Thematic Module 1: Introduction to General Anatomy.

Anatomy of bones

Specific objectives:
- Determine subject and task of anatomy, basic anatomical study methods;
- Evaluate the main directions of modern anatomy development;
- Analyze stages of human anatomy as a fundamental discipline;
- Analyze contribution of outstanding anatomists from different epochs in the development of
human anatomy;
- Analyze the contribution of prominent scientists and anatomists of Ukraine and Kyiv in the
development of Ukrainian school of anatomists and in particular Kyiv anatomical school;
- Identify the main stages of embryogenesis. Analyze the derivatives of each germ layers.

Topic 3. Anatomy of the skull (neurocranium): sphenoid and temporal bones. Canals of
temporal and sphenoid bones

Sphenoid, temporal bones. Canals of the temporal bone. Structure of the bones that form
a neurocranium. Location, main parts, anatomical formations, their practical importance, the
relation to the base of the skull, lateral and facial norms skull. Practical importance of the canals
of the temporal and sphenoid bones.

Practical skills. List of objects the students have to find and to name on the scull:

Sphenoid bone (Os sphenoidale):

• Corpus
• Sella turcica (tuberculum sellae, fossa hypophysialis, dorsum sellae, processus clinoideus)
• Sulcus cariticus
• Ala minor (canalis optocus)
• Ala major (facies cerebralis, facies temporalis, facies maxillaris, facies orbitalis, facies
infratemporalis)
• Fissura orbitalis superior
• Foramen rotundum
• Foramen ovale
• Foramen sponosum
• Processus pterygoideus (lamina lateralis, lamina medialis)

Temporal bone (Os temporale):

• Pars petrosa (facies anterior, facies inferior, facies posterior, apex partis petrosae)
• Processus mastoideus
• Incisura mastoidea
• Fossa jugularis
• Processus styloideus
• Foramen stylomastoideum
• Sulcus arteriae occipitalis
• Tegmen tympani
• Eminentia arcuate
• Hiatus canalis nervi petrosa majoris
• Hiatus canalis nervi petrisi minoris
• Porus acusticus internus
• Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris
 • Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris
• Pars tympanica (porus acusticus externus)
• Pars squamosa (sulcus arteriae temporalis mediae, processus zygomaticus).
• Fossa mandibularis
• Tuberculum articulare

To be able to describe and to find on the scull the canals of the temporal bone:
• Canalis caroticus
• Canalis nervi facialis
• Canalis musculotubarius
• Canaliculus chordae tympani
• Canaliculus tympanicus
• Canalis nervi petrosi majoris
• Canalis nervi petrosi minoris
• Canaliculus mastoideus

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Pic 1. Os sphenoidale (Posterior view). Photo from anatomy department museum,

author assoc.prof. Fik V.

1.Processus clinoideus posterior 2.Processus clinoideus anterior 3.Fissura orbitalis superior 4.Margo
squmosus 5.Spina ossis sphenoidalis 6.Canalis pterygoideus 7.Processus pterygospinosus 8.Fossa
pterygoidea 9.Incisura pterygoidea 10.Processus vaginalis 11.Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei
12.Lamina lateralis 13.Sulcus caroticus 14. Foramen ovale 15. Foramen rotundum 16. Ala major
17. Ala minor 18.Margo parietalis 19.Canalis opticus 20.Corpus ossis sphenoidalis
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18 5

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16

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14 13 12 11 10 9 8

Pic 2. Os sphenoidale (Frontal view). Photo from anatomy department museum, author
assoc.prof. Fik V.

1.Crista sphenoidalis 2.Concha sphenoidalis 3.Ala minor 4.Fissura orbitalis superior 5.Ala major 6.Margo
zygomaticus 7.Spina ossis sphenoidalis 8.Facies maxillaries 9.Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei
10.Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei 11.Sulcus vomerovaginalis 12. Rostrum sphenoidale
13. Hamulus pterygoideus 14.Canalis pterygoideus 15.Foramen rotundum 16.Crista infratemporalis
17.Facies orbitalis 18.Facies temporalis 19.Margo frontalis 20.Apertura sinus sphenoidalis
 12 13 14 1 2

11 3

10 4

8 7 6 5

Pic 3. Os sphenoidale (Upper view). Photo from anatomy department museum, author
assoc.prof. Fik V.

