Rizal’s life, works and writing

1. Rizal’s Life, Works and Writing Mylene G. Almario Instructor

2. What is Republic Act 1425 or Rizal Law? - House Bill No. 5561 - Senate Bill No. 438. - It is commonly
known as the Rizal Act, established on 12th of June 1956 by Senator Claro M. Recto. - It requires the
curricula of private and public schools, colleges and universities courses to include, works and writings of
Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. - It was made effective on
August 16, 1956. Mylene Gado Almario

3. Rizal Law (Republic Act No. 1425) As stated in the preamble of RA 1425/Rizal Law; “Whereas, today
more than other period f or history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and
nationalism for which our heroes lived and died.” “Whereas, all educational institutions are under the
supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral
character, personal discipline, civic conscience, and to teach the duties of citizenship.” Mylene Gado
Almario

4. Rizal Law (Republic Act No. 1425) - The law requires all schools, colleges, universities ,private or public
to include in their curricula courses on the life and works of Rizal. It also sates that all schools are
required to have an adequate number of copies of the copies of the original and unexpurgated editions
of El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere, as well as other works and biographies of Rizal. - The purpose
of Batas Rizal is to rekindle the flame of nationalism in the hearts of the Filipino, particularly the youth.
We are forgetting what our patriots have done and given to fight for our freedom. Mylene Gado Almario

5. Factors in Determining of a Person  Just  Patient  Courageous  Bearer of Wisdom  Respectful 

Nationalist Source: National Historical Commission Mylene Gado Almario

6. Criteria in Choosing the Philippine National Hero  Filipino citizen  Patriot/nationalist  Has already
been dead  Patient Source: National Historical Commission Mylene Gado Almario

7. Personalities Nominated to be our National Hero  Marcelo H. del Pilar  Emilio Jacinto  Graciano
Lopez-Jaena  Antonio Luna Mylene Gado Almario

8. Issues about the Proclamation of Dr.Jose Rizal as National Hero 1. He was the illegitimate son of Adolf
Hitler 2. He should not be proclaimed as the national hero because of his cowardice to fight the
colonizers through revolution. 3. He was regarded as an ―American-made hero‖. First Philippine
Commission was formed by the United States President headed by the American Governor-General
William Howard c. Taft. Declaration of Dr. Jose Rizal as our national hero was only their strategy to
hinder our nationalistic feelings. Mylene Gado Almario
9. Philippines: Spanish Period  Emergence of political unrest in Spanish Politics 1.It started during the
reign of King Ferdinand VII 2.Spanish political instability resulted to frequent shifts of colonial policies
and unfixed terms of government officials in the Philippines.  Representation in the Spanish Cortes 
Deprivation of Human Rights to the Filipino  Corrupt Spanish Official  Inequality  Racial Discrimination
 Land ownership and Feudalism Mylene Gado Almario

10. Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda Doctor – complete his medical course in Spain
and was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid. Jose –
chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian St. Joseph. Protacio – form Gervacio P which
come from a Christian calendar, in consideration of the day of his birth. Rizal – from the word ―Ricial‖ in
Spanish means a field where a wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again. Mercado – adopted by
Domingo Lamco which Spanish term means market. Alonzo – old name surname of his mother.
Realonda – it was used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her godmother based on the culture by
that time. Mylene Gado Almario

11. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda - He was born near midnight of Wednesday of June
19, 1861 to the Rizal family of Calamba, Laguna. - He was baptized by Rev. Rufino Collantes in the
Catholic church of Calamba on June 22, 1861, three days after birth. - His Godfather named Father Perdo
Casanas, a close friend of Rizal family. - Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery was the governor- general of
the Philippines when Rizal was born. Mylene Gado Almario

12. Rizal’s Father Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898) - Born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818. -
Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila. - Became a tenant-farmer of the
Dominican-owned hacienda. - A hardly and independent-minded man, who talked less and worked
more, and was strong in body and valiant in spirit. - Died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at age of 80. -
Rizal affectionately called him ―a model father‖. Mylene Gado Almario

13. Rizal’s Mother Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911) - Born in Manila on November 8, 1826. -
Educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well- known college for girls in the city. - A remarkable woman,
possessing refined culture, literary talent, business ability, and the fortitude of Spartan. - Is a woman of
more than ordinary culture; she known literature and speaks Spanish (according to Rizal). - Died in
Manila on August 16, 1911 at age of 85. Mylene Gado Almario

14. Information about his parents - Rizal always called her sisters Doña or Señora (married) and Señorita
(single). - Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda married on June 28, 1848, after which they
settled down in Calamba. - The real surname of the Rizal was Mercado, which was adopted in 1713 by
Domingo Lamco (paternal great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal), who was a full blooded Chinese. - Rizl‘s
family acquired a second surname – Rizal – which was given by a Spanish Alcalde Mayor (provincial
governor) of Laguna, who was a family friend. Mylene Gado Almario

15. Fig. 1. Father Side Ancestry Mylene Gado Almario

16. Fig. 2. Mother Side Ancestry Mylene Gado Almario

17. The Siblings of Jose Rizal Saturnina (1850-1913) - Oldest of the Rizal children - Nicknamed Neneng -
Married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas. Paciano - Older brother and confident of Jose Rizal.
- He was the second father to Rizal. - Immortalized him in Rizal‘s first novel Noli Me Tangere as the wise
Pilosopong Tasio. - Rizal regarded him a s the ―most noble of Filipinos‖. - He became a combat general
in the Philippine Revolution. - Died on April 13, 1930,an old bachelor at age of 79, he had two children
by his mistress (Severina Decena) – a boy and a girl. Mylene Gado Almario

18. The Siblings of Jose Rizal Narcisa (1852-1939) - Petname Sisa - She was married to Antonio Lopez
(nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of Morong. Olympia (1855-1887) - Petname Ypia -
She was married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator in Manila. Lucia (1857-1979) - she was
married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Casanas. Maria (1859-1945) -
Biang was her petname - She was married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna. Mylene Gado
Almario

19. The Siblings of Jose Rizal Concepcion (1862-1865) - Concha was her pet-name - She died at age of
three because of sickness. - Her death was Rizal‘s first sorrow in life. Josefa (1865-1945) - Panggoy was
her pet-name - An old maid, died at age of 80. Trinidad (1868-1951) - Trining was her pet-name - An old
maid, died at age of 83. Soledad (1870-1929) - Choleng was her pet-name - She was married to
Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba.Mylene Gado Almario

20. Rizal’s Home (Physical) - It is one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during the Spanish
times. - It was a two-storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hard-woods and
roofed with red tiles. - During the day, it hummed with the noises of children at paly and the songs of
the birds in the garden; by night, it echoed with the dulcet notes of family prayers. - The Rizal family
belonged to the principalia, town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines. - The Rizal family had a simple,
contented and happy life. Mylene Gado Almario

21. Childhood Years in Calamba, Laguna - Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged to Dominican
Order, which also owned all the lands around. - Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) – a
poem about Rizal‘s beloved town written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15 years old and was student in
the Ateneo de Manila. - The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden
when he was three. - Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal
related, his mother gathered all the children at the house to pray the Angelus. Mylene Gado Almario

22. Childhood Years in Calamba, Laguna - Another memory of Rizal during infancy was the nocturnal
walk in the town, especially when there was a moon. - The death of Concha was his first sorrow. - At age
of three he began to take part in the family prayers. - At 5, he was able to read haltingly the Spanish
family bible, and make sketches with this pencil and to mould in clay and wax on objects which attracted
his fancy. - ―The Story of the Moth‖ – made the profoundest impression of Rizal. - ―Sa Aking Mga
Kabata‖- the first poem written in the native language at age of 8, he also wrote his first dramatic work
(Tagalog comedy). Mylene Gado Almario

23. Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood 1. Hereditary influence 2. Environmental influence 3. Aid of the
Divine Providence - Tio Jose Alberto – he develop the artistic ability of Rizal. - Tio Manuel – he guided
Rizal on his physical exercises. - Tio Gregorio – intensified Rizal‘s voracious reading of good books. -
Father Leoncio Lopez – fostered Rizal‘s love for scholarship and intellectual honesty. Mylene Gado
Almario

24. Early Education in Calamba and Biñan - The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who was
remarkable woman of good character and fine culture. - Maestro Celestino – first private tutor. -
Maestro Lucas Padua – science tutor. - Leon Monroy – a former classmate of his father, that instructed
in Spanish and Latin. He diedfive months later. - June 1869 – Rizal left Calamba to study in Biñan,
accompanied byPaciano. - Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – Rizal‘s first teacher in Biñan. Mylene Gado
Almario

25. Early Education in Calamba and Biñan - Pedro – his classmate that challenge him to fight. - Andres
Lakindanan – challenged Rizal to an wrestling match. - Juancho – an old painter who was the father-in-
law of the school teacher; freely give Rizal lesson in drawing and painting. - December 17, 1870 – he left
Biñan after one year and a half of schooling. - Arturo Camos – a French friend of Rizal‘s father who took
care of him on board. Mylene Gado Almario

26. Martyrdom of GomBurZA - January 20, 1872 – about 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite
arsenal under the leadership of Sgt. Lamadrid (he was Filipino, but rose in mutiny because of the
abolition of their usual privileges). - Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora – were executed at
sunrise of February 17, 1872, by the order of Governor-General Izquierdo. - The martyrdom of the
GomBurZa in 1872 truly Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his oppressed people. -
Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to GomBurZa. Mylene Gado Almario

27. Injustice to Rizal’s Mother - June 1872 – Doña Teodora was suddenly arrested on a malicious charge
that she and her brother Jose Alberto, tried to poison the latter‘s perfidious wife. - Antonio Vivencio del
Rosario – Calamba‘s gobernadorcillo, who helped to arrest Doña Teodora. - After arresting Doña
Teodora, the sadistic Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz, Laguna (50km.).
- Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the provincial prison, where she languished for two years. -
Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan – the most famous lawyers of Manila that defend Doña
Teodora. Mylene Gado Almario

28. Scholastic Triumph at Ateneo de Manila - Ateneo Municipal, a college under the supervision of the
Spanish Jesuits. - Escuela Pia (Charity School) – formerly name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in
Manila which was established by the city government 1817. - June 10, 1872 – Rizal was accompanied by
Paciano on his way to Manila. - Father Magin Ferrano – he was the college registrar, who refused to
admit Rizal in Ateneo for two reason: a) he was late or registration b) he was sickly and undersized for
his age. - Manuel Xerez Burgos – because of his intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was
reluctantly admitted Ateneo. - He registered Rizal as his surname since Mercado was suspected by the
Spanish authorities. - Rizal was first board in a house outside in Caraballo Street. This was owned by a
spinster named Titay who owed the family the amount of 300 pesos. Mylene Gado Almario

29. Jesuits System of Education - It trained the character of the students by rigid discipline and religious
instructions. - Students were divided into two groups: - Roman Empire – consisting of internos
(boarders); red banner. - Carthaginian Empire – composed of the externos (non-boarders); blue banner.
- Intelligence distribution: - Emperor – 1st - Tribune – 2nd - Decurion - 3rd - Centurion – 4th - Stand – 5th
- The Ateneo students wore a uniform consisted of ―hemp-fabric trousers‖ and ―striped cotton coat‖.
The coat material was called ravadillo. Mylene Gado Almario

30. First Year in Ateneo (1872-1973) - Father Jose Bech – Rizal‘s first professor in Ateneo who he
described as ―tall thin man, with a body slightly bend forward, a harried walk, an ascetic face, severe
and inspired, smell deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc
whose fell toward the chin‖. - A Religious picture – a Rizal‘s first prize for being brightest pupil in the
whole class. - To improve his Spanish, he took private lessons in Santa Isabel College during noon
recesses. He paid three pesos for those extra Spanish lessons. - At the end of the school year in March,
1873, he returned to Calamba for summer vacation. - When the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned
to Manila for his second year term in Ateneo. This time he boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6
Magallanes Street. His landlady was an old widow name Doña Pepay. Mylene Gado Almario

31. Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874) - At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent grades in
all subjects and a gold medal. - The Count of Monte Cristo –(Alexander Dumas) – the first favourite novel
of Rizal which made a deep impression on him. - Universal History (Cesar Cantu) – Rizal persuaded his
father to buy him this set of historical work that was a great aid in his studies. - Dr. Feodor Jagor – a
German scientist-traveller who visited the Philippines 1859-1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines.
He was impressed in this book because; 1) Jagor’s keen observation of the defects of Spanish
colonization, and, 2) his prophecy that someday Spain would lose the Philippines and that America
would come to succeed her as colonizer.Mylene Gado Almario

32. Third and Fourth Year in Ateneo (1874- 1876) - Rizal's grades remained excellent in all subjects but e
won only one medal – Latin. - At the end of the school year, Rizal‘s returned to Calamba for the vacation.
He himself was not impressed by his scholastic work. - June 16, 1875 – Rizal became an interno of the
Ateneo. - Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez – a great educator and scholar, one of Rizal‘s professors who
inspired him to study harder and to write poetry. Rizal described this Jesuit professor as ―model of
uprightness, earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils‖. - Rizal‘s topped all his classmates
ain all subjects and on five medals at the end of the school term.Mylene Gado Almario

33. Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877) - Rizal‘s studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact, the
excelled in all subjects. The most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly the pride of the Jesuits. -
March 23, 1877 – Commencement Day, Rizal who was 15 years old, received from his Alma Mater; the
Degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honour. - Marian Congeragtion – a religious society wherein
Rizal was an active member and later became the secretary. - Rizal cultivated his literary talent under
the guidance of Father Sanchez. - Father Jose Vilaclara – advised Rizal to stop communing with the muse
and pay mote attention to more practical studies. - Rizal studies painting under the famous Spanish
painter, Agusti Saez, and sculpture under omualdo de Jesus; a noted Filipino sculptor. - Rizal carved an
image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling with his pocket-knife. - Father Lieonart – impressed by
Rizal‘s sculptural talent, requested him to carve for him an image of Sacred Heart of Jesus. Mylene Gado
Almario
34. Poems in Ateneo - It was Doña Teodora who was first discovered the poetic genius of her son, and it
also she who first encourage him to write poems. However, it was Father Sanchez who inspired Rizal to
take full of his God-given gift in poetry. - Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874, the Rizal
probably wrote during days in Ateneo which was dedicated to his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote
he was 14 years old. 1875 (inspired by Father Sanchez) 1. Felicitacion 2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota
de Magallanes 3. Y Es Español:Elcano el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo 4. El Combate: Urbiztondo,
Terror de Jolo 5. Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus) – brief ode. Mylene Gado Almario

35. Poems in Ateneo 1876 (religion, education, childhood and memories of war) 1. Un Recuerdo a Mi
Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) – honour for his hometown Calamba. 2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion
y la Buena Education (Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education) – shows the importance
of religion and education. 3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country
Receives Light) – education plays in the progress and welfare a nation. 4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo:
Batalla de Lucenas y Prison Boabdil (The Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the
Imprisonment of Boadbil) – the defeat and capture of Boabdil, the last Sultan of Granada. 5. La Entrada
Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic Monarchs into Granada)
– victorious entry of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain to Granada. 6. San Eustacio, Martir (St.
Eustace, The Martyr) – prose story of St. Eustace. Mylene Gado Almario

36. Poems in Ateneo 1877 1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus) – poem praises
Columbus. 2. Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) – relates how King John II of Spain missed fame and
riches by his failure to finance the projected expedition of Columbus to the New World. 3. Gran
Cunsuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune) – a legend relates to the tragic life of
Columbus. 4. Un Dialogo Aluviso a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students) –
farewell to his classmates in Ateneo. 5. A la Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary) – another religious poem
which doesn‘t have exact date when it was written. Mylene Gado Almario

37. Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) - After finishing the first year of a course in
Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878). He transferred to the medical course. - April 1877 – he enrolled in
the UST taking Philosophy and Letters because; 1) his father like it, 2) he was “still uncertain as to what
career to pursue”. - Father Pablo Ramon – Rector of Ateneo, who had been good to him his students
days in that college, asking for advice on the choice of a career but unfortunately he was in Mindanao. -
During Rizal‘s first school term in the UST, Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational course
leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expect surveyor). Mylene Gado Almario

38. Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) - Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying
course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in agriculture and topography. He passed all the subject but the
title was no issued to him because he was only 17 years- old, underage. The title was issued to him on
November 25, 1881- the title was issued to Rizal for passing the final examination in the surveying
course. - Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literay Lyceum of Manila) – society of literary men and artists
held a literary contest in the year 1879. He also served as the President of the Spanish Literature in
Ateneo. Mylene Gado Almario
39. Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) - While at UST, he fell in love with three women.
During his first year, he fell in love with a woman simply called “Miss L”, a woman with a fair, seductive
and attractive eyes. The romance dead a natural death because of two reasons: (1) the sweet memory
of Segunda Katigbak was still fresh to in his memory a and, (2) Rizal‘s father did not like the family of
Miss L. - During his sophomore year, he courted Leonor Valenzuela, a tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal
sent her love notes in invisible ink. But just like Segunda he also stopped visiting her. Mylene Gado
Almario

40. Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) - During his junior year, Rizal had romance with
Leonor Rivera, of Camiling, Tarlac. Leonor was a pretty girl and a students of La Concordia Colllege. Both
Rizal and Leonor were engaged, he used the sign name ―Taimis‖ to cover their relationship from their
parents. - Rizal studied in UST from 1878-1882. his grade in Medicine consists of 2 excellent, 3 very
good, 8 good, and 2 fair (physics and general pathology). His grades in UST College of Medicine were not
as impressive as what he got at Ateneo Philosophy and Letters due to the hostility of the Dominican
professors. Accordingly, laboratory equipment's are just for display and racial discrimination against the
Filipino students.Mylene Gado Almario

41. Education in University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) - A La Juventud (To the Filipino Youth) – at 18,
submitted tis poem, it is inspiring poem of flawless form. This poem won as a classic Filipino literature
for two reasons: a) it was a great poem in Spanish written by the Filipino, whose merit was recognized
by Spanish literary authorities, 2) expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipino,
and not the foreigners, were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”. The Board of Judges, composed of
Spaniards was impressed by Rizal‘s poem and gave it gave it the first prize which consisted of a silver
pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon. - A Filipinas – a sonnet written by Rizal for the
album of the Society of Sculptors; in this sonnet, he urged all Filipino artists to glorify the Philippines.
Mylene Gado Almario

42. Education in University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) - Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma – poem honouring the
Ateneo Patroness. - Al M.R.P Pablo Ramon – poem dedication to Father Pablo Ramon (Atenean Rector),
who had been so kind and helpful to him. - Vicenta Ybardolaza – a pretty girl colegiala who skillfully
played a harp at the Regalado home, whom Rizal was infatuated. - Compañerismo (Comradeship) – Rizal
founded a secret society of Filipino students in UST 1880. - Galicano Apacible – Rizal‘s cousin from
Batangas who is the secretary of the society. Mylene Gado Almario

43. Unhappy Days in UST - Rizal found the atmosphere at the UST suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He
was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because 1) the Dominican professors were
hostile to him 2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated by the Spaniards 3) the method of
instruction was obsolete and repressive. - In Rizal novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the Filipino
students were humiliated and insulted by their Dominican professors and how backward the method of
instruction was, especially in the teaching of the natural sciences. He related in Chapter XIII (The Class in
Physics). Mylene Gado Almario
44. Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882) - After finishing his 4th year of medical course in UST, Rizal decided
to complete his studies in Spain. - Aside form his studies in Spain, Rizal has his ―secret mission‖ a). To
observe keenly the life and culture ,languages and customs, industries and commerce, and the
government laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his
oppressed people from Spanish tyranny. - Before the secret departure of Rizal, he wrote a farewell letter
to his parents and sweetheart Leonor Rivera which was delivered to them – after he sailed away.
Mylene Gado Almario

45. Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882) - May 3, 1882 – the Spanish Steamer (Salvadora), Rizal departed for
Spain using Jose Mercado, on his travel documents. His main reason in leaving the Philippines was to
transfer at the Universidad Central De Madrid in Spain to finish his medicine course. - May 8, 1882 –
they have two-day stopover in Singapore. He reached the island considered by him as ―Talim Isand
with the Susong Dalaga‖. The following day, May 9, Rizal registered at Hotel de la Paz and spent two-day
sightseeing sorties of the city. He saw the Botanical Garden, the Famous Buddhist Temple and the
founder of Singapore, Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles. Mylene Gado Almario

46. Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882) - May 11, 1882 – he was board on the steamer Djemnah, a French
steamer, much larger and cleaner than the Salvadora. On board the vessel were British, French, Dutch,
Spaniards, Malays, Siamese and Filipinos. French was mostly spoken on the board. - May 17,1882 – he
arrived at the Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern Ceylon. The town is lovely, quiet and sad at the
sometime according to him. - May 18, 1882 – he had a stopover at Colombo. It is more beautiful, smart,
elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila. Mylene Gado Almario

47. Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882) - May 28, 1882 – the Djemnah continued its voyage and crossed
the Indian Ocean until he reached the Cape of Guardafin, Africa. Rizal called it as inhospitable land but
famous. Then, he reached Aden, according to him it was a city hotter than in Manila –for the first time
he saw camels. - June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal. It took 5 days to travel Suez. He
disembarked for sightseeing and he was fascinated to hear a the multiracial inhabitants speaking a babel
of tongues – Arabic, Egyptians, Greek, Italian and Spanish. - June 11, 1882 – the steamer proceeded to
Europe and reached Naple City, Italy. Rizal was fascinated by Mount of Vesuvius, the Castle of St. Telno,
and the historic sights of the city. The city was busy because of its business activity, lively people and
panoramic beauty. Mylene Gado Almario

48. Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882) - June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the French harbour of
Marseilles. Rizal disembarked to visit the famous Chateau d‘ef where Dantes, the hero of The Count of
Monte Cristo was jailed. He stayed at Maseilles for two and a half days at Hotel Noailles for 3 days. -
June 15, 1882 – the steamer left Mersailles by on its last trip Spain. The steamer reached Pyrenees and
stopped for a day at Port Bou. In this place, Rizal saw the indifference accorded to tourists in comparison
to the courtesy accorded by the French immigration officers. Mylene Gado Almario

49. Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882) - June 16, 1883 - from Port Bou, Rizal continued his trip for the last
lap by train for Spain and finally reaching his destination – Barcelona, Spain. Rizal stayed in Hotel de
España and in Sitges Street with Tomas Cabangis and boarded a house in San Severo Street. He visited
Ronda de la Universidad of Barcelona – ugly, dirty little inns, inhospitable people – because he happened
to stay upon his arrival in a stingy inn. Later, he changed his mind and came to like the city – as a great
city with an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism and the people were open- hearted, hospitable and
courageous. He enjoyed promenading along Las Rambles, the famous Barcelona Street. Mylene Gado
Almario

50. Life in Barcelona, Spain (1882) - Rizal was welcome by the Filipinos by the in Barcelona, some of who
were his classmates in Ateneo. They gave him a party at their favourite café – Plaza de Catalina. They
exchanged toast and they Rizal of the attractions and customs of the people in Barcelona. Rizal, in turn,
gave news and gossips in the Philippines. While in Barcelona, Rizal received two bad news; 1. the cholera
outbreak that ravaged Manila and the provinces, and 2. the chatty letter of Chengoy recounting the
unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner due to the absence of a loved one. - Mylene
Gado Almario

51. Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885) - On November 3, 1882 – upon the advice of Paciano to Rizal to
finish the medical course in Madrid, Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and went to Madrid. - He
enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid, in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. - In Madrid, he
lodged at Visitacion Street, No. 3, 3rd floor (Room 4) in 1883. - On October 1884, he transferred to
Pizarro Street, No. 13 and later on at Ventura de la Vega Street. - He also studied painting and sculpture
in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, took tutoring lessons in French, German and English and
practiced fencing and sharpshooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.Mylene Gado Almario

52. Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885) - Rizal lived frugally, rigidly budgeting his money wisely. Although
he used to buy ticket in every draw of the Madrid Lottery, he never wasted his money for gambling,
wine and women. Rizal spent his leisure time by reading books, fencing, and shooting. - He also visited
his Filipino friends at the house of Paterno brothers. He also fraternized with other students at the
Antigua Café d Cevantes. Every Saturday evenings he visited the home of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey. -
During his stay in Barcelona and Madrid, hard times occurred in Calamba such as harvest of rice and
sugarcane failed due to drought and locust, increasing of land leased to the hacienda cultivated by the
Rizal, and, Paciano was forced to sell Rizal’s pony to send him money.Mylene Gado Almario

53. Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885) - June 21, 1884 – Rizal was conferred the Licentiate in Medicine
with a rating of “Fair” by the Universidad Central de Madrid after completing 5th and 6th year term.
Legal Medicine (excellent)  Obstetrical Clinic (fair)  Other subjects (good and very good) - 1884-1885,
he passed all the subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In his three subjects he got
―fair‖ in History of Medical Science, ―good‖ in Surgical Analysis and ―excellent‖ in Normal Histology.
However, he didn‘t conferred Doctor of Medicine because of the failure to present a thesis required for
graduation and pay for the corresponding fee. Mylene Gado Almario

54. Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885) - Obtaining the degree of Licentiate in Medicine, the became a full-
fledged physician and qualified to practice medicine. He was not interested in taking the post-degree of
Degree of Medicine because such a degree is good only for teaching purposes, and he knew that no
friar-owned university in the Philippines would accept him for a position because of his brown
complexion. - June 24, 1884 – Rizal was broke. With empty stomach, he attended his classes at the
University, participated in the contest in Greek language and won the gold medal. Mylene Gado Almario

55. Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885) - November 20, 1884 – student demonstrations started to explode
at the Universidad Central de Madrid due to the expulsion of Dr. Miguel Morayta (history). Dr. Morayta
was also excommunicated by the Catholic church because of his liberal idealism. All the professor fought
for his side was forced to resign from the university. - June 19, 1885 – on his 24th birthday, Rizal
received his degree on Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters (sobresaliente). He was also qualified to be a
professor of humanities in any Spanish University. Mylene Gado Almario

56. Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885) - June 15, 1885 – Rizal was invited to speak in an banquet to
celebrate the double victory of two artists; Juan Luna (Spolarium) for winning the 1st prize, and Felix
Hidalgo (Virgenes Christianas Expuestas el Populacio) for 2nd prize, in the National Exposition of Fine
Arts in Madrid. He saluted Luna and Hidalgo for their artistic achievements. - October 1885 – Rizal
decided to went to Paris. Rizal had stopover in Barcelona on his way to Paris. He visited his friend
MaximoViola, at lodge in Vergara No. 1, 3rd floor Room 2. he also befriended Eusebio Corominas, editor
of the newspaper La Publisidad. Mylene Gado Almario

57. Life in Paris, France(1885-1886) - November 1885 – Rizal went to Paris and lived their there for 4
mos., where he worked as assistant to Dr. Louis de Wecket (a leading French ophthalmologist). He
rapidly improved his knowledge of ophthalmology. Outside of his working hours, he relaxed by visiting
his friends. He also went to Luna‘s studio. He helped Luna by posing as a model in several artworks. Rizal
posed as Egyptian priest in Luna‘s canvass ―The Death of Cleopatra‖ and Sikatuna in ―The Blood
Compact‖. - After 4 months of staying in Paris, he left Paris for Heidelberg, Germany. Mylene Gado
Almario

58. Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886) - He lived for a short time in with a German law students in a
boarding house but later on, he transferred to a boarding house near the University of Heidelberg. He
became a member of the Chess Player‘s Club. He became a popular friend to the German so that the
German students joined him in beer drinking, saber duel, and chess games. - He worked at the
University Eye Hospital under Dr. Otto Becker (ophthalmologist). He also attended the lectures of Dr.
Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the university. During weekends, he had sights seeing at the scenic
spots at Heidelberg (Heidelberg Castle, romantic Neckar River, and old church). Mylene Gado Almario

59. Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886) - He also spent a 3-month summer vacation at Wilhelmsfeld.
Here he became a good friend of Dr. Karl Ullmer (Protestant pastor). On June 25, 1886, he left
Wilhelmsfeld, and returned to Heidelberg carrying with him the memories of the Ullmer friendship and
hospitality. - July 3, 1886 – Rizal wrote his first letter in Germany to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian
ethnologist)- he became the best friend of Rizal. - August 6, 1886 – 5th centenary celebration of
Heidelberg. - August 9, 1886 – Rizal left Heidelberg and boarded a train, visited other cities of Germany
and arrived at Leipzig. - Mylene Gado Almario

60. Tour in Germany (1886) - August 14, 1886 – he arrived at Leipzig. He attended some lectures at the
University of Leipzig in history and psychology. He met Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (historian) and Dr. Hans
Meyer anthropologist. - He translated Scheller’s “William Tell” and Hans Christian Anderson “Fairy Tale”
in Tagalog. He found Leipzig as the cheapest in Europe and so he stayed for two and half months. -
October 29, 1886 – he arrived as Dresden, Germany and met Dr. Adolf B. Meyer, Director of the
Anthropological and Ethnological Museum. He stayed two days in this city. Mylene Gado Almario

61. Life in Berlin, Germany (1886) - November 1, 1886 – he left Dresden by train and reached Berlin in
the evening. Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, a German scientist. He also met famous
personalities Dr. Hans Virchow, Dr. Rudolf Virchow, Dr. W. Joest, and Dr. Ernest Schweigger. - He also
worked in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger and upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer he
became a member of the Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society and Geographical Society. - He
was impressed with Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and absence of racial race. He lived in
Berlin in a frugal life. At night he attended the lecture in the University of Berlin. Mylene Gado Almario

62. Life in Berlin, Germany (1886) - He took private lessons under French professor Madame Lucie
Cerdale. He observed keenly the customs, dresses, homes and occupations of the peasants. He made
sketches of the things he saw. - During the winter, he lived in poverty because he was flat broke.
Because was unable to pay his landlord and because he didn‘t had a money arrived from Calamba, he
pawned the diamond ring that was given to him by his sister Saturnina. He had to eat only one meal a
day, and a daily meal consisted of bread and water or cheap vegetable soup. He washed his clothes
because he could not afford to pay the laundry. Paciano was delayed in raising the necessary funds,
Rizal‘s health broke down. He began to cough and feared that he was going to be sick with
tuberculosis.Mylene Gado Almario

63. Life in Berlin, Germany (1886) - After several months, Rizal received Paciano‘s remittance of P1000,
which was forwarded by Juan Luna form Paris. Rizal paid the sum of P300 for the loan granted to Rizal
for the printing of Noli Me Tangere. - He went to Berlin for the following reasons: 1.To increase his
knowledge in ophthalmology 2.To broaden his studies of sciences and languages 3.To observe political
and economic conditions of Germany 4.To associate with famous German scientist and scholars 5.To
publish his novel Mylene Gado Almario

64. Grand Tour in Europe - May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolf
B. Meyer. While strolling at the scene of the Floral Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and suggested them
to meet Blumentritt. - May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz, Bohemia. They met Ferdinand
Blumentritt. The two enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Blumentritt family. - They also met famous
scientist Dr. Carlos Czepelah and another eminent naturalist Robert Klutschak. - May 17, 1887 – they left
Leitmeritz by train on their way to the city of Prague. They carried recommendation letters of Prof.
Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of Natural History in the University of Prague. Mylene Gado
Almario

65. Grand Tour in Europe - May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of Brunn. - May 20, 1887 – they arrived
at the city of Vienna, Austria. They visited famous interesting scenic places like churches, museums, art
galleries, theatres, public parks, beautiful buildings, and religious images. They also met Mr. Norfenfoe
(European novelist) and Masner and Nordmenn (Austrian scholars). - May 24, 1887 – they left Vienna,
via river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube river. The river voyage ended in Lintz, afterwards
they travelled on land to Salzburg and from there Munich. In Munich, they had a short time savouring
the famous Munich beer (best beer in Germany). Mylene Gado Almario

66. Grand Tour in Europe - From Munich, they went to Nuremberg (oldest city in Germany), were their
impressed by the manufacturer of dolls which was the biggest industry in the city. Afterwards, they went
to Ulm particularly he city cathedral, they enjoyed they view upon reaching the top, even though Viola
felt dizzy and tried. - All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall. - June 2-3, 1887 –
they continued their trip on a boat and reached Basel, Bern, Laussenne, and they cross to the lake of
Geneva. - June 6, 1887- they reached Geneve, Switzerland. While in Geneva, Rizal received sad news
from his friends in Madrid about the conditions of Igorots, who were exhibited in the 1887 Madrid
Exposition, some of the natives died. Mylene Gado Almario

67. Grand Tour in Europe - June 19, 1887 – it was 26th birthday, he treated Viola to a blow- out with a
sumptuous meal. He also wrote a letter to Blumentritt regarding Industrial exhibition. - June 23, 1887 –
Rizal and Viola parted ways. They both spent 15 days in Geneva. Viola returned to Barcelona and Rizal
continued his tour to Italy. - June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and visited Turin, Milan, Venice and
Florence. - June 27, 1887 – he reached Rome and visited famous architectural buildings. - June 29, 1887
– he visited the Vatican City. He has sightseeing and was impressed by the magnificent edifice like St.
Peter‘s Church, the rare works of the art, the vast St. Peter‘s Square, and the colourful Papal Guard.
After a week travel in Rome, he decided to return to the Philippines.Mylene Gado Almario

68. Preliminary Examination

69. Topics: Midterm Period  Jose Rizal’s Love Life  Collaboration with the other Heroes  Contribution
to Reform Movement MIDTERM EXAMINATION  Mylene Gado Almario

70. The Women in Rizal’s Life  Julia – a girl in the Pagsanjan River, who use to catch butterfly. 
Segunda Katigbak – ―teenage crush‖ - She was a comely 14-year old Batangueña from Lipa City. She
also known as ―Paisana‖ but Rizal referred to her in his diary as ―K‖. She was described by Rizal as gay,
talkative, witty, virginal, attractive, alluring, and beguiling. - At 16, Rizal fell in love with his ―first
romance‖. Segunda was boarding student at the Colegio de la Concordia where his sister Olympia and
Leonor Rivera also studied. He found out later that Segunda was engaged to be married to her town-
mate, Manuel Luz. Mylene Gado Almario

71. The Women in Rizal’s Life  Margarita Almeda Gomez – ―Miss L‖ - A young lady from Pakil, Laguna.
This young lady was believed to be Leonor Valenzuela but she was not. She was described by Rizal as
with fair complexion, seductive and with attractive eyes. Their romance died a natural death for two
reasons: 1) Rizal’s memory of Segunda was still fresh in his heart, and 2) Rizal’s father objected their love
affair.  Leonor Valenzuela – ―Orang‖ - The daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela
of Pansanjan, Laguna. She was a tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal sends her love notes written in invisible
ink, that could only be deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or candle. He visited her on the eve of
his departure to Spain and bade her last goodbye. Mylene Gado Almario
72. The Women in Rizal’s Life  Vicenta Ybardoza – ―pretty colegiala‖ - She was also from Pakil, Laguna
who was a high school at that time. Rizal get infatuated to her when she played a harp. However,
nobody knew what happened later between the two.  Leonor Rivera – ―Taimis‖ - A lady form
Camiling, Tarlac, a daughter of Antonio Rivera (Rizal‘s uncle) and Silvestre Bauson. Rizal courted her,
when she was 13-year old and she got engaged to Rizal before the age of 15. Their relationship was
actually a ―love affair by correspondence‖ wherein Rizal wrote several letters to Leonor while he was in
abroad. However, their relationship ended when she married her mother choice Charles Henry C.
Kipping. Their love affair last for 10 years.Mylene Gado Almario

73. The Women in Rizal’s Life  Consuelo Ortega y Rey – ―pretty Manileña‖ - She was a daughter of Don
Pablo Ortega y Rey(a former civil governor of Manila, under the administration of Carlos Ma. De la
Torre). He dedicated to her A la Senorita C.O. y R., which became one of his best poems. He probably fell
in love with her and Consuelo apparently asked him for romantic verses. He suddenly backed out before
the relationship turned into a serious romance, because he wanted to remain loyal to Leonor Rivera and
he did not want to destroy his friendship with Eduardo de Lete who was madly in love with Consuelo.
Mylene Gado Almario

74. The Women in Rizal’s Life  Seiko Usui – ―O-Sei-San‖ - A Japanese samurai‘s daughter taught Rizal
the Japanese art of painting known as su-mie. Rizal was 29 at that time while Seiko was 23. She helped
Rizal improve his knowledge of Japanese language. They spent a happy months together visiting old
temples and art galleries. - If Rizal was a man without a patriotic mission, he would have married this
lovely and intelligent woman and lived a stable and happy life with her in Japan because Spanish
legation there offered him a lucrative job. Mylene Gado Almario

75. The Women in Rizal’s Life  Gertrude Beckett – ―Gettie‖ - An English girl with brown hair, blue eyes
and pink cheeks. When Rizal was in London, he boarded in the house of the Beckett family. During rainy
days when Rizal stayed at home, Gettie helped him mixed his colours for paintings or assisted in
preparing the clay for sculpturing. - Then Rizal realized that their friendship was drifting to a serious
affair, he drove to Paris in 1889 leaving Gertrude behind. He could not return the English girl‘s affection
and marry her because of loyalty to Leonor Rivera. Mylene Gado Almario

76. The Women in Rizal’s Life  Suzanne Jacoby – ―pretty girl in Brussels, Belgium‖ - She was a pretty
niece of Rizal‘s landlady. Suzanne was deeply fell in love with him, she cried when Rizal left for Madrid
towards the ends of July, 1890. - Nellie Boustead – ―almost wife‖ - She was a daughter of Eduardo
Boustead, they met when Rizal was a guest in the Boustead family. She was described as gay-hearted,
sports- minded, highly intelligent, vivacious in temperament and morally upright. Nelly was infatuated
with Rizal but Rizal, at first, loved Adelina. Antonio Luna, who had previously loved and lost Nelly,
encouraged Rizal court and marry her. Rizal having lost his beloved Leonor Rivera came to entertain
considerable affection for Nelly. - However, their love affair didn‘t have a happy ending because of two
reasons: a) he refused to give up his Catholic faith, and 2) Nelly’s mother did not like Rizal as a son-in-
law. Mylene Gado Almario
77. The Women in Rizal’s Life  Pastora Necesario – ―Totak‖ - She was a weaver of cloth at Dapitan.as a
sign of love, Rizal gave her a statue of a woman and also sent her letters of love and concern. When Rizal
was executed in Bagumbayan, she married Gonzalo Carreon of Dapitan.  Josephine Bracken –
―unhappy wife‖ - In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met an 18-year old petite
Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair and a happy disposition. She was the adopted daughter of
George Taufer from Hong Kong, who came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye treatment. Rizal was
physically attracted to her. His loneliness and boredom must have taken the measure of him and what
could be a better diversion that to fall in love again. But the Rizal sisters suspected Josephine as an agent
of the friars and they considered her as a threat to Rizal‘s security.Mylene Gado Almario

78. The Women in Rizal’s Life - Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other, however, Fr. Obach ,
refused to marry them without the permission of the Bishop of Cebu. When Mr. Taufer heard their
projected marriage, he flared up because he could not endure the thought of losing Josephine. He even
tried to commit suicide by cutting off his throat but Rizal prevented him from killing himself. To avoid
further injury, Josephine went with his uncle to Manila. - Eventually, Mr. Taufer returned to Hongkong
alone and Josephine returned to Dapitan. Since no priest would marry them, they lived happily as
common law husband and wife. Their extremely happy marriage had begotten an 8-month old
premature baby boy who lived only for 3 hours. Their son was named ―Francisco‖ in honour of Don
Francisco. Mylene Gado Almario

79. The Women in Rizal’s Life - During the hours of Rizal on December 30, 1896, Josephine was
accompanied by Narcisa, arrived at Fort Santiago. At 5:00 am on the same day, Rizal requested Fr.
Balaguer that they be married canonically. Then Rizal gave his ―wife‖ – a wedding gift, a religious book
―Imitacion de Cristo‖ which he autographed: “To my dear and unhappy wife, Josephine December
30th, 1896”. Note: Rizal‘s canonical marriage to Josephine Bracken remains doubtful and questionable.
Since, there was no proof that they were married in court or in church. Mylene Gado Almario

80. Collaboration with other Heroes ANTONIO LUNA - He received Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo (1881),
afterwards he studied literature, chemistry, and pharmacy at the UST. He also obtained a licentiate (at
Universidad de Barcelona) and doctorate (at Universidad Central de Madrid) in Pharmacy. - He
collaborated with other Filipino expatriates like Rizal in working for the Propaganda Movement. Writing
for La Solidaridad, he once contributed the article ‗Impressions‘ which discussed Spanish unique
traditions and customs under the pen- name ‗Taga-ilog‘. He also managed the paper La Independencia.
- Luna was good in sharpshooting, swords and military ability. - Rizal challenged him for a duel for the
chance to court Nellie Boustead, eventually Luna surrendered and Rizal formally courted Boustead.
Mylene Gado Almario

81. Collaboration with other Heroes - He turned down the invitation of the Katipunan, believing that
reform was better than revolution. But when the Spanish authorities had known about the Katipunan
and its plans, the Luna brothers were arrested and locked up in Fort Santiago for supposed involvement
in the society. - He studied various aspects of military science like guerrilla warfare, management, and
field fortifications. Eventually, he joined Aguinaldo‘s cause in the Philippine-American war. Assigned by
Aguinaldo as commander of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, Luna founded the country‘s first military
academy, formed professional guerrilla soldiers which was later known as the ‗Luna sharpshooters,‘ and
designed the three-tier defense (Luna Defense Line) which gave the opponents a hard campaign in
Central Luzon. - He was killed on June 5, 1899 by Filipino captain Pedro Janolino and other elements of
the Kawit troop. Mylene Gado Almario

82. Collaboration with other Heroes MARIANO PONCE - The overpowering feeling of patriotism got the
better of Ponce that he quit his studies to join the Filipino Movement in Spain. He co- founded the ‗La
Solidaridad,‘ served as secretary of the Propaganda Movement, and became head of the Literary Section
of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina. - he used various aliases like Naning Kalipulako and ‗Tigbalang.
Through his writings, he disclosed the sad condition of Filipinos under Spanish government, attacked the
rulers‘ abuses, and fought for reforms and equality.  In 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo chose Ponce to
represent the newly- founded First Philippine Republic and commissioned him to design a framework of
the revolutionary government. Assigned later as a representative of the First Republic to Japan, Ponce
went to Japan to seek aid. Mylene Gado Almario

83. Collaboration with other Heroes - In Japan, he met, negotiated with, and became a close friend of
Sun Yat-Sen, the founder and First President of the Chinese Republic. Through Dr. Sun‘s assistance,
Ponce had procured weapons for the Philippine revolution, though the shipment failed to reach the
Philippines because of a typhoon off the coast of Formosa. - In 1917, he published his ‗Ang Wika at
Lahi,‘ a discussion on the significance of a having a national language. He was most likely influenced by
Rizal‘s interest in having a distinct Filipino language. In Rizal‘s August 18, 1888 letter, he informed Ponce,
―The new Tagalog orthography (a system of spelling) that we are using is perfectly in accord with the
ancient writing and with the Sanskrit origin of many Tagalog words as I have found out through my
research in the British Museum. - He died in the Government Civil Hospital in Hong Kong on May 23,
1918. Mylene Gado Almario

84. Collaboration with other Heroes GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA - At the age of 18, he anonymously wrote
a satire, ―Fray Botod (Big Bellied Friar)‖ which revealed the friars greed, immorality, cruelty, and false
piety. This incensed the Spanish clergy and authorities but they could not prove that Lopez Jaena was its
author. He got into deep trouble, however, when he refused to testify that some prisoners died of
natural causes for he knew that they had died at the hands of the mayor of Pototan. When threats were
made on his life, he left for Spain in 1880. - He took medical courses at the University of Valencia. His
thirst for reforms nonetheless took him away from medical studies into writing for patriotic cause and
establishing the genesis of the Propaganda Movement two years ahead of Rizal and nine years before
Marcelo Del Pilar. Rizal once reproved Graciano for not finishing his medical studies Mylene Gado
Almario

85. Collaboration with other Heroes - He became known as a great orator in socio-political clubs and
thus became a member of the Progressive Republican Party. Deputized by the party to go on speaking
engagements, Jaena became popular for his fiery and eloquent speeches espousing liberal ideas. - With
a round of drinks, he would artistically craft very impressive patriotic articles. - Jose Rizal invited him to
join the Kidlat Club in Paris, France, through a mail, saying the appreciation of them to him. - He died
because of tuberculosis at age of 39 (January 20, 1896). Mylene Gado Almario
86. Collaboration with other Heroes JOSE ALEJANDRINO - He came from a rich family which was
originally from Arayat, Pampanga. pursued further studies in Spain and in Belgium where he had
outstanding academic performance. Eventually, he finished his degree in chemical engineering in July
1895. - Alejandrino joined the Propaganda Movement and served as an editorial staff of La Solidaridad.
He supported Rizal in the Pilaristas- Rizalistas rivalry. - Being Rizal‘s roommate in Belgium, Alejandrino
was the one who canvassed printing press for El Fili. For his assistance, Rizal gave him the El Fili‘s
corrected proofs and the pen used in doing the corrections. Unluckily, these historical souvenirs were
either lost or destroyed during the revolution. Having helped Rizal in correcting errors in the El Fili,
Alejandrino might have been the first person to read the novel aside from the author. Mylene Gado
Almario

87. Collaboration with other Heroes - Philippine Revolution - he served as an engineer and general in the
revolutionary army under Emilio Aguinaldo. he went to Hong Kong to procure guns, ammunitions, and
dynamites which would be used in the Filipino revolutionary movement . - Filipino – American War – he
led the construction of trenches in areas like Caloocan and Bulacan. He later served as acting secretary
of war, appointed as Central Luzon‘s commanding general of the military operations, and assigned as
Pampanga‘s military governor . - At age 80, Jose Alejandrino died on June 1, 1951, some 55 years after
his former roommate‘s martyrdom. Mylene Gado Almario

88. Collaboration with other Heroes EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA - He came from a poor family in Sta. Cruz,
Manila and he had to work hard to have an education. To get further education in Europe, he worked
first as a cattle dealer, tobacco merchant, teacher, and later a contractor of public works. - Rizal
counselled him to take engineering in Belgium. Upon the suggestion proved fruitful as Evangelista
finished civil engineering and architecture with highest honours. Some European companies offered him
rewarding positions but he turned them down for wanting to serve his country instead. - He was asked
to draft a constitution by the Magdalo and Magdiwang—two rival factions in the Katipunan on which he
remained neutral. His composed constitution was accepted at the Imus Assembly on December 31,
1896. Mylene Gado Almario

89. Collaboration with other Heroes - He was described as either brave or just relaxed and stoic. He
would draw trenches on the ground even while the Spanish forces were firing bombs at them. When a
shell dropped near him one time, he did not bother to wince or run away, instead he simply brushed the
dirt off his clothes and proceeded drawing. - He nonetheless ―ran out of luck‖ when he was soon killed
during the Battle of Zapote Bridge on February 17, 1897. His military post was succeeded by Miguel
Malvar, the hero who could have been listed as the second Philippine President for taking over the
revolutionary government after Aguinaldo‘s arrest in 1901. Mylene Gado Almario

90. Connection to Andres Bonifacio ANDRES BONIFACIO - He joined Rizal‘s La Liga Filipina, being one of
the 20 attendees in the meeting administered by Rizal at the house of Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street,
Tondo, Manila on July 3, 1892. - He founded the Katipunan on July 7, 1892, when Rizal was to be
deported to Dapitan. Considerably inspired by Jose Rizal, they elected him as honorary president and
the Katipuneros used his name as one of their passwords. - Instead of using the old Spanish spelling of
letter ―c‖ for the name of the society, Bonifacio preferred the Tagalog spelling of ―k‖, as suggested by
Rizal on his earlier La Solidaridad article as a way of promoting nationalism. Mylene Gado Almario

91. Connection to Andres Bonifacio - He used May Pag-asa as his pseudonym in the society. the
Katipunan created its organ, Kalayaan (Freedom) in which Bonifacio wrote several articles like the poem
Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love for One´s Homeland) under the penname Agapito Bagumbayan. -
Together with Emilio Jacinto, and Guillermo Masangkay had entered the pier where Rizal‘s ship was
docked. Jacinto personally met with Rizal but the physician refused the suggestion to escape and join
Katipunan‘s imminent uprising. - He wrote a Tagalog translation of the Mi Ultimo Adios entitled
Pahimakas. - He was first married to Monica who died of leprosy; then in 1893 to Gregoria de Jesus of
Caloocan. Gregoria and Andres had one son named Andres (Junior) who died of smallpox at young age
Mylene Gado Almario

92. Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar COLLABORATION: - He fought against clerical abuses, like the
unfair collection of tax for the Church‘s financial gain, and once worked for the establishment of a school
for Filipinos. - He met Rizal through a letter of Mariano Ponce saying that Rizal was impressed to his
work as Plaridel. One of his great work was the Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayer-book and Teasing game) - a
mock-prayer book and satire on the friars‘ greediness, pretence, and extravagance. - He was also helped
Rizal with the agrarian trouble in Calamba, when he was trying to seek justice for his family. Mylene
Gado Almario

93. Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar RIVALRY: - Their rivalry begins in 1890, when Del Pilar became the
owner of La Solidaridad and had taken the place of Jaena as editor- in-chief. His political views was
different to Rizal. Jose Rizal and his close friends objected to the periodical‘s editorial policy which was
occasionally contrary to his political views. - To solve the issue, the Filipino community in Madrid,
decided to have an election for the Responsible – a leader. The faction divided into two the Pilaristas
and Rizalistas. - Jose Rizal won the election because of the vote of Mariano Ponce, however, he declined
the position and decided to abdicate his leadership and leave Madrid. Rizal also stopped his contribution
to La Solidaridad. Mylene Gado Almario

94. Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar - Through a letter, Rizal enumerated his reasons for stopping to
write for La Solidaridad: a) I need time to work on my book b) I wanted other Filipinos to work also c) I
considered it very important to the party that there be unity in the work - He died of tuberculosis on July
4, 1896 (46yo.) Del Pilar had seven children by his wife Marciana, but only two of whom (Sofia and
Anita) grew to adulthood. The building that houses the Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Graduate School was named after Marcelo H. Del Pilar. Mylene Gado Almario

95. Connection to Aguinaldo - Three days after the execution of Rizal, his common-law wife immediately
joined the Katipunan forces in Cavite. Initially hesitant to admit her in the group, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
nonetheless even provided Josephine with lessons in shooting and horseback riding. Bracken helped
Aguinaldo‘s group in taking care of the sick and wounded. - Two years after Rizal‘s martyrdom,
Aguinaldo as head of the Philippine Revolutionary Government issued a decree proclaiming December
30 of every year a national day of mourning in honour of Jose Rizal. - He died because of coronary
thrombosis at age 94. Mylene Gado Almario

96. Noli Me Tangere: Notable Purposes 1. To picture the past and the realities in the Philippines 2. To
reply to insults heaped on the Filipinos and their country 3. To unmask the hypocrisy that have
impoverished and brutalized the Filipino people 4. To stir the patriotism of the Filipino people Mylene
Gado Almario

97. Noli Me Tangere Introduction When Dr. Jose Rizal was 26, he published his first novel “Noli Me
Tangere” in Belgium in the year 1887 . It was the Book that gave a spark in the Philippine Revolutions. It
talked about the Spaniard’s arrogance and despicable use of religion to achieve their own desires and
rise to power. It mostly talked about the life of Crisostomo Ibarra, a member of the Insulares (Creoles)
social class, and a series of unfortunate events that he encountered through the works of a Franciscan
friar, namely Padre Damaso Verdolagas, and by the Spanish conquistadors. Mylene Gado Almario

