Going outside

l.l Different ploces to live 6

1.2 Con we core for our environment? B
-l.3 Our weother r0
1.4 Extreme weother 12
-l.5 Check your progress 14

2 Looking of rocks
2.1 Whot ore rocks? t6
2.2 Uses of rocks IB
2.3 Soil 20
2.4 Other noturol moteriols 22
2.5 Check your progress 24

3 Chonging moteriols
3..l Moteriols chonging shope 26
3.2 Bending ond twisting 28
3,3 Fontqstic elostic 30
3.4 Heoting ond cooling 32
3,5 Why is the seo solty? 34
3.6 Check your progress 36
 :.=-:rl:'*!:g!;.9.r1s=,

4 Light ond dork

4,1 Light sources 3B
4.2 Dorkness 40
4.3 Moking shodows 42
4,4 Shodow shopes 44
4,5 Check your progress 46

5 Electricity
5.-l Electricity oround us 4B
5.2 Stoying sofe 50
5,3 Moking o circuit 52
5,4 Using motors ond buzzers 54
5.5 Switches 56
5,6 Check your progress 5B

6 The Eorth ond the Sun

6,1 Doy ond night 60
6,2 Does the Sun move? 62
6,3 Chonging shodows 64
6,4 Check your progress 66

Reference 6B
Glossory ond index 72
Acknowledgements 7B

t "' *t *q.1.*.a.4.""
\;l )1 ll*1 113

ffi
 ,1; ..,,,. ,
,:;':,' ., . ... ... .. ;1 -..;. ..:1,, .,,,,. ...,,, ,.,.., ,.,,.,,

Whot do onlmols ond plonts need different meosure

to [Lve?

:;,,.:t .,a,..,,: :. :,,,:4 I l;, l,il ,

.y-r*!ql! i, t,

i\Il '
zv, ,rff!,}t,,,
""$k
,,@iti".& xwffi ttr\il

/rfb
[r..

W '
\rl '

Looh ot the plctures. Whtch anlmols ond ptonts [Lve ln each

1
envlronment? Whot dllferences con uou
J
see !'
Compore two different ploces
Go outside. Looh Jor two ptoces thot
are ,;1,*;'gl:,v,:',1'',,, , [i.he o wet place ond a
dry place.
the two places. Mahe sure
Yt&x*xt,t,'{,i:;
theg ore the some slze.

Whot con gou frnd? Con Uou f,nd

onu rT xxrzt* *rx:xt:x?

the onlmals ond plonts Uou

W*:r,q:r'**

ftnd [n eoch place. Compore them.

Whot hove Uou Jound out?

What anlmals ond plonts l"i,ve Ln*th.esp envlronments?

'*t *,t.\$2,$ )ta

:frttp .. .rtt4.. X ,.$ry.
.- ,*tt:* t*rlt rrr{r, i**}ta
?)t U.,
l|\l'l|'1,'w'n|.'*
,r'n ,,t'rr.,19.-
t _t'{r""
*- . ' \t rr ,tt,
/.-rrr, ) t1,,..:
x
1'
."1 ' il \1 )1f
I 'Y tt .

Envlronments can be dfJerent or slmllor.

DfJerent plonts and onlmats [i,ve in dilJerent envlronments.
 Thts beoch [s covered wlth i,s
flowlng lnto
the sea.

liiter sewoge
protect
lttltrrawyy.ii-'. .i

;J,ljJ,tr

,-.-,.,*4.
{r--ztl
\.H:
-r&
Oo

% -<{

+-
@
\z\_ 1.. -
@
Do Uou thi.nh litter and sewage con
" r: i.._.

horm the wildl.fe neor the beoch?

Whot can we do to help

the wltdl.tJe?

$,
Our environment
Go outslde qnd looh oround. Con Uou
see ploces where peop[e do not looh oJter

Wrlte, drow or
photogroph whot
uou see.
How could people
look oJter the
envlronment better?
What could Uou do to hel.p? Tq[h obout Uour ldeos.

Envi,ronmentoI
grouPs qre groups
oJ people who hel.p
to looh oJter the
envi,ronment.

.lrit ?.1 \lt.'./l . ttl-,

,,1:i
,ll:,1"*,'|l :* ,ltlll ;;l|',.,:
,1. '. .tr.tt |:1lat .t :.,t-r ,,al..t), t\,;,.t,
,,l ilr' ,lt ,r.t{}r;t 't {',. l

: IOU COn looh aJter your envlronment i'n d{ferent wogs.

l'l.i:,,.':;
 Each doU thg ',,::,'.,;:, ' 1 :',:11 ,,, '.'t': :

. .. . : , ,.,,a,, :.. :.,..:...

and omount oJ Sun ond ,. con temperoture

change. This i.s our ,:. : , ", ,' roin
sqme sunny
The weother mohes us thlnh about cloudy worm
whot we do ond whot we weor. cold f rosty

hoil

ffiMffi

Loo h ot the plctures.

why ore the chl[dren wearlng these ctothes?

Br
,t"i&.

g
Todoy's weother
Tol.h about the weother todoy.
Is [t the lr:r, as yesterdoy?

Is i,t nqAye.y?.*.], ol' i. :;.;":', t,:r t',}ll*i?

Is i,t ,,w{x,r'ry'L or *;,:x*r,::,,,,? Is i,t $:'x't*x:t*;g,?

rn.^r"g-.aJil
Is there onu roln, *r:,,{:r\r,1t or t'l.*,*3?
1t&\ #,
How wlndy [s [t? t\ c{\ -r,-,
Mohe o poster to show what the
*lu%HT
weather is [i,he.

The weother i,s not olwaqs

the same.

Looh ot the plcture. You con see

o rolnbow when i't ralns and the
Sun [s shlnlng at the some t[me.

ri, 1"1 i '1

'WX{,{t,X',W.W W *&W,. l.;1'.. 1.'|1:,,\,1',ry'r,,W {i?*Y"*'b,lf,,.',

i,,,*' You can looh ot the weather and draw or write down
what you see.

| 1,,1, :; ;i r,';,;:: ;":: : t': r; Ii'.1 :,,:

 .,t l
,l: l'

Hove Uou ever seen the 'i.1:ti':r','r',i:it'll't,i:

weother Ln these plctures? .|:'
,,i
. r,4, ;r. i;. . rrr. rirr r.,

Eorth extreme
How would Uou heep saJe i,n thls
forecqsters storm
weother? reseqrch
,'-".-,,t1

W g At he f '.'i::'
t;,: tt',::.1 il:,:,:t,:ii'':t:.,,:,t,: tl',:,:, Af e
sclentlsts who te[[ us what
the weother wt[[ be [Lhe.
Satettites [n spoce looh
down at the l,:i:::,:::r.r't::,il''t, ond
cotlect [nJormatlon. Theg
hel.p us Jorecast whot
weother wi[[ hoppen.

li
Looh ot the
plcture. There i,s

o verg bqd storm

under these
ctouds.

