157.107 t2
156.77 34°C
Therefore,
t 2=34.31℃

23. An induced-draft cooling tower is required to cool 9 020 GPM of entering water from
29°C to 20°C. The average condition of the atmospheric air is 100.75 kPaa, 21°C DB, and
16°C WB. The air leaves the tower as saturated at 27°C. Compute the volume rate of air
required in ni3/s and the amount of make-up water required to compensate the loss
due to evaporation.
Given:
Vw = 9020 GPM
tw1 = 29°C
tw2 = 20°C
Pt = 100.75 kPaa
t3 = 21°C
wbt3 = 16°C
RH4 = 100%
t4 = 27°C
Required:
Va
mm
Solution:

Vw
mw =
v f @ 29℃
 gal 3.785 L 1 m3 1 min
9020 x x x
min gal 1000 gal 60 s
mw =
m3
0.001004
kg
kg
m w =566.74
s
For Va:
(ma)(R)(T 3)
V a=
P m−Pv 3
For Pv3:
From Carrier’s Equation:
( P m−Pvw )(dbt−wbt)
Pv =P vw−
1546.62−1.44 wbt
(100.75−1.8181)(21−16)
Pv 3=1.8181−
1546.62−1.44 (16)
Pv 3=1.4934 kPa
For ma:
System: Cooling Tower
By Energy Balance: Ein = Eout
mw Cp(t 1−t 2 )
m a=
h 4−h 3
For h3:
h3 =C p t 3+ w3 h g@ 21 ° C
For w3:
0.622 P v3
w 3=
P t−P v3
0.622(1.4934)
w 3=
100.75−1.4934
kgv
w 3=0.009358
kgd .a
Thus,
h3 =1.0062 ( 21 ) +0.009358(2539.9)
kJ
h3 =44.898
kg
For h4:
h 4=C p t 4 + w4 h g @ 27° C
For w4:
0.622 Pv 4
w 4=
Pt −Pv 4
Where,
Pv 4 =RH 4 (Psat @ 27 ℃ )
 Pv 4 =1.0(3.567)
Pv 4 =3.567 kPa
Thus,
0.622(3.567)
w 4=
100.75−3.567
kg v
w 4=0.022829
kg d . a
Then,
h 4=1.0062 ( 27 ) +0.022829(2550.8)
kJ
h 4=85.399
kg
Therefore,
kg kJ
566.74 ( 4.167 )( 29−20) K
s kg−K
m a=
kJ
(85.399−44.898)
kg
kg
ma=525.788
s
Hence,
kg kN−m
525.788 (0.28708 )( 21+ 273) K
s kg−K
V a=
kN
100.75−1.4934 2
m
3
m
V a =447.09
s
For mm:
System: Mixing Chamber
m e =mm
m e =m a ( w4 −w3 )
kg d .a kgv
m e =m m=525.788 (0.02282−0.009358)
s kgd .a
kg v
m e =m m=7.078
s

24. A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The minimum and
maximum temperatures are minus 25°C and plus 72°C, respectively. If the heat rejected
at the condenser is 6 000 kJ/min, a) draw the Ts diagram. Also, determine b) power
input required, and c) tons of refrigeration developed.
Given:
Tmin = 25°C
Tmax = 72°C
Qr = 6000 kJ/min
Solution:
a.

b.
Tmin
COP=
Tmax −Tmin
25+ 273
COP=
72−25
COP=6.3 4

Qa
COP=
Qr −Q a
Qa
6.34=
100 kW −Q a
Qa=86.376 kW
Then,

W =Qr−Qa
W =100−86.376
𝑾=𝟏𝟑.𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝑾

c.

1TOR
Qa=86.376 kW x
3.517 kW
 Q a=24.56TOR

25. A simple vapor-compression cycle develops 13 tons of refrigeration. Using ammonia as

refrigerant and operating at a condensing temperature of 24°C and evaporating
temperature of -18°C and assuming the compression is isentropic and the condition
leaving the condenser is saturated. Determine P-h d!agram, b) refrigerating effect in
kJ/kg; c) circulation flow in kg/min; d) power requirement; e) volume flow incubic meter
per minute per ton; f) Coefficient of Performance and Energy Efficiency Ratio; and g)
power per ton.
Solution:
a) P-H Diagram

h3 = hf at 24 oC = 312.87 kJ/ Kg

h1 = hg at -18 oC = 1439.94 kJ/ kg

v1 = vg at -18 oC = 0.5729 m3 / kg

h2 = h at 974 kPa and s2 = s1 = 1657 kJ / kg

b) Refrigerating Effect =?