98. Noli Me Tangere Introduction Noli Me Tangere, a Latin phrase used by Jose Rizal as a title for his first
novel, was actually the words used by Jesus Christ to Mary Magdalene when she saw him resurrected
from the dead. It roughly translated as “Touch Me Not” in English. These words were said because Jesus,
although risen in body and in spirit, was not the same for as he was before. Being glorified, waiting for
the right time to ascend to Heaven and such, he did not allow himself yet to be known until the Great
Commission. Mylene Gado Almario

99. The Cover Symbols SILHOUETTE OF A FILIPINA- It was popular belief that the silhouette of the
woman in the cover of Noli Me Tangere is the unfortunate Maria Clara, Crisostomo Ibarra’s lover.
"'Padre Cura! Padre Cura!' [Padre Salvi] the Spaniards cried to him; but he did not mind them. He ran in
the direction of the Capitan Tiago's house. There he breathed a sigh of relief. He saw through the
transparent gallery an adorable silhouette full of grace and the lovely contours of Maria Clara and that
of her aunt bearing glasses and cups." (366) Mylene Gado Almario

100. The Cover Symbols • HELMET OF THE GUARDIA CIVIL/CONSTABULARY HELMET- An obvious take on
the arrogance of those in authority. • A MAN IN A CASSOCK WITH HAIRY FEET- This symbolism at the
lower part of the cover is to be a representation for priests using religion in a dirty way, specifically
Padre Damaso. Mylene Gado Almario

101. The Cover Symbols • FLOGS- another symbolism for cruelties. It is a representation of Jesus Christ’s
scourging before his imminent crucifixion. • WHIP/CORD- The cruelties present in the novel best
explains the symbol Rizal used in the cover. • Mylene Gado Almario

102. The Cover Symbols • BAMBOO STALKS – One thing comes to mind when bamboo stalks are talked
about: Resilience. • A LENGTH OF CHAIN- Rizal’s representation of slavery and imprisonment. Mylene
Gado Almario
103. The Cover Symbols • CROSS- The one that killed the Christ Jesus. It was a representation of
suffering and death. It also represent a grave. Magnifies the discrimination towards Filipinos, Chinese
Mestizos and Spaniards during this time towards a proper burial. Mylene Gado Almario

104. The Cover Symbols • BURNING TORCH- A reference to the Olympic torch, it tells everyone the
beginning of the defense of honors and the start of proving themselves worthy of victory. Rage and
passion are most abundant in this phase. Represents a phrase that could possibly mean everything to
every single suffering Filipinos: “The rise of the revolution is now at hand.” Mylene Gado Almario

105. The Cover Symbols • POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL LEAVES- They roughly represent faith,
honor and fidelity. P0melo blossoms are utilized as loose potpourri or a mixture of dried flower petals
and spices used to scent the air. It is commonly used in prayers and cleansing. The laurel leaves, also
known as bay leaves, are used as crowns during the Ancient Greek Olympics wherein the best of the
best are treated as heroes. Filipinos in this time wants to embody these three virtues that Rizal
represented as two plants. Mylene Gado Almario

106. The Cover Symbols SUNFLOWERS- A unique behavior in sunflowers, known as phototropism, is a
motif that has appeared in many ancient myths and is viewed as a symbol of loyalty and constancy. The
sunflower's petals have been likened to bright yellow rays of sunshine, which evoke feelings of warmth
and happiness. In addition, the sunflower is often associated with adoration and longevity. Rizal’s
observation towards the happiness of the Filipinos are, in the Spanish times, are only fulfilled through
their giving in and bowing down to the more powerful entity: Spain. Mylene Gado Almario

107. EL FILIBUSTERISMO COVER Tagalog Translation: Madaling ipagpalagay na ang isang rebelde
(pilibustero) ay lihim na umaakit sa liga ng mga panatiko ng mga prayle at mga paurong nang sa gayon,
wala man sa loob na sumunod sa mga panunulsol, ay dapat nilang panigan at paigtingin ang patakarang
sumusunod lamang sa iisang layunun; ang maipalaganap ang mga kaisipan ng rebelyon sa kabuuang
haba at lawak ng lupain, at mahikayat ang bawat Pilipino sa paniniwalang walang katubusan liban sa
seperasyon mula sa inang bayan. Ferdinand Blumentritt Mylene Gado Almario

108. NOLI ME TANGERE Touch me Not • Uncle’s Tom Cabin • Romantic Novel • Wo r k o f t h e h e a r t •
B o o k o f Fe e l i n g • I t h a s f re s h n e s s , c o l o r, h u m o r, l i g h t n e s s , w i t • M a rc h 2 1 , 1 8 8
7 • M o t h e r l a n d / Fa t h e r l a n d • 6 3 c h a p t e r s a n d a n e p i l o g u e • M a x i m o V i o l a EL
FILIBUSTERISMO T h e R e i g n o f G r e e d •The Count of Monte Cristo •P o l i t i c a l n o v e l •Wo r k o
f t h e h e a d •B o o k o f t h o u g h t •I t h a s b i t t e r n e s s , h a t re d , p a i n , v i o l e n c e , s o r row
•S e p t e m b e r 1 8 , 1 8 9 1 •G o m B u r Z a •3 8 c h a p t e r s •Va l e n t i n Ve n t u r a Mylene Gado
Almario

109. La Liga Flipina – July 3, 1892 Objectives of the Liga  To unite the whole archipelago into one
compact, vigorous, and homogenous body;  Mutual protection in every want and necessity;  Defense
against all violence and injustice;  Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and 
Study and application of reforms. Mylene Gado Almario
110. La Liga Filipina –The Split At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in particular exerted great
efforts to organize chapters in various districts of Manila. A few months later, however, the Supreme
Council of the Liga dissolved the society. The reformist leaders found out that most of the popular
councils which Bonifacio had organized were no longer willing to send funds to the Madrid
propagandists because, like Bonifacio, they had become convinced that peaceful agitation for reforms
was futile. Afraid that the more radical rank and file members might capture the organization and
unwilling to involve themselves in an enterprise which would surely invite reprisals from the authorities,
the leaders of the Liga opted for dissolution. The Liga membership split into two groups: the
conservatives formed the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which pledged to continue supporting the La
Solidaridad while the radicals led by Bonifacio devoted themselves to a new and secret society, the
Katipunan, which Bonifacio had organized on the very day Rizal was deported to Dapitan. Mylene Gado
Almario

111. Topics: - First Travel - First Homecoming - Second Travel Semi-Final Examination!!!  Mylene
Gado Almario

112. First Travel of Jose Rizal (1882-1887) Mylene Gado Almario

113. Mylene Gado Almario

114. Secret Mission of Jose Rizal Rizal conceived the secret mission, with the blessing of his brother
Paciano was to do the following: Observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries
and commerce and governments and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself for the
task of liberating his people from Spanish Tyranny Mylene Gado Almario

115. Rizal’s Departure for Spain His parents, Leonor Rivera and the Spanish authorities knew nothing
about his secret departure except; 1. Paciano 2. Antonio Rivera 3. Saturnina(Neneng) 4. Lucia 5. Leonor
Valenzuela and family 6. Pedro Paterno 7. Mateo Evangelista Mylene Gado Almario

116. Highlights: • When Jose Rizal becomes Jose Mercado ▫ Due to the popularity of the surname and
perhaps the kind Jesuit priest who gave him letters of recommendation for their Society in Barcelona –
he was claimed as a cousin ▫ May 3, 1882 – he left Manila through the steamer Salvadora, with 16
passenger including him. ▫ May 8, 1882 – the Salvadora reached Singapore (an English Colony), he
stayed in Singapore for two days spending his time sightseeing the sorties of the city. Mylene Gado
Almario

117. Highlights: • May 11, 1882 – he was board Djemnah, accordingly it is more larger and cleaner than
Salvadora. During the travel he was ale to learn French language and observation, because the steamer’s
speaking language is French. • May 17, 1882 – he steamer arrived at the Point Galle, Ceylon. The town
was quiet, lovely and sad at the same time. • May 18, 1882 – he had an stopover at Colombo, Ceylon,
which describe by him as smart, elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila. Mylene Gado Almario

118. Highlights: • May 28, 1882 – from Colombo, Djemnah continued it voyage and crossed the Indian
Ocean until he reached Cape of Guardafin, Africa to Aden, Africa where he was able to see camels for
the first time. • June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal. It took 5days to travel in the said canal, then
they reached the Port Said. • June 11, 1882 – from Port Said, the steamer proceeded it travel to Europe
and reached the Naple City, Italy. The city was busy because of its business activity, lively people and
panoramic beauty. Mylene Gado Almario

119. Highlights: • June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the French harbor of Marseilles, France. Rizal
disembarked and visited the Chateau d’ef where Dantes (The Count of Monte Cristo) was in jailed. He
stayed in Marseilles for 3 days. • June 16, 1882 – by a train he continued his trip to Barcelona, Spain. He
stayed in Hotel de España. He visited Ronda de la Universidad de Barcelona. At first, he had a bad
impresions to Barcelona – because he happened to stay in a stingy people inn. But later on, he realized
the atmosphere of freedom and liberalism around the place, the people were open-hearted, hospitable
and courageous. Mylene Gado Almario

120. Highlights: Life in Barcelona: 1. He was welcomed by his former classmates in Ateneo. 2. He was
treated and guided by his friend in European way. 3. He received the bad news about the cholera
outbreak in Manila. 4. Leonor Rivera’s recounting happiness who getting thinner and thinner due to the
absence of her love-one. Mylene Gado Almario

121. Highlights: • November 3, 1882 – he left Barcelona for Madrid through the advised of Paciano. Life
in Madrid: 1. He enrolled in Universidad Central de Madrid (Philosophy and Letters and Medicine) 2. He
lived frugally, budgeting hid money wisely. 3. He used to buy lottery tickets in every draw in Madrid
Lottery. 4. He spent his leisure time in reading books. 5. He met and attracted to Consuelo Ortega y Rey.
6. He graduated his degree in Philosophy and Letter and Medicine. Mylene Gado Almario

122. Highlights: Life in Paris, France: • June 15, 1882 – Rizal was invited to speak for the celebration for
the double victory for the two artist namely: Juan Luna (Spoliarium) and Felix R. Hidalgo (Virgenes
Christianas Expuestas El Populacio), for winning the 1st and 2nd prizes in the Paris Exposition for the
Arts. • He lived in Paris, France for 4 months and be came an assistant to the clinic of Dr. Louis de
Wecket. • He also became a model for the artworks of Juan Luna (“The Death of Cleopatra” and “The
Blood Compact”). • After his stay in Paris, he left for Heidelberg, Germany. Mylene Gado Almario

123. Highlights: Heidelberg, Germany 1. He work in the University Eye Hospital under the supervision of
Dr. Otto Becker. 2. He also attended some lectures of Dr. Becker and Dr. Wilhelm Kuehne. 3. He visited
some scenic places in Heidelberg, such as castles, rivers and old churches. 4. He was also befriended
with Dr. Karl Ullmer, during summer vacation where he stayed in Wilhelmsfeld. 5. He wrote his first
letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt. - During the 5th centenary celebration of Heidelberg, he decide to left
and went to Leipzig, Germany via train. Mylene Gado Almario

124. Highlights: Leipzig, Germany: August 14, 1886 - He attended the lectures at the University of Leipzig
in history and psychology. - He met Dr. Hans Meyer and Prof. Friedrich Ratzel. - He translated Scheller’s
William Tell and Hans Christian Andersons’s Fairy Tale. Dresden, Germany: October 29, 1886 - He met
Dr. Adolf Meyer - After two days of stay he left Dresden and went to Berlin, Germany in the evening of
November 1, 1886. Mylene Gado Almario
125. Berlin, Germany • Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and the
absence of race prejudice • Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, celebrated German scientist-
traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines, a book which Rizal read and admired during his student
days in Manila • Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal by Dr. Jagor; famous German anthropologist •
Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy. • Dr. Ernest Schweigger
(1830-1905)- famous German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked • Rizal became a member of the
Anthropological Society, the Ethnological Society, and the Geographical Society of Berlin, upon the
recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer.Mylene Gado Almario

126. Grand Tour in Europe - May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolf
B. Meyer. While strolling at the scene of the Floral Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and suggested them
to meet Blumentritt. - May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz, Bohemia. They met Ferdinand
Blumentritt. The two enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Blumentritt family. - They also met famous
scientist Dr. Carlos Czepelah and another eminent naturalist Robert Klutschak. - May 17, 1887 – they left
Leitmeritz by train on their way to the city of Prague. They carried recommendation letters of Prof.
Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of Natural History in the University of Prague. Mylene Gado
Almario

127. Grand Tour in Europe - May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of Brunn. - May 20, 1887 – they
arrived at the city of Vienna, Austria. They visited famous interesting scenic places like churches,
museums, art galleries, theatres, public parks, beautiful buildings, and religious images. They also met
Mr. Norfenfoe (European novelist) and Masner and Nordmenn (Austrian scholars). - May 24, 1887 –
they left Vienna, via river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube river. The river voyage ended in
Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to Salzburg and from there Munich. In Munich, they had a short
time savouring the famous Munich beer (best beer in Germany). Mylene Gado Almario

128. Grand Tour in Europe - From Munich, they went to Nuremberg (oldest city in Germany), were their
impressed by the manufacturer of dolls which was the biggest industry in the city. Afterwards, they went
to Ulm particularly he city cathedral, they enjoyed they view upon reaching the top, even though Viola
felt dizzy and tried. - All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall. - June 2-3, 1887 –
they continued their trip on a boat and reached Basel, Bern, Laussenne, and they cross to the lake of
Geneva. - June 6, 1887- they reached Geneve, Switzerland. While in Geneva, Rizal received sad news
from his friends in Madrid about the conditions of Igorots, who were exhibited in the 1887 Madrid
Exposition, some of the natives died. Mylene Gado Almario

129. Grand Tour in Europe - June 19, 1887 – it was 26th birthday, he treated Viola to a blow-out with a
sumptuous meal. He also wrote a letter to Blumentritt regarding Industrial exhibition. - June 23, 1887 –
Rizal and Viola parted ways. They both spent 15 days in Geneva. Viola returned to Barcelona and Rizal
continued his tour to Italy. - June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and visited Turin, Milan, Venice and
Florence. - June 27, 1887 – he reached Rome and visited famous architectural buildings. - June 29, 1887
– he visited the Vatican City. He has sightseeing and was impressed by the magnificent edifice like St.
Peter’s Church, the rare works of the art, the vast St. Peter’s Square, and the colourful Papal Guard.
After a week travel in Rome, he decided to return to the Philippines. Mylene Gado Almario
130. Rizal’s First Homecoming (1887-1888)

131. Rizal’s Plans of Homecoming • As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to the Philippines for the
following reasons: – Financial difficulties in Calamba – Dissatisfaction with his studies in Madrid – Desire
to prove that there is no reason to fear going home. – His belief that the Spanish regime will not punish
the innocent. Mylene Gado Almario

132. Decision to return home • After five years of his memorable sojourn in Europe, Rizal returned to
the Philippines. • However, Rizal was warned by the following not to return to the Philippines because
his Noli Me Tangere angered the friars: – Paciano Mercado – Rizal’s adviser and only brother. – Silvestre
Ubaldo – Rizal’s brother in law; husband of Olimpia. – Jose Ma. Cecilio (Chenggoy) – one of Rizal’s
closest friends. Mylene Gado Almario

133. • Rizal was determined to come back to the Philippines for the following reasons: – To operate his
mother’s eyes – To serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants. – To find out for
himself how the Noli Me Tangere and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards. – To
inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent. Mylene Gado Almario

134. Rizal arrives in Manila • Rizal left Rome by train to Marseilles, a French port and boarded Djemnah,
the same steamer that brought him to Europe five years ago. • There were 50 passengers: 4 Englishmen,
2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, 40 Frenchmen, and 1 Filipino (Rizal) • When the ship reached Aden,
the weather became rough and some of Rizal’s book got wet. • In Saigon (Ho Chi Minh), Vietnam – he
transferred to another steamer, Haiphong, that brought him to Manila. Mylene Gado Almario

135. Happy Homecoming • When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors spread that he was a: – German spy –
An agent of Otto Von Bismarck – the liberator of Germany. – A Protestant – A Mason – A soul halfway to
damnation • Paciano – did not leave him during the first days after arrival to protect him from any
enemy assault. • Don Francisco – did not permit him to go out alone Mylene Gado Almario

136. In Calamba • Rizal established a medical clinic. • Doña Teodora – was Rizal’s first patient • Rizal
treated her eyes but could not perform any surgical operation because her cataracts were not yet ripe. •
He painted several beautiful landscapes in Calamba. • He translated German poems of Von Wildernath
in Tagalog. Mylene Gado Almario

137. • Doctor Uliman – Rizal was called this name because he came from Germany. – He earned P900 in
a few months and P5,000 before he left the Philippines. • Gymnasium – was opened by Rizal for the
young people • He introduced European sports fencing and shooting to discourage them from
cockfighting and gambling. Mylene Gado Almario

138. Sad moments while Rizal was in Calamba • Leonor Rivera – Rizal tried to visit her in Tarlac but his
parents forbade him to go because Leonor’s mother did not like him for a son-in- law. • Olimpia
Mercado-Ubaldo – died because of child birth. Mylene Gado Almario

139. Storm over the Noli Me Tangere • As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies plotted his
doom. • Governor General Emilio Terrero – wrote to Rizal requesting to come to Malacañang Palace. –
Somebody had whispered to his ear that the Noli contains subversive ideas. – Rizal explained to him that
he merely exposed the truth, but did not advocate subversive ideas. – He was pleased by Rizal’s
explanation and curious about the book, he asked for a copy of the novel. – Rizal had no copy that time
but promised to send one for him. Mylene Gado Almario

140. Rizal visited the Jesuits • Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for their feedback on the novel. • He
was gladly welcomed by the following friars: – Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez – Fr. Jose Bech – Fr.
Federico Faura – told Rizal that everything in the novel was the truth and warned him that he may lose
his head because of it. Mylene Gado Almario

141. • Governor-General Emilio Terrero – a liberal minded Spaniard who knew that Rizal’s life was in
jeopardy because the friars were powerful. – Because of this he gave Rizal a bodyguard to protect him.
Mylene Gado Almario

142. Jose Taviel de Andrade • A young Spanish lieutenant who came from a noble family • He was
cultured and knew painting • He could speak French, English and Spanish. • They became good friends.
Mylene Gado Almario

143. Attackers of the Noli • Archbishop Pedro Payo – a Dominican • Archbishop of Manila • Sent a copy
of the Noli to Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, Rector of the University of Santo Tomas to examine the novel.
Mylene Gado Almario

144. UST and Rizal • The committee that examined the Noli Me Tangere were composed of Dominican
professors. • The report of the faculty members from UST about the Noli states that the novel was: –
Heretical, impious and scandalous in the religious orders, and anti-patriotic, subversive of pubic order,
injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands in the political order.
Mylene Gado Almario

145. • Governor-General Terrero – was not satisfied with the report so he sent the novel to the
Permanent Commission of Censorship which was composed of priests and lawyers. • Fr. Salvador Font –
Augustinian friar curate of Tondo was the head of the commission. – The group found that the novel
contain subversive ideas against the Church and Spain and recommended that the importation,
reproduction and circulation of the pernicious book in the islands be absolutely prohibited. Mylene
Gado Almario

146. • The newspaper published Font’s written report • The banning of the Noli Me Tangere served to
make it popular • The masses supported the book. Mylene Gado Almario

147. • Fr. Jose Rodriguez – Augustinian Prior of Guadalupe – Published a series of eight pamphlets under
the heading Questions of Supreme Interest to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish writing. – Copies of
anti-Rizal pamphlets were sold after mass – Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to
displease the friars. Mylene Gado Almario

148. Noli Me Tangere in Spain • The novel was fiercely attacked in the session hall of the Senate of the
Spanish Cortes. • Senators: – General Jose de Salamanca – General Luis de Pando – Sr. Fernando Vida •
Vicente Barantes – Spanish academician of Madrid who formerly occupied high government position in
the Philippines bitterly criticized the novel in an article published in the Madrid newspaper, La España
Moderna. Mylene Gado Almario

149. Defenders of the Noli Me Tangere • Propagandists such as Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez-
Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Mariano Ponce rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli. • Father Francisco
de Paula Sanchez – Rizal’s favorite teacher in Ateneo defended and praised the novel in public. • Don
Segismundo Moret – former Minister of the Crown. • Prof. Miguel Morayta- historian and stateman •
Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt – Rizal’s best friend Mylene Gado Almario

150. • Rev. Fr. Vicente Garcia – a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral
and a Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas Kempis. – Under the pen name
Justo Desiderio Magalang he wrote a defense of the novel published in Singapore. Mylene Gado Almario

151. • Rizal cried because of his gratitude to his defenders especially to Fr. Garcia who defended him
unexpectedly. • He attacked Barantes by exposing his ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental
dishonesty which is unworthy of an academician. • Because of the interest of both enemies and
protectors of the Noli the price of the book increased from five pesetas per copy to 50 pesetas per copy.
Mylene Gado Almario

152. Agrarian Problem in Calamba • Influenced by the novel, Governor-General Emilio Terrero ordered a
government investigation of the friar estates to remedy whatever inequities might have been present in
connection with land taxes and with tenant relations. • One of the friar estates affected was the
Calamba hacienda by the Dominican order since 1883. • Upon hearing about the investigation, the
people of Calamba asked helped from Rizal to gather facts and list the grievances so that the
government might institute certain agrarian reforms. Mylene Gado Almario

153. Findings submitted by Rizal • The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands
around Calamba, but the whole town of Calamba. • The profits of the Dominican Order continually
increased because of the arbitrary increase of he rentals paid by the tenants. • The hacienda owner
never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town fiesta, for the education of the
children, and for the improvement of agriculture. Mylene Gado Almario

154. • Tenants who spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of the said lands for flimsy
reasons • High rates of interest were arbitrarily charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals •
When the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated the work animals, tools, and
farm implements of the tenants. Mylene Gado Almario

155. Friars Reaction • Rizal’s exposure to the deplorable condition angered the friars. • The friars
exerted pressure to Malacañang to eliminate Rizal. • They asked Gov. Gen. Terrero to deport Rizal but
the latter refused for there is lack of charges against Rizal in court. • Anonymous threats in Rizal’s life
alarmed his parents, siblings, Andrade his bodyguard, friends, and even Terrero, thus they all advised
him to leave the country. Mylene Gado Almario
156. Rizal’s reasons for leaving the Philippines • His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety
and happiness of his family and friends. • He could not fight better his enemies and serve his country’s
cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries. Mylene Gado Almario

157. Himno Al Trabajo • A Poem for Lipa – shortly before Rizal left in 1888, he was asked by a friend to
write a poem in commemoration of the town’s cityhood. • Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn To Labor) – title of
the poem dedicated to the industrious people of Lipa. Mylene Gado Almario

158. Farewell Philippines • On February 3, 1888 Rizal left his country with a heavy heart. • But this is for
his own good and the safety of his family and friends. Mylene Gado Almario

159. Second Travel of Dr. Jose Rizal (1888-1892) Mylene Gado Almario

160. • February 3, 1888 – after a short stay of six months in Calamba, Rizal was forced to leave his
country for a second time. Rizal left Manila for Hongkong on board the Zafiro. He was sick and sad to
leave Calamba. • February 7, 1888 – the steamer made a brief stopover at Amoy. But he got off the ship
he was not feeling well and that the city was dirty. • February 8, 1888 – he arrived in Hongkong. He
stayed at Victoria Hotel. Accordingly, it was a small but very clean city. He was welcomed by Filipino
residents like Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio and Manuel Yriarte. There were other Filipinos in
Hongkong but they were generally poor, gentle and timid. He observed the noisy celebration of the
Chinese New Year due to the continuous explosions of firecrackers, the noisy audience and music in a
Chinese theatre. Mylene Gado Almario

161. • February 18, 1888 – Rizal and Basa visited Macao. They boarded the ferry steamer, Ku-Kiang. The
city was small,low and gloomy. There were many junks, sampans, but few steamers. The city looked sad
and dead. They stayed at the house of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros. They also visited the theatre, casino,
cathedral, churches, pagodas, botanical gardens and bazaars. • February 20, 1888 – after their two-day
sojourn in Macao, Rizal and Basa returned to Hongkong on board again on the steamer Ku-Kiang. •
February 21, 1888 – Rizal and Basa went back to Hongkong. Rizal stayed in Hongkong for almost two
weeks. While in Hongkong, Jose Sainz de Varonda, a Spaniard, was commissioned by the Spanish
authorities to spy on Rizal. Mylene Gado Almario

162. Japan • February 22, 1888 – Rizal left Hongkong alone on board the Oceanic, American steamer to
Japan his next destination. Rizal liked the ship because it was clean and efficiently managed but did not
like the meals on board. Other passengers of the ship were two Portuguese, two Chinese, several British
and an American woman Protestant missionary. His cabin mate was a British Protestant missionary who
lived in China for 27 years. • February 28, 1888 – Rizal arrived in Yokohama, Japan and registered at the
Grand Hotel. • February 29, 1888 – he proceeded to Tokyo and took a room at Tokyo Hotel where he
stayed for 6 days. Japan was to him the “Land of the Cherry Blossoms” because of its natural beauty and
the charming manners of the Japanese people. Mylene Gado Almario

163. Japan • He visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish legation. He wrote a letter to
Ferdinand Blumentritt, sharing his observation in Japan. • During his first day in Tokyo, Japan, Rizal was
embarrassed because he didn’t know the Japanese language. To avoid further embarrassment, he
decided to study the Japanese language and a few days, he was able to speak the language. • He also
studied Kabuki, visited museum, libraries, art galleries and shrines, and villages. He was impressed by
the beauty of Tokyo, but he was not impressed with the mode of transportation because the rickshaws
were drawn by men, which made Rizal disgusted because human were working like horses. Mylene
Gado Almario