The *l;.*r nl ts
movlng neorer
the [ond.

What wi,[[ hoppen to the weother on the [and?

Keeping sofe in extreme weother

Looh ot boohs or the lnternet.

Do some t:,{riti,tr,':'x.'i,::;tt":u qbout one tUpe oJ extreme weother. You

could choose weother lihe heovy snow, hurrlcones or tornodos.

Mahe a poster to show whot to weor ond how to heep saJe i,n

this weother.

"t,,;,i:':if ,'{r*,?,1,,:,,1i,,.,tr',*,r;,',*.,:

"* Ther e ore dfJerent types oJ extreme weother.

 dry ploce wet ploce

eogle
W w@W@ duck goot lion

ill Whtch anlmols rnight Live In the dry p[ace?

Whtch anlmols mlght [Lve In the wet place?

Some learners comp ared the number oJ plonts ond

mlnlbeosts Jound in two dfJerent ploces i.n thei.r school.
Thts Ls whot they Jound.

Ploce Number of Numbet of plonts

minibeosls found found

A t5 25

B 5 3

l',,',,r1 Whtch ploce Ls best Jor mlnlbeosts o"nd ptonts to Li.ve i'n?
WhU do Uou thlnh thls ptoce i.s better Jor mlnlbeosts
and plonts to [i.ve i,n?
 Whot could we do to solve the probtems i,n

these environments?

*,fu.

. .. .. i; Some leorners meosured the omount oJ roln each dog and

drew this bloch groph.

Rorn oll doy

A lo* of ra\n

A lrttle roin

l/o ra'iyr
14onday Tuesdoy Wedvresday Thvrsday Fv\day

On how manu dogs dtd it roin?

On whlch doy wo.s there most raln?
On whlch doy wos there no roi,n?
How much roln mtght there be on Soturdoy?
 ...*-Al
qta-
s 'l/GEF
,1
-r' #i] G$t f f E*d.i '{ If,*,e"[
!r d tr a h f ;"r trd* A'fl"* ! \
s
,
fl
{
g *r' ^fgi i I I I Y I i ' I
1.*=
\
r'te,e- *Fq;"6 'e's o=# -*#;*J"i J'-*j "**=i; **'***d.=r+d-i*.*d
.l.td

The surJoce oJ the Eorth Ls mode oJ

:,"t.r(;','i:;r,. You con eoslly see some rochs
limestone
obove the ground, os Ln the plctures. collect
Others are deep under the ground or
under woter.

Th[s roch [s mode oJ These rochs are mode .J

.,, ,',, ,t a.t
:, ..

, : .,.. :: .:', t) 1 ,,;'

Thts seo orch i.s mode Jrom T hg S g :. ::,.. ;:" :t:.tl.:''::,,',1','..11):' :t'1, tl:: r O C hS Or g

rochs. i,n Butgor[o.

There ore mony d{ferent types oJ
roch. They have d{ferent colours.
They con be hord or soJt. They
con be smo[[ or large.

A r.', i,1,, , , [S O ptOCe where rOChS

ore dug Jrom the ground. The rochs
are tohen Jrom the quorrg Jor us to
use. Worhers use mochlnes to dig
ond move the rochs.

ComporinE rocks
: SOff[e dfJerent roch samples.
, ,, , ,,;:rr,'r.

Looh coreJu[[U ot eoch oJ them.

Con Uou see ony dtlJerences?

Draw what Uou see.

Rochs cover the Earth's surJace.

Some rochs are Jound under the ground.
There are dtJJerent tgpes oJ rochs.
2 g,
A
 Dljjerent rochs ore used Jor dfJerent ,r;t ,rt:t rt ,, , ,t

quortz
jobs. We use rochs to butl.d roods,
mqrble
wo[[s, houses ond to moke other thlngs.

fi$i*,*-ylrrimd i's veru

hord. It i.s used
tn jewellerg ond
also [n cuttlng
mochlnes.

Gronlte Ls very strong. It

{,& tx.rx.r,"t;'x:, ro c hs are is oJten used i,n bulldlngs.
Jound o[[ over the
Eorth. Clochs ond
rodlos use guartz.

hard
3$l,ra*;* i.s

ond smooth. It
Y,4,xr"*,'l.,x ts a hord, strong
[s used Jor floor
ond smooth roch. It is
ond rooJ ti.tes.
used [n mong types oJ
decorotlon ond buildtng.

Il;'f)!,,at,it4'/;ilW
.,r#n**& I
I
lLt':t t tr l&t{, O
.d
z
l,;MwM I
 a hand lens

Looh qround Uour schoolJor rochs thot

hove been used to mohe poths, wo[[s,
floors qnd rooCs.

Looh ot the rochs coreJultg.

Con you see potterns? What colour ore the rochs?

WhU wos that rock used?

Wrlte down or drqw whot

Uou fr'nd out.

., Dijjerent rochs are used for dfJerent thlngs.

 Roeks con be

found In I soil sondy

I :;,'r1. i,, r, r: sqnd cloy
., : ' r"" ,
stone
4f;frr'.

We use soLL to grow

our Jood. Wtthout soll
we would hove no Jood.

Looh o.t some soi"l'.

You wi'[[ s€e :

llvlng thlngs

thlnEs thot hnve dted

smoll pleces of rock.

Sott needs a[[ these

thlngs.

:t.
fia
fie
tr
#
Large rochs under the soll weor down
slowlg. They breoh lnto smaller pleces.
The smaller pieces end up i.n the sol[.

These smotl rochs con mahe the soi'[ ,ii]i,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,i

( l"th e |,::; ;7.,,L:;.;,,;;.;;1) or more [Lhg,r, :.,,::',,.,1:,,:

.

Someti.mes q rock Ln soi,[ ls colled o

Find ing the rock in soll

Looh ot eoch soi,[ somp[e. Do they
[ooh the some?
Put a [i,tt[e oJ eoch soi'[ lnto
lts own bowt oJ woter.

Shahe the bowl slowly

so that the woter moves
oround the bow[.

Looh ot the pleces oJ roch

ond other moterlol.
Drow whot Uou see Ln the soi,[.

SoU how the solts ore dtlJerent.

,r{.i ,,,, a,,r.a,

'l.ll"liyl l: lr:il1;:11; il71: ;.ltt,ll :::,,,,,

"
j)' Sol[ has rochs in it.
-\--c\{

A/ Rochs ore moterlol"s. They

&*
@ come Jrom the ground.
nolurol
Noturol materlats come Jrom nature.

