Tools Turbine PDF
Tools Turbine PDF
Tools Turbine PDF
SP – MS6001
Standard Practices
GENERAL
At all times when performing work on a Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited Gas Turbine
the following general practices should be observed:
1. Keep complete records. In addition to specific inspection report forms called out,
please complete the general information requested on Forms AES/GT-FF-
6000,AES/GT-FF-6026, and AES/GT-FF-6027. Refer to the Maintenance Inspection
Forms, Section 5,of this maintenance instructions.
2. Remove and tag out electrical power from all systems/circuits upon which work is to
be per-formed.
3. Disable unit's CO2 system and provide an alternate means of fire protection while the
gas Turbine’s fire protection systems is disabled.
*** WARNING **
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6. Use penetrating oil prior to bolt removal. (Refer to recommended solvents, sealers,
cleaners, etc. In this section for listing of acceptable penetrating oils.)
7. Protect all casing flanges from rust and mechanical damage after removal. Grease,
layout dye or commercial rust inhibitors will retard flange rusting and plywood,
masonite, or equal will prevent mechanical damage.
8. Deburr mating surfaces and eliminate flange face high spots before assembling any
casings. Carborundum stones and flat mill files are effective for these tasks.
9. Cover all open pipe and tubing. Do not stuff rags in pipes. Sheet metal or plywood are
effective covers for large pipes and duct tape will protect tubing.
10. Never use pipe wrenches or pliers on tube fittings.
11. Do Not Reuse Gaskets - unless specifically instructed to do so in the procedures.
12. Do not reuse lock plates internal to the unit or those noted with a double asterism
(**). (Refer to the Maintenance Parts Recommendations in this section.)
13. Match mark piping, fuel nozzles, couplings and casings to assist in proper orientation
during reassembly.
14. Do not mark on any combustion system or turbine components with any compounds
containing lead. Carters Marks-A-Lot, black or blue, Dixon Company black or blue,
Everhard Faber #7500 Water Color, black, Dykem Company dark blue, Dykem DSL,
light blue, Dykem DMP, high spot blue, Dykem 107, Joseph Dixon lead free yellow
lumber crayons, Wallace Pencil Company #800 blackmarker, Machine
Manufacturing Company Marco S-1141 black and Macro S-141 white are
recommended and approved markers. Nickel base alloys are subject to attack when
heated in the presence of sulfur, lead and other metals. These materials can cause
embrittlement and cracking at elevated temperatures. Some common sources of these
compounds are paint, markers and machining oil. Use of tags wired to the parts
(avoid aluminum or other low melting point alloys), and makers certified free of
injurious materials can eliminate this source of contamination. Parts which have
already been exposed should be cleaned in accordance with Gas Turbine Cleaning
later in this section.
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15. Observe the following general precautions when the unit is undergoing major
inspection, maintenance checks and taking clearance readings.
A. Axial readings must be taken with the rotor positioned upstream (toward the
compressor inlet) in contact with the active face of the thrust bearing. Any
pressure applied in moving the rotor forward should be released prior to taking
rotor position or clearance measurements.
B. Parallel bars and feeler stock, when used with proper attention to detail, provide
good measurements. In order to obtain proper measurement accuracy, the total
thickness of the parallel bar and feeler stock must be measured with a micrometer.
C. Snap gages may be used to obtain measurements when proper attention is applied
to the gage orientation. Snap gages used on bevel surfaces will result in inaccurate
readings.
D. The use of taper gages is not recommended because the pointed end of the gage
often “bottoms" on an internal curved surface before an accurate reading can be
obtained. This gage should not be used to take radial clearances.
E. Never rotate the unit rotor when the unit is undergoing inspection and
maintenance checks without adhering to the below listed precautions.
1. Thrust bearing must be fully assembled in unit.
2. Lubricant from unit lube system should be applied to journals.
3. Check close clearance areas for potential interference and foreign object
damage.
4. Warn personnel working on unit.
16. To properly tighten new Swaglock stop-collar fittings, snug the nut by hand after
cleaning threads. Then tighten the nut until the stop-collar just stops turning.
17. Anti-Seize Compound.
A. Anti-seize compound shall be applied on all rotor and stator bolting threads,
dowels, rabbets and sliding fits (internal and external).
External bolting threads for mounting associated equipment, pipe flanges,
ductwork etc. Also apply on vertical flange faces of the top halves of outer
casings that may be subject to removal for maintenance.
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NOTE
This usage must be restricted to a thin film such that the compound is not forced
into the inner gas path. Should this occur, it must where possible, be carefully
removed.
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CR L GRB
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Table 2-2
Bolt and Stud Elongation Values for B5F5B3 ( ) and ClA5 ( ).
Bolts & Studs with Stress of 35,000 P. S I, Min. to 45,000 P. S.I. Max.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Hyderabad Page 7 of 117
Maintenance & Inspections
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Most solvents, sealants and cleaners are flammable at elevated temperatures. Read and
observe manufacture's precautions on substance. Do not substitute gasoline or unknown
substances for the following recommended items.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited normally supplies lubricants, solvents, and sealant as
part of the lose parts for turbine installation. The listing below includes special items
recommended for use during maintenance operations. All may be procured locally or
from the manufacturer.
