STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S

3RD EDITION 2014

LARRY M. CASTAÑEDA
LOADS STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES
1.4.2 Live load reduction
Reduced uniform live load ASCE 7:2010
Action Values Notes Clause
2
Data L0 4.79 kN/m 2 Unreduced design live load [kN/m ] 4.7.3
AT 2
Tributary area [m ]
2
Floor live 4.57 Reduced design live load [kN/m ] 4.7.2
load L = Lo 0.25 +
K LL AT

Live load element factor KLL: Table 4-2

Element KLL
Interior columns 4
Exterior columns without cantilever slab 4
Edge columns with cantilever slab 3
Corner columns with cantilever slab 2
Edge beams without cantilever slabs 2
Interior beams 2
All other members not identified, including:
edge beams with cantilever slabs, cantilever beams, one-
1
way slabs, two-way slabs, members without provisions for
continuous shear transfer normal to their span

Reduced roof live load ASCE 7:2010

Action Values Notes Clause
2
Data L0 0.96 kN/m 2 Unreduced design roof live load [kN/m ] 4.8.2
2
Roof live Lr = Lo R1 R2 0.58 kN/m2 Reduced design live load [kN/m ] 4.8.2
load Reduction factor R1:
Tributary area KLL
2
AT 18.58 m 1
2 2
18.58 m < AT < 18.58 m 1.2-0.011A T
2
AT 18.58 m 0.6

Reduction factor R2:

Roof pitch KLL
F 0.48 1
0.48 < F < 1.44 1.2-0.05F
F 1.44 0.6

1.4.3 Barrier live loads

Barrier live loads ASCE 7:2010 cl. 4.5; IBC:2009 cl. 1607.7
Category Sub-category Load direction Concentrated load Uniform load
One- and two-family dwellings Any -
Handrails and 0.89 kN
guards All others (on top) 0.73 kN/m*

Intermediate rails, balusters and

Components Horizontal 0.22 kN** -
panel fillers

Grab bars Any 1.11 kN -

Passenger vehicle Condition 1 – at height of 457mm Horizontal 26.70 kN -

barrier systems Condition 2 – at height of 686mm
Note: * need not be considered for one- and two-family dwellings, factory, industrial, and storage occupancies, in
areas that are not accessible to the public and that serve an occupant load not greater than 50.
2
** Uniformly distributed over an area of 0.093 m (305mm×305mm).

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STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES DEFLECTION & STRUCTURAL MOVEMENTS

III-2 DEFLECTION & STRUCTURAL MOVEMENTS

2.1 Deflection limits
Deflection limits for curtain walling
Standard Component Description Limit Clause
AAMA Framing members H 4.11 m L/175 3.0
TIR-A11:2004
4.11 m < H < 12 m H/240 + 6.35 mm
12 m < H See note 1
IBC:2009 Framing member for each individual glass L/175 or 19.1 mm 2403.3
Interior glazing – differential deflection of two adjacent glass thickness 2403.4
unsupported edges under 0.73 kN/m at 1067 mm above FFL
ASTM E 1300 Glass edge support L/175 5.2.4
AAMA Skylights IGU 2
and sloped ( Lg 100 ) 63.5
glazing, 1987
Other glass types 2
( Lg 100 ) 42.3

Structural glass Author: Mic Paterson L/50

facades and
enclosures. 2011

Deflection limits
Standard Component Limit Clause
AISC 360:2010 D+L D+0.5L L3
Loading -
(Short term def.) (Long term def.)
Floor span (reduced live load) L/360 -
Roof span L/240 -
Cantilevers L/150 -
IBC:2009* Loading L S or W** D+L Table
1604.3
Floor members L/360 - L/240
Roof members
Supporting plaster ceiling L/360 L/360 L/240
Supporting nonplaster ceiling L/240 L/240 L/180
Not supporting ceiling L/180 L/180 L/120
Supporting formed metal roofing L/150 - -
Exterior walls and interior partitions
With brittle finishes - L/240 -
With flexible finishes - L/120 -
Supporting formed metal sheeting - L/90 -

Formed metal sheet roofing/siding - L/60 L/60

Aluminum members
Supporting edge of glass - L/175 L/175
Not supporting edge of glass - L/60 L/60
Aluminum panels - L/60 L/60
Aluminum sandwich panels - L/120 L/120
Note: *For cantilever members, L shall be taken as twice the length of the cantilever.
**Wind load is permitted to be taken as 0.7 times the “components and cladding” loads for the purpose of
determining deflection limits herein.