There ore mong other no.turol materlats,

[i.he rubber. Rubber comes Jrom a tree.
Sry r'Y
-ffi
\-\
--f*-\-

:.:a:j.a::,at:::aa:, .1't:.a!...:'. :..:.,t ::.1 :

ffi;:!:;iiiii;itz,:;*,
ifttfii;#

Whot noturat moterlots can uou

J
see [n the plcture?
r@ \fr-- q"aESS&A[,"il"

:lB o
iil
,
Here ore some
other natural
mqteri.o[s.

cotton wood slote

Ail These moter[a[s

EI are:,
E] They ore mode
plostic pqper gloss
by people.

Finding moteriols
Wol"h oround Uour school. Looh Jor
dllferent moterlols.

Ta[h obout the moterlols gou ftnd.

Are they naturol or ore they

mon-mode?

Where dld eoch materlal come Jrom?

Drow the moterlol ond where [t

come Jrom.

:.:tt '':l:,,

:tr :ar,t .:t:',rtt

-r:,:y;.:1. 1t:::..11,l:,r',1i.,t1.,..,;l tl .: ;/i:tt ..,11'
.
',1. . ,1;',

' Some moterlols are neturol ond some mo.tertots ore mon-mode.

2':..1.., :: I,;., :'.'., ; i ll'': i.) l:": ::.:..:.

 i Con Uou nome the rochs A, B, C and D?
6rad*e: very hard, w*h smo\\
preces of nony co\ouvs

I\qrble: hqrd, srnooth, whrte,

but cqn hqve other co\ours

hnestone: grey, cqn be scrotched

w\th stee\, cqvr contcirn fossr\s

Sqndstone: red, brown or oYqn$e,

con be scrqtched w*h stee\,
of sand cqn be scrqtched olof

,,...r Whtch one oJ these i,s not mode oJ roch?

o mountaln
the surJo,ce ol the Earth
a rlver
the seo floor
 Thls buildlng has
cotumns mode oJ
mqrble. Whg do
we use marbte Jor
butl.dtng thlngs?

Why does soil have pleces oJ roch Ln i,t?

Whot notural moterlol is used to mohe each oJ the things

shown below?
A B c

wooden toble rock woll

ffi
toble solt

cotton T-shirt woollen jumper

 {LJJ*^ fllrEf
F-_:.+-j?;
}er[fltrr
,j\,#,$J J;,$ JJ J"q*rJ "lf Jflrn['fg,f Bn[##
J-**.JJ\lJ J**.*nJ-#
*-*l \J[

,a ,tt. a ..'l,l: * '{ \...;i *t,,.,*l''t .|,;l

t
at lttl.r...,..,,,.,..,& .--* .*-.,*..', ....- .".....,....*.*.

You can *',x *r,r* *4 *.,tar\ t::'b, %,t{, *!\,f:*f,,, Ond

\*. tr, * \.ttt*,t 4, Y .. e/r... .r,
bend twist
" '*'""
't';./:':AX-1.*X*y, most moterlols. ThLs wt[[ stretch squosh
,'b*r u', tt/\. ?t) ,v,
.,
the riYz,r;rpx oJ the moterlols. chqnge shqpe

h
I

stretch squosh

t : lt lv/trifl
{'. ,",4-il 5
^
,

'lur'iW
Squcsr*ri{"rG

Whtch materlals do Uou thlnh wi,t[ chonge

shope when they are squoshed?

Drow the materlols beJore Uou sguash them.

Press each one wlth gour frnger.

Tath to Uour Jri.ends. How does the shape
change? Does the moterlol heep lts new
shope when Uou tahe Uour f,nger away?

Draw eqch moterlal aJter Uou hove

squoshed it.

We use moterlols which squash ond stretch

to mohe us comJortable.

Other moterlots do not chonge shope so eoslly.

We use these moterlols to mohe thlngs whlch
must be strong.

,l
,

,il,:1.,

.* We can cho.nge the shope oJ some moterlots bg bending,

twlstlng, stretching and sguoshi.ng.
 -.., tt t:
a,t tt, tl', t\,'rl,l I
t- a,,t \, .a ,,
,a ,t , I
at .*,.,-.,,

We can bend some moterlols using .lt .: .a,

:lf 1:l' 1;./: ll'
a,,
l;*llt

our honds. Exomples are ,: ,,.11it't dough

and modelllng cloy.

We con bend other moterlol.s by usi.ng heot ond tools.

Th[s screen
wos mode
bg heotlng
meto[ ond then
bendLng i.t uslng tools.

This bowl
wos mqde by
heoting g[oss, blowlng
i,t ond then bending i,t
uslng tools.
These moterlo[s have been twlsted.

Whtch do gou thlnh you con twlst wlth Uour hands?

Bending ond twisting dough

Tohe a lump oJ dough.

Bend [t ond twlst [t to mahe

on lnterestlng shape.
n
Mohe some more shopes.

Draw the shopes Uou mohe.

1.t;ll;1"'7,*,r;:a*
Y:,1,,,.. ',')l,.it:,:?(i,\l,xr*'*,",r;'*t:

'''*'We can chonge the shope oJ materi.als bg bendlng ond

twlstlng them.
Whot moterlol ts the rope mode Jrom? W*w& *w"X,ww,yw
elosiic

The rope tted to the bungee jumper [s mode Jrom o moterlol

thot wi't[ stretch.
Moterlols thot wi[[ stretch ore cotled xLq]sLec moterlols.

Rubber i,s o noturol

elostlc moteri,o[. It ls
mode Jrom the sop
oJ the rubber tree.

3 *h*nfiir: _q r**lxri*lx
 ...
elastic bands i
LookinE ct elostic ii bonds a pole a pot or small bag
::t:nt-t'^1"d
Try to onswer this questlon: whlch i marbles or small stones
i
l.lt
etostrc bond stretches the most? ii tf
in paperclips i
sticky tape small bricks I
"""'"':
Looh at the plctures to see whot to do. i
What could go wrong [n the pictures? How could you get hurt?

How wt[[ Uou tel"[ others whot gou f,nd out?

Sports ptouers use

elastlc moterlols to
troln thelr muscles.

..:.1,:

't' ',tl;lll,r,,,.r.rtt'''{'''
lll ti'l 'ti'ti'i
'1t1t
lir' tr,." ')t:l .:
,,:.'r::

*. Etostlc moteriots chonge when they ore stretched.

3 ,,,: r...r
 .... l,

'1i..*, t;*t: :L tll1,::,lil:.1. t:;t::t*r' lr'tll:):11*i:: :l' :l' lt

heot hot
melt cool
liquid solid
ir-a

:f
Con Uou f,nd ten dtlferent
moterlols tn thls pi.cture?

Whtch moterlols ore

belng chonged by Y',,*::;,t':::?

.' i'.-t'.,m.
i, '|f5
'*,w
:<
Worming tcods
Wrap up o piece oJ chocotote. Hotd
i,t i,n Uour hqnd Jor two mlnutes.

Whot do Uou notlce?

Does [t mohe a dtJJerence ,J Uo* hol.d it Jor [onge

Try thts with other Joods.

Compore whot hoppens wlth the Joods.