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Thinner Carboline 33 Exhaust system paint thinner for Carbo Carboline Co.
Zinc 11 Grey. 32 Hanley Ct.
St. Louis, Mo. 63122
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Boron Fast Dry 3137 Cleaning solvent petroleum spirits). Standard Oil of Ohio
Cleveland, OH 44115
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components. However, they do not purport to include all variations, or details in the
equipment furnished. Lubrication frequency will vary, depending on turbine operating hours
and ambient temperature. It is therefore suggested that the purchaser keep records of
lubrication intervals to determine variances between periods listed on the chart and those
scheduled for a specific installation.
The lubrication listed to do not exclude comparable products from other oil companies.
Should the purchaser wish to use an alternate lubricant not mentioned on the chart, or
recommended by the component manufacturer, approval must be requested from the
component manufacturer, not the Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. The use of lubricant
grades other than those recommended should be first approved by the Bharat Heavy
Electricals Limited.
CAUTION
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Inlet Filter Dirt Air inlet 4 ½ Years Remove grease relief plugs and install
Separate Blower Filter (Steady fittings if required. Apply shell Alvania
Motor(88TA1,2) compartment Duty)7 #2 grease (or equivalent) until it appears
years in open holes. For motors operating at
(periodic ambient temperature below 20 F and
duty) above +150 F, use type of grease (or
equivalent) i.e. specified on motor name
plate. Run motor 10 minutes to expel
excess grease. Replace plugs.
STARTING
SYSTEMS
Diesel engine oil Accessory Each 8 Check the crankcase oil level using the
level. compartment hour period dipstick only after the engine has been
Diesel engine of diesel stopped for atleast 20 minutes. Add oil as
engine necessary to bring the level upto the “full”
operation mark on the dipstick. Refer to the diesel
engine lubrication oil specification under
the “Starting Equipment” tab of the
service manual for the proper lubricating
oil specification.
Diesel Engine oil Accessory *100 It is recommended that the new engines
and filter changes. compartment Engine be started with 100 hours oil and filter
Diesel engine operating changes. This oil and filter change period
hours. may then be gradually increased or
decreased, following the
recommendations of an independent oil
analysis laboratory or the oil supplier(
based upon sample analysis) until the
most practical oil and filter change
interval can be established for the engine.
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Diesel engine Diesel engine 100 Engine Lubricate the Tachometer drive with all
Tachometer drive operating purpose grease at the grease fitting
& throttle control hours located on the Tachometer. At
leakage temperatures +30 F use a number 2 grade
grease. At temperatures below +30 F use
a number 1 grade grease. Lubricate all
other control mechanisms with engine
oil, as required.
Diesel engine over Diesel engine 500 Engine Lubricate with 5 or 6 drops of engine oil
speed governor operating if equipped with a huge cap oiled or oil
hours cup. Avoid excessive lubrication and do
not lubricate the governor while the
engine is running
- CONT’D
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Lube Oil Mist Off Base 4 years Remove grease relief plugs and install
Eliminator Fan (steady fittings if required. Apply shell Alvania
Motor (88QV) Duty) number 2 grease (or equivalent ) until it
(if applicable) 7 years appears in open holes. For motors
periodic operating in ambient air temperatures
duty below –20 F and above +120 F, use type
of grease( or equivalent) i.e. specified on
motor name plate. Run motor 10 minutes
to xpel excess grease. Replace plugs.
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Radiator Fan Accessory 9 Months Replace the upper pipe plug on each end
Motor (88FCI compartment (steady of each motor with grease fitting, if
through 6) Duty) required. Remove other plugs for grease
1½ years relief. Unless otherwise specified on
(Periodic motor nameplate, apply Shell Alvania #2
Duty) grease (or equivalent) with 4 to 6 pumps
of handgun or until new grease appears at
grease relief hole. For motors operating at
ambient temperatures below 20F and
above +150F, use grease (or equivalent)
specified on motor nameplate. After
greasing, run motor 10 minutes to expel
excess grease. Replace plugs.
FUEL OIL
SYSTEM
Fuel Pump
Coupling Accessory ----------- NO MAINTENANCE LUBRICATION
Gear REQUIRED
ATOMIZING
AIR SYSTEM
Main A.A. Accessory ------------ NO MAINTENANCE LUBRICATION
Compressor (CA1) Compt REQUIRED(Accessory Gear Lubricated)
Compressor
Coupling Accessory ----------- NO MAINTENANCE LUBRICATION
Compt REQUIRED(Splined Coupling)
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Starting
Atomizing Air
Compressor(CA2
CONTD) 3 months Inlet end bearings are grease lubricated.
Use a good grade of high temperature
ball bearing grease suitable to 300 F.
Regrease bearing every 250 hrs of
operation. Clean zerk fittings and remove
relief plugs. With hand gun fill Bearing
Capacity until it begins to come out of
relief fitting. Replace relief plugs.
HYDRAULIC
SUPPLY
SYSTEM
Inlet Guide Vane Turbine 6 Months Apply Shell Alvania #2 grease (or
Ring, Actuator Compt equivalent) to actuating arm grease
Linkages and fitting until grease appears at spherical
Gears bearing. Apply same grease to guide
vane control ring grease fittings at 5
locations until grease appears under ring.