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DEFLECTION & STRUCTURAL MOVEMENTS STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES
2.2 Common structural movements
Building envelopes have to accommodate movement of their components and of the supporting structure,
and to make this possible building structures have to be sufficiently stiff.
Allowable storey drift
Type Drift limit Clause

ASCE 7:2010 Risk category I or II III IV Table

12.12-1
Structures, other than masonry shear wall structures, 4 h/40 h/50 h/67
stories or less , with interior walls, partitions, ceilings,
and exterior wall systems that have been designed to
accommodate the story drifts

Masonry cantilever shear wall structures h/100

Other masonry shear wall structures h/150

All other structures h/50 h/67 h/100

For cladding design and other design requirements h/100 12.14.8.5

AISC 360:2010 Total or interstorey drift* H (or h) / 400 - 500 L4

Absolute interstory drift limit** to avoid damage on non- 10 mm

structural partitions, cladding and glazing.

AAMA 501.4: Recommended Static Test Method for Evaluating h/100 7.2.5
2000 Curtain Wall and Storefront Systems Subjected to unless otherwise stated
Seismic and Wind Induced Interstory Drifts
Note: * ASCE Task Committee on Drift Control of Steel Building Structures, 1988.
** Cooney and king, 1988; Freeman, 1977.

Structural movements
Movement Type Common values Clause

Column Steel Differential column shortening may be a consideration in design and AISC 303:2005
shortening construction construction. In some cases, it may occur due to variability in the Cl. 7.13
accumulation of dead load among different columns (see Figure C–
7.1). In other cases, it may be characteristic of the structural system
that is employed in the design.
Consideration of the effects of differential column shortening may be
very important, such as when the slab thickness is reduced, when
electrical and other similar fittings mounted on the Structural Steel
are intended to be flush with the finished floor and when there is little
clearance between bottoms of beams and the tops of door frames or
ductwork.

Concrete
construction

Settlement

Thermal Steel 0.2mm/m per 15°C AISC 303:2005

movement Cl. 7.13

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STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES GLASS DESIGN

III-6 GLASS DESIGN

6.1 Properties
6.1.1 Glass
Glass constants ADM:2005 cl. 3.1
Density Unit weight Modulus of elasticity Modulus of rigidity Poisson’s ratio Coef. of thermal exp.
γ ρ E G = E/[2(1+ν)] ν α
2 2
[kN/m³] [kg/m³] [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [-] [/˚C]
-6
24.5 2 500 71 700 29 400 0.22 9·10

6.1.2 Interlayer
Laminated glass interlayer
Shear Modulus [N/mm²]
Interlayer Thickness [mm] Load Duration
Temp.
3s 1m 10 m 1 hr 24 h 1 mo 10 yr

PVB 30°C 0.97 0.75 0.5 0.44 0.28 0.07 0.05

Polyvinyl xx.1 xx.2 xx.3 xx.4
Butyral [mils] 15 30 45 60
[mm] 0.38 0.76 1.14 1.52 50°C 0.44 0.29 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

30°C 141 110 65* 59.9 49.7 11.6 5.31

SG [mils] 35 60 90 120 50°C 26.4 11.3 4.0* 4.0 2.82 2.18 2.0
Sentryglas [mm] 0.89 1.52 2.28 3.05
60°C 8.18 3.64 2.0* 1.7 1.29 1.08 0.97
80°C 1.32 0.83 0.4 0.32 0.25 0.21 0.18
Note: *According to DIBt Zulassungnummer: Z-70.3-170, valid until 7 November 2016.