Is there o pottern?

flome
When o condle burns,
wick
the i',.,i'r,l
flome begins liquid wox
tO :t',,'i.,1::: t,:,' thg WOX.

solid wox

You con o[so ;',';.::,:1',',;1,. motgr[o[s.

A w[[[ chOngg tO A :.:,t,',,,l,tlt::l 'tJ it
::.'',.::':",:,,t,,;:,',.:::,1 iS

cooled to o low enough temperoture.

IJ water Ls put lnto a Jreezer tt

: Some moterials change when they ore heoted or cooled.

3 ... ..,:,,,r, ,.

€
 The seq i.s soltg. Where does the
salt come Jrom?

0
0[ i o ro
00 00 o 0

t t Solt comes from rocks on

uo lond. Rivers ond roin wosh
the solt into the seo.

Solt comes from rocks ot

the bottom of the seo.
tr*
rS +

Peop[e can get solt Jrorn the

seo and Jrom rochs under
the ground.

The hot Sun [s used to drg up

poo[s oJ seawoter. The salt [s
teJt behlnd.

So[t i.s dug Jrom rochs under

the ground.

l,r

fl3
Dissolving moteriols in woter
Whot do Uou thi.nk wt[l" happen when
Toro pours salt lnto the woter?

TrU it. Sti,r the woter. Whot do Uou see?

We sog the solt

t\,:1,,1,';l.l:,l.ai:,i.,r) .t ..,t :;a,,.',a., .

Con Uou dlssotve more

solt lnto the woter?

Now try to dlssolve some other moterlols. First t;':'r'"t',;,1.,,t',:\',

whlch ones wt[[ dlssolve ond which w[t[ not.

How wi[[ Uou meosure the omount oJ moterlo[ you odd

to moke sure the test [s ',:,:rt:,:?
Tett others whot hoppened.

.tt ta, ,,?r,tral .. ,., t

\l,,t;ttrl'
tl?.: .ll llz*, .*4,, ,,t)t,l
' 'ttara.t
,:1,.,, t rll ,, ,ar' er", ,f- '
t:t, .r.,,t:...tt. l:, at,,:tr
.l
ir,/,.,trr.t t;t*:,) { *; l/:t:

,t. t. I .
Some moterlols dLssol.ve rn woter.

3':.,
Carlo the show.

Con Uou onswer these questlons?

:':..,tt: How hos the bottoon i,n Corlo's

hond chonged shape?
Corlo hos dropped the plotes.
What has hoppened to the
shope oJ some plotes?
Corlo has crashed hls cor.
Whot hos happened to the shope oJ the car?
Juno used Elostic Dislonce poper
dljjerent elostlc plone flew in metres
bonds to Jttch 1very lhin
elostic 2
three Ldentlcal
poper aeroptanes.
lf thin
elostic 4

.tlthick
elostic 6

::.:: Whtch elostic mode the plone Jty Jurthest?

i'.';,, Whtch elostlc mode the plone
ftg the shortest distonce?
Whot would hoppen tJ Juno used strlng lnsteod oJ etostic?
::,,,;,;,:
Whot hoppens to these materlals when they ore heoted?
chocolote b utter i,ce

What happens to these moterlols when they ore Put ln

a Jreezer?

coohlng oil
worm tlquid chocolate

Muso stlrred sugar lnto cups oJ worm woter.

In cup o he could dlssolve 2 spoonJuls.

In cup b he could dissolve 4 spoonJuls.
In cup c he could di.ssolve 7 spoonJu[s.

U hr trled thls wlth sand lnsteod oJ sugar, whor

would hoppen?
 r i, ;:':lirii:illiill.ii i
iiri.liii.j.,ll:i€:1_!...1,,

A l"tE ht source mohes light reflect

Moon Sun
How mro nU ltg ht soure es
oru see here?
eon uor
\
(
ru
{
t
ffiffi

.:i
"e4
tr
-if
ff
These objects ore not ttg ht sources. They do not mohe tight.

Some objects t" :111:'ll"',,,:';:' :;,. :1:, ttg ht. The tight bounces ojj them.

The ;ltt';'.1it1',:,:t':,t:"::. reJl.ects li'ght Jrom the ]::,r,i,,.t,,. Woter ond mlrrors
reflect l.tg ht.

ls it o light source?
Tahe some objects lnto o dorh place.

Con Uou predlct whlch objects ore

tight sources?

Objects thot ore not ttght sources

w[[[ tooh dorh.

i*' L[ght sources mohe ttght.

,'* The Sun is o tight source.
,'il' Ther e are mony other l"ight sources.

!,:.. ,'.:
HaJeez [s i'n his bedroom.

It ls gui.te '.'trxr&. Ln hls bedroom but

there Ls some Ltght.

Con Uou see how Ltght Ls getting tn?

When there i,s very

[[tt[e or no [[ght, we
sou it Ls dorh. We
need some Ltght
I con see in to see.
the dorkl

It [s darh Ln this
cove. The mon has
a \',*u:x?*. The torch
mohes ttght so he
con see.
Con you $*e in the dork?
Klrl wonts to see whot i,s i.n
the box, but it i,s darh.
She connot see onuthtng.

KLri Ls uslng o torch.

Now there ts light Ln the
box. She con see lnslde.

Con Uou see i,n the darh?

TtU loohing lnto o dorh box
yoursef to ftnd out.

.,,'...,'"::t .,r.,, .,.....:,.,tt.,.,,..,.,

il:, Lt, .t. i.. ,',r...,1. ),, .., ,4, :1.:,,.

'':J' Dorhness is when there is very llttle or no Ltght.

' * We connot see wlthout some Ltght.
4,.
 :t:.lt / ;

-
,*#trCff.]ry

l,l
"r:r :"=l i.i ,"
-'^r"* ;--'
,....1.,
'
*. ...ir 'i

ffi
Moking shcdows in the Sun
Emeho is blochlng the Ltght.
Hi.sshodow i.s dorh becouse
there Ls less ttght.

Umor i's drowlng oround the

shodow with cholh.

Try this outslde. Looh coreJully

at the shodow. Draw what
uou see.

MLa hos two shodows.

Con Uou see whg?

.* Shodows hoppen when objects bloch tight.

* The shodow [s darh because there i.s less tight there.
4,.i I l ia
 Shadows do not always looh lthe the
object thot mohes them.

Shodows con be a dfJerent shape.

Shodows hove no colour. Theg ore

atways darh.

Shodows have no detalls [i,ke eues or

a mouth. I

Moking onimol shodows

ffi
Try mahlng these llt
H

shqdow onlmals
wlth Uour honds.
Moking shodow puppets
Saro and Nosreen ore mahing shodow
PuPPets.

Try mahtng Uour own shodow P

uP P
ets.

Tel.t others how the shadow i.s mode.