Refrigerating Effect = h1- h4 = 1439.94 – 312.87

Refrigerating Effect = 1127.1 kJ / Kg

c) m =?
Qe = (13 tons) (211 kJ/ min / 1 TR) = 2743 kJ/ min
 Thus,
m = Qe / (h1- h4) = 2743 kJ/ min / (1127.1)
m = 2.43 kg /min

d) Power Requirement =?
W = m (h2-h1) = 2.43 kg / min (1657-1439.94) kJ / Kg
W = 527.5 kJ/ min
W = 8.79 kW

e) V1= ?
V1= (m v1)/ 13
V1= (2.43 kg / min )(0.5729 m3 / Kg) / 13 tons
V1= 0.1071 m3 / min (ton)

f) COP =? ; EER =?

COP = (h1- h4) / (h2-h1)

COP = (1439.94- 312.87) / (1657-1439.94)

COP = 5.19
EER = 3.412 COP = 3.412 (5.19)
EER = 17.7 BTU / w-hr

g) Power Per Ton

W = 8.79 kW / 13 tons
W = 0.676 kW / ton

26. An actual vapos compression cycle uses ammonia as a refrigerant with a capacity of 5
TOR. The system operates with a condensing temperature of 40°C and an evaporating
temperature of 18°C. The other data are listed below:
Temperature leaving evaporator -8°C
Temperature entering compressor.. ..... -6°C
Temperature leaving compressor 96°C
Temperature entering condenser. 86°C
Temperature leaving condenser .34°C
Temperature entering expansion valve_ 37°C
Pressure drop at suction valve. ............ .20 kPa
Pressure drop at discharge valve... 40 kPa
Revolution per minute (compressor) 500 rpm
Mechanical efficiency of compressor. .85%
Volumetric efficiency of compressor............ 82%
Stroke-to-bore ratio….1.28

A single cylinder, single acting compressor is to be used. The heat absorbed by is

indicated work of the compressor. Determine a) the schematic diagram and the
matching P-h diagram; b) bore and stroke; c) brake power; d) heat loss or gained
between compressor and condenser; a) heat rejected from the condenser.

Solution:

h5 = hf @ 34oC = 361.195 kJ/kg

h6 = h7 = hf @ 37oC = 375.851 kJ/kg
h8 = h @ 208.26kPa & -8oC = 1465 kJ/kg
h9 = h1 = h @ 208.26kPa & -6oC = 1475 kJ/kg
v1 = v @ 188.26kPa = 0.95 m3/kg
h3 = h @ 1557kPa & 96oC = 1650 kJ/kh
h4 = h@ 1557kPa & 86oC = 1630 kJ/kg
211 kJ
m=
Q
h8−h7
=
5tons (
min−ton )
1465−375.851
m = 0.9686 kg/min
V1 = m(v1) = (0.9686 kg/min)(0.95 m3/kg)
V1 = 0.9202 m3/min
v 1 0.9202
VD = =
nv 0.82
 VD = 1.122 m3/min
π 2
VD = D ln
4
π 2
1.122 = D ( 1.28 D ) (500 )
4
D = 0.1307 m 0r 13.07 cm
L = 1.28D = 0.167 m or 16.7 cm
∆ H =m ( h3−h 9) = 0.9686(1650 – 1475)
∆ H = 169.531 kJ/min
Qj=0.3 W
W = ∆ H +Qj
W = 169.51 + 0.3(W)
W = 242.16 kJ/min or 4.036 kW
Q=m ( h3 −h4 )
Q=0.9686 (1650−1630 )
Q = 19.372 kJ/min
Q C =m ( h 4−h 5 )
QC =0.9686 (1630−361.195 )
kJ
Q C =1228.97
min

