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    Thyristor Homework

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    chroeun sokay
    This report summarizes key information about thyristors: 1) Thyristors are semiconductor devices with 4 alternating layers of P and N material that act as open or closed switches for control applications. Common types include SCRs, diacs, triacs, and SCSs. 2) Thyristors only allow current to flow when a control voltage is applied to the gate. In AC circuits, the gate must be triggered each cycle to turn it back on as the current drops to zero each cycle. 3) Thyristors have applications in power supplies, motor speed controls, light dimmers, welding machines, and fault current limiters due to their ability to control high

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    Thyristor Homework

    Uploaded by

    chroeun sokay
    60 views8 pages
    This report summarizes key information about thyristors: 1) Thyristors are semiconductor devices with 4 alternating layers of P and N material that act as open or closed switches for control applications. Common types include SCRs, diacs, triacs, and SCSs. 2) Thyristors only allow current to flow when a control voltage is applied to the gate. In AC circuits, the gate must be triggered each cycle to turn it back on as the current drops to zero each cycle. 3) Thyristors have applications in power supplies, motor speed controls, light dimmers, welding machines, and fault current limiters due to their ability to control high

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    This report summarizes key information about thyristors: 1) Thyristors are semiconductor devices with 4 alternating layers of P and N material that act as open or closed switches for control applications. Common types include SCRs, diacs, triacs, and SCSs. 2) Thyristors only allow current to flow when a control voltage is applied to the gate. In AC circuits, the gate must be triggered each cycle to turn it back on as the current drops to zero each cycle. 3) Thyristors have applications in power supplies, motor speed controls, light dimmers, welding machines, and fault current limiters due to their ability to control high

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    60 views8 pages

    Thyristor Homework

    Uploaded by

    chroeun sokay
    This report summarizes key information about thyristors: 1) Thyristors are semiconductor devices with 4 alternating layers of P and N material that act as open or closed switches for control applications. Common types include SCRs, diacs, triacs, and SCSs. 2) Thyristors only allow current to flow when a control voltage is applied to the gate. In AC circuits, the gate must be triggered each cycle to turn it back on as the current drops to zero each cycle. 3) Thyristors have applications in power supplies, motor speed controls, light dimmers, welding machines, and fault current limiters due to their ability to control high

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    of 8

    Institute of Technology of Cambodia Department of Industrial and

    Mechanical Engineering

    Report
    Electronic
    Topic: Thyristor

    Professor: Mr. SAN Râthana

    Group: I4-GIM2(Mechanic)
    Student: ID:
    1. BUNLEANG Bunly e20160022
    2. CHEAM Pochhoung e20160059
    3. CHHUM Rotheanith e20160091
    4. CHROEUN Sokay e20160112
    5. CHUOT Khavy e20160115
    6. EM Socheat e20160133
    7. ITH Sovanrith e20160214
    8. LAY Lyhour e20160310
    9. LY Limhorn e20160359
    10. MORM Setheavechea e20160410
    11. NY Sengthay e20160449
    12. PHENG Menghour e20160492
    13. RITH Chhenglai e20160541

    Academic Year
    2019 - 2020
    Topic: Thyristor
    I. Device description:
    Thyristors are a class of semiconductor devices characterized by 4-layers of alternating P and
    N material. Four-layer devices act as either open or closed switches; for this reason, they are most
    frequently used in control applications.

    Some symbols of Thyristor:

    a. 4-layer diode: The 4-layer diode (or Shockley diode) is a type of thyristor that acts something like
    an ordinary diode but conducts in the forward direction only after a certain anode to cathode voltage
    called the forward-breakover voltage is reached.

    b. SCR (Sillicon-Control Rectifier): The SCR is the most widely used thyristor. It can switch very
    large currents on and off. The SCR had its roots in the 4-layer diode. By adding a gate connection, the
    SCR could be triggered into conduction.

    c. Diac: The diac is a thyristor that acts like two back-to-back 4layer diodes. It can conduct current in
    either direction. Because it is bidirectional, the terminals are equivalent and labeled A1 and A2.

    d. Triac: Basically, a Triac can be thought as two SCRs connected in parallel and in opposite directions
    with a common gate terminal. Unlike the SCR, the triac can conduct current in either direction when
    it is triggered on, depending on the polarity of the voltage across its A1 and A2 terminals.

    e. SCS (Sillicon-Control Switch): The silicon-controlled switch (SCS) is similar in construction to


    the SCR. The SCS, however, has two gate terminals, the cathode gate and the anode gate. The SCS
    can be turned on and off using either gate terminal.

    4-layer diode SCR


    Triac
    Diac

    SCS
    II. Operation:

    A thyristor is a special type of diode that only allows current to flow when a control
    voltage is applied to its gate terminal. Although this appears to be nothing more than a voltage
    controlled switch the following should be noted: In the presence of forward current it will not
    turn off even after the gate voltage has been removed. The thyristor will only turn off when the
    forward current drops to zero. In a DC (Direct current) circuit this makes the device almost useless
    except in certain particular safety (crowbar) protection applications.