164. Japan • He also met Seiko Usui but Rizal called her as O-Sei-San. They also met daily as they visited
interesting spots of the city, like the Imperial Art Gallery, the Imperial Library, the city parks and
picturesque shrines. She served as his guide, interpreter and tutor. • April 13, 1888 – Rizal boarded the
Belgic, an English steamer bound for the United States. He left Japan very sad because he would never
see again the beautiful land and his beloved O-Sei-San. His sojourn in Japan for 45days was one of the
happiest interludes in Rizal’s life. • On board the Belgic, he met a passenger, Techo Suchero, a Japanese
newspaperman who was jailed in his country for his articles and principles and was exiled. The ship
carried 643 Chinese people and other nationalities. Mylene Gado Almario

165. Across the Atlantic - USA • April 28, 1888 – Rizal and Techo arrived in San Francisco Port on
Saturday morning of April 28. All passengers were not allowed to land because the ship was placed on a
quarantine on the ground that it came form the Far East where cholera epidemic was alleged to be
raging. • He soon discovered that placing the ship under quarantine was prompted by politics. • After a
week of quarantine, all first class passengers, including Rizal were permitted to land but the Chinese and
Japanese passengers of the second and third class accommodations was remained on board. Mylene
Gado Almario

166. Across the Atlantic - USA • May 4, 1888 – it was the day when Rizal and other passengers were
permitted to land. Rizal registered at the Palace Hotel. • May 6, 1888 – Rizal left San Francisco to
Oakland by ferry boat. In Oakland, he took his supper at Sacramento for 75 cents and slept in his coach.
• May 7, 1888 – Rizal boarded a train for a trip across the continent. • Reno, Nevada (May 7); Utah,
Ogden, Denver (May 8); • Colorado (May 9); Nebraska (May 10); • Chicago (May 11); Canada (May 12); •
Albany (May 13) and travel to New York City. Mylene Gado Almario

167. Across the Atlantic - USA • May 13, 1888 – Rizal reached New York and stayed for 3 days. Rizal
called it as “The Big Town”. He visited the memorial George Washington, and other scenic and historic
places. • May 16, 1888 – he left New York for Liverpool and board the City of Rome. He also visited the
Colossal Statue of Liberty on Bedloe Island. Rizal’s Impressions of America 1. Progressive nation 2.
People were energetic and hard-working 3. Better opportunities for immigrants 4. Racial prejudice 5.
Freedom and democracy were only in words, not practiced 6. No true liberty Mylene Gado Almario

168. London, England • May 25, 1888 – he went to London and stayed there for a short time as a guest
at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor (lawyer). • He boarded at Becket family, and being close to
Gertrude Becket. • He spent Sundays in the house of Dr. Reinhold Rost, and played crickets with Dr. Rost
son. • He also spent much of his time in the British Museum annotating Morga’s book, Sucesos de los
Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the Philippine Islands). • For 10 months, he was deeply immensed in
his historical studies in London. Mylene Gado Almario
169. London, England He received news: • Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the petition
addressed to the Queen Regent of Spain requesting the expulsion of the friars in the Philippines. •
Attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and Wenceslao Retana. •
Persecution of the Rizal’s family and other Calamba farmers for their courage to petition the
government for agrarian. • Exile of Manuel Hidalgo without due process. • Arrest and jailing of Rizal’s
friend – Lauriano Viado, for the copies of Noli found in his house. Mylene Gado Almario

170. • September, 1888 – Rizal visited Paris for a week and visited his Juan Luna and his wife Paz Pardo
de Tavera with their son Andres. • December 11, 1888 – he went again to Spain and visited Madrid and
Barcelona. He went to visit his compatriots Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Marciano Ponce. They exchanged
ideas and promised to cooperate in the fight for reforms. • December 24, 1888 – he returned to London
and spent Christmas and New Year with the Becket family. • December 31, 1888 – the Associacion de La
Solidaridad was inaugurated, Rizal served as the Honorary President; Galicano Apacible (President);
Graciano Lopez-Jaena (VP); Manuel Santa Maria (Secretary); Mariano Ponce (Treasurer); Jose Ma.
Panganiban (Accountant). Mylene Gado Almario

171. • January 14, 1889 – Rizal wrote Blumentritt of his proposal to establish the “Inauguration
Association of the Filipinologist” and have its inauguration in the French capital. Blumentritt gladly
supported him. • January 28, 1889 – Rizal a letter addressed to the members of the Associacion de La
Solidaridad recognizing his position as Honorary President. On his letter, he stressed that the individual
should give way to the welfare of society and he should nor expect rewards/honours for what he does. •
February 15, 1889 – Graciano Lopez-Jaena and Mariano Ponce was founded newspaper, called as La
Solidaridad in Barcelona – the official organ of the Propaganda Movement. Mylene Gado Almario

The world during rizal's time

1. History 12 (Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings) Presented by: ROY D. PERFUMA Dept. of Social Sciences
College of Arts & Sciences CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY

2. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century • The 19th Century was extremely dynamic and
creative age especially in Europe and the United States. Six Major Changes of the 19th Century: The
struggle for nationalism Gradual spread of democracy Modernization of Living through the Industrial
Revolution Advancement in Science and Technology Growth of Imperialism New Ideas and
Confidence for Growth

3. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century 1.Struggle for Nationalism Nationalism- feeling
of oneness by a group of people who believe that they possess common traditions, culture, goals or
ideas Throughout the 19th century, many revolted against their rulers. TWO MAJOR UPHEAVALS that
influenced the thinking and development of the 19th century: 1. American Revolution(1775-1783)-
resulted in the complete independence of the Americans from Great Britain. 2. French Revolution( 1779-
1789)- ended the absolutism and feudal privileges after monarchy was overthrown.
4. French Revolution: 1879-1889

5. King Louis XVI and Marie Antonnette

6. The Execution of King Louis and Marie Antonnette

7. The American Revolution:1775-1783

8. Struggle between the Liberals and the Conservatives: Liberals believed a country should be free from
domination by another and the people should enjoy liberty, equality and opportunity. Conservatives
supported the “good old days” when monarchs and kings ruled over their subjects. Spirit of nationalism
spread outside Europe: Canada became a self governing nation in 1867, Spain lost its colonies in South
America after its subject liberated themselves for Independence.

9. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century 2. Spread of Democracy “Government of the
People, by the People and for the people” In France, following the establishment of the Third Republic in
1875, laws were enacted that advanced democracy, such as right of suffrage for everyone. In England,
reforms were passed in the Parliament; new election districts formed, cabinet system was
adopted(House of Commons and House of Lords), slavery abolished in the colonies. Outside Europe,
Australia adopted secret ballot system and right to vote in 1885; New Zealand also adopted the right to
vote in 1893. In the United States, Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln were elected by popular votes.
The American Civil War(1860-1865) ended slavery.

10. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century 3. Modernization of Living brought about by
the Industrial Revolution • Two Major Changes in the industries (a.) Shift from manual labor to machine
works, and (b.) from domestic system to the factory system. EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The
introduction of new machines such as spinning jenny, spinning frame, spinning shuttle, cotton gin and
sewing machine hastened the revolution in the textile manufacturing.

11. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century Effects of the Industrial Revolution Coal, iron
and steel became basic materials in the industry, which led to the improvement of the transportation
system also brought about by the invention of steamships, locomotives, automobiles. The invention of
telephone and telegraph, cable and postal service and newspaper revolutionized communication.
Invention of machines resulted in the establishment of factories, towns became cities, thousands of
workers were employed to achieve large scale production. As a result, commodities became cheaper,
standard of living improved, national wealth increased.

12. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century Effects of the Industrial Revolution(cont..)
Encouraged migration as people searched for improved economic, social and political conditions.
Steady increased in population as a result of better living conditions, advancement in medicine and
public hygiene. SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM fostered with the introduction of the new economic
philosophy, LAISSES FAIRE LAISSES FAIRE- “LET WELL ENOUGH ALONE” OR “ HANDS OFF”. A policy that
prevented the government from interfering from private trade and industry except trade and industry
except for the defense of nation from foreign aggression, maintenance of peace maintenance of peace
and order, protection of investment in foreign countries and private industry. and private industry.
Development of Capitalism as a result of factory system which enhanced growth of wealth. RISE OF
THE MIDDLE CLASS(composed of capitalist and laborers) who eventually dominated the society and
dictated its social, moral and political standards.

13. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century The Effects of the Industrial Revolution The
new economic conditions however brought about labor problems: Disputes between capitalist and
labourer over wages, working hours, insurance benefits and working conditions. RESPONSE TO THE
GROWING SOCIAL PROBLEMS BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Liberals adopted the
Laisses-Faire policy; they allowed capitalist to expand their businesses without restrictions. It resulted to
the widening gap bet the rich and the poor. Socialists believed that the government should own and
manage the means of production for the benefit of many and not just for the few; so long as the
economic activities are in control of the capitalist, there would be no democracy. They suggested
reforms can be achieved gradually and peacefully through normal political process.

14. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century The EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Revolutionary Communism advocated by Karl Marx in his Communist Manifesto • he believed that only
violent revolution could improve the conditions of the working class. • He also advocated abolition of
private land ownership, nationalization or centralization of the means of production, confiscation of
property • As a response to the evil effects of Industrial Revolution, Pope Leo XIII of the Catholic Church
advocated the Christian principles in Rerum Novarum(Conditions of Labor) -respect of rights -state
regulations on the right use private property -preservation of life -state duty to provide favourable
working conditions -worker’s rights to form unions

15. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century The Effects of the Industrial Revolution

16. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century 4. Advancement in Science - atomic theory
formulate by John Dalton -element Radium discovered by Marie Curie -Louise Pasteur discovered the
germs that caused diseases in man and animals. -Robert Koch discovered the infectious diseases causing
bacteria called anthrax and developed an inoculation to prevent its spread. -Dr. Joseph Lister developed
antiseptics to prevent infections. -Dr. Crawford Long demonstrated the use of anaesthesia in surgical
operations Dr. William Morton was the first to use ether for painless tooth extraction The advancement
in science and medicine improved public sanitation and health thereby increasing the average life span
of the population.

17. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century 5. Growth of Imperialism Imperialism defined
as the activity of a nation in extending its control and authority beyond its territorial boundaries through
acquisition of a new territory -” the desire of the civilized nation to rule over weak or backward. From
economic standpoint , imperialism is resorted to for the purpose of securing raw materials, market s for
manufactured goods, outlet for surplus population and fields of expansion for investment for surplus
capital. From political standpoint, it maybe for the acquisition of regions necessary for national defense
and territories For religious standpoint, expansion is an opportunity to spread religious mission
18. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century 5. Growth of Imperialism(cont..) During Rizal’s
time, England emerged as the world’s leading imperialist power during the reign of Queen Victoria
(1837-1901) and succeeded in establishing a global colonial empire. She acquired Hongkong from the
Chinese Manchu Dynasty after the Opium War(1840-1842); In 1859, the British imposed its supremacy
in Indian subcontinent; After the Anglo-Burmese Wars(1824-26, 1852 and 1885), Burma was annexed.
Other British colonies in Asia include Ceylon, Maldives, Malaya, Singapore and Egypt; and Australia and
New Zealand in the South Pacific. The French followed the examples of the English; they acquired
Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia as its territory known as French Indochina. The Dutch established its
domain in the East Indies( the present Indonesia). Czarist Russia, expanded its territory eastward and
acquired Siberia, Kamchatka peninsula, the Kuriles Islands and Alaska( which was later sold to the US in
1867). Japan joined the bandwagon of acquiring neighboring territories following the opening of its door
to Western Imperialism. After the Sino-Japanese War(1894-1895) she acquired Formosa(Taiwan) and
Pescadores; in 1910 Korea was annexed to its dominion. Germany was the late comer to scramble for
colonies and acquired the Pacific Island of Yap in the Carolines.

19. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century 6. New Ideas and Confidence for Growth •
Democracy made significant gains by several reforms in government and social relations • Human rights
were extended to people. • Large sums of money were spent for public education; education for
nationalism was stressed to teach the people of a nation on its own glories and achievements • Science
received a great boost from businessmen who spent money for research, invention and discoveries. •
Literature centered on the life of the time as writers wrote about they saw and experienced. • Painters
and artists painted life as it was all around them ; Musicians and composers showed their feeling of
nationalism in using folk songs and national themes.

20. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century Rizal on the Growth of Nationalism In his letter
to his Austrian friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal wrote, “ I would stimulate these Philippine studies
which are like nosce te ipsum(Know Thyself) that gives the true concept of oneself and drives nation to
greatness.”  When people become aware that they are different from other race, they become proud
and willing to serve their nation. They become patriotic and develop proud in their country. All these are
possible only if they know their country better.

21. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century Rizal on the French Revolution and American
War for Independence Rizal wished that Spain would have benefited the gifts of Liberty, Equality and
Progress and shared them with the Philippines. However, “Spain did not plant in those islands(The Phils)
those inestimable gifts so that they might be the exclusive patrimony and feudal dominion of the
reactionary friars”.

22. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century How Nationalism was Stimulated by
Transportation and Communication. Rizal wrote, “ The people go from island to another, naturally
communication and exchange of ideas have increased and realizing they were all menaced with the
same danger and their common sentiments are hurt, they become friends and they unite”.  Modern
means of transportation and communication brought the people of a nation closer. They began to
realize their common problems and aspirations. They felt the need for closer union in solving their
problems and attaining their goals.

23. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century Rizal on the Advancement of Science In his
novel Noli, Rizal hailed the “ Jesuits whom the Philippines owes her dawning system of instruction in the
natural sciences, the soul of the nineteenth century”.  As people become more interested in science,
many of its secrets were discovered with systematized experimentation. Scientists around the world
worked to know more about the facts of nature. Businessmen funded researches which in turn, the
results brought huge profits to the business.

24. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century Rizal on Imperialism He said, “The Filipinos
remained loyal and faithful to Mother Spain for three centuries, giving up their liberty and
independence, now fascinated by the promised heaven, now flattered by the friendship offered them by
a great and noble nation(Mother Spain), and now compelled to submission by the superiority of arms
for persos with low opinion of themselves…or now because of foreign invaders, taking advantage of the
internal dissension, played the role of the third party of divide and rule”

25. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century Rizal on Demand for Independence The
demand for national identity and independence was a result of Western ideas of nationalism and
democracy. Rizal was prophetic when he said; “ No matter how much the Filipinos owe Spain, they
cannot be compelled to renounce their right of redemption…However great is the loyalty of the
Filipinos, Spain cannot prevent the fatal laws of history be fulfilled.”

26. Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century Rizal on the significance of Enlightenment for
progress of the Phils: “ Despite all that system, organized, perfected and followed with tenacity by
(Spain) who wished to keep the islands in holy ignorance, there are Filipino writers, free thinkers,
historians, chemists, physicians, jurists, artists. Enlightenment is spreading and its persecution
encourages it. The divine flame of thought is inextinguishable among the Filipino people…”

GE Rizal: The Philippines of Rizal's Time (11 Evil Colonial Power)

1. The Philippines of Rizal's Times Prepared by: Cherry Claire Allocod

2. During the times of Rizal, the sinister shadows of Spain’s decadence darkened the Philippine Skies. 11
Evil Colonial Power

3. EVILS OF SPANISH RULES IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Instability of Colonial Administration King Ferdinand
VIII (1808 – 1833) Frequent shift of policies owing to struggle between Liberalism and Despotism; From
1835- 1897 there were 50 Governors General.

4. 1. Corrupt Colonial Officials a.Gen. Rafael de Isquerdo (1875-1883) incompetent and cruel, boastful,
ruthless, executed GOMBURZA in 1872. b.Gen. Primo de Rivera – accepted bribes from gambling casino
which he permitted to operate. 2. Corrupt Colonial Officials  Gen. Rafael de Isquerdo - incompetent and
cruel, boastful, ruthless, executed GOMBURZA in 1872.  Admiral Jose Malcampo - successor of
Izquierdo who was a good Moro fighter but was an inept and weak administrator.
5. 1874 •Admiral Jose Malcampo becomes governor-general TIMELINE: The Philippines of Rizal’s Times

6. 1880 • General Fernando Primo de Rivera becomes Governor General TIMELINE: The Philippines of
Rizal’s Times A gambling casino

7. 1888 •General Valeriano Weyler becomes governor-general TIMELINE: The Philippines of Rizal’s
Times

8. 1896 •General Camilo de Polavieja is appointed governor- general of the Philippines TIMELINE: The
Philippines of Rizal’s Times

9. 1897 •General Primo de Rivera begins his second term as governor-general TIMELINE: The Philippines
of Rizal’s Times

10.  Gen. Primo de Rivera – accepted bribes from gambling casino which he permitted to operate. 
Gen. Valeriano Weyler (1888-1891) – cruel and corrupt; received huge bribes, gifts and diamonds from
wealthy Chinese who evaded anti-Chinese law; persecuted Calamba tenants particularly the family of
Dr. Jose Rizal.  Gen. Camilo de Polavieja – heartless givernor; executed Dr. Jose Rizal.

11. 3. No Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes The representation of the overseas colonies in the
Spanish Cortes was abolished in 1837. Since then the Philippines condition worsened because there was
no means by which the Filipino people could expose the anomalies perpetrated by the colonial officials.
Philippine representation in the Cortes was never restored.

12. 1810 • Filipinos gain representation in the Spanish Cortes Delegate Ventura de Los Reyes TIMELINE:
The Philippines of Rizal’s Times

13. 1837 Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes is abolished. TIMELINE: The Philippines of
Rizal’s Times The Spanish Parliament

14. 1876 •Puerto Rico and Cuba regain representation in the Spanish Cortes TIMELINE: The Philippines
of Rizal’s Times

15. 4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos  The people of Spain enjoyed freedom of speech, freedom of
the press, freedom of the association and other human rights (except freedom of religion). The Spanish
authorities who cherished these human rights or constitutional liberties in Spain denied them to the
Filipinos in Asia.

16. 4. HUMAN RIGHTS denied the Filipinos - No freedom of expression 5. No Equality Before the Law
Filipinos were abused, brutalized, persecuted and slandered.  Spanish missionaries thought that ALL
MEN irrespective of color and race are children of God and as such they are brothers, equal before God
and not before the law… not in practice.  Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies) rarely enforced.  Spanish
Civil Code imposed light penalties on Spaniards but heavier penalties to native Filipinos.
17. 6. Maladministration of Justice  The courts of justice were notoriously corrupt. Judges, fiscals and
court officials were inept, venal and oftentimes ignorant of law.  Justice was costly, partial and slow.
Poor Filipinos has no access to the courts. To the Filipino masses, litigation in court was a calamity.

18. June 8, 1886 •Juan dela Cruz is arrested on mere suspicion of murder TIMELINE: The Philippines of
Rizal’s Times

19. 1872 •Execution of GOMBURZA TIMELINE: The Philippines of Rizal’s Times

20. December 30, 1896 Dr. Jose Rizal is executed TIMELINE: The Philippines of Rizal’s Times “Listo!
Apuntar! Fuego!”

21. 7. Racial Discrimination  Spain introduced Christianity’s egalitarian concept of the BROTHERHOOD
OF ALL MEN under GOD THE FATHER, but Filipinos were regarded as inferior beings undeserving of
rights enjoyed by the Spaniards.  Spaniards derisively called brown-skinned and flat nosed Filipinos
“Indios” (Indians).  Lack of opportunities for educated young Filipinos to rise in the service of God and
Country

22. 8. Frailocracy  Union of Church and state  Friars (Augustinians, Dominicans and Franciscans) –
controlled the religious and educational life of the Philippines and later in the 19th century they came to
acquire tremendous political power, influence and riches.  Friars controlled government from governor
general down to alcaldes mayores;

23.  Friars exercise priestly duties, supervise elections, inspector of books and taxes, arbiter of morals,
censor of books and comedias, superintendent of public works and guardian of peace and order.  Rizal,
del Pilar, Jaena and other Filipino reformists blamed frailocracy/friars for obscurantism, fanaticism, and
oppression in the country.

24. Three friars served as governors-general: Archbishops Francisco dela Cuesta, Manuel Rojo del Rio
and Juan Arrechedera

25.  Frailocracy had two faces.

26. 9. Forced Labor (Polo y servicio) compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish colonial authorities on
adult Filipino males in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals, buildings, roads and bridges,
ships etc. Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to render forced labor for 40 days a year.

27. July 12, 1883 Royal Decree changing the system of polo y servicios is issued TIMELINE: The
Philippines of Rizal’s Times Forced Labor

28.  Wealthy ones were able to evade forced labor by paying falla, a sum of money.  Spaniards were
not drafted to forced labor, contrary to law, while the Filipino polistas received only a part of two
pesetas (50 centavos) or worse nothing at all.  Disturbed the Indios’ work in the farm and shops and
separate them from their families.
29. 10. Hacienda Owned by Friars  Friars owned the best haciendas and the folks filling these lands
even before the coming of the Spaniards became tenants – resulted in bloody agrarian upheaval in
1745-1746.  Rizal tried to initiate agrarian reform in 1887 but in vain, ignited the wrath of the
Dominican Friars who retaliated by raising land rentals.  Rizal in his “Indolence of the Filipinos” in
substance opined that Friars ownership of best agricultural tract of land contribute to the stagnation of
economy

30. 1768 •Governor Anda recommends to the Madrid government the sale of the friar estates
TIMELINE: The Philippines of Rizal’s Times

31. 1887 •Rizal tries to initiate agrarian reforms TIMELINE: The Philippines of Rizal’s Times The Rizal
House in Calamba

32. 11. Guardia Civil – created by Royal Decree of February 12, 1852; Maltreatment, abuse, robbers,
rapists.  The purpose of maintaining internal peace and order in the Philippines but later became
infamous for their rampant abuses.  Both officers and men were ill-trained and undisciplined.  Rizal’s
Noli exposed the guardia civil through Elias as bunch of ruthless ruffians, good only for disturbing the
peace and persecuting honest men.

33. February 12, 1852 Royal Decree creating the Guardia Civil is promulgated The Modern Guardia Civil
TIMELINE: The Philippines of Rizal’s Times

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425

AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND
UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS
NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the
ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died;

WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we
remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped the national
character;
WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the youth,
especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused;

WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by the
State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience and
to teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore,

SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or
private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as basic texts.

The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith measures to
implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of appropriate
primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act,
promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the
provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations providing for the exemption of
students for reasons of religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the
provision contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the
course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect thirty
(30) days after their publication in the Official Gazette.

SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries an
adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of the
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as other writings of Rizal
shall be included in the list of approved books for required reading in all public or private schools,
colleges and universities.

The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books, depending upon
the enrollment of the school, college or university.
SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine
dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of
charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and Barrio Councils
throughout the country.

SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section nine hundred
twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public
school teachers and other person engaged in any public school.

SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of
any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.

SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Approved: June 12, 1956

Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June 1956.

CHAPTER I

THE WORLD DURING RIZAL'S BIRTH

Pax Hispana

i) reigned over the Philippines during this time

Jose Lemery

Spanish Governor-General when Rizal was born

ii) Good militarist; No Muslim raids, no serious uprising

1853-1856

i) Crimean War; Queen Victoria defeated the Russians

1854

American Commodore Matthew C. Perry unlocked the

doors of Japan

ii) Imperialist Western powers tried to invade Japan but the

Japanese Bushido spirit defeated the enemy

1857

Sepoy Mutiny, the last serious resistance to British

imperialism in India was suppressed

1858

i) Saigon was captured by the combined French-Filipino

forces

October 22, 1860

i) China ends war with England and France by the

infamous "CONVENTIONS OF PEKING"

1861

i) January: Benito Juarez, Indian-blooded hero, proclaimed

the restoration of Mexico's independence

ii) March: Czar Alexander II emancipated the serfs in

Russia

iii) April: Civil war in the US over the slavery question and

issue of secession

1862 - Cochin, China was captured by France

THE BIRTH OF RIZAL

June 19, 1861

i) A Wednesday

ii) Rizal was born between 11PM and 12MN, "a few days

before the full moon"

iii) The delivery was extremely difficult

iv) Mother almost died. She vowed to the VIRGIN OF

ANTIPOLO to bring Rizal to the shrine and her life was

spared

June 22, 1861

i) REV. RUFINO COLLANTES

a) baptized Rizal in the CATHOLIC CHURCH OF

CALAMBA

ii) REV. PEDRO CASAÑAS

a) Rizal 's Godfather

iii) "JOSE" was given by his Mom in honor of ST. JOSEPH

iv) It was customary for Catholic parents to name their

children after saints

JOSE RIZAL FACTS I

Full Name:

a) JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO y

ALONZO REALONDA

ii) Jokingly called by siblings as UT E

iii) Known in Calamba as PEPE or PEPITO

iv) SEVENTH out of 11 children

.

v) Father:

FRANCISCO MERCADO RIZAL

Born May 11, 1818 in Biñan, Laguna

Died January 5, 1898 in Manila

Educated Farmer

Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of

San Jose in Manila

After his mother's death, he moved to Calamba

and became a TENANT-FARMER of the

DOMINICAN ESTATE

Rizal described him as "A MODEL OF

FATHERS"

MARRIED Teodora on JUNE 29, 1848

vi) Mother:

a) TEODORA ALONZO REALONDA

Born November 8, 1826 in Manila

Died August 16, 1911 in Manila

Graduated from Santa Rosa College

Rizal described her as “My mother is more than

a woman of ordinary culture. She knows

literature and speaks better S panish than I...

She is a mathematician and read many books."

vii) The Rizal Children

a) Siblings:

SAPANAOLUMAJOCOJOTS

b) Husbands and Wives:

MaHiSDALO

SUMaHerDaFaC

JB WaWaWaPaQ

SATURNINA

Married to Manuel Hidalgo of Tanauan, Bats.