27. A single-acting, twin cylinder 30 cm x 30 cm compressor receives saturated NH3 vapor

at 226 kPa and discharges it at 1200 kPa. Saturated liquid enters the expansion valve,
ice is moot discharges at -9C and water is available at 26°C. The compressor runs at
1500 rpm and volumetric efficiency is 80%. Assuming specific heat of ice to be 0.50
BTU/lb-ca. Determine a) the refrigeration capacity in kW; b) the ton of ice
manufactured per 24 hours, assuming miscellaneous losses 9% of the heat that has to
be removed to make ice; c) the compressor capacity; and d) the number of ice cans
needed in the brine tank, if 300 lb per block ice are produced and brine temperature is
-10°C.
Solution:

For the Refrigeration Capacity:

V1
ev=
VD

π 2
V D= D LN
4

π 1500
V D= ( 0.3 )2 (0.3)( )(2)
4 60

VD = 1.6030 m3/s

V1 = evVD = 0.8(1.0603)

V 1 0.8482 kg
m= = =1.5982
v 1 0.5307 s

BTU 2.205 lb 1.055 kJ R

Cpice =0.5 x x x1°
lb−° R 1 kg BTU 1.8 K
 kJ
Cpice =o .6462
kg−K

Q=m ( h1 −h4 )

kg
Q=1.5982 (1442.45−346.103 )
s

Q=1752.2 kW

For the tons of ice:

Q=mCp ∆ t ¿ water +m Lf +mCp ∆ t ¿ice

1752.2=1.09 ( m ice ) [ 4.187 ( 26−0 )+ 335+0.6462 ( 0+9 ) ]

kg 3600 hr 1 ton
m ice =3.54748 x x 24 hrs x
s day 907.03 kg

m ice =350.52tons of ice per day

For the compressor work:

W c =m ( h 2−h1 )

W c =1.5982 ( 1710−1442.45 )

W c =427.59 k W

For the no. of ice cans:

Total mass
No .of Cans=
mass per block

907.03 kg 2.205lb
340.52 ton x x
ton kg
No .of Cans=
300 lb
can

No. of Cans = 2271 cans

28. Consider a two-stage cascade refrigeration system operating between the pressure
limits of 0.8 and 0.14 MPa. Each stage operates on an ideal vapor compression
 refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. Heat rejection from the
lower cycle to the upper cycle takes place in an adiabatic counterflow heat exchanger
where both streams enter at about 0.32 MPa. (In practice, the working fluid of the
lower cycle is at a higher pressure and temperature in the heat exchanger for effective
heat transfer.) If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the upper cycle is 0.05
kg/s, determine a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the lower cycle, b) the
rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the
compressor, and c) the coefficient of performance of this cascade refrigerator.
Solution:

P 1=0.14 MPa → h1 =h g @ 0.14 MPa =239.16 kJ ⋅ kg

s 1= s g @ 0.14 MPa =0.94456 kJ/kg ⋅ K P 2=0.8 MPa s 2=s 1h 2=275.39 kJ/kg
P 3=0.8 MPa → h 3=h f @ 0.8 MPa =95.47 kJ/kg
h 4 ≅ h 3( throttling)→ h 4=95.47 kJ/kg

(a) The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power
input to the compressor are determined from their definitions:

QL=m(h 1 -h 4)=¿
An

W in =m(h 2 -h 1)=(0.05 kg/s )((275.39 -239.16) kJ/kg)=1.81 kW

(b) The rate of heat rejection from the refrigerant to the environment is

QH =m(h 2 -h 3)=( 0.05 kg/s)((275.39 95.47) kJ/kg)=9.0 kW

(c) The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is

QL 7.18 kW
COP R= = =3.97
W in 1.81 KW

29. A reversible absorption refrigerator consists of a reversible heat engine and a reversible
refrigerator. The system removes heat from a cooled space at -10°C at a rate of 22 kW.
The refrigerator operates in an environment at 25°C. If the heat is supplied to the cycle
by condensing saturated steam at 200°C, determine a) the rate at which the steam
condenses and b) the power input to the reversible refrigerator. c) If the COP of an
actual absorption chiller at the same temperature limits has a COP of 0.7, determine the
second law efficiency of this chiller.