Remove one inlet guide vane gear cover
and inspect gears for lubricant coating.
Apply same grease, if required. Repeat
for remaining sections of inlet guide vane
ring.
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FUEL
FORWARDING
SYSTEM
Fuel forwarding Off-Base 4 ½ Years Remove grease relief plugs and install
pump motors (steady fittings if required. Apply Shell Alvania
(88FD-1, -2) Duty) 7 #2 grease (or equivalent) until it a in
Years open holes. For motors operating at
(Period ambient temperatures below 2OF and
Duty) above +150F, use type of grease (or
equivalent ) that is specified on motor
nameplate. Run motor 10 minutes to
expel excess grease. Replace plugs
Fuel Forwarding Off-Base 9 Months The sight level oil gauge must be
Pumps (steady maintained at a level which barely allows
Duty) oil to be in contact at the lowest position
1 ½ Years of the bearing. The ideal lubricant is a
(periodic straight, well refined neutral mineral oil
Duty) of the turbine type containing no free
acid chlorine, sulphur or f'ree alkalai. In
most applications SAE number ten motor
Oil will meet the specifications.
Operation at high temperatures will
require frequent replenishment and
changing
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GENERATOR &
ACCESSORIES
Water injection Off-Base 9 months Replace one pipe plug at each end of
Pump motor Skid (steady motor with a grease fitting, if required.
Duty) 1 ½ Remove other plug for grease relief.
yrs Apply Shell Alvania #2 grease (or
(periodic equivalent) unless special grease is
duty) specified on the motor nameplate. Apply
grease until new grease appears in grease
relief hole. For motors operating at
ambient temperatures below 20F and
above +150F, use type of grease (or
equivalent) that is -fled on motor
nameplate. Run motor 10 minutes to
expel excess grease. Replace plugs.
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UNIT ASSEMBLED
General
Gas turbine performance may decline as a result of deposits on compressor blades during
operation. A decline in performance is indicated by a gradual loss of power output and an
increase in fuel consumption.
Many of the problems are a direct result of dirty or fouled axial flow compressors. Fouled
compressors result in reduced air flow, lower compressor efficiency, and lower compressor
pressure ratio. These combined parameters cause reduced compressor performance.
This article describes axial flow compressor fouling and outlines cleaning recommendations.
Types of Fouling
There are many types of compressor fouling. The type and rate of fouling depend on the.
Environment in which the gas turbine operates and the type of inlet filtration, if any.
Among the most common types of contaminants are:
1. Dirt or soil
2. Sand
3. Seashells
4. Coal dust
5. Insects
6. Salt
7. Oil
8. Turbine exhaust gas
Salt, aside from being a contaminant, also causes corrosion of blading and ductwork and
subsequent ingestion of rust and scale.
Oil increases the ability of contaminants to cling to compressor passages and airfoils.
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The type of material that is deposited on the compressor blading influences the method of its
removal. Certain materials will respond to one cleaning method while different types of
materials will require another. For this reason, both dry (solid) and liquid cleaning techniques
are covered.
Method of Detection
Two basic methods are used to determine the cleanliness of the compressor. Visual
inspection and performance monitoring are described below.
Visual Inspection
The best method for detecting a fouled compressor is to inspect it visually. This involves
shutting the unit down, removing inlet plenum inspection hatch, and visually inspecting
compressor inlet, bellmouth, inlet guide vanes, and early stage blading.
If any deposits, including dust or filmy deposits, can be wiped or scrapped off these
areas, the compressor is fouled sufficiently to affect performance. The initial inspection
also reveals whether the deposits are oily or dry. For oily deposits, a water detergent
wash is required followed by solid compound injection. Location of the source of the oil
and corrective action should be accomplished before cleaning the compressor to prevent
recurrence of the fouling.
If only dry deposits are found, cleaning by solid compound injection is generally
adequate.
Performance Monitoring
A second method for detecting a fouled compressor is performance monitoring.
Performance monitoring involves obtaining gas turbine data on a routine basis which in
turn is compared to baseline data to monitor trends in the performance of the gas turbine.
The performance data is obtained by running the unit at steady state BASE load and
recording out, exhaust temperature, inlet air temperature, barometric pressure,
compressor discharge pressure and temperature, and fuel consumption. The data should
be taken carefully with he unit warmed up.
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"Field Performance Testing Procedure" can be used as a guide for assessing machine
performance both before and after cleaning the compressor. The purpose of this
particular document is to establish the performance of generator drive machines.
However, appropriate portions can be used for all machines, both generator drive and
other applications for assessing cleaning effectiveness.
Output and heat rate can be corrected to a standard condition using the turbine
performance curves and an analysis can be made of compressor pressure ratio and
efficiency. The current performance levels can be compared to baseline data and will aid
in determining the problem area.
If performance analysis indicates compressor fouling, it should be verified by a visual
inspection.
Solid Compounds
There are two types of solid compounds used: organic (nutshells and rice) inert (catalyst
supports, spent catalysts, polishing powders). Combustible compounds are preferred to
inert compounds. The organics will burn up in the combustion process while the inerts
will not and may cause erosion or blocked cooling holes.
The recommended combustible solid organic compounds, ground nutshells and uncooked
rice, are described in Table 2-3.