6.1.3 Laminated glass effective thickness

Laminated glass effective thickness ASTM E1300:2009a
Mode Values Notes Clause
Data h1 = h2 Glass ply 1 & 2 minimum thickness [mm]
hv Interlayer thickness [mm]
2
E= 71 700 N/mm2 Glass young’s modulus [N/mm ]
G Interlayer storage shear modulus [N/mm2]
Effective 1 X11
Γ = Shear transfer coefficient [-]
thickness Eh h
1 + 4.8 1 2 v
Gb
2
I s = h1 ( h1 + hv ) 2

hef ,w = 3 2 ⋅ h13 + 12 Γ I s Effective thickness for glass deflection [mm]

hef3 ,w
hef ,σ = Effective thickness for glass stress [mm]
h1 + Γ ( h1 + hv )

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GLASS DESIGN STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES
6.2 Glass design
6.2.1 Stress design
Glass Design (Failure prediction model) ASTM E1300:2012
Method Values Notes Clause
LOAD Pb = 0.008 Probability of breakage [-] 3.2.8.2
CHART d Duration of load [sec]
2
Criteria: Uniform lateral load (3 second gust) [kN/m ]
q3 ≤ LR Equivalent 3 sec. load of a di second duration qi load.
Equivalent 3 sec duration load: Values of n & LDF: X5
q3 = ( qi LDF ) Type n 3 s 10 m 1 h 24 h 30day 1 yr
1 AN 16 1.00 0.72 0.64 0.53 0.43 0.36 0.31
LDF = ( 3 di ) n
HS 32 1.00 0.85 0.80 0.72 0.65 0.60 0.53
FT 48 1.00 0.89 0.86 0.80 0.75 0.71 0.66

Single glass Values of GTF:

LR = NFL × GTF Single Insulating glass (IG) Tables
glass Lite No. 2 1, 2 & 3
Insulating glass (IG)
Lite No. 1 Lite AN HS FT
GTF
LR1 = NFl1 × GTF1 × LS1 No.1
AN 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.9 1.0 3.8
Lite No. 2 HS 2.0 1.9 1.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 3.8
LR2 = NFl2 × GTF2 × LS2
FT 4.0 3.8 1.0 3.8 1.9 3.6 3.6
where: Values of NFL:
Monolithic Laminated
(
LS 1 = t1 3 + t 2 3 ) t1 3
Support Figure Support Figure
LS 2 = ( t 1
3
+ t2 3 ) t2 3 4-side A1.1 - A1.12 4-side A1.27 - A1.33
3-side A1.13 - A1.24 3-side A1.34 - A1.40
2-edge A1.25 2-edge A1.41
1-edge A1.26 1-edge A1.42

STRESS K Surface flaw parameter X6

ANALYSIS A Glass surface area

Allowable stress
Allowable stress [N/mm²] 3s 10 m 1h
1
X6
Pb 7 AN 23.3 16.8 14.9 7.2
σ allowable = 7 n Surface stress HS 46.6 39.6 37.3 24.7
k ( d 3) A
FT 93.1 82.8 80.1 61.4
AN 16.6 11.9 10.0 5.1
Clean cut X7
HS n/a n/a n/a n/a
edges [ASTM
FT n/a n/a n/a n/a E2751
AN 18.3 13.2 11.7 5.7 Table 1]
Edge Seamed
HS 36.5 30.9 29.2 20.3
stress edges
FT 73.0 65.3 63.0 49.4
AN 20.0 14.4 12.8 6.2
Polished
HS 36.5 31.0 29.2 19.3
edges
FT 73.0 65.0 62.8 48.2

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STRUCTURAL ENGINEER’S FAÇADE NOTES GLASS DESIGN
6.2.2 Deflection
Centre of glass deflection ASTM E1300:2012
Mode Values Notes Clause
Data a Long dimension [mm]
b Short dimension [mm]
E= 71 700 N/mm2 Interlayer thickness [mm] X1.1
Deflection X1.1
{
x = ln ln q ( ab )
2
Et 4 }
2 3
a a a
r0 = 0.53 − 3.83 + 1.11 − 0.0969
b b b
2 3
a a a
r1 = −2.29 + 5.83 − 2.17 + 0.2067
b b b
2 3
a a a
r2 = 1.485 − 1.908 + 0.815 − 0.0822
b b b

w = t⋅e
( r0 + r1 x + r2 x 2 )

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