PACIANO

Born March 7, 1851

Died April 13, 1930

Married to Severina Decena

Joined the Revolution as a General after Rizal

execution

e) NARCISA

Married to Antonio Lopez of Morong, Rizal

f) OLYMPIA

Married to Silvestre Ubaldo, Telegraph

Operator from Manila

LUCIA

Married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba

h) MARIA

Married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Lag.

i) JOSE
Married to Josephine Bracken, pretty Irish

woman from Hong Kong

j) CONCEPCION

Died at the age of THREE

k) JOSEFA

She did not marry

Died an old maid

1) TRINIDAD

She did not marry

Died an old maid

m) SOLEDAD

Married to Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba

ANCESTORS

i) Father's Side

a) DOMINGO LAM-CO

Great-great grandfather of Jose

From CHINCHERO, CHINA

> Chinchero – “CITY OF SPRING”

Adopted MERCADO as surname because of his

business nature and remind him of his family of

merchants in Chinchero

b) GREAT GRAND & GRANDFATHER

Both CAPITANES of BIÑAN

ii) Mother's Side

a) LAKAN-DULA
Last MALAYAN KING of TONDO

b) EUGENIO URSUA

Great-great grandfather of Jose

Japanese-decent

c) CIPRIANO ALONSO

Great grandfather

CAPITAN of BIÑAN

d) LORENZO ALBERTO ALONSO

Grandfather

Engineer

Awarded by Spain with the “KNIGHT OF THE

GRAND ORDER OF ISABELA THE

CATHOLIC"

GOVERNOR NARCISO CLAVERIA

i) Ordered Filipino families to choose new HISPANIZED

surnames because of two reasons:

a) Filipino surnames are hard to pronounce; and

b) They are hard to remember

‫܀‬

The children (Teodora, Gregorio, Manuel and Jose

Alberto) of Lorenzo Alberto Alonso chose

"REALONDA"

• Francisco did not like the names that were assigned to

Calamba so he chose his own, RIZAL, from the word

RICIAL meaning GREEN FIELD or NEW PASTURE

RIZAL WEALTH

i) First in Calamba to:

a) Build a STONE HOUSE

b) Own a CARRUAJE

c) HOME LIBRARY

d) Educate their children in the Colleges of Manila

ii) Operated businesses:

a) Sugar mill

b) Flour mill

c) Home-made ham press

d) Dye

iii) Dona T owned a store which sold many articles of trade

needed by the people

• Rizal family was well respected and highly esteemed

• They were gracious to all visitors regardless of rank, race

or economic status

CHAPTER II - CHILDHOOD DAYS IN CALAMBA

Laguna de Bay

i) “A lake of poems and songs”

Antipolo

i) Famous mountain shrine of the miraculous Lady of

Peace and Good Voyage

Calamba

i) Fertile fields of rice and sugarcane

ii) Fruit trees and bananas

iii) Starry night "FILLED WITH THE POETRY OF

SADNESS"

1876

i) Rizal wrote UN RECUERDO A MI PUEBLO

a) “In memory of my town"

ii) He was 15 years old

EARLIEST CHILDHOOD MEMORIES

i) Three year-old Rizal was frail, sickly and undersized

ii) Father Francisco built a little nipa hut for Rizal to play

during daytime

iii) Aya - maid

iv) He observed birds from his garden cottage:

a) Culiauan

b) Maya

c)

Maria Capra

d) Martin

e) Pipit

v) Angelus prayer was recited by nightfall daily

vi) Aya told stories about fairies, hidden treasure and trees

blooming with diamonds

vii) Aya used to threaten him that ASWANG, TIKBALANG

or a terrible bearded and turbaned Bombay would take

him away if he does not eat supper

viii) Nocturnal walks along the river banks with Aya

FIRST SORROW

i) 1865 - death of his younger sister Concepcion, a.k.a.

Concha

ii) As per Rizal, “I lost my younger sister Concha and then

for the first time I wept tears of love and grief"

JOSE RIZAL FACTS II

i) Devout Catholic

ii) At 3 years old, learned the alphabet began to take part in

the family prayer

iii) At 5 years old, was able to haltingly read the Spanish

family Bible

iv) Jokingly called Manong Jose by Hermanos and

Hermanas Terceras

v) First Teacher was DOÑA TEODORA

vi) Poems he wrote in his boyhood:

a) Al Niño Jesus (1876)

b) La Alianza Intima Entre La Religion y La Buena

Educación (1876)

c) A La Virgen Maria

vii) BURNED the face of JOSEFA after he ignited a fuse

attached to a bottle of powder

Rizal was given a good spanking

viii) THE STORY OF THE MOTH

a) Rizal's favorite story

ix) RIZAL'S UNCLES (Maternal side)

a) Uncle GREGORIO

Lover of books

b) Uncle JOSE

Educated at Calcutta, India

Youngest brother of Dona T

Painting, Sketching, Sculpture

c) Uncle MANUEL

Big, strong, husky

Swimming, Fencing, Wrestling

x) Studied in Binan in 1970-71

xi) Started studying in Ateneo in 1972

FATHER LEONCIO LOPEZ

i) Rizal visited this learned Filipino priest and listened to

his stimulating opinions on current events and the sound

philosophy of life

June 6, 1868

i) Jose and Francisio left Calamba on a pilgrimage to

Antipolo

ii) Dona Teodora could not accompany Jose because she

just gave birth to Trinidad

iii) They rode in a CASCO (barge)

iv) Went to Manila from the Antipolo shrine and visited

Saturnina who was studying at the La Concordia College

QUOTABLE QUOTES
i) Sisters: “UTE, what you are you doing with so many

statues?

Jose: “Don't you know that people will erect monuments

and statues in my honor in the future?

SA AKING MGA KABABATA

i) To my fellow children

a) An appeal to our people to love our national

language

STAGE DRAMA

i) Was written in connection with the Calamba town fiesta

ii) GOBERNADORCILLO of Paete was favorably

impressed and he bought the manuscript from little Jose

for TWO pesos

INFLUENCES

i) Hereditary Influence

ii) Environmental Influence

iii) Aid of Divine Providence

CHAPTER III - SCHOOL DAYS IN BIÑAN

MAESTRO JUSTINIANO AQUINO CRUZ

i) Rizal's teacher in Biñan

ii) Described by Rizal as "a tall, thin, long -necked man,

with a sharp nose and body bent slightly forward

iii) Wore a SINAMAY made by BATANGUEÑAS

iv) Knew the grammars of Nebrija and Gainza by heart

Rizal's tutors in Latin alphabet and Catholic prayers

i) Maestro Celestino

ii) Maestro Lucas Padua

Leon Monroy

i) Private tutor

ii) Old man who was a classmate of Francisco

iii) Gave Rizal his first lessons in Latin

iv) Lived in the Rizal home until his death 5 months after he

started

June 1870

i) Jose left Calamba for Biñan with Paciano

ii) They rode a CARROMATA for 1 12 hours

iii) Jose stayed with his Aunt while in Biñan

The school was in the house of the teacher which was a

NIPA hut 30 M ETERS from the house of Jose's Aunt

SCHOOL BRAWL

i) Afternoon of his first day of school, Jose met the bully

PEDRO who previously made fun of him in class

a) Pedro was Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz's son

ii) Jose challenged Pedro and they wrestled. Jose won in the

end

iii) Got his wrestling skills from Uncle Manuel

iv) ANDRES SALANDANAN challenged Jose to an ARM

WRESTLING match in the afternoon. Jose lost and

almost cracked his head on the sidewalk

v) He had many more fights after. He was not quarrelsome

but never backed out of a fight

PAINTING

i) Juancho

a) Old painter and father-in-law of Maestro Cruz

b) Gave free lessons to Jose in drawing and painting

and was impressed by Jose

c) Made Jose Rizal and Jose Guevara his apprentices

JOSE GUEVARA

> Rizal's classmate

JOSE RIZAL FACTS III

1) He woke up at 4 and went to mass everytime there was

one

ii) Jose was the best student in his class and surpassed all

children in SPANISH, LATIN and other subjects

iii) "in spite of the reputation I had of being a good boy, the

day was unusual when I was not laid out on a bench and

given five or six blows"

DECEMBER 1871

i) Jose received a letter from Saturnina about the steamer

TALIM which would take him from Biñan to Calamba

ii) Jose left Biñan on December 18

a) ARTURO CAMPS took care of him during his trip

on the steamer
A Frenchman

Friend of Don Francisco

INJUSTICE TO DOÑA TEODORA

i) She was arrested on malicious charge that she aided

JOSE ALBERTO in trying to poison Alberto's wife

a) JOSE ALBERTO

Doña Teodora's brother

Rich Biñan landowner

Can speak:

> Spanish

> French

→ English

> German

ii) Upon Jose Alberto's return from a business trip in

Europe, he learned that his wife abandoned their house

and kids and lived with another man

iii) To avert family scandal, Doña T convinced Alberto to

forgive his wife instead of divorce

iv) After being forgiven, the wife connived with the

lieutenant of the Guardia Civil to fabricate evidence that

they tried to poison her

a) Lieutenant was against the Rizal family because

Francisco once refused to give his horse a fodder

b) He was brutal in arresting Dona T

c) Forced Dona T to walk from Calamba to Sta. Cruz

v) The court judge also had a grudge with the Rizal family

for not according greater respect than Filipino guests in

their home. He sent her to the provincial jail in Sta. Cruz

rather than in Calamba.

vi) Case reached the Supreme Court ( Royal Audiencia )

January 20, 1872

i) Cavite mutiny flared up

February 17, 1872

i) Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto

Zamora were executed

• Father Burgos was Paciano's beloved professor and

friend at the COLLEGE OF SAN JOSE.

Paciano quit college after the execution, returned to

Calamba and relayed the story to Jose

CHAPTER IV

- TRIUMPHS IN THE ATENEO, 1972-77

ATENEO MUNICIPAL

i) Formerly ESCUELA PIA

a) Charity school for poor boys in Manila

b) Established by the city government in 1817

ii) College under the supervision of Spanish Jesuits

iii) Bitter rival of Dominican-owned COLLEGE OF SAN

JUAN DE LETRAN
iv) Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines in 1768 and

returned in 1859 and took hold of the ESCUELA PIA

which was later named Ateneo Municipal and then to

Ateneo de Manila.

a) They lost all their properties during the exile but

they were given splendid educators and gained

prestige within a few years

June 10, 1872

i) Jose took the entrance examinations on Christian

doctrine, arithmetic and reading at the College of San

Juan de Letran

a) Don Francisco wanted to send Rizal to Letran but

later changed his mind

JOSE RIZAL FACTS IV

i) He was initially denied admission to the Ateneo by

College Registrar FATHER MAGIN FERRANDO

because he was:

Late for Registration

b) Too sickly and undersized for his age

ii) He was later on accepted reluctantly after the

intercession of MANUEL XEREZ BURGOS

a) Dr. Manuel Xerez is the nephew of Father Burgos,

the martyr

iii) Jose was the FIRST ONE TO ADOPT “RIZAL"

a) He used Rizal in enrolling in Ateneo because

“Mercado” had come under suspicion of the Spanish

authorities because of PACIANO'S connection to

Father Burgos

iv) During his first year, Jose lived in a boarding house on

Caraballo Street, 25 minute walk from Intramuros-based

Ateneo

a) The boarding house was owned by a spinster

TITAY who owed the Rizal family P300

v) Rizal's books

a) THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

By ALEXANDER DUMAS

His first favorite book

b) UNIVERSAL HISTORY

CESAR CANTU S'historical work.

Great aid in studies and enabled him to win

more prizes in Ateneo

c) TRAVELS IN THE PHILIPPINES

By FEODOR JAGOR

> German scientist-traveller

2 Main points:

Defects of the Spanish colonization

Spain would lose the Philippines to

America as colonizer

.a) Consisting of the Internos (Boarders)

b) RED Banner
ii) The CARTHAGINIAN EMPIRE

a) Consisting of the Externos (Non-boarders)

b) BLUE Banner

c) This was RIZAL's group since he was living outside

of the school

EMPIRE RANKS

i)

EMPEROR - Best student in the group

ii) TRIBUNE -

2nd Best

iii) DECURION

3rd Best

iv) CENTURION

4th Best

v) STANDARD-BEARER - 5th Best

Representation of group banners with every defeat

i) 1" Defeat: Banner to the left side of the room

ii) 2nd Defeat: Inferior position on the right side of the room

iii) 3rd Defeat: Inclined flag is placed on the left

iv) 4" Defeat: Flag is reversed and placed on the right

v) 5th Defeat: Reversed flag is placed on the left

vi) 61h Defeat: Banner is replaced with a figure of a donkey

Ateneo Uniform:

i) Striped Cotton Coat - a.k.a. RAYADILLO

a) Rayadillo was later on used by Philippine Republic

soldiers as their uniform

ii) Hemp-fabric trousers

FATHER JOSE BECH

i) Rizal's FIRST PROFESSOR

ii) Described by Rizal as“ tall, thin man with a body slightly

bent forward, a hurried walk, an ascetic gace, severe

and inspired, small deep-sunken eyes, sharp nose that

was almost Greek and thin lips forming an arc whose

ends fell toward the chin

RIZAL'S FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO

i) Knew little Spanish so he was at last place in the

Carthaginian group at the beginning of the school year

ii) After a month, he was already EMPEROR

iii) Received his first award, RELIGIOUS PICTURE, for

being top of the class

iv) Took private lessons in Spanish at the SANTA ISABEL

COLLEGE during noon recess

a) Paid THREE PESOS

v) He was relegated to second place in the second half of

the year because he did not try enough to retain his

scholarship supremacy

a) He resented remarks from his professors

b) But all his marks were still excellent

SUMMER VACATION (1873)

i) Did not enjoy his vacation in Calamba because Dona T

was in prison.

ii) Neneng (Saturnina) brought him to Tanawan but this did

not cure his melancholy

iii) He went to Sta. Cruz to visit his mother without telling

his Father

SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO

i) He stayed at No. 6 Magallanes Street in his Sophomore

year

ii) He studied harder and he became Emperor once again

iii) He had new classmates from his previous school of

Maestro Justiniano

iv) Excellent grades in all subjects and received a GOLD

MEDAL after the school year

PROPHECY OF MOTHER'S RELEASE

i) During summer, Jose immediately visited his mom in

prison

Dona T had a dream and Jose prophesied that she will be

RELEASED IN THREE MONTHS

iii) The prophecy came true with the help of:

a) FRANCISCO DE MARCAIDA

b) MANUEL MARZAN

THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO

i) Dona T visited him and they met for the first time

outside of prison

ii) Excellent in all subjects

iii) Only 1 medal - for LATIN subject

iv) After the school year, he said "I returned dissatisfied to

my home town."

a)

FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO

i) Became an internee in the Ateneo

Father FRANCISCO SANCHEZ

One of his professors who inspired him to study

harder and write poetry

b) Described by Rizal as “a model of rectitude,

solicitude and devotion to his pupils' progress."

iii) Topped all subjects and won FIVE medals

FIFTH AND LAST YEAR IN ATENEO

i) Excelled in all subjects

ii) Most brilliant Atenean of his time

iii) "The Pride of the Jesuits”

iv) Obtained highest grades in all subjects:

a) Philosophy

b) Physics

c) Biology

d) Chemistry
e) Languages

f) Mineralogy

V) Received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest

honors at 16 years old

RIZAL's Extra -curricular Activities:

i) MARIAN CONGREGATION

a Members were distinguished in their class for their

PIETY AND GOOD SCHOLARSHIP

b) He was an active member

c) Became secretary later on

ii) ACADEMY OF SPANISH LITERATURE

iii) ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

iv) FATHER FRANCISCO SANCHEZ cultivated the

literary talents of Rizal.

a FATHER JOSE VILACLARA

Advised Rizal to stop communing with the

MUSES and pay more attention to practical

studies such as philosophy and natural sciences

Rizal did not heed his advice

SCRUPTURAL WORKS IN ATENEO

i) Rizal carved an image of OUR VIRGIN MARY on a

piece of BATIKULING (Philippine hardwood) with his

pocket knife

FATHER LLEONART
a) Impressed by the artwork of Rizal

b) Requested for a carved image of the SACRED

HEART OF JESUS

c) He intended to bring the SACRED HEART IMAGE

to Spain but forgot to do so because he was an

ABSENT-MINDED

ANECDOTE ON RIZAL THE ATENEAN

i) By FELIX M. ROXAS

a) Related the incidents of Rizal's schooldays in the

Ateneo which reveals the hero's resignation to pain

and forgiveness

b) RIZAL WAS STRUCK WITH A BOOK but he did

not retaliate

c) The two boys who accidentally hurt Rizal:

MANZANO

LESACA

ii) By MANUEL XERES BURGOS

a) Rizal boarded his house prior Ateneo enrollment

b) Rizal climbed the high cathedral tower to retrieve

the kite of JULIO

POEMS WRITTEN IN ATENEO

i) MI PRIMERA INSPIRACION

a) My First Inspiration

b) Dedicated to Dona T on her birthday

ii) 1875 Poems

a) FELICITACION

b) EL EMBARQUE: HIMNO A LA FLOTA DE

MAGALLANES

The Departure: Hymn to Magellan's Fleet

Y ES ESPANOL: ELCANO, EL PRIMERO EN

DAR LA VUELTA EL MUNDO

And He is Spanish; Elcano, the First to

Circumnavigate the world

d) EL COMBATE: URBIZTONDO, TERROR DE

JOLO

The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo

iii) 1876 Poems

a) LA TRAGEDIA DE SAN EUSTAQUIO

The Tragedy of St. Eustace

b) UN RECUERDO A MI PUEBLO

In Memory of my Town

ALIANZA INTIMA ENTRE LA RELIGION Y LA

BUENA EDUCACION

Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good

Education

d) POR LA EDUCACION RECIDE LUSTRE LA

PATRIA

Through Education the Country Receives Light

e)
.

EL CAUTIVERIO Y EL TRIUNFO: BATALLA

DE LUCENA Y PRISION DE BOABDIL

The captivity and the Triumph: Battle of

Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boabdil

f) LA ENTRADA TRIUNFAL DE LOS REYES

CATOLICOS EN GRANADA

The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic Monarchs

in Granada

iv) 1877 Poems

EL HEROISMO DE COLON

The Heroism of Columbus

b) COLON Y JUAN II

Columbus (discovered America) and John II

Relates how King John II of Portugal did not

finance Columbus expedition to America

c) GRAN CONSUELO EN LA MAYOR DESDICHA

Great Comfort in Great Misfortune

d) UN DIALOGO ALUSIVO A LA DESPEDIDA DE

LOS COLEGIALES

A Farewell Dialogue of the Students

FIRST ROMANCE OF RIZAL

i) Shortly after his graduation from Ateneo

ii) SEGUNDA KATIGBAK

a) Rizal described her as "rather short, with eyes that

were eloquent and ardent at times and languid at

others, rosy-cheeked, with an enchanting smile that

revealed very beautiful teeth and the air of a sylph;

her entire self diffused a mysterious charm”

b) Pretty 14 year-old Batagueña from Lipa

c) Sister of MARIANO KATIGBAK

Friend of Rizal

d) Met Rizal in a gathering in his grandma's house in

TROZO, MANILA

e) Studied in LA CONCORDIA COLLEGE

CHAPTER V

- AT THE UNIV. OF SANTO TOMAS

OVERVIEW

i) First year - PHILOSOPHY AND LETTERS

a) Two reasons why he chose this course:

Don Francisco liked it

He was still uncertain on what career to follow

ii) Second year – shifted to the MEDICAL COURSE

a) Two reasons why he took up medicine:

Wanted to be a physician to cure his mother's

failing eyesight

FATHER PABLO RAMON

3 Father Rector of the Ateneo

Recommended medicine as career for Rizal

iii) He remained loyal to Ateneo and continued to participate

in extra-curricular activites

a) ACADEMY OF SPANISH LITERATURE

PRESIDENT

b) ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

SECRETARY

iv) Also completed his vocation course in SURVEYING

from the Ateneo during his

Gained the title of PERITO AGRIMENSOR

Expert surveyor

Gold medals in AGRICULTURE and

TOPOGRAPHY

V) As a Thomasian, he won more literary laurels, had more

romances with girls and FOUGHT AGAINST SPANISH

STUDENTS

vi) Dona T opposed the idea of Don Francisco and Paciano

to let Rizal pursue higher learning

a) She had a PREMONITION that too much

knowledge would imperil his son's life

vii) FILIPINO INTELLECTUALS WHO WERE EITHER

KILLED OR EXILED BY THE SPANIARDS

a) Father Jose Burgos

b) Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor

c) Jose Ma. Basa

a)
a)

OTHER LOVE INTERESTS

Miss L

Rizal described her as "fair with seductive and

attractive eyes"

Calamba native that Rizal courted shortly after

losing Segunda Katigbak

Two reasons why Rizal did not pursue Miss L

after several visits to her house:

> Segunda was still in his heart

> Don Francisco objected to the match

b) LEONOR VALENZUELA

Pet name ORANG

Almost as tall as Jose himself

Daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday

Parents house was beside DONA CONCHA

LEYVA's where Rizal stayed during his second

year stay in UST

c) LEONOR RIVERA

Frail, beautiful girl, “tender as a budding flower

with kindly wistful eyes"

Rizal's first Engagement

Rizal's cousin from Camiling, Tarlac

Daughter of ANTONIO RIVERA, Rizal's uncle

> Managed "CASA TOMASINA"

rd

Rizal's boarding house in his 3 year

No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros

Studied in La Concordia College

Signed her name as TAIMIS in her letters to

camouflage her intimate relationship with Jose

from their parents and friends

VICTIM OF SPANISH BRUTALITY

i) When Rizal was a freshman medical student in UST

ii) One dark night on a street in Calamba, Rizal did not

recognize a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil and did not

salute or say Good Evening. The latter slashed Rizal's

back with a sword.

iii) Wound lasted for TWO weeks

iv) The incident was reported to GENERAL PRIMO de

RIVERA but nothing happened because Rizal was an

INDIO and the offender was a Spaniard

MORE ON LITERARY WORKS

i) LICEO ARTISTICO-LITERARIO

a) Artistic-Literary Lyceum

b) Held a literary contest that was open to all Native or

Mestizo

ii) A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA

a) To the Filipino Youth

b) Captured FIRST PRIZE

C) Rizal was awarded with a SILVER PEN,

FEATHER-SHAPED and DECORATED WITH A

RIBBON

d) Considered a PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

CLASSIC because of Two reasons:

The first great poem in Spanish written by a

Filipino and recognized by Spanish literary

authorities

For the first time, it gives the nationalistic

concept that the Philippines is the

FATHERLAND of the FILIPINOS

iii) EL CONSEJO DE LOS DIOSES

a) The Council of the Gods

b) Captured FIRST PRIZE in a contest

th

commemorating the 4 centennial of CERVANTES

Author of Don Quixote

Spain's glorified man-of-letters and a famous

author

c) Competition was open to all Filipinos and Spaniards

d) The judges were FORCED to award the top prize to

Rizal because of its literary superiority over its

competition
e) FIRST TIME that an INDIO bested the best Spanish

writers of his time

f) Rizal received a GOLD RING with CERVANTES

BUST on it

iv) JUNTO AL PASIG

a) Beside the Pasig

b) Drama that was staged by the Ateneans in 1880

c) Mediocre in quality

A FILIPINAS

a) SONNET in the album of the Society of Sculptors

vi) ABD-EL-AZIS Y MAHOMA

a) Declaimed by MANUEL FERNANDEZ, an

Atenean, in 1879 in honor of the Ateneo's Patroness

vii) AL M.R.P. PABLO RAMON, RECTOR DEL

ATENEO, EN SUS DIAS

a) Poem as an expression of affection to Father Pablo

Ramon

CHAMPION OF FILIPINO STUDENTS

i) Insults

a) Spaniards to Filipinos

INDIO, CHONGO!

b) Filipinos to Spaniards

KASTILA BANGUS!

ii) GROUPS HE WAS PART OF

a) THE THREE MUSKETEERS

Rizal was TREVILLE, their CHIEF of the three

musketeers

b) COMPAÑERISMO

Organized by Rizal in 1880

GALICANO APACIBLE

> Secretary of the Companerismo

> Said that members called themselves

"COMPANIONS OF JEHU"

UNHAPPY DAYS AT UST

i) Unlike Ateneo, UST had professors

that were hostile to him

b) racially discriminated Filipinos

obsolete and repressive methods of instruction

UST MEDICINE SCHOLASTIC RECORDS

Pat

Excellent

Pair

Good

Good

PACULTY OF MEDICINE

Pirst Year: $1678-79)

Physics

Chemistry

Natural History

Anatomy 1
Disseetion

Second year: (1879-80)

Anatomy 2

Dissection 2

Physiology

Private Hygiene

Public Hygiene

Third Year: (1880-83)

General Pathology

Therapeutics

Operation (Surgery

Fourth Year: (1881-82

Medical Pathology

Surgical Pathology

Obstetrics

Good

Good

Good

Good

Oood

Excellent

Good

Very Good

Very Good

Very Good
DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD

i) Decided to study in Spain after the fourth year of his

medical course

ii) He could no longer endure the discrimination and

hostility at UST

iii) He was encouraged by Antonio Rivera and supported by

Paciano and Saturnina

CHAPTER VI

- IN SUNNY SPAIN

OVERVIEW

i) Rizal went to Spain WITHOUT the blessing of his

parents of the knowledge of the Spanish authorities.

ii) CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

a) Spanish government during these times

iii) Spanish politicians and writers were openly criticizing

government policies without fear of persecution

iv) Rizal joined the PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

a) He worked with other Filipino patriots in seeking

reforms to remedy the evils of Spanish rule in the

Philippines

v) PACIANO gave him 700 PESOS before he departed

vi) SATURNINA gave him a DIAMOND RING

Helped Rizal during his days of poverty in Europe

vii) UNCLE ANTONIO delivered Rizal's monthly

allowance of 35 PESOS that Paciano promised to send

a)

SECRET DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN

i) Rizal used a passport obtained by a cousin named “Jose

Mercado"

ii) To outwit the Spanish authorities, he went to Calamba

ostensibly to attend the town fiesta.

iii) Manuel Hidalgo announced via a cryptic message that

the Spanish steamer SALVADORA was scheduled to

sail for Singapore

iv) JESUIT FATHERS gave Rizal LETTERS OF

RECOMMENDATION to the members of their

SOCIETY IN BARCELONA

JOSE M. CECILIO

a) Chengoy

b) Rizal's friend

JOURNEY THROUGH SINGAPORE

i) Rizal reached Singapore after 5 days of sailing in the

SALVADORA

ii) He stayed at HOTEL DE PAZ during the 2-day stop-

over

iii) Visited:

a)

Historic places

b) Botanical gardens
c) Temples

d) Art galleries

e) Writing diary and letters

JOURNEY THROUGH THE SUEZ CANAL

i) Boarded the DJEMNAH in Singapore

a) French steamer sailing to Europe

ii) DESTINATIONS

a) POINT DE GALLE

Arrived here ONE WEEK after leaving

Singapore

Described the port as SAD AND GLOOMY

b) COLOMBO, CEYLON

c) CAFÉ GUARDAFUI, AFRICA

Crossed the Indian Ocean en route to this place

d) ADEN, YEMEN

Rizal suffered terribly from heat

Hotter than the Philippines

e) SUEZ

Red Sea Terminal of the SUEZ CANAL

h)

Constructed by the famous Frenchman

FERDINAND DE LESSEPS

Took the DJEMNAH FIVE DAYS to traverse

the Suez Canal

PORT SAID

Mediterranean terminal of the canal

NAPLES

Rizal liked the place because of:

= Business activities

= Lively people

> Panoramic beauty

MARSEILLES

Visited CHATEAU D'IF

Where DANTES, the hero of The Count of

Monte Cristo, was detained

Stayed 3 days in Marseilles

PYRENEES

PORT BUO

BARCELONA

Took the train from Marseilles

Rizal enjoyed promenading along LAS

RAMBLAS

A famous street in Barcelona

Former classmates in the Ateneo greeted Rizal

and gave him a party at their favorite café,

PLAZA DE CATALUÑA

j)

k)

AMOR PATRIO
i) "Love of Country"

ii) Rizal's FIRST ARTICLE written on SPANISH SOIL

iii) Sent to BASILIO TEODORO

a) A friend in Manila

b) Editorial staff of the DIARIONG TAGALOG

First Manila daily to have a Tagalog section

iv) Wrote under the pen-name LAONG LAAN

v) Originally in Spanish, TRANSLATED TO TAGALOG

by MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

LOS VIAJES

i) Second article that was requested by FRANCISCO

CALVO

a) Editor of Diariong Tagalog

REVISITA DE MADRID

i) Third article he made for Diariong Tagalog but was sent

back to him because the paper had ceased publication.