Inert compounds such as described in Table 2-4 are only used if the combustible
compounds are unavailable.
Liquids
Liquid cleaning involves washing the compressor with water and/or detergents. Deposits,
such as salt, may be removed with potable water. Oily or varnished oil deposits require
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detergent solutions. Approved detergents are given in Table 2-5 and water quality in
Table 2-6.
Any cleaning agents not listed herein must be approved by Gas Turbine Division.
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TABLE 2-3
NOTE
12/20 = 1680 Microns max. - 841 Microns mm.
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TABLE 2-4
Product Vendor
CATALYSTS
HSC-130 or Houdry
POLISHING POWDERS
NOTE
Particle size is normally kept between 40 and 200 micron to ensure clearing action, to keep
particles airborne and to minimize blade erosion and the possibility of plugging the cooling
holes.
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TABLE 2-5
Detergent Cleaners
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TABLE 2-6
Cleaning Rates
MS 500lA Through M
MS5001R-MS 5002A 1.40 3-10 15-20
1. Dispensed at a uniform rate over the cleaning period, the rate should not be higher than that
shown above.
2. Mixed at manufacturer's suggested mix ratio (Table 2-5).
3. Use these wash rates for WATER ONLY wash.
4. Water Quality
a. Less than 100 ppm dissolved solids
b. Less than 25 ppm sodium plus potassium (Na+K)
c. A pH of 6 to 8
Water rinse will be necessary. The water quality described above should be observed.
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PREPARATION
The following steps should be accomplished prior to beginning to wash the turbine and
compressor:
1. Extraction air piping to the bearing seals and atomizing air compressor should be opened
and blocked off to prevent water from entering these areas specifically those on the lower
half of the compressor casings.
2. If a unit is equipped with an offbase atomizing air compressor, the compressor should be
deenergized during the wash and rinse cycles.
3. Open inlet guide vanes, if applicable.
4. Make sure all drains are open and diverted to suitable areas.
5. Close flame detector valves. Water will foul the flame scanners and make starting
difficult.
6. When regenerators are present, the gas side face must be covered and kept dry during
compressor washing to prevent wetting regenerator deposits. These deposits may change
form when wet and become extremely difficult to remove. Leave access doors open while
cranking to provide an air exhaust path.
Washing Procedure
Washing can be accomplished using a permanent system (a series of nozzles or spray ring
mounted in the inlet plenum) or with a manual system, (a hand held hose and spray nozzle).
With either system, take care to over the frill circumference of the bellmouth. The inlet
plenum and bellmouth should be cleaned first to prevent these deposits from being washed
into the compressor during the cleaning.
Washing with water or detergent should be done at crank speed or slower. This provides
more effective washing near the hub of the rotor. Flow rates are given in Table 2-6.
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CAUTION
1.To prevent thermal shock, wheel space temperatures must be under 200F when using water
at 50-8-F. If hot water is used (150-200F) wheel space temperature must be under 300F.
2.Observe starting device time/temperature limits during all cranking periods.
Rinsing Procedure
The effectiveness of the wash and the rinse can most easily be evaluated by observing the
runoff from the drains during the rinse and visual inspection of the compressor inlet at the
end of a wash cycle.
1. The compressor should be rinsed until the drain water appears clean.
2. The runoff water may also be checked for the amount of impurities it contains by
measuring its electrolytic conductivity the conductivity value will decrease as washing
continues and the runoff water contains fewer dissolved impurities.
3. Another method of testing is to use an atomic absorption spectrometer for checking be
level of trace metals.
NOTE
The detergent wash may be repeated depending on the amount of fouling and detergent
effectiveness.
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Restoration
1. After final rinse, crank for 20 minutes remove all water.
2. After final drying cycle
a. Reassemble extraction and atomizing air piping.
b. Open flame scanner valves
c. Close all drain valves.
d. If applicable close inlet guide vanes.
e. If applicable reenergize off-base atomizing air compressor and remove regenerator
cover.
3. Start the machine within 24 hours and run 30 minutes to assure complete dryness. This is
necessary before sold compound cleaning.
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CAUTION
a. Solid compound injection may cause fouling of flame scanners and a possible trip.
Following the injection rates in Table 2-6 will help prevent this.
b. It has been determined that the accumulation of combustible material in regenerator tubes
can cause burning and serious damage to the regenerator. Both nutshell and rice is in this
category. Therefore, extreme caution should be carefully and consistently maintained at
or less than flow rates given in table 2-6 for different size machines.
NOTE
Use only inert cleaning compounds for units equipped with Garrett regenerators.
c. Too rapid ingestion of solids may lead to an accumulation of solids in the cooling and
sealing air lines and the No.2 bearing housing. The even injection rates shown in table 2-
6 should be observed.
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7 To determine the effect of solid compound cleaning, set the load at 20 percent, and make
note of the exhaust temperature and compressor discharge pressure.
a. Inject solid compound and maintain constant load. Use 20 pound increments of
solid compound at the proper rates. If the cleaning is effective, the exhaust
temperature will drop and the compressor discharge pressure will increase.
b. Inject solid compound until no further effect is seen. At this point, solid compound
cleaning is finished.