, .',',."'::.,.',,.' .t:t:. '

;l;,,;l;1,;:,:;, ;1,,',),ll.l''i,,,';/ t||,,i,,,:,,

,* Shodows con looh dfJerent to the objects that mohe them.

.* Shodows hove no detolls. They ore olwoys dorh.

t:
 A C

Q6S
D

iilrlt,tt:,11,
,l\
il\' w
Drisho hos lost her bo[[.
':l,.,..li

:';Lti Why can't she frnd it?

:,1'.::;,:
Whot could she use to hetp her to f,nd the bott?
 'a..4

What is wrong wlth these shadows?

',,r,,|.'rj Lucas has made a puppet. How con he make o shodow

with hts pupper?

,ai) ,...'.,..u':'
&.&,:ttla, a,,,: ta,':,t taa;,..

4 &,
 Y.Yil
\i ,iw
.t ) {t@tt@,r\l I "{*: ti
**. .., .,,.-,ril: i .,! ."**@! ,:; ,,,i I
',t:

o[[ oround us.

i,s
electricity
We con use Lt to mohe Ltght or sound. mqins electricity
We con use i't to heqt thlngs up or cell bottery
cooI thlngs down.
We con use
"r'o::1:::rnss wffif*

Looh at the pLcture. Whtch thlngs use e[ectrlcitU?

;h

&5
il
.il
Thlngs that Uou pl.ug Ln use
. Malns electrlclty i,s very
powerJul. It is mode Ln power stotlons
[i,he this one. Con Uou see the wlres?

A co.n store electrlcltg. A ce[[

i,s oJten colled o . Ce[[s are
used Jor thlngs thot peop[e corrg [i.he

torches or mobite phones.

l, S.J

t-ll"
,'i*{

1ilfl. I -
ql
.. .t
,i
:,
lrl
$.i:
:::llr

i:'- *i.
}:

There are dfJerent hlnds oJ celts. #

Look around Uour school. Which thlngs use electrlclty?

Drow some thlngs thot use ce[[s ond some things thot
use molns electrtclty.

Electrlclty is very useJut.

Electrlclty comes Jrom the moins or Jrom cetls.

5 6
h
 rllli;,
; ;, -.,
.,.. .,..,,
.,, ' ,,
li,:11' tt"',, ''i'.
,,1 ..,.,, , :, .,,...,, .,,, , .:a1. .,
.t:rr.:, ,tli, ,,,,., 1,"'"'.1':t, . "
,. ,', , ,.
',,
.,...1:,t

E[ectrlclty moves i'n the metol part oJ

e.';,1'tu1'r.r"t. The meto[ should be covered

wlth plastic. wire eleciric shock

Thts wlre [s damo ged.

Anuone touchlng the metol would get on

l:: i,t;, q * 4 could d[e. Never use
t::,',;' t.i:.t:,'
f: tl:,i,, :,,:,
l1,
::,:, :t

o domaged w[re.

Never put onuthlng lnto

the hotes oJ o wo[[ sochet.
The metal ports Lnslde
could glve Uou on
electrlc shock.
Malns electriclty can move through woter. Never touch
onuthi.ng that uses molns electrlcltg wlth wet hands.

Never use molns electrlcitg neor woter.

@De

Electricol sofety
Mohe o poster thot shows others how
to stoy soJe with electrlclty.

,: Tohe core when uslng electriclty.

'* Molns electricitg can be dongerous.
* Never use o damoged wire.
* Never put onything other thon a plug Lnto o wotl socker.
t Do not use eLectricLty neor woter.

5,
 t1t, tl, *..t.,r, , ;/ t, \t)n...
,\t:4..t t,t* tltt .l,r .rrrr.r.a
,. ,,, a. t, t ,,.4. a * t ,t1t,'.\,tl
t ,, \ 'L8 ri 'a. r r ,
,. .it

The electrlclty Jrom ce[[s i,s less ''tl\{t'Y{i{,,%; \f: .. r,ri*$f..Y.*?

powerJul thon molns electrlclty. circuit bulb

Smo[[ cetls ore soJe to use. Touchlng connector
the metal ports wi[[ not glve you working circuit
on electrlc shoch.

cell holder

positive

negotive

bulb holder

A ce[[ pushes electrlclty oround a ,;:,1,,,t'r;.rlt. It has o positlve (+)

slde and o negotlve (-) stde. The l::r,,,,t\,*,t ttghts up when e[ectrlclty
goes through tt. The wlre i's used as o {i,*itti''i,t'tii:'::...

5'' ,'. I :'

1

::
Cqn you moke o bulb light up? , a cell a cell holder i
i a bulb a bulb holder i
Trg mohing o clrcult. You wi[[ need to :: two or more wires i
i.......
connect the ce[[ to the bulb using wlres.
Does the butb tight up?

T hls t' ,l l mohgs

't,','tt ;,:,:,, t;,',,,,l:'\.,1",':, ,:',',.i:,';' ;::.'.,1,1

o loop. Electrlcltg comes out

oJ the cetl ot the negatlve (-)
end. It moves oround the loop
Ln the metol port oJ the wlre
then [t goes bach lnto the ce[[
ot the pos[t[ve (+) end.

l|'lli.' ,li' ;'):,'1);?.:, ":l:;

,* A bu[b, cett and wires con mohe a worhing circult.

,.* A butb uses e[ectri.citg to mohe ttght.
 :"t:'.',:'
"1',y1." 1,

A ':':.:,,,' ,. , can mahe

thlngs spln round. a.,l'),,:'.,:."...i'tt,...:,t,'.:)::t,:1.,,:.::,,,,,,.;,.,,: .r,tlt,.,":;:,'t',,.,,,'a

Th[s Ls o motor. motor buzzer

r\FwqilAwwtiltr:fit|ffftrN!!!4:q9ili!!+fltr!wtiftyry!.!r!!ta.N!ttva1!'!?tr! tql

At[ these things use motors.

L
fl ,t,r ,, ,, ,,'.,,: con mahe o sound.
Thts ts a buzzer.

A b vzzer wi[[ only worh iJ the

wlres ore the right wou round.
The red wlre Jrom the b uzzer must be
connected to the posltlve slde oJ the ce[[.

A[[ these thlngs use buzzers.

Moking o fon
Modupe is mahlng o Jon uslng o motor
ond card. Mahe a Jon [[he thls.

Now mohe o clrcult to mohe Lt spin.

Connect the ce[[ to the motor wlth

wlres to mohe a toop. Whtch wog does
the Jon sp[n?

Now change the wlres over at the ce[[.

Whot do Uou thlnh wttt hoppen?

Mahe the buzzer worh i,n a clrcult.

\

Now change the wlrPs over ot the ce[[.

What do Uou thlnh yVil,[ hoppen?
I
I

I
I
1

I
.l

!
I
,.al ,t) ).,,tt t:, t.,,. ,t,l
:.. ,....,t .lttt ,t.alar,.,rr. t:,,ra

i
''* Motors use electricttg to mahe thi.ngs turn.
';* Buzzers us/ electri.city to mohe sound.