RIZAL MOVES TO MADRID

i) Upon the advice of PACIANO

ii) He enrolled at UNIVESIDAD CENTRAL DE MADRID

a) Central University of Madrid

b) Enrolled in Two Courses

Medicine

Philosophy and Letters

iii) Also enrolled at the ACADEMY OF SAN CARLOS

Studied:
Painting

Sculpture

iv) Took private lessons in:

a) French

b) German

c) English

V) HALL OF ARMS OF SANZ Y CARBONELL

a) Practiced FENDING and SHOOTING

vi) CAFÉ DE PELAYO

a) Favorite RENDEZVOUS of Filipino Students

CONSUELO ORTEGA Y REY

i) Daughter of DON PABLO ORTEGA Y REY

a) Rizal visited their home every Saturday evening

ii) Rizal wrote A LA SEÑORITA C.O.y R.

iii) Did not allow the romance to go on because:

a) He was engaged to Leonor Rivera

b) EDUADO DE LETE

Rizal's friend who was deeply in love with

Consuelo

iv) Rizal made a quick trip to Paris to forget Consuelo

CIRCULO HISPANO-FILIPINO

i) Hispano-Philippine Circle

ii) Society of Spaniards and Filipinos

iii) Upon the request of the members, Rizal wrote

PIDEN VERSOS

a) “THEY ASKED ME FOR VERSES”

b)

Poem

ME

RIZAL AS LOVER OF BOOKS

Reading was his favorite past time in Madrid

ii) Bought second hand book from SEÑOR ROSES:

a) The Bible

b) Hebrew Grammar

c) Lives of the President sof the United States from

Washington to Johnson

d) Complete Works of Voltaire (9 volumes)

e) Complete Works of Horace (3 volumes)

f) Complete Works of C. Bernard (16 volumes)

g) History of the French Revolution

h) The Wandering Jew by Eugene Sue

i) Ancient Poetry

j) Works of Thycydides

k) The Byzantine Empire

1) The characters of La Bruyere

m) The Renaissance

n) Uncle Tom;s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Store

o) Works of Alexander Dumas

p) Louis XIV and his Court

q) And numerous books in medicine philosophy,

languages, history, geography, arts and sciences.

iii) He was deeply touched by UNCLE TOM'S CABIN and

THE WANDERING JEW

a) Both books arcused his sympathy for the oppressed

and unfortunate people

RIZAL BECOMES A MASON

i) Masons loudly and freely attacked the government and

the Church

Joined the Mason Lodge ACACIA in Madrid

iii) Two reasons why he joined the Masons:

a) Bad friars in the Philippines drove him to

desperation and Masonry

b) He needed the Masons to fight the bad friars in the

Philippines, for Masonry was a shield to use in his

light against the evil forces of tyranny

iv) Masonic name was DIMASALANG

v) Became a MASTER MASON in LODGE

SOLIDARIDAD

vi) Also became a MASTER MASON of LE GRAND

ORIENT FRANCE in Paris.

FINANCIAL WORRIES

i) Business in Calamba was failing because of high rent of

land and pest infestation on poultry

ii) The hacienda manager was mad at Don Francisco

because he did not give him a turkey when he asked

a) Scarce supply and the remaining poultry were to be

used for breeding

iii) Worked as a private tutor to rich families

iv) Won a GREEK competition on an EMPTY STOMACH

RIZAL'S SALUTE TO LUNA AND HIDALGO

National Exposition of Fine Arts n Madrid

a) Juan Luna

Grabbed FIRST PRIZE

Canvass: "SPOLIARIUM"

b) Felix R. Hidalgo

Grabbed SECOND PRIZE

Canvass: "CHRISTIAN VIRGINS EXPOSED

TO THE POPULACE"

RESTAURANT INGLES

The Filipino colony of Madrid tendered a banquet in

honor of Luna and Hidalgo.

b) Rizal was invited to give the principal speech

STUDIES COMPLETED IN SPAIN

i) Universidad Central de Madrid awarded the degrees of:

a) LICENTIATE IN MEDICINE

b) LICENTIATE IN PHILOSOPHY

ii) He was not awarded the Doctor's Diploma because he

did not pass the thesis required and he did not pay the

corresponding fees

Fifth Year (1882-83): Continuation of

Medical Course in the University

of Santo Toma

Medical Clinie 1

Good

Surgical Clinio

Good

Obstetrical Clinic

Legal Medicine

Excellent

Stathe Year (1883-34)

Medical Clinic 2

Good

Surgical Clinio a

Very Good

Licentiate in Medicine awarded on June 21,

1884 with the rating "Patr.

Doctorate (1884-85)

History of Medical Science

Surgical Analysis

Good

Normal Histology

Excellent
Doctor of Medicine (Not awarded)

1882-83

Universal History 1

... Very Good

General Literature

Excellent

1883-84

Universal History 2...... Excellent

Greek and Latin Literature Excellent (with pri

Greek 1

Excellent with prize)

1884-85

Spanish Language

Excellent with a scholarship

Artibla Language

Excellent with a scholarship

BERLIN

i) Capital of UNIFIED GERMANY

Place where Rizal met:

a) DR. FEODOR JAGOR

b) DR. ADOLPH B MEYER

DR. HANS MEYER

d) DR. RUDOLF VIRCHOW

iii) Rizal's merits as a scientist were recognized by

eminent scientists of Europe

the

GAY, PARIS

i) Rizal went to Paris at 24

ii) He just terminated his studies at CENTRAL

UNIVERSITY OF MADRID

iii) He was already a Physician

iv) Went to Paris to acquire more knowledge in

OPTHALMOLOGY

RIZAL STOPPED BY AT BARCELONA ON HIS

WAY TO PARIS TO VISIT HIS FRIEND

MAXIMO VIOLA

MAXIMO VIOLA

i) Medical student

ii) From a rich family in SAN MIGUEL, BULACAN

SEÑOR EUSEBIO COREMINAS

i) Rizal befriended him during visit to Maximo Viola

ii) EDITOR of LA PUBLICIDAD

iii) Rizal submitted an article to him on the

CAROLINES QUESTION, a hot topic during the

time

DON MIGUEL MORAYTA

i) OWNER of LA PUBLICIDAD

Statesman

iii) Rizal made him a CRAYON SKETCH

‫܀‬

RIZAL SOJOURNED IN PARIS FOR

4 MONTHS

DR. LOUIS DE WECKERT

i) Leading FRENCH Opthalmologist

ii) Rizal worked as his Assistant

FRIENDS IN FRANCE

i) He visited these people when he was not in Dr.

Weckert's clinic

ii) PARDO DE TAVERAS

a) Trinidad

b) Felix

C)

Paz

Engaged to Juan Luna

Rizal drew sketches of her in "The Monkey

and the Turtle"

iii) JUAN LUNA

a The Great Master of the Brush

b) Rizal posed in some of Luna's paintings

The Death of Cleopatra

The Blood Compact

iv) FELIX RESURRECCION HIDALGO

ENRIQUE LETE
i) Rizal wrote him a letter about Rizal's singing

‫܀‬

RIZAL LEARNED TO PLAY THE SOLFEGGIO,

PIANO AND VOICE CULTURE IN ONE MONTH

AND A HALF

RIZAL WAS THE FLUTIST IN VARIOUS

IMPROMPTU REUNIONS

SONGS THAT RIZAL COMPOSED

i) ALIN MANG LAHI

Patriotic song which asserts all races aspire for

freedom

ii) LA DEPORTACION

a) Composed in Dapitan during his exile

STRASBOURG

i) First place he went to after leaving Paris

a)

HEIDELBERG

i) Historic city in Germany FAMOUS FOR ITS OLD

UNIVERSITY AND ROMANTIC

SURROUNDINGS

ii) Rizal lived here for a short time and boarded with

German law students

iii) The law students made Rizal a member of the

CHESS PLAYERS CLUB

iv) UNIVERSITY EYE HOSPITAL

a) Under the umbrella of the University of

Heidelberg

b) Rizal worked here under the direction of DR.

OTTO BECKER

A distinguished German ophthalmologist

Rizal attended the lectures of Dr. BECKER and

PROF. WILHELM KUEHNE

v) SCENIC SPOTS AROUND HEIDELBERG THAT

RIZAL VISITED DURING THE WEEKENDS

Heidelberg Castle

b) Romantic Neckar River

c) Theater

d) Old churches

vi) Both Catholics and Protestants practiced

ECUMENISM

a Both religious parties lived together in harmony

and cordiality

vii) Rizal's favorite flower, FORGET -ME-NOT, a light

blue flower was found at the cool banks of the

Neckar River

viii) Rizal wrote A LAS FLORES DE HEIDELBERG

when he got homesick

ix) WILHELMSFELD

a) Mountainous village near Heidelberg where

Rizal spent 3 MONTHS for summer vacation

b) He stayed at the vicarage of a kind Protestant

Pastor named DR. KARL ULLMER

Became Rizal's friend and admirer

Children of Pastor Ullmer

Etta (Daughter).

Friedrich / Fritz (Son)

C) Rizal learned better German during his stay

FIRST LETTER TO BLUMENTRITT

a) Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Professor

Ferdinand Blumentritt

BLUMENTRITT was the Director of the

Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria

Rizal heard of this Ethnologist studying the

Tagalog language

b) Along with the letter, Rizal sent ARITMETICA

(Arithmetic)

Published in two languages

> Tagalog and Spanish

Published by the University of Santo Tomas

Press in 1868

Authored by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez

Native of Sta. Cruz

xi) HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY FIFTH

CENTENARY
a) August 16, 1886

b) Festival in Germany is FESTUNG

Rizal left Heidelberg 3 DAYS after the festival

a)

LEIPZIG

Rizal attended lectures on history and psychology at

the University of Leipzig

Rizal befriended

a PROFESSOR FRIEDRICH RATZEL

Famous German historian

b) DR. HANS MEYER

German Anthropologist

iii) Rizal translated

WILLIAM TELL by Schiller

From GERMAN to TAGALOG for

Filipinos to know the story of the Swiss

champion of Independence

b) FAIRY TALES by Hans Christian Andersen

For his nephews and nieces

iv) Cost of living in Leipzig was the cheapest in Europe

so he stayed 2 MONTHS AND A HALF

v) Corrected chapters of his second novel and

performed his daily physical exercises the city

gymnasium
vi) He worked as a proof-reader at a publishing firm

DRESDEN

xii) Rizal met DR. ADOLPH MEYER

a) Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological

Museum

xiii) Stayed for 2 DAYS in this city

xiv) “Truly I have never in my life heard a Mass whose

music had greater sublimity and intonation"

RIZAL WELCOMED IN BERLIN'S SCIENTIFIC CIRCLES

i) Rizal loved Berlin because:

a) Scientific atmosphere

b) Absence of Race prejudice

ii) He met DR. FEODOR JAGOR

a) Through a letter of introduction by Blumentritt

for him

ii) Dr. Jagor introduced Rizal to

a) DR. RUDOLF VIRCHOW

Famous German Anthropologist

b) DR. HANS VIRCHOW

Rudolf's son

Professor of Descriptive Anatomy

C) DR. W. JOEST

Noted German Geographer

iv) Rizal worked in the clinic of DR. KARL ERNEST

SCHWEIGGER
Famous German Ophthalmologist

v) Rizal became a member of the

a) ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY

b) ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Rizal was asked by Dr. Virchow to give a

lecture before this society

Rizal wrote a scholarly paper

TAGALISCHE VERKUNST

Tagalog Metrical Art

GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF BERLIN

d) All these upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor

and Dr. Meyer

vi) RIZAL'S LIFE IN BERLIN

a Five reasons why he lived in Berlin

To gain further knowledge of

Ophthalmology

To further his studies of sciences and

languages

To observe the economic and political

conditions of the German nation

To associate with famous German scientists

and scholars

To publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere

b) LUCIE CERDOLE

Had private French lessons with Rizal

c) UNTER DEN LINDEN

Most popular boulevard of Berlin

d) RIZAL AND GERMAN WOMEN

Rizal sent a letter to TRINIDAD expressing

his high regard and admiration for German

womanhood

TWO REASONS WHY BERLIN WAS

MEMORABLE:

The bleak winter when he was hungry, sick

and despondent in a strange city

His first novel NOLI ME TANGERE came

off the press (published)

DR. MAXIMO VIOLA

Rizal's friend from Bulacan

Arrived in Berlin at the time of Rizal's

despondency

Described as Rizal's SANTA CLAUS

He financed the printing of the NOLI

WRITING OF THE NOLI

UNCLE TOM'S CABIN

A novel by HARRIET BEECHER STOWE

h) Portrays the brutalities of American slave-

owners and the pathetic conditions of

unfortunate Negro slaves

Inspired Rizal to write the Noli

chranalaaisnrorrorNalis

a)

Started in MADRID and finished ONE-HALF of

it before he went to France

b) In FRANCE, he finished 34 of the of the novel

c) The fourth part and final revisions were made in

WILHELMSFELD, Germany

iii) FERNANDO CANON

a) Rizal told him “I did not believe that the Noli

would ever be published when I was in Berlin,

broken-hearted, weakened and discouraged from

hunger and deprivation."

iv) CHAPTER 20, Elias and Salome was deleted from

Noli to save on printing expenses

v)

BERLINER BUCHDRUCKREI-ACTION-

GESSELSCHAFT

a) Printing shop in Berlin that offered the cheapest

rate

b) 300 PESOS for 2,000 COPIES

vi) Relations between France and Germany were stained

because of ALSACE-LORRAINE

vii) The very first copies of the Noli were given to:

a) Blumentritt
b) Antonio Ma. Regidor

c) Graciano Lopez Jaena

d) Mariano Ponce

Felix Hidalgo

viii) NOLI contains 63 Chapters with an epilogue

e)

GRAND TOUR OF EUROPE

i) Dr. Maximo Viola was his travelling companion

ii) POTSDAM

a) City near Berlin that was made famous by

Frederick the great

iii) DRESDEN

a) Rizal's visit coincided with the Floral Exposition

b) They visited Dr. Adolph Meyer

c) At the Museum of Art, Rizal was impressed with

the PROMETHEUS BOUND

iv) TESCHEN

v) LEIMERITZ, BOHEMIA

a Blumentritt helped both men secure their rooms

at HOTEL KREBS

b) They stayed in Leimeritz for 4 days

c) ROSA - Blumentritt's wife

d) Blumentritt's children:

Dolores

Conrad
Fritz

DR. CARLOS CZEPELAK

Polish scholar and renowned scientist in

Europe

vi) PRAGUE

a) They carried letters of recommendation from

Blumentritt to DR. WILLKOMM

b) They visited:

The tomb of Copernicus

Famous cave where SAN JUAN

NEPOMUCENO was imprisoned

vii) BRUNN

a) "Nothing of importance happened in this cty"

b) Rizal wrote a letter to Blumentritt

c) 3 DAYS AFTER LEAVING LEIMERITZ

viii) VIENNA

a) QUEEN OF DANUBE

b) They met NORFENFALS

One of the greatest novelists of Europe

c) Stayed here for 5 DAYS

ix) LINTZ via river boat on the Danube River

x) SALZBURG travelled over land

xi) MUNICH - they savored the famous Munich beer

xii) NUREMBERG

a) Horrible torture machines used the Inquisition

b) Manufacture of dolls were the biggest industry

xiii) ULM

a) City Cathedral was largest and tallest in

Germany

xiv) STRUTTGART

XV) BADEN

xvi) RHEINFALL

a Cascade of the Rhine

xvii)

SCHAFFHAUSEN, SWITZERLAND

a Stayed here for 2 DAYS

xviii) BASEL

xix) BERN

xx) LAUSANNE

xxi) GENEVA via the foggy Leman Lake

a Stayed n Geneva for 15 DAYS

xxii) TURIN

xxiii) MILAN

xxiv) VENICE

XXV) FLORENCE

xxvi) ROME

a) Eternal City / City of the Caesars

xxvii) VATICAN

a) City of the Popes

b) Capital of Chritendom
FIRST HOMECOMING

i) Stayed in Calamba for 6 MONTHS

ii) Reasons why he returned home

a) Operate on his mother's eyes

b) Serve his countrymen

Find out how the Noli was affecting Filipinos

and Spaniards

d) Inquire why Leonora Rivera remained silent

iii) The Journey:

a Left Rome by train to Marseilles

b) Boarded DJEMNAH to Saigon

c) Boarded HAIPHONG to Manila

iv) Rizal was called DR. ULIMAN because he came

Germany

v) EMILIO TERRERO

a) Governor General who asked Rizal to go to

Malacanan Palace to explain issues with the Noli

b) Assigned a security detail for Rizal after reading

the Noli

vi) DON JOSE TAVIEL DE ANDRADE

a) Spanish Lieutenant who spoke English, French

and Spanish

vii) FATHER OSE RODRIGUEZ

a) Prior of Guadalupe

b) Published a series of pamphlets attacking Noli:

Cuestiones de Sumo Interes

viii) REV. VICENTE GARCIA

a)

Defended the Noli from the accusations of Father

Jose Rodriguez

HONGKONG

i) He was 27 when he left the PI for a second time

Manila to Hong Kong on board the ZAFIRO

iii) Stop-over at Amoy

a) Three reasons why he did not get off:

He was sick

Raining hard

Heard that the city was dirty

iv) Stayed at the VICTORIA HOTEL

JOSE SAINZ DE VARANDA

a Former secretary of Gov-Gen Terrero

b) Commisioned by the Spanish authorities to spy

on Rizal

vi) Rizal described Hong Kong as a SMALL BUT

VERY CLEAN CITY

vii) Initially stayed in Hong Kong for 11 DAYS

MACAU

i) Boarded the ferry steamer KIU-KANG from Hong

Kong
ii) Rizal described Macau as SMALL, LOW AND

GLOOMY

iii) Rizal and Basa stayed at the house of DON JUAN

FRANCISCO LECAROS

iv) Stayed in Macau for 2 DAYS

BACK TO HONG KONG

Stayed here for 2 WEEKS

ii) Protestant cemeteries were the most beautiful

iii) Catholic cemetery was most pompous

iv) Muslim cemetery was the simplest

v Rizal left Hong Kong for Japan onboard the

OCEANIC, an American steamer

SEMIFINAL COVERAGE

CHAPTER 13: ROMANTIC INTERLUDE IN JAPAN

YOKOHOMA

i) Rizal registered at Grand Hotel

ii) Stayed for 1 day

TOKYO

i) Rizal registered at Tokyo Hotel

ii) Stayed for 6 days (March 2 to 7)

iii) Wrote to Blumentritt:

a) Tokyo is more extensive than Paris

iv) Visited by JUAN PEREZ CABALLERO at the hotel

Secretary of the Spanish Legation based in Japan

b) Invited Rizal to live at the Spanish Legation

c) Described by Rizal as “a young, fine and

excellent writer" and "an able diplomat who had

travelled much"

) Two reasons why Rizal accepted to live there:

a) Economize his living expenses by staying at the

legation

b) He had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of

the Spanish authorities

vi)

Secret departure for Spain: to avoid detection

by the Spanish authorities and the friars.

1. Observe keenly the life and culture , languages and

customs, industries and commerce,

and
government and Laws of the European nations in

order to prepare himself in the mighty task of

liberating his oppressed people from Spanish

tyranny.

2. The principal purpose of Rizal's departure is not

just to finish his medical courses/studies but to

study other things of greater usefulness or that

to which Rizal is more inclined to.

| Rizal's secret mission

>BARCELONA, SPAIN - Rizal reached Barcelona on June

16, 1882.

>Rizal wrote Nationalistic essay entitled "Amor Patrio"

under the pen name Laon Laan appeared in print in

Diariong tagalog on August 20, 1882 was published in two

textSpanish and Tagalog.

Spanish text was originally written by Rizal in Barcelona.

RIZAL's Secret mission

>On May 3, 1882 Rizal departed on board the Spanish

steamer Salvadora bound for Singapore.

>Singapore -> (Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles, founder of

Singapore) -> Colombo -> to Suez Canal ->Africa ->Naples -

>Marseilles -> until he reached Barcelona.

>Rizal first impression to Barcelona was unfavorable. Later he

changed his impression because he found it really a great

City with an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism and its

people were hospitable, open-minded and courteous. We had by

| 3. Rizal as Mason:

• Rizal while pursuing his courses at the University he joined the

Freemasons.

> Significance of joining Masonic Order:

• It was an act that helped Rizal's political reputations. Masons

were known for their liberal ideas.

• Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish masons openly

and freely criticized the government policies and lambasted the

friars, which could not be done in the Philippines.

Life in Madrid

• To keep himself physically fit, he kept a tight schedule at the

hall of Arms of Sanz Y Carbonell.

RIZAL led a SPARTAN LIFE in Madrid:

• Rizal knew hat he came to Spain to Study and prepare himself

for the service to his fatherland.

• He rigidly budgeted his money and time.

• He frugally spending his money on food, clothing, lodging and

food - never wasting a peseta for gambling, wine, and women.

Life in Madrid

• In 1882, shortly after his arrival in Madrid, Rizal joined the

Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano Philippine Circle), a society

of Spaniard and Filipinos. Among the members of the group

were three Paterno Brothers, two Esquivels, Figueroa

Govantes, Villanueva, Jugo, Lopez Jaena, Llorente, etc...

• Rizal became a member of the Society but was very

disappointed because most of his young countrymen were

indifferent, they simply "didn't care" he once remarked. 8,0

E RS Mid 2000 adizion P.

* Masonic Lodge Acasia

. Later he transferred to Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) where he

became a Master mason on November 15, 1890.

• Still later on February 15, 1892, he was awarded the Diploma as

Master mason by Le Grand Orient de France in Paris.

• As a mason Rizal played a lukewarm role, unlike MH Del Pilar, G

Lopez Jaena, and Mariano ponce who were very active in masonic

affairs.

• Rizal only masonic writing was a lecture titled: "Science, virtue and

labor'- which he delivered in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad in Madrid.com

Rizal as a Mason:

• Objective/Aim of Freemasonry:

1. Freemasonry, to the masons, is a society aimed to

promote the Universal brotherhood of men under the

fatherhood of God;

2. To render practical aid to the less fortunate;

3. Freemasonry enjoins the practice of every social and

moral virtue. (The educator ca. > google.com)

Masonic Lodge Acasia

• In March 1883, Rizal joined Masonic Lodge Acasia in Madrid,

using Dimasalang his masonic name. His reason for becoming

Masonic Lodge called Acasia was:

1. To secure freemasonry's aid in his fight against the friars in

the Philippines.

2. He intended to utilize the freemasonry as his shield to combat

them. (since the friars used the catholic religion as a shield to

entrench themselves in power and to persecute the Filipino

patriots).

Salute to Luna and Hidalgo

Speaking in sonorous Castillan, Rizal held his audiences spellbound.

He saluted Luna & Hidalgo as the two (2) glories of Spain and the

Philippines whose artistic achievements transcended geographical

frontiers and racial origins, - for GENIUS IS UNIVERSAL

"GENIUS knows no country, genius sprout everywhere, genius is like

an air, the patrimony of everybody, cosmopolitan like space, like life,

like GOD."

>he also assailed with refined sarcasm the bigotry and blindness of

certain unworthy Spaniards (referring to the bad friars in the

Philippines who could not comprehend the Universality of Genius).