    The most common use of thyristors is in AC (Alternating Current) circuits. In an AC


    circuit the forward current drops to zero during every cycle so there will always be a turn off
    function. This does, however mean that the gate needs to be triggered every cycle just to turn it
    back on again. It is in the relative timing of these two functions that the thyristor has its most
    important role, Consider the waveform shown below that corresponds to a typical AC voltage
    supply. If the thyristor is turned on near the beginning of the positive voltage excursion then the
    time it is forward conducting is maximized. This means maximum power delivered to the load.
    Correspondingly if it is turned on near the end of the positive excursion then minimum conduction
    time is achieved and minimum power delivered.

    By suitable timing control of the gate voltage a crude power controller can be
    designed to, for example, control the heating level of a simple resistive heater.
    III. Application:

    The main application of thyristors is to control high power circuits. They find applications
    in power supplies for digital circuits. AC & DC motor speed controllers consist of thyristors. Thyristor
    is used in various applications such as: light dimmers, variable speed motor driver, AC motor light,
    welding machines etc. Moreover, it is used in controlling high power electrical application. Some
    thyristors are used in fault current limiter and circuit breaker. Fast switching speed and low conduction
    is possible in ETO thyristor. Thyristor are also used as light dimmers in television and movie theatres.
    Specially, they are used in photography for flashes, in burglar alarms. in electric fan speed control and
    in car ignition switches.
    Thyristor can be used as the control elements for phase angle triggered controllers, also
    known as phase fires controllers.
    IV. Advantages and disadvantages:
    1. Advantages:
    - Take less time to operate
    - Thyristor need less power
    - Thyristor can be applied a large switching frequency
    - Easy to obtain the transfer function
    - Thyristor switches can be applied into robot operations
    - Due to less space requirement, the design process is really easy
    - Can be used as an oscillator in digital circuits
    - Can be connected in parallel and in series to provide electronic control at high power
    levels.
    - It can be used as a protection device like a fuse in power line
    - Low cost
    2. Disadvantages:
    - Not suitable for high power
    - In AC circuit, thyristor need to be turned on each cycle
    - SCR takes time to turn on and off, this causes delaying or damaging in the load
    - Cannot be used for higher frequencies
    - Not much use in DC circuit, as the Thyristor cannot be cutoff just by removing the gate
    drive
    - Low efficiency
    - Reverse blocking capability of voltage is less than forward blocking capability

    V. Formulation:
    1-Phase Thyristor Converter Waveforms:

    • Assumptions: Ls=0 and purely dc current


    Id
    • a: delay angle or firing angle
    • Prior to 𝜔t=0, current is flowing through 3
    and 4, and 𝑣𝑑 = −𝑣𝑠
    • Beyond 𝜔t=0, thyristors 1 and 2 become
    forward biased, but cannot conduct until
    a.
    • 𝑣𝑑 becomes negative between 0 and 𝛼 as a
    consequence of the delay angle
    • At 𝜔t=𝛼, gate pulse applied and current
    commutation from thyristors 3 and 4 to 1
    and 2 is instantaneous (Ls = 0), and 𝑣𝑑 = 𝑣𝑠
    • Thyristors 1 and 2 will keep conducting
    until 3 and 4 are fired
    Average DC Voltage as a Function of the Delay Angle
     The expression for the average voltage Vd:
    1 α+π
    Vdα = π ∫α √2Vs sin ωt d(ωt) = 0.9Vs cos α
     Let Vd0 be the average DC voltage with α = 0
    1 π
    Vd0 = π ∫0 √2Vs sin ωt d(ωt) = 0.9Vs
     Then, drop in average voltage due to α
    ∆Vdα = Vd0 − Vdα = 0.9Vs (1 − cos α)
     The average power though the converter,
    1 T 1 T
    P = T ∫0 p(t)dt = T ∫0 vd id dt

     With a constant DC current (id = Id )

    1 T
    P = Id [T ∫0 vd dt] = Id Vd = 0.9Vs Id cos α

    3-Phase Thyristor Converter Waveforms

    Average Output DC Voltage


    𝐴𝜇
    Vdα = V𝑑0 − 𝜋
    ⁄3
    𝑉𝑎𝑐 = √2𝑉𝐿𝐿 sin(𝜔𝑡)
    The reduction in the average DC voltage due to the delay angle 𝛼
    𝛼
    𝐴𝜇 = ∫ √2𝑉𝐿𝐿 sin(𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = √2𝑉𝐿𝐿 (1 − cos 𝛼)
    0
    𝐴𝜇 √2𝑉𝐿𝐿 (1 − cos 𝛼)
    𝑉𝑑𝛼 = 𝑉𝑑0 − 𝜋 = 1.35𝑉𝐿𝐿 − 𝜋⁄
    ⁄3 3

    = 1.35𝑉𝐿𝐿 cos 𝛼 = 1.35𝑉𝑑0

    Average Power

    𝑃𝑑𝛼 = 𝑉𝑑𝛼 𝐼𝑑 = 1.35𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝑑 cos 𝛼

    - DC-side voltage waveforms as a function of 𝛼


    - Vd repeats at six times the line frequency

    References:
    - https://www.wikipedia.org/
    - electronic devices. 9th edition Thomas L. Hloyd
    - https://www.google.com/

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