Restoration
If applicable, return the evaporative coolers to normal service. Normal operation may be
resumed.
Results of Cleaning
After cleaning, there should be a notice-able increase in performance. An increase in the
performance of the compressor is an indication as to what degree the compressor was fouled
prior to cleaning. An increase in base load power of 10 percent is not uncommon. This can be
confirmed by comparing restored performance data to levels of performance before cleaning,
(see Field Performance Testing Procedures this section) for generator drive machines and the
appropriate procedure for other applications as previously described under Performance
Monitoring. It should be noted that full power may not always be regained once significant
fouling occurs. Regular compressor cleaning will help maintain performance. Specific
intervals must be determined based on customer performance.
Turbine Section
Units burning heavy oils can require cleaning to remove deposits from nozzles and buckets.
The generally accepted method for removing the deposits involves water washing through
one or more specific entry points in the turbine or combustion system. The frequency
washing, as well as the detailed procedure, is dependent on type of fuel, its characteristics,
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the inhibitor used (if any), and the duty cycle of the unit. In the event of heavy fuel operation
or an accumulation of ash deposits occurring from lighter fuels, consult your local Bharat
Heavy Electricals Limit Service Representative for specific recommendations and instruc-
tions.
For proper washing procedure applicable to gas turbines equipped with cleaning and or
washing provisions, refer to Turbine Support Systems Section, Volume I of this Service
Manual.
General
This instruction specifies the methods and equipment to be used during field performance
tests of the heavy-duty gas turbines using station instrumentation. It applies only to turbine-
generator power plants.
Purpose of Test
The primary purpose of this test shall be the measurement of turbine or generator output and
fuel heat consumption at one or more load conditions.
Sufficient supporting data shall be recorded to enable he "as tested" performance to be
corrected to the standard conditions so that an accurate comparison may be made between
tested and base-line machine capability and heat rate at specified conditions.
The attached data sheets should be used to record the test data. They are designed to provide
the information requires to evaluate the aero-thermodynamic performance of the gas turbine
only. Any other operating data should be taken separately to prevent interference with the
timing required for the performance test.
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Test Procedure
These testing procedure are patterned after those specified and described by the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers Power Test Code PTC-22-1966 "Gas Turbine Power
Plants" with the following additions and/or exceptions. Figures in parenthesis refer to the
relevant paragraph in the Power Test Code. Past experience has shown that a gas turbine
operator and four (4) test assistants are required for testing. One day of set-up time and one
day of testing are usually required for each machine.
A test point will consist of four sets of instrument readings taken at ten-minute intervals over
a thirty-minute time span after steady-state conditions have been established (3.12).
The machine will be considered to be in a steady-state condition when turbine wheel space
temperatures do not change more than 5F in fifteen minutes prior to the test point.
Past experience has shown that test points for gas turbines that cover longer than one-half
hour time span are apt to experience changes in inlet air temperatures, which change the
operating characteristics of the power plant and make the test less accurate.
Speed measurements may not be required with a single-shaft generator drive unit is
connected into a large power system. When the power system is small or frequency
vibrations of more than 0.5 percent occur, then turbine speed (or frequency) must be
measured by an electronic tachometer or equivalent.
Average generator output must be measured by a polyphase watt-hour meter (4.24).
Load is to be calculated by carefully timing, with stop watch or equivalent, a fixed number of
disc revolutions throughout the test point, averaging those times and calculating the resulting
average power output by applying the appropriate factor
(pri. Kh ) stamped on the face of the meter.
n revolutions x Pri Kh x (3600/1000)
Power Output = Sec. for n rev.
where;
Pri Kh = PTR x CTR x meter K
PTR = Potential Instrument Transformer Ratio
CTR = Current Instrument Transformer Ratio
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Ideally, the total number of disc revolutions should be counted for the entire test point. This,
however, is a most tedious task and is seldom worthwhile. instead, a count of 20 revolutions
should be made continuously throughout the point with the only interruption being the
recording of the elapsed time for each group of revolutions.
Gas Turbine exhaust temperature will be measured by the unit control thermocouples
mounted in the exhaust plenum (4.56).
It is essential that the temperature indicating system be adjusted and calibrated in place with
a known millivolt source prior to the test so that it reports reliable data. if more than 25
percent of the control thermocouples re inoperative, the performance test should not be
conducted.
When liquid-in-glass manometers are used bores of smaller than 5/16 inch will be permitted
(4.59).
Barometric pressure at the gas turbine site shall be measured with a mercury or aneroid
borometer. A minimum reading accuracy of 0.01 inch Hg is required (4.65).
As stated in paragraph 5.33 of the Code, inlet air relative humidity has negligible effects on
power output and heat consumption. It will therefore be ignored for performance evaluation.
Fuel Consumption
For units designed to burn more than one type of fuel, liquid fuel generally yields higher test
accuracy and repeatability. More accurate test results will be obtained if the lighter type fuel
is used during fuel tests.
Liquid Fuel
Liquid fuel flow is to be measured by a positive displacement meter which has been
calibrated. The total fuel consumed during the exact 30 minute test as measured with a stop
watch must be recorded. The fuel temperature at the meter must also be measured.