Rizal's salute to Luna and Hidalgo

>The banquet on the evening of June 25, 1884 was

sponsored by the Filipino community to celebrate the

double victory of the filipino artist in the National

Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid:

1. Luna's Spolarium, winning first prize;

2. Hidalgo's Christian Virgins expose to populace

prize.

- 2nd

* Studies Completed in Spain:

• Rizal completed his Medical Studies in Spain. He was conferred the

degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de

Madrid on June 21, 1884.

• In (1884-1885) the next academic year, he studied and passed all the

subjects leading to the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.

However, due to the fact that he did not present the thesis

required for Graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not

awarded his Doctor's diploma. Sono stazaBY G. F. Zba and S. M. Zaidro2001 reprint, pases

Studies in Spain

• This was applied ang paid for in his name by, Julio

Llorente, who for some reason or another asked that it be

grant to the Governor in Manila where it was promptly lost,

so after a typical bureaucratic jumble, Rizal had to be

contented with certified copy of which he received from

Spanish Consul General in Hongkong in May, 1892, eight

years after his graduation.

4. Ophthalmic Training under Dr Otto Becker

and Louis de Weckert: (PARIS TO BERLIN)

>RIZAL after completing his studies in Madrid, went to Paris and

Germany in order to specialize in Ophthalmology. He

particularly chose this branch of medicine because he wanted

to cure his mother's eye ailment. He served as assistant to the

famous oculist of Europe.

Shortly after terminating his studies at the Central

Universidad de Madrid, Rizal who was then 24 years old and

already physician, went to Paris to acquire more knowledge of

ophthalmology.

* Ophthalmic training

• In November 1885, sojourned for about four (4) months in

Paris;

1. He worked as an assistant of Dr. Louis de Wecker

(1852-1906) a leading French Ophthalmologist, from

1885 - February 1886.

- He rapidly improved his knowledge of ophthalmology as

revealed by his letter to his parents on January 1, 1886.

| Ophthalmic training

2. Dr Otto Becker- Rizal worked at the University Eye

Hospital under the direction of Dr Otto Becker, a

distinguish German ophthalmologist, and attended the

lecture of Dr Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kueline at the

University. we all, oy Crime wat s M. Zrany 2016 mayowe DWW0

3. Dr Karl Ernest Schweigger-(1830-1905) another famous

German ophthalmologist where Rizal work as assistant with the

former's clinic.

| Ophthalmic Training
ORizal stated that - he knew now how to perform all the

operations: He only had to know what is going inside the

eye, which according to Rizal it require much practice.

After acquiring enough experience as ophthalmologist in

Dr Wecker's clinic, Rizal reluctantly left gay Paris on

february 1886 for Germany.

| Ophthalmic training

• Rizal arrived in Heidelberg (a historic city) Germany, on

February 3, 1886_famous for its old University and

romantic surroundings.

• He boarded near the university of Heidelberg and

worked at the university eye clinic under the direction

of a distinguished German ophthalmologist.

• Leipzig , -> Dresden -> Berlin.

>On August 9, 1886,Three days after the 5th centenary celebration of

the University of Heidelberg, Rizal left the City.

>Rizal attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig on History

& Psychology. He befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel a famous German

Historian and Dr. Hans Meyer, German anthropologist.

On October 29, He left Leipzig for Dresden where he met Dr Adolph

Meyer Director of Anthropological and Enthological Museum.

November 1, 1886, Rizal left Dresden by train to Berlin.

• Acquaintance with F. Blumentritt

The book given to Prof. Blumentritt was printed at UST in

1868 consisting of 224 pages.

• Prof. Blumentritt was impressed by Rizal and in exchange

for his generosity he reciprocated by giving him two (2)

books.

• This was the beginning of a beautiful long life friendship

between them. Blumentritt the Austrian, became the best

friend of Rizal, the Filipino. sono stay By GF. Zames. M. Zakay 2009 ropeni, po 100-son.

5. Friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt:

ACQUIANTANCE with BLUMENTRITT:

. On July 31 1886, he wrote a letter in German to Prof.

Blumentritt, and sent the latter valuable book, Aritmetica

(Arithmetic).

• The book was published in Spanish and in Tagalog texts

by our countryman, Rufino Hernandez, a native of Santa

Cruz Laguna.

Berlin, Germany;

Dr. Feodor Jagor, in turn introduced Rizal to Dr. Rudolph

Virchow, famous German anthropologist and his son Dr

Hans Virchow, Prof of Descriptive anatomy.

>Rizal became member of Anthropological Society, the

Ethnological and Geographical Society in Berlin upon

recommendation of Dr Jagor, Dr Meyer that his scientific

knowledge was recognized by Europe's scientist.

He was the first Asian to be accorded such honors.ca

F.Zaide SM 2009 printpp 105-10)

Berlin, Germany:
> In the city of Berlin, he came in contact with greatest scientist.

Dr. Feodor Jagor- the celebrated German scientist traveler and

author of Travels in the Philippines, a book which Rizal read and

admire during his student days in Manila.

Dr Jagor visited Manila Philippines in 1859-1860 when Rial was a boy.

In his book (published in Berlin | 1873) he foretold the downfall of

Spanish rule in the Philippines and the coming of America to

Philippine Shores.

Life in Berlin:

• In Berlin, Rizal was not a mere students or curious tourist.

He lived in this famous capital of unified Germany for six

(6)reasons:

1. To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology;

2. To further his studies of sciences and languages;

3. To observe the political & economic conditions of

German nations

The writing of the Noli Me Tangere

• His proposal was unanimously approved by those

present, among them were the Paternos (Pedro, Maximo

and Antonio) Graciano Lopez Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre,

Eduarto de Lete, Julio Llorente, Valentin Ventura etc...

• Unfortunately, the project did not materialize and those

compatriot who were expected to collaborate on the Novel

did not write anything. The novel was designed to cover

all phases Philippine Life.

Life in Berlin:

4. To master the German language;

5. To associates (advance his association) with famous German

scientist and scholars; and

6. To publish his Novel Noli Me tangere.

Rizal also led a Methodical and frugal life in Berlin. By day, he

worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr Schweiger, eminent

German ophthalmologist. At night, he attended lectures in the

University of Berlin. Lone Piece B5, F. Zasto meda. Ma Zesto 2000 ot Puertas

6. The Writing of the Noli Me Tangere:

IDEA of Writing a Novel in the Philippines.

. His (Rizal) reading Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin,

which portrays the brutalities of American slaves-owners and the

pathetic conditions of the unfortunate negro slaves, inspired dr.

Jose Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of his

people under the lash of Spanish tyrants. He was then a students

in the Central University of Madrid.

In a reunion of Filipinos in the Paterno residence in Madrid on

January 2, 1884, Rizal proposed the writing of the Novel about

the Philippines by a group of Filipinos.

| • The Writing of the Noli Me Tangere

- Toward the end of 1884, Rizal began writing the Novel in

Madrid and finished about one-half of it.

- When he went to Paris in 1885, after completing his studies

at Central Universidad de Madrid, he continued writing the

Novel, finishing half of the second half.

- He finished the last fourth of the Novel in Germany.

| The writing of Noli Me Tangere

• However, almost everybody wanted to write on women.

Rizal was disgusted at such flippancy. He was more

disgusted to see that his companions instead of working

seriously on the Novel wasted their time gambling or

flirting with Spanish senoritas.

• Undaunted by his friends indifference, he is

determined to write the novel - ALONE.

The writing of the Noli Me Tangere

• He wrote the few chapters of the Noli in Wilhemsfeld in

April-June, 1886.

• In Berlin during the winter day of 1886, Rizal made the final

version on the manuscript of the Noli. Sick and penniless,

he saw no hope of having it published, so that in

momentary fit of desperation, he almost hurled it into

flames. Wohe Rizal, By: G. F. Zaide and 8. M. Zaide, 2009 edition Feerint, P 1001

The writing of Noli and Viola Savior of Noli:

. He also loaned Rizal some cash of money for living

expenses. (thus Rizal and Viola, happily celebrated the

Christmas of 1886 in Berlin with a sumptuous feast).

• After the Christmas season, Rizal put the finishing touches

of his novel. To save printing expenses, he deleted certain

passages in his manuscript, including the whole chapter -

"Elias and Salome".

than our screen

Stop sharing

Viola, Savior of Noli:

• Dr. Maximo Viola- friend of Rizal, was a scion of s rich family of

san Miguel, Bulacan.

• When Viola arrived in Berlin shortly before Christmas day of

1887 he was shocked to find Rizal living in poverty and

deplorably

sickly due to lack of proper nourishment

Viola, upon seeing his talented friend's predicament, and being

loaded with ample funds gladly agreed to finance the printing

cost of the Noli.

Stop sharing

Il meet.google.com is sharing your screen

male

--

The writing of the Noli

. On February 21, 1887, the Noli was finally finished and

ready for printing. With Viola, the savior of Noli, Rizal went to

different printing shops in Berlin to survey the cost of

printing
• After a few days of inquiries, they finally found printing shop

Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft, which

charged the lowest rate, i.e., 300 pesos for 2000 copies of

the novel. (Jose Rizal, By: aF. Zaide and SM. Zaide, 2009 edition, reprint, p. 109-10

| Printing of the Noli:

• On March 21, 1887 the Noli Me Tangere came off

the press.

• Rizal immediately sent the first copies of the

printed novel to his intimate friends, including

Blumentritt, Dr Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano

Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and Felix R. Hidalgo.

7. Grand tour of Europe;

(Rizal with Viola)

• After publication of the Noli, Rizal planned to visit the important

places in Europe. Dr. Maximo Viola agreed to be his traveling

companion.

At dawn of May 11, 1887, the two (2) brown-skinned doctors (Rizal &

Viola) on a roaming spree left Berlin by train.

Their destination was Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany.

Here they visited Dr Adolph B. Meyer, who was overjoyed to see

tham

Rizal suspected as French Spy

Rizal, in fluent German language, explained to the Police Chief

he was not a French Spy but a Filipino Physician scientist,

parti an ethnologist, he visited the rural areas of the

countries, he visited to observe the customs and lifestyle of

their simple inhabitants. Favorably impressed with Rizal's

explanation and fascinated by his mastery of the German

Language and personal charisma, the Police Chief was

satisfied and allowed him to stay freely in Germany. Come tax.warm

S. M Zalde, 2000 edition reprint, p. 1101

Printing of the Noli Me Tangere:

• Rizal, on March 21, 1887, in token of his appreciation and

Gratitude, gave Viola the galley of proofs of the Noli

carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing and

a complimentary copy, with the following inscription: " TO

MY DEAR FRIEND, MAXIMO VIOLA, THE FIRST TO READ

AND APPRECIATE MY WORK - JOSE RIZAL".

The writing of the Noli:

Title of the Novel – the title Noli Me Tangere is a latin phrase

which means – "Touch Me Not”. It is not originally conceived

by Rizal, for he admitted taking it from the Bible. (From the

Gospel of St. John. Chapter 20, Verses 13 - 17).

Rizal, in citing Biblical source, he made mistakes when he said -

Noli Me Tangere, is a words taken from the Gospel of Saint

Luke, which signify "do not touch me). com today afzo*m.Zuiko 2000 and promas

The writing of Noli

• The author's dedication - Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere

to the Philippines - "To My Fatherland".

"Synopsis of the Noli"- the novel "Noli Me Tangere" contains 63

chapters and an epilogue.

• The missing chapter of the Noli; is noli based on truth; Rizal's

friend praise Noli; and those enemies who condemned it...will

be thoroughly discuss in CH. 8 (Rizal's major works).

and S M Zalde 2000 adition in 112-18

Grand tour of Europe:

• While strolling at he scene of flowed Exposition they met Dr. Feodor

Jagor. Upon hearing of their to visit Leitmeritz (now Litomerice,

Czechoslovakia) in order to see Blumentritt for the first time.

>FIRST MEETING WITH F. BLUMENTRITT:

. On May 13, 1887 Rizal and Viola arrived at the Leitmeritz Bohemia.

Prof. Blumentritt who had received their wire was at the station. He

was carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal which the latter had previously

sent to him, so that he could identify his Filipino friend. He warmly

received Rizal and Viola.

Grand tour of Europe:

. For the first time the two (2) great scholars who came to

know each other by correspondence met in person.

• Blumentritt was a kind-hearted person, old Austrian

professor. Upon seeing the talented Rizal for the first time,

he immediately took him into heart, loving him as a son.

The two Filipino tourist spent many pleasant hours at the

home of their kind host. They stayed at the Leitmeritz from

May 13 to May 16, 1887.

Grand tour of Europe:

• PRAGUE -Rizal and viola visited also the historic city of Prague

after Leitmeritz. They visited the tomb of Copernicus, the

famous astronomer, the museum of natural history, the

bacteriological laboratories, the famous cave where San Juan

Nepomuceno, Catholic saint was imprisoned and the bridge

from which this saint hurled into the river.

• VIENNA - On May 20, Rizal and Viola arrived in the beautiful

city of Vienna, capital of Austria-Hungary

Grand tour of Europe:

• GENEVA - this Swiss City is one of the most beautiful cities in

Europe, visited by world tourist every year.

• On June 19, 1887, Rizal treated Viola to a blow-out. It was his 26th

birthday with sumptuous meal. They spent 15 delightful days in

Geneva. And on the 23rd of June 1887, they parted ways - Viola

returned to Barcelona while Rizal continued the tour to Italy.

• ITALY - Rizal visited Milan, Venice and Florence and on June 27,

1887 he reached ROME, the "Eternal City and also called “The City

of Caesars".

| Grand tour of Europe:

• VATICAN - On June 29th, The Feast day of St. Peter and St. Paul,
Rizal visited for the first time the VATICAN, the "CITY OF POPES

and the "CAPITAL OF CHRISTENDOM". He was deeply impressed

by the magnificent edifice, particularly of St. PETER CHURCH, the

rare works of art, the vast of St. Peter's Square, the colorful Papal

Guard, and the atmosphere of religious devotion that pervaded the

Vatican.

• After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome, he prepared to return to

the PHILIPPINES. He had already written to his father that he was

coming

HOME ... MZ, 2009

Grand tour of Europe:

• THEN from LINTZ to RHEINFALL to MUNICH then they went to

NUREMBERG one of the oldest cities of Germany.

• After MUNICH, they visited ULM- the cathedral of this city was the

"largest and tallest in all Germany.

• At RHEINFALL (cascade of Rhine) they saw the waterfall, the most

beautiful waterfall of Europe.

• After which, they crossed the frontier to SCHAFFHAUSEN,

SWITZERLAND, they stayed in this city from June 2-3, 1887.

UNIT V - 1. Return Home

On August 8, 1887, Rizal returned to Calamba. His family

welcome him affectionately with plentiful tears of joy.

• Rizal reached Manila on the night of August 5, 1887.

Before going home to Calamba he decided to see his

friends and relatives and renewed familiarities after an

absence of five (5) years.

1. Return Home

MEDICAL PRACTICE IN CALAMBA:

• In Calamba, Rizal established a medical clinic. His first patient was

his mother, who was almost blind. He treated her eyes, but could

not perform any surgical operation because her eye cataracts was

not yet ripe.

• News of the arrival of great doctor from Germany spread far and

wide. Patients from Manila and provinces flocked to Calamba.

• Rizal, who came to be called "Dr Uliman" because he came from

Germany, treated their ailments and soon he acquired a lucrative

medical nractice

| 1. a) Medical Practice in Calamba.

• His professional fee were reasonable, even Gratis to the

poor. Within few months, he was able to earn P900 as a

physician. By February 1888, he earned a total of P5000

as medical fees.
• Rizal also did not selfishly devote all his time to enriching

himself. Unlike many successful medical practitioners, he

opened a gymnasium for young folks, where he introduced

European sports.1

| Medical Practice in Calamba.

• He tried to interest his townmates in gymnastics, fencing and

shooting so as to discourage the cockfights and gambling.

. During his six months of sojourn in Calamba, Rizal suffered one

failure - his failure to see Leonor Rivera. He tried to go to

Dagupan, but his parent absolutely forbade him to go because

Leonor's mother did not like him for a son-in-law.

. With heavy heart Rizal bowed to his parent wish. He was

caught with the iron grip of the custom of his time that

marriages must be arranged by the parents of both groom and

bride. LOSE RIZAL. BY GF Zuide and s. M. Zude 2006 editor. De 197-10).

1. b) Uproar and Attacks on the Noli.

UPROAR and ATTACKS on the NOLI

• As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies

plotted his doom. A few weeks after his arrival, a storm

broke over his novel.

. One day Rizal received a letter from Governor General

Emilio Terrero (1885-1888) requesting him to come to

Malacanan Palace (somebody had whispered to the

governor's ear that the Noli contained Subversive ideas).

Uproar and Attacks on the Noli.

• Rizal went to Manila and appeared at Malacanang. He was

informed by the Gov. Gen. of the charge but Rizal denied it -

explaining that he merely exposed the truth, but he did not

advocate subversive ideas.

• Pleased by his explanation and curious about the controversial

book, the Gov. Gen. asked the author for a copy of the Noli so

that he could read it. But Rizal had no copy then because the

only copy he brought home was given to a friend. However, he

promised to secure one for the Governor General.

Uproar and Attacks on the Noli.

• Rizal also visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for the copy he

sent them but they could not part with it. The Jesuits were

glad to see him, especially his former Professors - Fr.

Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Fr. Jose Beck, Fr. Federico

Faura.

• He had spirited conversations/discussion with Fr. Federico

Faura who ventured an opinion that - "Everything in it

was the truth but added: You may Lose your head for it".

| Uproar and Attacks on the Noli

• fortunately, found a copy in the hands of a friend. He was

able to get it and gave it to Gov. Gen. Emilio Terrero.

• The Governor General who was a liberal-minded

Spaniard, knew that Rizal's life was in jeopardy because

the friars were powerful. Governor General Terrero read

the Noli and found nothing wrong with it but the enemies

were powerful.

| Uproar and attack on the Noli

• for security measure,

he assigned a young

Spanish lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade,

as bodyguard of Rizal. This lieutenant belonged to a

noble family. He was cultured and knew painting

and could speak, English, French and Spanish.

| Uproar and Attacks on the Noli

ARCHBISHOP of MANILA, Msgr Pedro Payo, a Dominican

sent a copy of the Noli to Fr. Rector Gregorio Echavarria

of UST for examination by a committee of the Faculty. The

committee which was composed of Dominican Professors,

submitted the reports to Father Rector and immediately

transmitted to Archbishop Pedro Payo. The Archbishop

lost no time in forwarding it to the Governor General.

| Uproar and Attack on the Noli

• The Report of the Faculty member of the UST stated that

the NOLI was -

1. Heretical, impious, and scandalous in the religious order,

2. Anti-patriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to the

government of Spain and its function in the Philippine

islands in the political order.

Uproar and Attack on the Noli

. Governor General Terrero was dissatisfied with the report

of the Dominicans, for he knew that the Dominicans were

prejudicial against Rizal.

• He sent the novel to the Permanent Commission on

Censorship which was composed of priest and laymen.

The report of the Commission was drafted by its head, Fr.

Salvador Font, Augustinian cura of Tondo, and submitted

to the governor general on December 29, 1887.

Continuation...

Accordingly, the report of the commission found the novel:

1. To contain subversive ideas against the church and

Spain; and

2. Recommended that the importation, reproduction and

circulation of this pernicious book in the islands be

absolutely prohibited.

Uproar and Attack on the Noli.

. When the written report of the censorship commission was

published, Rizal and his friends became apprehensive and

uneasy. The enemies of Rizal exulted in unholy glee. The

banning of the Noli only served to make it popular. Everybody

wanted to read it. News about the great book spread among

the Masses. "What the hated Spanish master did not like, the

oppressed masses liked very much." Despite the Government

prohibition and the vigilance of the Guardia Civil many filipinos

were get hold of copies and read at night behind closed

doors. JOSEP F.Zaie and S. M. Zaice 2008 edition, 140-1450

Attackers of the Noli:

• The battle over the Noli took the form of virulent war of

words:

1. Father Salvador Font printed his report and distributed

copies of it in order to discredit the controversial Novel.

2. Another Augustinian, Fr. Jose Rodriguez, prior of

Guadalupe, published a series of eight pamphlets under

the general heading cuestiones de sumo interes

(Question of Supreme Interest) to blast the Noli and

other anti-Spanish writing.

Attackers of the Noli

The eight (8) pamphlets were entitled as follows:

a) Porque no los he de leer? (why should I not read them);

b) Guardos de ellos porque (Beware of them, why?);

c) Y-gue me dice usted de la peste (And what can you tell me of

Plaque?);

d) Porque triunfan los impios? (why do the impious triumph);

e) Hay o no hay infierno? (is there or is there no hell?)

| Attackers of the Noli.

f) Cree usted que de veras no hay purgatorio? ( Do you think

there is really no purgatory?);

g) Que le parece a usted de esos libelos? (what do you think of

these libels?); and

h) Confesion o Condenacion? (Confession or Damnation?).

3. FRAY RODRIGUEZ wrote copies of these anti-Rizal

pamphlets which were sold daily in the churches after Mass.

Many filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to

displeased the friars but they did not believed what their

author said with hysterical fervor.

| Attackers of the Noli

Repercussions of the storm over Noli reached Spain. It was fiercely

attacked on the session hall of the senate of the Spanish Cortes by

various senators particularly:

4. General Jose de Salamanca on April 1, 1888.

5. General Luis M. de Pando on April 12, 1888, and

6. Senator Fernando Vida on June 11.

7. Vicente Barrantes the Spanish academician of Madrid, who

formerly occupied high government position in the Philippines,

bitterly criticized the Noli in the article published in La Espana

Moderna (a newspaper in Madrid) in January 1890...

| Defenders of the Noli.

The much maligned Noli had its gallant defenders who fearlessly
came out to prove the merits of the novel or to refute the arguments

of unkind attackers. Filipino reformist in foreign lands, of course,

rushed to uphold the TRUTHS of the Noli, they are:

1. Marcelo H. del Pilar, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Graciano Lopez

Jaena, Mariano Ponce and other Filipino reformists.

2. Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Rizal's favorite teacher at the

Ateneo, defended and praised Noli in public.

3. Don Segismundo Moret, former minister of the Crown.

| Defenders of the Noli.

4. Dr. Miguel Morayta, historian and stateman, and

5. Professor F. Blumentritt, scholar and educator, read and liked the

novel.

• A brilliant defense from Noli came from unexpected source. It

was:

6. Rev. Vicente Garcia, a Filipino catholic priest-scholar, a theologian

of the Manila Cathedal and a tagalog translator of the famous

Imitation of Christ by Thomas Kempis. Father Garcia (writing under

the pen name Justo Desiderio Magalang), wrote a defense of the

Noli which was published in Singapore as an appendix to a

pamphlet Dated July 18, 1888. He blasted the arguments of Fr.

Rodriguez (a prior of Guadalupe who published a series of eight (8)

pamphlets) as follows:

Fr. Vicente Garcia's Scholarly Defense of Noli

a. Rizal cannot be an "ignorant man," as Fr. Rodriguez alleged,

because he was a graduate of Spanish Universities and a recipient

of scholastic honors.

b. Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain, as Fr. Rodriguez

claimed, because what Rizal attacked in the Noli were the bad

Spanish officials and not Spain, and the bad corrupt friars and not

the church.

c. Fr. Rodriguez said those who read the Noli commit a mortal sin,

since he (Rodriguez) had read the Novel. Therefore he commits a

mortal sin.

| Defenders of the Noli.

7. When Rizal learned of the brilliant defense of Fr. Garcia of his

novel, he cried because his gratitude is overwhelming. RIZAL

himself defended his Novel against Barrantes attack ( Vicente

Barrantes, Spanish academician of Madrid who formerly occupied

high government positions in the Philippines), in a letter written in

Brussels, Belgium in February 1880.

In this letter, Rizal exposed Barrantes ignorance of Philippine

affairs and Mental dishonesty which is unworthy of an

academician. Barrantes met in Rizal his master in satire and

polemics. Ha estat

Rizal and Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade

While the storm over the Noli was raging in fury, Rizal was not

molested in Calamba. This is due to Governor General Terrero's

generosity in assigning a bodyguard to him. Both young,

educated and cultured Lt. Andrade later became a great

admirer of the man he was ordered to watch and protect. Years

later, he wrote Rizal: Rizal was refined, educated, and

gentlemanly. The hobbies that more interested him were

hunting, fishing, shooting, painting and hiking........

| Rizal and Lt. Andrade

. There was one who believed and reported to Manila that Rizal and I,

at the top of the Mountain, hoisted the German Flag, and proclaimed

its sovereignty over the Philippines. Lt. Andrade imagined that such

nonsense rumors emanated from the friars of Calamba, but did not

take the trouble to make inquiries about the matter.

. What marred Rizal's happy days in Calamba with Lt. Andrade?

1. The death of his older sister, Olympia; and

2. The groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he was a

German spy, an agent of Bismarck, a Protestant, a mason, a witch,

a soul beyond salvation,

1. c) Calamba's Land Problem (Agrarian land

trouble)

Governor General Emilio Terrero, influence by a certain facts in Noli

Me Tangere, ordered a government investigation of the friar estate

to remedy whatever inequities might have been present in

connection with land taxes and with tenants relations (One the friar

estates affected was the Calamba Hacienda which the Dominican

Order owned since 1883).

In compliance with the Gov Gen Terrero's order,dated December

30, 1887, the Civil Governor of Laguna province directed the

municipal authorities of Calamba to investigate agrarian conditions

of their locality.

| Calamba's land Problem

• In order for the government to institute certain reform, the

Calamba folks, upon hearing of the investigation, Solicited

Rizal's help in gathering the facts and listing their grievances

against the hacienda management.