Solution:
 hfg @ 200°C = 1939.8 kJ/kg
TO ( 25+ 273.15 )
a. ŋ=1− =1− =0.370
TS ( 200+ 273.15 )
TL −10+273.15
COP R= = 7.52
T O−T L ( 25+ 273.15 )−(−10+273.15)
COP|.|rev=ŋ ( COP R ) =( 0.370 ) ( 7.52 )=2.78
QL 22
Q¿ = = =7.911kW
COP|,|rev ( 2.78 )

Q¿ 7.911
ṁ S= =
hfg ( 1939.8 )
ṁ S=0.00408 kg /s
b. W ¿ =W out =ŋ ( Q ¿ )= ( 0.370 )( 7.911 )
W ¿ =2.93 kW
COP actual 0.7
c. ŋ= =
COP|,|rev 2.78
ŋ=0.252

30. The vortex tube (also known as a Ranque or Hirsch tube) is a device that produces a
refrigeration effect by expanding pressurized gas such as air in a tube (instead of a
turbine as in the reversed Brayton cycle). It was invented and patented by Ranque in
1931 and improved by Hirsch in 1945, and is commercially available in various sizes. The
vortex tube is simply a straight circular tube equipped with a nozzle, as shown in the
figure. The compressed gas at temperature Ti and pressure Pi is accelerated in the
nozzle by expanding it to nearly atmospheric pressure and is introduced into the tube
tangentially at a very high (typically supersonic) velocity to produce a swirling motion
(vortex) within the tube. The rotating gas is allowed to exit through the full-size tube
that extends to the right, and the mass flow rate is controlled by a valve located about
30 diameters downstream.

A smaller amount of air at the core region is allowed to escape to the lett through a
small aperture at the center. It is observed that the gas that is in the core region and
escapes through the central aperture is cold while the gas that is in the peripheral
region and escapes through the full-size tube is hot. If the temperature and the mass
flow rate of the cold stream are 7, and 77°C, respectively, the rate of refrigeration in the
vortex tube can be expressed as

Qrefrtg,vortex tube = mc(h1 - hc) = mc Cp(T1— Tc)

 where cr is the specific heat of the gas and Ti - is the temperature drop of the gas in the
vortex tube (the cooling effect). Temperature drops as high as 60°C (or 108°F) are
obtained at high pressure ratios of about 10. The coefficient of performance of a vortex
tube can be defined as the ratio of the refrigeration rate as given above to the power
used to compress the gas. It ranges from about 0.1 to 0.15, which is well below the
COPs of ordinary vapor compression refrigerators. This interesting phenomenon can be
explained as follows: the centrifugal force creates a radial pressure gradient in the
vortex, and thus the gas at the periphery is pressurized and heated by the gas at the
core region, which is cooled as a result. Also, energy is transferred from the inner layers
toward the outer layers as the outer layers slow down the index layers because of fluid
viscosity that tends to produce a solid vortex. Both effects cause the energy and thus
the t temperature of the gas in the core region to decline. The conservation of energy
requires the energy of the fluid at the outer layers to increase by an equivalent amount.

The vortex tube has no moving parts, and thus it is inherently reliable and durable.
The ready availability of compressed air at pressures up to 10 atm in most industrial
facilities makes the vortex tube particularly attractive in such settings. Despite its low
efficiency, the vortex tube has found application in small-scale industrial spot-cooling
operations such as cooling of soldered parts or critical electronic components, cooling
drinking water, and cooling the suits of workers in hot environments.

Consider a vortex tube that receives compressed air at 500 kPa and 300 K and supplies 25
percent of it as cold air at 100 kPa and 2781(. The ambient air is at 300 K and 100 kPa, and
the compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 80 percent. The air suffers a pressure drop of
35 kPa in the aftercooler and the compressed air lines between the compressor and the
vortex tube. a) Without performing any calculations, explain how the COP of the vortex
tube would compare to the COP of an actual air refrigeration system based on the reversed
Brayton cycle for the same pressure ratio. Also, compare the minimum temperatures that
can be obtained by the two systems for the same inlet temperature and pressure. b)
Assuming the vortex tube to be adiabatic and using specific heats at room temperature,
determine the exit temperature of the hot fluid stream. c) Show, with calculations, that this
process does not violate the second law of thermodynamics. d) Determine the coefficient of
performance of this refrigeration system and compare it to the COP of a Carnot refrigerator.

Solution:
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