A sample of the fuel consumed during the test must be taken for laboratory measurement of
higher heating value (HHV) and specific gravity. The lower heating value (LHV) will be
determined by the method specified in paragraph 4.45 of PTC 22-1966.
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If the fuel is drawn from a large storage tank a single sample will suffice for several tests
points; however, if variations in fuel characteristics are suspected a fuel sample should be
taken for each test point. Fuel samples of one pint are sufficient for HHV and specific gravity
measurement.
The heat consumption will be calculated using:
Heat Consumption (Btu/hr) = gal/min x 8.33 lb/gal (H2O) x Specific Gravity (Oil) at
metering temp. x Heating Value * Btu/lb x 60 min/hr.
Gas Fuel
Gas fuel is to be measured with a flat plate orifice installed in accordance with ASME or
AGA standards. The upstream pressure will be measured with a precision test gauge, the
pressure drop with a manometer, the gas temperature with a thermometer or thermocouple.
See Figure2-2.
A gas sample must be taken from the fuel system during the test for laboratory measurement
of higher heating value and specific gravity. A ratio(HHV/LHV)or 1.11 will be used to
calculate the lower heating value.
Calculation of gas flow will be done in accordance with ASME or AGA standards as
described in ASME PTC 19.5, 4-1959 or AGA report No.3.
Inlet air temperature will be measured with at least two thermometers or thermocouples
installed in the inlet plenum near the gas turbine compressor inlet. The compressor inlet air
temperature must be measured with an accuracy of +/- 1.0F (4.55).
If waste heat recovery equipment is used, turbine exhaust static pressure at or near the gas
turbine flange must be measured using at least 4 disc type static pressure probes.
When the tests are performed at "Base" and “Peak” mode, the gas turbine control system
must be adjusted to operate at the correct average gas turbine exhaust temperature for the test
conditions as defined by the appropriate control curve.
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EVALUATION
Test results are based on the averaged data taken during the test. the averaged results are
corrected to the standard conditions using the appropriate correction curves for the
installation. Performance as indicated by determining the heat rate based on the test results is
defined by:
Heat Consumption
Heat Rate = Power Output
When decisions are required based on test results, one should recognize the tolerance due to
measurement uncertainties associated with each particular test result.
The tolerances around the test results are defined as twice the estimated standard deviation (2
sigma), computed from the tolerances associated with each measured test parameter and the
influence of that parameter on the calculation of the corrected test results.
The resulting performance tolerances of a single-unit station instrumentation test when
performed as described in this document are:
CONCLUSION
This procedure may be used to periodically measure unit performance in order to establish
trends and to determine the effectiveness of compressor cleaning. This data should be
retained for historical reference.
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Reading Number 1 2 3 4
Starting Time of Reading _______ _______ _______ ______
Ambient Condition
Compressor Inlet Temp. F _______ _______ _______ ______
_______ _______ _______ ______
_______ _______ _______ ______
_______ _______ _______ ______
_______ _______ _______ ______
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Lube Oil
Turbine Header Temp. F ______ _______ _______ ______
Lube Oil tank Temp. F ______ _______ _______ ______
Recorded By _________________________
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Reading Number 1 2 3 4
Starting Time of Reading _______ ______ _______ _______
Wheelspace Temperatures F
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Exhaust Average
Electrical _______ ________ ________ ________
Calculated _______ ________ ________ ________
Recorded By ___________________
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Reading Number 1 2 3 4
Starting Time of Reading ______ ______ ______ ______
Turbine Panel Board
Set Point ______ ______ ______ ______
VCE ______ ______ ______ ______
Recorded By ___________________
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Pri Kh Factor___________________
Comment/Calculations
Recorded By ________________________________
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Recorded By___________________________________
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UNIT DISASSEMBLED
During unit disassembly many parts will require cleaning The most generally accepted
methods used for cleaning Gas Turbine parts are solvents, steam and abrasive blasting.
CAUTION
Do not attempt any cleaning of coated turbine buckets before consulting the local Bharat
heavy Electricals Limited Field Service Representative.
Solvent Cleaning
CAUTION
Petroleum based solvents are flammable. Exercise care when cleaning with these
compounds.
Solvent cleaning is useful for removing organic contaminants, such as oils and greases. The
solvent should be Petroleum Spirits (Stoddard solvent, Exxon Varsol 1; except in areas where
EPA, Rule 66, is in force - California, etc - use Exxon, Varsol 18 or equivalent. Bharat
Heavy Electricals No.1500 Thinner or Multicleaner No.44, Applied by spray or with a well-
saturated clean cloth, followed by wiping with another clean cloth.
Steam Cleaning
Steam cleaning is used to remove grease and oil and water soluble contaminants. Spray the
parts thoroughly, using an inhibitor such as Turco Cold Spray to minimize subsequent
rusting, and to leave a thin protective film on the assembly after drying. Dry the parts using
an air blast.
Abrasive Cleaning
Abrasive cleaning can be used to remove almost any deposit. This process also removes
metal and should not be used on close tolerance or specially processed surfaces, such as
dovetails. The acceptable agent will be aluminum oxide and the grit will be specified for each
case. Air pressure at the nozzle should be 40 psig or less. Work the nozzle across the surface
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of the part. Do not dwell in one area, since this action may remove excessive amounts of
metal.