5
 \i
\i
\i
'\. :
\i
\l
1

A
H cCIn be used to turn
etectr[cLty on or olJ. ',:::t '
. '

switch
What do uou thlnk these swltches do? viryftw I Yt!fiur+L:ljfrmvii

#
J

fl&l
j.f
,I,
-I

Never touch
a switch with
wet honds.
.:L

'm5
H

fl
Switch it on" switch it off
Use a swltch to moke o clrcuit [i,ke thls.

The swltch mokes o gqp i'n the c[rcu[t.

The etectrlclty connot move around the [oop.

Try changlng the bul.b Jor abuzzer or motor.

Whot do Uou thlnh wtl.l. hoppen?

,: :a,,'l.l: ): :a ,a,

:; Electricitg can be turned on ond olJ uslng swltches.

.------...- 5
 nomes. What ore they?

G@Dfu
vrW

Whot ore these ca[[ed?

ti. ..

,,tl
riil:::.iii:i Wttt these cLrcults worh?

5 )'1.:
''k
g
&
tg
Dqy ond night
Imron ond AIL ore showlng how we
get doy and nlght.

Trg doing th[s.

Tol"h about when [t Ls doq or night Jor Uour toy person.

Looh ot this plcture oJ the Eorth.

Which part [s dog?

Which port Ls nlg ht?

,'. 1, .''-...'
trtr..t' llr, ,* rrt ,,, ...
t,a.ttat a: .t, 'l'.,4-la,
.,
r,
,, td ,t ,tt"**ttt' at'',t'

','* We get doy and night becouse the Earth splns.

1l
 O
/\

Ihe Sun is not

moving,

\^
\, ,v-t
The Sun moves
in the sky.

The Sun
looks like it
moves becouse
the Eorth spins.

Whot do Uou thinh?

:l;l

-s6
lir

fl
{.fl
 a clock a sunny day
Find the Sun ln the shy but do not looh **
strorghtatrt. Sr
F!%
"'%

-:
Drowop[cturetoshowwhereLt[sWNever[oohstrai,9ht
rrru,vv \r HrLLr.rtg Lr.l Jltr-rvv vvtt,trttr tL t) 'r-. --
t A
con
rl

ond wrltg down thg t[mg. !, ot the

trts \''trrt'
Sun. rL It Lr-ttt' i
i

/vWffi"a(\\
r \ \
2.oop.m, ',*
1 / ) ffi_ \
]o.ooo.m W |

/,..@Wffffi/
8.00 o.m,

The Sun loohs as though it moves across the shy becouse the Eorth
splns. P[aces move Jrom nlght to doy ond Jrom dou to nlght.
When Uou are stonding on the Eorth,
Lt looks [Lhe the Sun is movi.ng.

The Eorth spins ond i.t looks [i.he the Sun is moving.

6i:
e
E
 ,rr'-, ar'ttt, .,tr.,.r. lt ,
I -',
'.tt .. .r,,t, ..r.t a t '.:,..trr, ,, a \.,r, tt a ,l .,ttt\l

,. a .,.:..,,..: ,'a ,y/. rr,..4 ,, ,r.a ,.r.r.att,t.atl

unfoir
Do shodows move?

Go outslde ot dfJerent tlmes. Ash o

Jriend to draw round Uour shodow.
Stond i.n the sorne ploce eoch tlme or
Uour test wt[[ be r;.:;,r:,,,.{:,r';:.ir'.
What do Uou thinh wttl. hoppen? WtLt
Uour shodow be Ln the some ploce
eoch tlme?

Thts [s a sundtot. Con Uou see

the shadow?

As the Earth turns post the Sun,

shodows move too.

On o sundlol the shodow te[[s the

t[me. Looh at the plcture. Con
Uou te[[ whot tlme i,t i,s?

6 :i
l:l:;:: t; ;; t:
t. I t,::':. ;; a,. t r, {: ll:l;..1 {;
ShuCcw length
R[to Ls meosurlng the length oJ shadows.
t,tL
l.' .".
'/,t .

Does the length She wqnts to o.nswer

of o shodow
chonge? o guestlon.
:'itr-
-:- .:
Meosure the length oJ a
shadow ot dfJerent tlmes.

What do Uou thlnh wttt

happen?

In the mornlng and evenlng the

Sun Ls low ond shadows ore [ong.

At middog the Sun [s higher in

the shg ond shadows ore shorter.

",:':''
a:,.,1,"':,a,.,,., .l
',,;rr ,;:'
::.,.,';,,,1',
::t,,,,.1:.,"::: "' ';;1,; ,,,,, ',,:','.:

,: Shodows move s[ow[y os the Eorth spins.

:' Shodows are short when the Sun is high.
,:,, Shadows ore long when the Sun i,s [ow.

6
 Looh at the plcture.

Who i,s [n dog? Who Ls [n ntght? Can Uou say why?

lom Monu.
I live here.

,1;'

flo
iI
,
l-
.alnlri{*ttl,

W Whtch ptcture ts rlght, A or B?

A

,rt tttl!*rr

L-:, Looh ot these plctures.

A

ffi Is the Sun htgh or low Ln these plctures?

W Do Uou thi.nh i,t [s mornlng, mlddou or eveni.ng?

W
 d,i
@ r @ f. F f*- r\* e
f @iWsdit#!lsnffi
*#J=*dJ#"1 J""*f *"*"

Hovrr to look cqr##ully ond record whot you tind oLxt

Think of CI questiCIn

Tao ond Dono How mony legs

hove Jound some do they hove?
tiww,.
mi,nlbeasts.

Too hos a quest[on.

Dona sogs whot she

thlnhs the onswer i,s.

Tolk obout whot tc do

Too ond Dano are going to tooh ot the
mlnlbeasts and mohe o tatly chart.

Look corefully to find out

Theg look at eoch mlnlbeost careJutl,y.

Dono uses a mognrJUtng gtoss.

She moves the magnrJgtng gloss
stowlg unti,l she con see cleorlg.
Record whot you find out
Dana counts the legs. Too adds the numbers to the totty chart.

Tao drows one [[ne Jor eoch mi.nibeast in the rlght ploce on
the chort.

0lzgs Tlegs 4lzgs $ legs 8 tegs

il ttu ll
AJter looklng
C
,
{ir
5 bffi ot o[[ the
o 4 W mlnlbeasts they
o
-! 6 W mohe o bloch
,
2 M16/\), bffi b6 c hart.
{s;-
=.
o
Ivl L b#
0legs 2leqs 4 leqs
W
5 [egs
w
S legJ
Some mini-
beosts hove no
\r1
,}
leos. .:'
,i,

:1 "

rr r ..j ,-,..,,.: *r:;"

r:ilirilllrlr
-.]tr'

Tolk obout whot you find out

Too and Dono looh ot
the bloch chart. They sog
whot they have Jound out.

ll! i

iit,

We found lots of
minibeosts with
six legs. *"ri
- -::*:lrErli'a "rfri*
-
 ':ji:::::.:.'.::.,.€.i::aa)t
a::..:,a4.':::::7::E
t\t"\
I

L
il Why not?