1.Sulcus prechiasmaticus 2.Fissura orbitalis superior 3.Ala major 4.Foramen ovale 5.Foramen spinosum
6.Fossa hypophysialis 7.Dorsum sellae 8.Sulcus caroticus 9.Spina ossis sphenoidalis 10.Foramen
rotundum 11.Facies orbitalis 12.Margo parietalis 13.Ala minor 14.Canalis opticus
 1

Pic 4. Os temporale (Inside view). Photo from anatomy department museum, author
assoc.prof. Fik V.

1.Margo parietalis 2.Foramen mastoideum 3.Margo occipitalis 4.Sulcus sinus sigmoidei 5. Apertura
externa canaliculi cochleae 6. Porus acusticus internus 7. Margo sphenoidalis 8. Facies cerebralis
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13

12

11

10 9 8 7 6

Pic 5. Os temporale (Right, inside view). Photo from anatomy department museum,
author assoc.prof. Fik V.

1.Margo parietalis 2.Facies cerebralis 3.Sulcus arteriosus 4.Incisura parietalis 5.Eminentia arcuata 6.Sulcus
sinus sigmoidei 7.Margo occipitalis 8.Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris 9.Hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris
10.Impressio trigeminialis 11.Canalis caroticus (foramen caroticum externum) 12.Hiatus canalis n. petrosi
minoris 13.Margo sphenoidalis 14.Processus zygomaticus.
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11

10

9 8 7 6

Pic 6. Os temporale (Right, lower view). Photo from anatomy department museum, author
assoc.prof. Fik V.

1.Apex partis petrosae 2.Canalis caroticus (foramen caroticus externus) 3.Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris
4.Apertura externa canaliculi cochleae 5.Fossa jugularis 6.Incisura jugularis 7.Sulcus arteriae occipitalis 8.Incisura
mastoidea 9.Processus mastoideus 10.Foramen stylomasideum 11.Porus acusticus externus 12.Processus
zygomaticus
 14 1 2

13

12

11

10 9 8 7 6

Pic 7. Os temporale (Left, external view). Photo from anatomy department museum,
author assoc.prof. Fik V.
1.Margo parietalis 2.Crista supramastoidea 3.Incisura parietalis 4. Foramen mastoideum 5.Incisura
mastoidea 6.Processus mastoideus 7.Spina tympanica minor 8.Porus acusticus externus 9.Spina
tympanica major 10.Fissura petrotympanica 11.Fissura petrosquamosa 12.Processus zygomaticus
13.Margo sphenoidalis 14.Pars squamosa
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6 5 4 3

Pic 8. Os temporale et оs parietale (external view). Photo from anatomy department museum,
author assoc.prof. Fik V.

1.Margo sphenoidalis 2.Os temporalе 3.Processus zygomaticus 4. Pars squamosa 5.Tuberculum articulare 6.
Fossa mandibularis 7.Porus acusticus externus 8. Processus mastoideus 9. Os parietale
Recommended literature:

1. Human Anatomy in three volumes A.S. Holovatskyi, V.H. Cherkasova,

M.R.Sapin, Ya.I. Fedonyuk / Vinnytsia: Nova knyha, 2006,2007,2008.

2. Svyrydov O.I Human Anatomy. - Kyiv: Vyshcha shkola, 2000.- 399p.

3. Prives M.G., Lysenkov N.K., Bushkevych V.I. Human Anatomy.- Hypokrat, St.
Petersburg: St. Petersburg house SPb MAPE, 2004 -720p.

4. Human Anatomy ed. By Sapin M.R./ Moscow: Medicine, 1996, vol.I, vol.II.

5. Siņeļņikov R.D. Atlas of Human Anatomy. - Moscow: Medicine, 2004, vol.I,

vol.II,vol.III, vol. IV.

6. The international anatomical nomenclature / edited by Bobryk I.I.,

Koveshnikova V.H..- Kyiv: Health 2001 – 328p.

7. Review of gross anatomy. Sixth edition/ Pansky, Ben. McGraw-Hill, ink. –

1996.

8. Sobotta. Atlas of human anatomy 2 vol set. – Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2001

9. Human anatomy 3 vol set. Edited by V.G. Kaveshnikov. – Lugansk: LTD

“Virtualnaya realnost”, 2009. – 384p.

10. Frank H. Netter. Atlas of human anatomy. – New Jersey, Ciba-Geygy

corporation. – 1994

11. Stuart Ira Fox. Human physiology. 9th edition. – New York, McGraw-Hill,
Ink. – 2006

12. Principles of anatomy and physiology. 8th edition / Gerard J. Tortora, Sandra