CAUTION
Small holes and gaps such as the gaps between compressor rotor stages, must be covered
with adhesive tape to prevent the entrance of abrasive materials.
STANDARD TOOLS
Socket sets (6 Point)
1- 1-inch drive
1- 3/4-inch drive
2- 1/2-inch drive
2- 3/8-inch drive
Socket Set (12 Point)
2 - 1/2-inch drive sockets 1 inch
2 - 1/2-inch drive sockets 11/8 inch
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Carpenters level
Wood saw
2 Hacksaws with extra blades
Portapower - hydraulic jack set
1 - 10-foot measuring tape
Hand stones 4 coarse 4 fine
1 set of easy out (screw extractors)
1 set of taps and dies to 1-1/2 inches (1, 1-1/4, 1-1/2x8 thd)
Impact wrenches
1- ½-inch drive with sockets
2- ¾-inch drive with sockets
1- 1-inch drive with sockets
Electric or air drill with chuck to 1/24nch with bits
4 - 50-foot air hoses with ½-inch “whips"
Air grinder with grinding wheels
Dial indicators
1- Starrett "Last Word"
1- Starrert Universal
2- 0-1 inch indicator
plus magnetic bases, arms, and swivels
Micrometers
1- 0-1 outside
1- 0-8 outside (set)
1- 2-8 inside set)
1- 0-6 depth
Feeler gages
1 set 0.0015 to 0.030 12-inch long
2 sets 0.0015 to 0.030 4-6 inches long
1 Machinist' level
1 Telescope gauge set
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4- 3/8 x 12 feet
4- 1/2 x 12 feet
2- 3/4 x 30 feet
2- 3/4 x 3 feet
Screw jacks (as required) 25 and 50 ton minimum capacity.
Wood blocking 6 feed long
10 - 2 x 4
10 - 4 x 4
Rope
100 feet of 1/2 diameter
100 feet of 3/4 diameter
Expendables - See Recommended Solvents, Sealants Cleaners in this section.
10 Pounds anti-seize (fuel Pro C-102)
13 cans joint compound
3 rolls masking tape
6 rolls duct tape
Barrel of solvent
14 marking pens, lead and sulfur free (Carter “ Marks-a-Lot” or equivalent) see Standard
Practices General Section.
Expendables (Continued)
100 wiping cloths
2 tubes Teflon thread sealant (liquid)
Barrel of Solvent
Weather stripping glue.
Miscellaneous item
100-foot work lights
Fire extinguishers
100-foot extension cords
Tote boxes
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Ladders
Tie-on tags
Gloves
Tape writer
Nitrogen cylinder, regulator with gauge and associated hoses.
NOTE
Refer to the Tool Lists, line items A033 and 0104, in the Parts Lists and Drawings Volume
Service Manual for list of tools finished for your unit(s).
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Parts which form one complete working unit must be ordered together; for example shafts
and bushings, both halves of a bearing, etc. Overspeed bolts which are adjustable to the
drawing specifications on tripping speed will be furnished unless specifically ordered
otherwise.
Any new safety features or design improvements which have become available since the
original design of the component ordered will be incorporated in the replacement part.
If no drawing, parts list, or reference publication is available which shows the replacement
part required, a sketch or sample of the item, together with all necessary dimensions and
description of the part's function, should accompany the order.
The purchaser should store renewal parts in a suitable place to prevent loss or damage, and
should coat all finished iron or steel surfaces with oil or compound to protect them from
corrosion.
Prices listed for vendor parts are subject to change without notice and the Gas Turbine
Division is not liable for prices listed.
Attention to these directions will greatly expedite the shipment of spare and renewal parts.
The repair of accessories not manufactured by the Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited should
be handled through your BHEL service representative. He will determine the approved
location for repairs and assist with the expeditious and economical return of the repaired
component.
The order covering the repair and return or gas turbine components or accessories to the
factory or authorized repair center should contain:
1. The appropriate information required when ordering renewal parts.
2. A complete filled out “Returned Apparatus Tag", Form AF-274, attached to the
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returned article or boxed with it. These tags can be obtained from the Bharat Heavy
Eectricals Limited Filed Service Representative. See Figure 2-47.
Be sure to include the serial number of the unit of which the return article is a part,
the description of the article, the total operating hours of the component, the explicit
reason for the return of the part, drawing (part) number, and the component serial
number.
3. Description of the returned articles.
4. Quantity of the Returned Apparatus Tags used.
5. Date and method of returned shipment.
6. Waybill number and car number (and routing if carload shipment is made).
7. Requested date for the return of the repaired components.
On parts for which the tags may become lots or destroyed, it is advisable to paint or stencil
(lead and sulfur free) the purchaser's name and the turbine serial number on the part. This is
particularly true on parts such as wheels, diaphragms, nozzles, and heavy castings. This
practice will facilitate rapid identification when the part reaches the repair facility.
Gas Turbine Division should be notified at once of the shipment by mailing the original
paper portion of form given below as soon as it is filled out.
Returned apparatus must be properly packaged and the parts protected to prevent damage
from rust, corrosion, and handling.
Adherence to the above suggestions will facilitate checking and inspection of the returned
material and assure more expeditious repair of the material at the factory.