The Sun [s verg brtght. Loohing ot it wi[[ damage Uour eues.

Tohe care wlth other brtght l.tght sources. These can olso
damage Uour eues.

A
\a
a w E*tr
Be coreJul with Uour eors too. t

Loud sounds ond [oud muslc tr %*

4l
{g
con domoge Uour eors. @
t
.g

4#
When uou tru to onswer a sclence questlon, Uou must thinh
about what could go wrong. You must thlnh about how to
ovoLd donger,,.
. i r. rrr:.::::::::jit::kEaatt

Arwa wonts to know how

moterlols change when heoted.

But she i's not belng soJe.

Whot dongers con Uou see?

What mlght hoppen?
How con Arwo stog soJe?
 Page
bmtterg o store oJ e[ectrlclty, olso co[led o ce[[ 49
bend to chonge the shope oJ
on object so lt becomes
curved or Jolded ond
not strolght '26

bulb o gloss botl or tube which tights up when

electrlclty posses through it 52

buzzen on object which mohes o buzztnq nolse when

electrlcltu posses through it 54
-^n
LtrI,L o store oJ electrlcitg, olso colled o botterg 49

e $rmnge to become dfJerent 26

clre uit o complete poth thot electrlcltg con Jto* oround 52

e [ay o tupe oJ heovg stichy soil 21

clouety weother we get when there ore clouds in the shy 11

)
^^l
L U I"LT o temperoture which is low 11

co[[eet to ftnd things ond heep them together 17

connector the wlre i,n o circult whlch joins objects together

so electrlcity con flow 52
eooL mohe colder 33
An"b when there ts verg tittte tight or no tight 40
 -3 ^"".
,: the time when o place on the Eorth is Jocing
the Sun - the hours oJ dogtight 60
*
'
,q. *,^ z.
'-,
A
veru hord, clear roch used in jewetlery ond Jor
cuttlng hord objects 18
,r1q{r1i!r,
trtJJattlr{_, when o solid becomes port oJ o [i.quid, Jor
exomple solt dlssolves [n woter 35
LU' L1I the plonet we llve on 16
, ,,
o moteriol thot stretches eosily ond con go
boch to the shope it storted os 30
,".1
*"t.*.{t.r\./: !n.*r{ when electricitg goes lnto your body - o btg
shock con hurt or hitl gou 50
,\1 r,f
t ttt,t1
,u't i ,*t t
,t"\-tt..*1 .i we use it to moke things tike ttghts, computers
ond tetevlsions work 48
-- - "t" ,. .,. .^^ -..
veru greot or severe - Jor exomp[e, extreme co[d
meons verlr verg co[d 12

3
o test where you only chonge one thlng ond
keep other things the some 35
r,{3, { * {- {a {; ?'r} t' {
',
-:1*'
*'*.e*,*, * people who sog whot they thi.nk the weother
wi[[ be like 12
.t.- *.
,-t
.-" *,
..,
.
verg cold ond icy 11

*ex*r1,1'*
3', *',""** verg hord roch whlch comes Jrom volconoes,
mode oJ smo[[ pleces oJ dfJerent colours - we
use [t Jor building 16

smo[[ bits oJ ice whlch Jott llhe roln 11

&"uest to moke hotter 32
hot o temperoture which is high 33
[ce water thot hos become soli'd 33
tig ht brtght glow Jrom o lighr source thot ollows
to see things 3B

Ii.mestcne greA roch which con contoln Jossits - we use

i,t Jor building 16

llquid o moterlol thot con flow or be poured - woter

is o liquid, Jor exomple 33
litter unwonted moteriols thot people hove dropped,
moking o ploce untidg 8
rnains electrieitg powerJul electri.citg we use in buitdings 4q
mera-rrr.scle mode bg people - not Jound [n noture 23
naarble hord, smooth, white roch - we use it Jor
buitding ond mohing srotues ond tiles 18

m€&sure to ftnd the slze or omount oJ somerhing, Jor

exomple length or tlme 7

rneLt to chonge Jrom o so[[d to o tiguid 33

rn"i.nibemsts smo[[ onlrno[s [i,he onts, splders, lodgbirds,
butterflies, bees, flies 7

Moon the lorge object thot goes round the Eorth

ond we see ln the shy ot nighr 3q
motor on object thot uses electrlcltu to mohe
something move 54
nstL&rcl comes Jrom noture - not mon-mode 22
night the tlme when o ploce on the Eor.th is Jocing oway
Jrom the Sun - the hours oJ dorhness 60
pnedict to sog whot you thinh witt hoppen 35
prCItect to looh oJter something B

qLeerru o ploce where rocks ore dug out oJ the ground 17

quartz hord, shing rock - clochs qnd rodlos use quartz 18.,
r&tn woter thot Jol"ts in drops Jrom clouds 10 .,,

recorC to wrlte, drow or photogroph something thot

wos seen or hoppened

refleet f something reflects light, the tight shlnes

bock Jrom thot object 3q
reseorch to frnd out obout something, Jor exompl,e by using
boohs or the lnternet 13

roe k hord port oJ the Eorth's surJoce 16

5&rYle just [[he somethlng e[se, not d{ferent 11

ssnd loose brown moterlol mode Jrom veru smo[[

pieces oJ rock 21

sandy covered with sond or mode mostty oJ sond 21

scmdstCIne red, brown or oronge roch mode Jrom sond thot

hos become hord - we use [t Jor building
 .,' woste woter Jrom Uour shower, both, woshing
mochine, dlshwosher, kitchen sink ond toi[et
a,
3:, ,.t-Ll-:-,. ; \; li on oreq oJ dorhness we see when on object
b[ocks ttght 42
the outtine oJ on object, Jor exomple squore,
cube, curved 26
.-,
.'r, li-1
_^.," .-
iy hord rock, oJten b[ue, greV or purple, whlch
breoks eosilg into Jtot thin pi.eces - we cut lt
to moke rooJ tiles 1B

ice thot Jotl.s [n soJt, white flahes 11

.,
the noturol moterlol on the surJoce oJ the Eorth
in which plonts grow 20
- - t'
o moterial thot heeps lts shope ond does not Jto* 33
,

1
to turn round ond round obout o polnt 60
.
,,' .." . -. ,-'..
,-t t-.t lA.,\,'-,-t, t
, to chonge the shope oJ on
object bg pushlng or
crushlng it - mohi.ng
it shorter 26
*, r., v" t't
o smo[[ piece oJ roch 21

)t.!,t1 1al. weother with strong w[nd, o tot oJ cloud ond

roln, ond sometlmes thunder ond lightning 13

t"tr'{'fi? t 7i chonge the shope oJ a

materiol bg putting -
mohing [t longer or wider
 the neorest stor to Eorth - i,t gives us heot
ond lig ht 3q
1rr{111t'
,} bright weother thot hoppens when the Sun is
shining 11

somethlng thot con breok the flo* oJ electricitg

ln o clrcult 56
o chort we use Jor counting things by drawing
smo[[ lines 6g
It":lit,.i(, I" i...r -: how hot or cold something is 10
'

a- .-. .- *1-.
Lt), t'*.1 ,,.
o smo[[ object gou hold ln your hond which
uses o botterg to mohe tight 40
t-,,,i t.*
t-uv \.3L chonge the shope oJ on
object by turning ports oJ
[t ln dfJerent woys

rr/.,
t.t..:;"\/\' r rl*t1"i
,,\ t! o test where gou chonge more thon one thlng 64
\&l {1r'Yry} o temperoture which [s not hot ond not cold 11

",
\,,\; Q.{t1Y\*{ wind, sunshlne, temperoture, roln, snow ond so on 10
,,rrira,4
movement oJ oir 10
",Nir * o plece oJ metol thot electrlcitg flows through -
we use lt to connect things together [n o clrcuit 50
'xxr*irzq r:ir,;t:i: o loop thot electrlci.tU con Jto* oround 53

Uli,',"J'.-l ., I I l',1 -.,-

The outhors ond publisher ore groteful for the permissions gronted to reproduce copyright
moteriols.While every effort hos been mode, it hos not olwoys been possible to identify the sources
of oll the moteriols used,or to troce oll the copyright holders.lf ony omissions ore brought to our
notice, we will be hoppy to include the oppropriote ocknowledgements on reprinting.
The publisher is grotefulto the experienced teochers Monsooro Shooib Shoh,
Lohore Grommor School,55 Moin, Gulberg, Lohore ond Lynne Ronsford for their coreful reviewing of
the content,

p. 7/Andrew Torivny / Shutterstock; p.7 rzrookezl Shutterstock; p, 9 Jim West/ Alomy; p. 1 1 scott
mosterton/Flickr/ Getty lmoges; p. 13 World History Archive/lmoge Asset Monogement Ltd./
Alomy; p. 'l 6fl Guenter Fischer/imogebroker/ Alomy; p.16fr Don Poulson Photogrophy/purestock/
RGB Ventures LLC dbo SuperStock/ Alomy; p. 16b/ Andrey Lebedev/ Shutterstock; p. 16br Volery
Shonin/ Shutterstock;p.17f Core/ Shutterstock:p.lTbAlessondro Colle/ Shutterstock; p.lBf/E.R.
Degginger/ Alomy; p. 1 Bfr Noturol Hisiory Museum, London/ Science Photo Librory; p, 'l Bc/ Chorles
Winters/ Science Photo Librory; p. 1 8br Doug Mortin/ Science Photo Librory; p, 1Bb/ Suson E,
D.

Degginger/ Alomy; p.27lASP/YPPIINSADCO Photogrophy/ Atomy;p.27r Michoet Ftippo/ Atomy;

p.29clEvgeny Murtolo/ Shutterstock: p.2ScrZoonorlLebedevVoleriy /Zoonor GmbH / Alomy; p.
28bl dbtrovel/dbimoges/ Alomy; p. 2SbrVolerie Gorner/ Alomy; p.30f elino/ Shutterstock; p, 30b
OlegD/ Shutterstock; p. 3l Dovid Eulitt/Konsos City Stor/MCT vio Getty lmoges/ Getty tmoges; p.
33 Povel lsupov/ Shutterstock; p.34Thomos Schneider/imogebroker / Alomy; p.39f/ D ond D photo
Sudbury/ Shutterstock; p, 39fc/ dlnicolos/ Shutterstock; p.3gfcrTimur Kulgorin/ Shutterstock; p,39fr
Iconico/PM lmoges/ Getl-y lmoges; p,40 Gront Dixon/Lonely Plonet lmoges/ Getty lmoges; p.42
Oceon/ Corbis; p.44 Credinet/lmogehit lnc,/ Alomy; p.49tr Oleg Zoslovsky/ Shutterstock; p.49bt
revers/ Shuttersiock; p.49br sciencephotos/ Alomy; p,50 demorcomedio/ Shutterstock; p.54f Dovid
J. Green - engineering themes / Alomy; p.54b Mortyn E Chillmoid/ Science Photo Librory; p.56il
Boris SosnovW/ Shutterstock; p.56frWestergren/ istockphoto; p.s6btKostenko
Moxim/ Shutterstock;
p.56br FuzzBones/ Shutterstock; p.58 sciencephotos/ Alomy; p.6l NASA/NOAA/ Science photo
Librory; p.65 CRM/ Shutterstock

Cover ortwork: Bill Bolton

/= left, r= right, f = top, b = bottom, c = centre

Acknowledgements
 I

Combridge Primory Science is o flexibte, engoging course written

specificolty for the Combridge Primory Science curriculum fromework
(Stoges 1-6). The course offers ptenty of teoching ideos to give ftexibitity, ottowing
teochers to setect octivities most oppropriote to their ctossroom ond pupils. An enquiry-
bosed styte of teoching ond [eorning is stimutoted, with the Scientific Enquiry objectives
integroted throughout to encouroge leorning of these skitts otongside the scientific
concepts. The [onguoge [eve[ is corefutty pitched to be occessibte to EAL/ESL leorners,
with concepts ittustroted through diogroms to otlow visuot understonding ond leorning. 'il

This Leorner's Book for Stoge 2 covers ot[ the objectives required by the curricutum
fromework in on engoging ond visuotty stimutoting monner.

The Leorner's Book contoins: Other components of Combridge Primory Science 2:

' usefuI ittustrotions thot exptoin concepts to Activity Book 2 ISB N: 978-1-107 -61143-6
help visuol leorners ond those with lower Teocher's Resource 2 ISBN: 978-1-107-61148-1
Iiterocy For our fut[ ronge of Combridge Primory tittes,
octivities to develop Scientific Enquiry skilts inctuding Mothemotics, Engtish ond
ond support leorning through discovery GtoboI Engtish, visit
key vocobutory pointed out os 'Words to educotion.combridge.org/combridgeprimo ry
leorn' throughout
key leorning points given os 'Whot you hove
leornt'summories
ot the end of eoch unit, 'Check your progress'
questions thot offer opportunity for
ossessment.

Completely Cambridge
Cambridge resources for Cambridge qualifications

Combridge University Press works with Combridge InternotionoI Exominotions ond rsBN 978-1 -1 07 -61 139 -9
experienced outhors, to produce high-quol.ity endorsed textbooks ond softwore thot
support Combridge Teochers ond encouroge Combridge Leorners.
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