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NOTE
Single asterisk * indicates not full quantities as called for on drawings. Twenty percent of the
quantities called for are listed. These quantities should cover any hardware which may not be
reusable.
NOTE
Double asterisk * * indicates items are expendable (not to be reused). They must be replaced
at each inspection.
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NOTE
Refer to your Parts Volume Service Manual to obtain the proper drawing and/or part number
for the material listed under each arrangement or assembly drawing.
Recommended
Quantity
FUEL NOZZLE ASSEMBLY (ML0512, 0513,0514)
1. Tip Fuel Nozzle 10
2. Tip Inner cone 10
3. Transition piece Assembly 10
**4 Gasket (Transition piece Assembly to Fuel Nozzle Body) 10
**5 Fuel Nozzle Lock Plate 10
6. Compound, Anti seize 1
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NOTE
The list of gaskets, nuts, bolts and connectors male and female shown below with varying
quantities, indicate that there are different sizes required. Using the applicable piping
arrangement cooling and sealing air piping arrangement drawing, the user should procure the
gasketing quantities shown and approximately 20% of the hardware quantities shown to
cover any hardware which may be reusable.
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NOTE
Refer to your Parts Volume Service Manual to obtain the proper drawing and/or part number
for the material listed under each arrangement or assembly drawing.
Recommended
Quantity
FUEL NOZZLE ASSEMBLY (ML0512, 0513,0514)
1. Tip Fuel Nozzle 10
2. Tip Inner cone 10
3. Transition piece Assembly 10
**4 Gasket (Transition piece Assembly to Fuel Nozzle Body) 10
**5 Fuel Nozzle Lock Plate 10
6. Compound, Anti seize 1
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NOTE
The list of gaskets, nuts, bolts and connectors male and female shown below with varying
quantities, indicate that there are different sizes required. Using the applicable piping
arrangement cooling and sealing air piping arrangement drawing, the user should procure the
gasketing quantities shown and approximately 20% of the hardware quantities shown to
cover any hardware which may be reusable.
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NOTE
The above quantities cover approximately 20% of the top half casings bolting requirements
only.
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NOTE
Refer to your Parts Volume Service Manual to obtain the proper drawing and/or part number
for the material listed under each arrangement or assembly drawing.
Recommended
Quantity
FUEL NOZZLE ASSEMBLY (ML0512, 0513,0514)
1. Tip Fuel Nozzle 10
2. Tip Inner cone 10
3. Transition piece Assembly 10
**4 Gasket (Transition piece Assembly to Fuel Nozzle Body) 10
**5 Fuel Nozzle Lock Plate 10
6. Compound, Anti seize 1
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NOTE
The list of gaskets, nuts, bolts and connectors male and female shown below with varying
quantities, indicate that there are different sizes required. Using the applicable piping
arrangement cooling and sealing air piping arrangement drawing, the user should procure the
gasketing quantities shown and approximately 20% of the hardware quantities shown to
cover any hardware which may be reusable.
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NOTE
The list of gaskets, nuts and bolts shown below with varying quantities, indicates that there
are different sizes required. Using the applicable ducting and plenum arrangement inlet
drawings, the user should procure the gasketing quantities shown and approximately 20% of
the hardware quantities shown to cover any hardware which may not be reusable.
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NOTE
The list of gaskets, nuts and bolts shown below with varying quantities, indicates that there
are different sizes required. Using the applicable ducting and plenum arrangement exhaust
drawings, the user should procure the gasketing and the hardware quantities shown.
1. Insulation, Needlemat (Aft Side) Plenum AR
2. Expansion Joint Segment (Forward Side) Plenum 14
3. Clamp Segments, Expansion Joint Forward Side 14
**4 Gasket, Exhaust (Forward Side) Plenum I
5. Bolt, Hex Head N14P29020 56
6. Expansion Joint Segment (Aft Side) Plenum 14
7. Clamp Segments, Expansion Joint Aft Side 14
**8. Gasket, Exhaust (Aft Side) Plenum
9. Nut, Hexagon (Exhaust Ducts To Exhaust Transition Piece) N227P35 * 19
10. Bolt, Hex Head (Transition Piece To Exhaust Plenum) N24P29028 * 19
11. Gasket (Transition Piece To Exhaust Plenum)
12. Cement, Contact (Transition Piece To Exhaust Plenum) AR
13. Bolt, Vertical Exhaust Removable Door Sides & Top, N24P33044 64
14. Nut, Vertical Exhaust Removable Door Sides & Top, N227P33 64
15. Washer, Vertical Exhaust Removable Door Sides & Top, N402P47 64
16. Bolt, Exhaust Plenum Removable Door, N22P25024 28
17. Nut, Exhaust Plenum Removable Door, 974A827P6 28
18. Washer, Exhaust Plenum Removable Door, N402P43 28
**19. Gasket, Exhaust Plenum Removable Door, 238A273P324 AR
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NOTE
The list of gaskets, nut and bolts shown below with varying quantities, indicates that there
are different sizes required. Using the applicable enclosure to base arrangement drawing, the
user should procure the gasketing quantities shown and approximately 20% of the hardware
quantities shown to cover any hardware which may not be reusable.
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NOTE
The above quantities cover approximately 20% of the top half casings bolting requirements
only.
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