• Rizal, after thorough study of the conditions in Calamba, wrote

down his findings which the tenants and three (3) officials of

the hacienda signed on January 8, 1888. These findings, which

were formally submitted to the government action, were the

following:

| Calamba's land problem: (findings....)

a. The Hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the

lands around the Calamba but also the town of Calamba;

b. The profits of Dominican Order continually increased because of

the arbitrary increase of the rentals paid by the tenants;

c. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the

celebration of a town fiesta, for the education of the children and

for the improvement of the Agriculture;

d. High rates of interest were charged the tenants for delayed

payment of rentals;

| Calamba's land problem

e. Tenants who had spent much labor in clearing the lands were
dispossessed of said lands for flimsy reasons; and

f. Where the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda

management confiscated their carabaos, tools and homes.

Rizal's exposure of the deplorable conditions of tenancy in Calamba

infuriated further his enemies:

. The friar exerted pressure on Malacanang Palace to eliminate him.

• They ask Gov Gen Terrero to deport him, but the latter refused because

there was no valid charge against Rizal in court.

• Anonymous threat against Rizal's life received by his parents;

| Continuation.....

• Alarmed parents, relatives and friends (including Lt. Taviel de

Andrade) advised him to go away, for his life was in danger.

. Later, Gov Gen Terrero SUMMONED RIZAL and advised him to

leave the Philippines for his own good. He was giving Rizal a chance

to escape the fury of the friars wrath.

REASONS WHY RIZAL WAS COMPELLED TO LEAVE CALAMBA:

1. His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and

happiness of his family and friends, and

2. He could fight better his enemies and serve his country's cause

with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries. XIX. av. Paned . Ma

| Asia and U.S. Exposure

Hounded by powerful enemies, Rizal was forced to leave his

country for the second time on February 1888. he was then a

full grown man, 27 years of age, a practicing physician and a

recognized man of letters. The first time he went abroad in

June 1882, he was a mere lad of 21, a youthful students in

search of wisdom in the old world, a romantic idealist with

beautiful dreams of emancipating his people from bondage by

the magic power of his pen. Time has changed. Rizal, at 27,

was an embittered victim of human iniquities, a disillusioned

dreamer, a frustrated reformer.

2. a) Hongkong and Macao

> On February 3, 1888, after a short stay of six(6) months in his

beloved Calamba, Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong on board

Zafiro. He was sick and sad during the crossing of the choppy

China sea. He did not get off his ship when it made a brief

stopover at AMOY on February 7, 1888 for three (3) reasons:

1. He was not feeling well.

2. It was raining hard.

3. He heard that the city was dirty

He arrived in Hong Kong on February 8, 1888.

| Hong kong (continuation...)

• In Hong Kong, he was welcomed by the Filipino residents including

Jose Ma. Basa, Balbino Mauricio and Manuel Yriarte (son of

Francisco Yriarte Alcalde Mayor of Laguna).

• Jose Sainz de Varanda, who was a former secretary of Gov Gen

Terrero SHADOWED Rizal's movement in HK. It is believed that he

was commissioned by the Spanish Government Authorities to SPY

on Rizal.

Visit to MACAO: IN February 18, Rizal accompanied by Jose Basa,

boarded a ferry steamer KIU KIANG for MACAO. He was surprised

to see among the passengers a familiar figure - SAINZ de

VARANDA(who shadowed Rizal movement in Hong Kong).

Visit to Macao

• MACAO is a Portuguese colony near HK. The City of Macao is small,

low and gloomy. There are many junks, sampans but few streamers.

It looks sad and is almost dead.

On February 20, 1888, Rizal and Basa returned to HK again on board

the perry Steamer KIU KIANG.

• Experienced in HK - during his two (2) weeks visits in HK, Rizal

studied Chines life, language drama and customs.

. In February 22, 1888, Rizal left HK on board the Oceanic, an

American Steamer, its destination was Japan. (OSE RIZAL, Dr. GF. Zalde and S M Zade

2009 edition, pp 151-1557

2. b) Romantic Interlude in Japan.

(February 28, April 13, 1888)

One of the happiest interlude in the life of Rizal was his sojourn

in the land of "Cherry Blossoms" for one month and a half. He

was enchanted by the natural beauty of Japan, the charming

manners of Japanese people and the picturesque shrines.

Moreover, he fell in love with the Japanese Girl, her real name

was SEIKO USUI, Rizal affectionately called her O-SEI-SAN.

Fate , however, cut short his happy days in Japan. He had to

sacrifice his own happiness to carry on his work for the

redemption of his oppressed people.

Continuation.....

• RIZAL arrived in Yokohama, on Feb. 28,1888 early morning Tuesday then

proceeded to TOKYO stayed in Tokyo Hotel from March 2 - 7. He was

impressed with the City of Tokyo (Tokyo is more expensive than Paris) the

walls are built in cyclopean manner. The streets are large and wide.

Shortly after his arrival in Tokyo, he was visited at his hotel by Juan Perez

Caballero, Secretary of Spanish Legation. The latter invited him to live at

the Spanish Legation. Rizal being an intelligent man, realized that the

Spanish Diplomatic Authorities were instructed from Manila to monitor his

movement, He accepted the invitation for two (2) reasons:

1. He could economize his living expenses by staying at the legation, and

2. He had nothing to hide from the frying eyes of the Spanish authorities.

Rizal's impression of Japan:

► The things which favorably impressed Rizal in Japan were:

1. The beauty of country-its flowers, mountains, streams and scenic panoramas.

2. The cleanliness, politeness and industry of the Japanese people.

3. The Picturesque dress and simple charm of the Women.

4. There were very few thieves in Japan so that the House remained open day and

night, and in the hotel room one could safely leave money on the table.

5. Beggars were rarely seen in the city streets, unlike in Manila and other cities.

However, there was one thing he did not like in Japan, and that was the popular

mode of transportation by means of RICKSHAWS drawn by men. His sensitive soul

recoiled seeing human beings working like horse, pulling carts called RICKSHAWS.

He felt disgusted at the way a human being was employed like a Horse.

Romance with O-SEI-SAN.

Romance with O-SEI-SAN:

• Both Rizal and O-Sei-San found happiness in each other

company. Rizal was then a lonely physician of 27 years old,

disillusioned by his frustrated romance with Leonor Rivera

and embittered by Spanish injustices at home. O-SEI-SAN

was a lonely samurai's daughter of 23 years old and had

never yet experienced the ecstasy of true love.

Romance with O-Sei-San

• Rizal saw in lovely O-Sei-San the qualities of his ideal

womanhood - beauty, charm, modesty and intelligence. No

wonder, he fell deeply in love with her. O-Sei-San

reciprocated of his affection, for it was the first time her

heart palpitated with joys to see a man of gallantry, dignity,

courtesy and versatile talents. O-Sei-San help Rizal in

many ways. More than sweethearts, she was a guide,

interpreter and tutor, etc....,

Sayonara Japan

• On April 13,1888, Rizal boarded Belgic an English steamer at

Yokohama, bound for United States. He left Japan with a heavy heart

for he knew that he would never again se this beautiful "LAND OF

THE BEAUTIFUL CHERRY BLOSSOMS" and his beloved SEIKO

USUI.

• Truly his sojourn in Japan for 45-days was one of the happiest

interludes of his life. SACRIFICING his personal happiness, Rizal had

to carry on his LIBERTARIAN MISSION in Europe. Accordingly, he

resumed his voyage, leaving behind the lovely O-SEI-SAN, whom he

passionately loved. UOSE RIZAL BY GF. Zade and s. M. Zaide, 2006 edition, 20180-182

2. c) RIZAL's Visit to United States:

>Rizal first saw America on April 28, 1888. His arrival in this

great comity was marred by racial prejudice, for he saw the

discriminatory treatment of the Chinese and the Negros by the

white Americans. Rizal was a man of truth, and he wrote what

he had seen and experienced.

>From San Francisco to Oakland, to Reno Nevada, Colorado,

Nebraska, to Utah -to Ogden, to Denver, to Missouri, to Illinois,

to Chicago, Alabama and New York... On May 13, Rizal reached

New York, thus ending his trip across the American Continent.

Rizal's impression of America:

►Good Impressions were:

1. The material progress of the country as shown in the great

cities, huge farms, flourishing industries and busy factories;

2. The drive and energy of the American people;

3. The natural beauty of the land;

4. The high standard of living; and

5. The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.

Rizal's impression of U.S.

• One BAD impressions of Rizal had of America was the LACK OF

RACIAL EQUALITY. There existed racial prejudice which was

inconsistent with the principle of democracy and freedom of which

the Americans talk to much but do not practice. Thus, he wrote to

PONCE - "They do not have true civil liberty".

• What impressions do you have of United States? Asked Jose

Alejandro who was then Studying Engineering in Belgium.

"AMERICA" answered Rizal, - "Is the land par excellence of

freedom but only for the whites". (JOSE RIZAL, By: G.F. Zalde and S. M. Zalde, 2008 edition, pp 167-172)

Rizal In London:

Why Rizal choose this English City to be his new home?

1. Increase his knowledge of the English language;

2. To study and annotate Morga's Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas; and

3. London was a safe place to carry on his fight against Spanish Tyranny.

• In London Rizal engage in many things. Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold

Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign affairs and an Authority of

Malaya languages and Custom. Dr ROST impressed by Rizal's learning and

character and he gladly recommended him to the authorities of the British

Museum. He called Rizal “A Pearl Of Man" (Una Perla de Hombre).

Rizal in London.

• Annotating MORGAS BOOK. – the greatest achievement of Rizal in

London was the annotation of Morgas Book, SUCESOS DE LAS

ISLAS FILIPINAS (Historical Events in The Philippine Islands) which

was published in Mexico ,1609.

Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Mexico, 1609) written by Dr. Antonio

de Morga, Spanish jurist - soldier, as the most impartial. Annotating

the book was great and difficult task. It required a great deal of

reading not only on Philippine History but also the history of the

other countries. With diligence Rizal copied it word for word, taking

pains to clarify or rectify matters in the text when necessary. (Jose Rizal, By:

G. F. Zaide and S. M. Zade 2008 edition, pp 173-176).

Short visit to Paris & Madrid.

Rizal visited Paris again in order to search for more historical

materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale. He was entertained by

Juan Luna and his wife, Pas Pardo de Tavera.

- On December 11, 1888 he went to Spain, visiting Madrid and

Barcelona for the first time he met M. H. Del Pilar and Mariano

Ponce, two (2) Titans of Propaganda Movement. He

exchanged ideas with these new friends and promise to

cooperate in the fight for reforms.

Rizal Becomes Leader of Filipinos in Europe:

> While busy on his historical studies in London, Rizal learned that the Filipinos in Barcelona

were planning to establish a Patriotic Society which would cooperate in the crusade for

reform.

> This Society called ASSOCIATION LA SOLIDARIDAD, was inaugurated in December 31.

1888, with the following officers:

. Galicano Apacible - President

. Graciano Lopez Jaena - Vice President

• Manuel Sta Maria - Secretary

• Mariano Ponce - Treasurer

• Jose Ma. Panganiban - Accountant

• By Unanimous vote of all members, Rizal was chosen Honorary President. This was in

recognition of his leadership among all Filipino Patriots in Europe.

Rizal and the La Solidaridad Newspaper:

> GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA - founded the Patriotic Newspaper called LA

SOLIDARIDAD in Barcelona on February 15, 1889. this was a fortnightly

periodical which was served as the Organ of Propaganda Movement. Its AIMS

were as follows:

1) To work peacefully for political and social reforms;

2) To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines so that Spain may remedy

them;

3) To oppose the evil forces of reaction and medievalism

4) To advocate liberal ideas and progress, and

5) To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to life, democracy

and happiness.

Rizal and La Solidaridad Newspaper:

• First Article in La Soidaridad - Rizal first article which appeared in La

Soldaridad was entitled Los Agricultores (Filipino farmers).

Published, March 25, 1889, six (6) days after he left London to Paris.

• In LONDON Rizal wrote the famous letter to the Young Women of

Malolos (February 22, 1889) in Tagalog. He penned upon request of

M. H. Del Pilar to praise the young ladies of Malolos for their courage

to establish a School where they could learn Spanish despite the

opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, parish priest of Malolos.

What are the main points of the letter? (Reading matters.....> five (5)

only: Jose Rizal, By: G F Zaide and S. M. Zaide, 2008 edition, pp 178-182)

The Annotated edition of Morga's; Published:

> Rizal outstanding achievement in Paris was the publication in 1890_of his

annotated edition of Morgas Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, which he wrote in

British Museum. It was printed by Garnier Freres. The prologue was written by

Prof. Blumentritt upon request of Jose Rizal.

> In his Prologue, Blumentritt commended Rizal for his fine Historical Scholarship.

However, he frankly censured for two (2) things which revealed Rizal errors:

1. Rizal commit the error of many historians in appraising the events of the past in

the light of present standard, and

2. Rizals attack on the church were unfair and unjustified because the abuses of

the friars should not be construed to mean that Catholicism is bad.

Indolence of the Filipinos

►Indolence of the Filipinos - Rizal made a critical study of the

causes why his people did not work hard during the Spanish

regime.

> Filipinos are not by nature indolent - in defense of the allege

indolence of filipinos, (he made a critical study) he pointed out

that long before the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos were

industrious and hardworking. They were active in agriculture,

industries and commerce. (WHAT CAUSES THE DECLINE IN ECONOMIC LIFE OF FILIPINOS DURING
SPANISH

READING MATTERS. TEN ONLY SEE THE BOOK OF ZAIDE)

ERA/PERIOD?

"LOVE & HATE” RELATIONSHIP OF JOSE RIZAL AND

MARCELO DEL PILAR. (UNWANTED RIVALRY)

• In 1890, a rivalry developed between Rizal and Del Pilar.

This was mainly due to the difference between Del Pilar's

editorial policy and Rizal's political beliefs.

Their ideas and political views are at times dissimilar.

• Furthermore, there were some from the colony who were

offended by Rizal's seeming infringement with their private

life.

• Their rivalry led to the expatriates' split between the Rizalistas" and the "Pilaristas".

SOLUTION TO THE CONFLICT. .

• To fix the unity among them, it was agreed to have a vote

to elect the "RESPONSABLE - a Leader."(tasked to

administer the campaigns of the reform movement).

• Rizal won the two (2) election (1st and 2nd voting) but fell

short of the required 2/3 of the participants votes.

• He won the two-third (thereupon, elected as Responsible)

but he knew that there were Pilaristas who did not like his

view and personalities.

Continuation.....

► Thus, Rizal decline the coveted position because he did

not want to cause disunity between Filipino groups.

• Rizal a man of Delicadeza - thus, decided to abdicate his

leadership and leave Madrid, lest his presence results in

more serious faction among Filipinos in Madrid.

UNIT VI - RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES

OPTHALMIC SURGEONIN HONGKONG. - After the publication of El

Filibusterismo, Rizal left Europe for Hongkong where he lived

from November 1891 to June 1892, his reasons for leaving

Europe were:

1. Life was unbearable in Europe because of his political

differences with M. H. del Pilar and other Filipinos in Spain;

2. To be near his idolized Philippines and family.

Before sailing Hong Kong, Rizal notified Del Pilar that he was

retiring from the political arena in Spain in order to preserve

UNITY among compatriots and that despite their parting of ways,

he had highest regard of him.

Rizal in Hong Kong

• Rizal arrived in Hong Kon on November 20, 1891, welcome by Filipino resident

especially his old friend, Jose Ma. Basa. Rizal established his residence at No. 5 D,

Aguilar St. No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace, where he also opened his medical clinic.

• Hidalgo, Rizal's brother in law, sent a letter to Rizal, relating the sad news of the

Deportation of twenty five (25) persons from Calamba, including his father, Neneng

, Sisa, Paciano and the rest of the family. Rizal was desperately sad, for he could
not succor his persecuted family. Before Christmas of 1891, Rizal's father, brother

and Sivestre Ubaldo (brother-in-law) arrived in HK, not long afterwards, his mother

(65 yrs. old then) & his sisters arrived.

• The Christmas of 1891 in HK was one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in

Rizal's life. He even wrote Blumentritt on January 31, 1892 about the pleasant life

they're living in Hongkong.

| Ophthalmic Surgeon in HK.

Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez, who became his friend and admirer, help

him to build a wide clientele. In recognition of Rizal's skill as an

Ophthalmic surgeon, he turned over him many of his cases.

• in due time, he became successful and well known mystical practice

in British colony. Aside from being eye specialist, he was a general

practitioner.

• Rizal possessed the Qualities that would make an ideal Ophthalmic

Surgeon, had he devoted his lifetime to the practice of Medicine, he

would have become one of Asia's eminent ophthalmologist. RZALB; GF. ZAIDE

AND SM Zaide, 2008 edition pp 250-252)

Borneo Colonization Project.

Governor-General Valeriano Weyler's terroristic regime (Calamba

folks). The Colonization project of Rizal in Sabah was in response to

Calamba's land crisis. Rizal conceived the establishment of Filipino

colony in North Borneo and planned to move these landless Filipino

families to that rich British-owned island and came out of its virgin
wildness a "New Calamba".

> On March 7, 1892 he went to SANDAKAN to negotiate with the

British authorities for the establishment of Filipino colony. His

mission was successful. The British authorities of Borneo were

willing to give the Filipinos 100,000 acres of land, a beautiful harbor and a good government for 999
years, free of all charges.

Borneo Colonization Project (continuation.....)

>Rizal's friend enthusiastically endorsed his Borneo Colonization

Project. Juan and Antonio Luna, L. Jaena Bautista , Blumentritt

and friends in Europe were delighted upon hearing the new

project, but one of Rizal's brother-in-law Hidalgo, objected to

his Colonization project.

>The infamous Governor Valeriano Weyler, whom Cubans called

"the Butcher" was relieved of Governatorial post and was

replaced by Governor-General Eulogio Despujol, the count of

Caspe, announced to the Filipino people a fine program of

government.

(continuation.....)

• New trends of events in the Philippines gave Rizal a new hope for

realizing his Borneo Colonization Project.

• Rizal sent letter to Governor Eulogio Despujol but the latter violating

the simple rule of Spanish courtesy, did not even acknowledge

receipt of his letter. (3 months thereafter, No reply)

• Second letter of Rizal, gave it to ship Captain to be sure would reach

the Governor. In this 2nd letter, he requested the Governor General to

permit the landless filipino to establish themselves in Borneo. Once

more the Governor did not gave Rizal the "Courtesy of reply", instead

he notified the Spanish colony in HK to tell Rizal that he could not

approved the Filipino immigration to Borneo, alleging that – “The

Philippines lacked laborers and that it was not very Patriotic to go off cultivate foreign soil."

Writings in Hong Kong (HK):

1. Ang mga karapatan ng tao - tagalog translation of "The Rights of Man"

proclaimed by French revolution in 1789.

A la Nacion Espanola (1891), (To the Spanish Nation)- an appeal to Spain to right

a wrong done to Calamba tenants.

3. Sa mga kababayan (To My Countrymen)-written on December 1891 explaining

the Calamba agrarian situation.

4. Colonization of British North Borneo by families from the Philippines.

5. Una Visita-Ala Victoria Gaol (A visit to Victoria Gaol).

6. La Mano Roja (The Red Hand) was printed in sheet form in HK. It denounced the

frequent outbreaks of intentional fires in Manila.

Joel No The Constitution of the La Liga Filipina.

Writings in Hong Kong:

. On March 2, 1892 Rizal wrote “UNA VISITA-Ala VICTORIA GAOL"

on account of his visit to the colonial prison of HK. In this article, he

contrasted the cruel Spanish prison system with the modern and

more humane British Prison system.

. In June 1892, he wrote La Mano Roja- which was printed in sheet

form in HK. It denounces the frequent outbreaks of Intentional fires

in Manila.

• The most important writing made by Rizal during his sojourn in HK

was the "CONSTITUTION OF LA LIGA FILIPINA", WHICH WAS

PRINTED IN Hong Kong in 1892.

(CONTINUATION.....)

> To deceive the Spanish authorities, the printed copies carried

the false information that the printing was done by the London

Printing Press, No. 25 Khulug St. London.

> The idea of establishing La Liga Filipina (The Philippine

League) an association of patriotic Filipinos for Civic purposes,

was originally Conceived by JOSE Ma. BASA but it was JOSE

RIZAL who wrote its CONSTITUTION and realized its

ESTABLISHMENT. Copies of the printed La Liga Constitution

were sent by Rizal to DOMINGO FRANCO, his friend in Manila.

(CONTINUATION.....)

► DECISION TO RETURN TO MANILA. - In May 1892, Rizal made up

his mind to return to Manila. What spurred/urged his decision to

return was:

To confer with Governor Eulogio Dispujol.

2. Establish the La Liga Filipina.

3. To prove that Eduardo De Lete was wrong in attacking him in

Madrid that Rizal was comfortable and safe in HK and thus

abandoned the country's cause.

• His attack was printed in La Solidaridad on April 15,1892 portrayed

Rizal as cowardly, egoistis, opportunistic - a patriot in words only.

(continuation....)

• Last HK letters: On June 19, 1892 he spent his 31st birthday in HK.

He had premonition of his death. The following day he wrote two

letters which he sealed, inscribed on each envelope -" to be opened

after my death", and gave to his friend Dr. Marquez for safekeeping:

i. 1st letter addressed to my parents, brethren and friends.

ii. 2nd letter addressed to the Filipinos.

• June 21, 1892- Rizal penned another Letter (3rd letter) to Governor

Despujol. In this letter he informed the Gov. General of his coming to

Manila and placed himself under the Protection of Spanish

Government

(continuation.....)

• The Spanish Consul General, who issued a government

guarantee for safety, sent a cablegram that the victim is in trap.

. On the same day, (June 21, 1892) a secret case was filed in

Manila against Rizal and his followers “ for Anti- Religious and

Anti-Patriotic Agitation".

• The deceitful Despujol ordered his Secretary Luis De La Torre

to find out if Rizal was naturalized as German citizen, as was

rumored, so that he may take proper action against one "who

had the protection of a strong Nation.” JOSE RIZAL, BY: G F Zaide and s. M. Zaido 2008 edition, sp

254-260)
The La Liga Filipina

Rizal firmly believed that the fight for Filipino liberties had assume a

new phase; It must be fought in the Philippines not in Spain. "The

Battlefield is in the Philippines"...he told countryman in Europe -

There is where we should meet. There we will help one another,

there together we will suffer or triumphs perhaps.

In December 31, 1891, he reiterated this belief in a letter to

Blumentritt, Rizal Stated: I believed the LA SOLIDARIDAD IS NO

LONGER OUR BATTLEFIELD, Now it is a new struggle. The fight is

no longer in Madrid. In going home to lead anew the reform

movement, he was like the biblical Daniel Bearding the Spanish lion

in its own den

The La Liga Filipina

• He went to Malacanang (when he arrived), and was able to confer

with Gov. Gen. Despujol, who agreed to Pardon his father, but not the

rest of his family and told him to return.

• Rizal visited his friends in Central Luzon - these friends were good

patriots who were his supporters in the reform for crusade, and took

the opportunity to greet them personally and discussed the

problems affecting their people.

• Rizal again was shadowed by government spies who watched

carefully his movement. The homes he had visited were raided by the

Guardia civil and seized some copies of the Noli and El Fili and some
Joel Noobversive pamphlets.

Founding of the La Liga Filipina

> On the evening of Sunday, July 3, 1892, Rizal attended the meeting

of the Patriots at the home of the Chinese-Filipino mestizo, Doroteo

Ongiunco, on Ylaya street, Tondo Manila. (Many attended/present)

Rizal explained the Objectives of the Liga Filipina, A Civic League of

Filipinos, which he desired to establish and its role in socio-economic

life of the people. He presented the CONSTITUTION OF THE LIGA

which he had written in HK and discussed its provisions. The Patriots

were favorably, impressed and

gladly approved the

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LIGA.

THE OFFICERS OF THE NEW LEAGUE

THE OFFICERS OF THE NEW LEAGUE WERE ELECTED AS

FOLLOWS:

1. AMBROSIO SALVADOR - President - Governadorcillo of Quiapo.

2. DEODATO ARELLANO - Secretary - Brother-in-law of M. H. del

Pilar.

3. BONIFACIO AREVALO - Treasurer - dentist and Mason.

4. AGUSTIN DE LA ROSA - Fiscal - bookkeeper and Mason.

| Constitution of the La Liga

AIMS OF THE LIGA FILIPINA as embodied in its CONSTITUTION were

the following:

To unite the whole archipelago into one compact and homogenous body.

2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity.

3. Defense against all violence and injustice.

4. Encouragement of education, agriculture and commerce.

5. Study and application of reforms.

MOTTO OF LA LIGA: UNUS INSTAR OMNIUM (One Like All). -"Bawat Isa

Katulad ng Lahat".

Governing body of the League.

1. SUPREME COUNCIL which has jurisdiction over the whole

country. It was composed of: President, a Secretary, a

Treasurer and a Fiscal.

2. There was a PROVINCIAL COUNCIL in every Province, &

3. POPULAR COUNCIL in every town.

• All Filipino who have the heart and welfare of their Fatherland

are Qualified for Membership. Every member pays an

entrance fee of two (2) pesos and a monthly due of ten (10)

centavos.

| Duties of the La Liga Members

The Duties of the La Liga members are as follows:

1. Obey the orders of the Supreme Council;

2. Help in recruiting new members;

3. To keep in strictest secrecy the decision of the Liga authorities;

4. To have a symbolic name which he cannot change until he

becomes President of his council;

5. To report to fiscal anything that he may hear which affect the Liga;

6. To behave well as befits a good Filipino; and

Joel NoTo help fellow members in all ways. JOSE RIZAL, BY, C. F. Zado a s M.Zuido 2008 edition, pe 201-
209).

Rizal Arrested & jailed in Fort Santiago:

• On Wednesday, July 6 Rizal went to Malacanang Palace to resume

series of interview with the Governor General. The latter suddenly

showed him some-printed leaflets which were alleged found in

Lucias pillow cases. These incriminatory leaflets were entitled

POBRES FRAILES (Poor-friars) under the authorship of Fr. Jacinto

and printed by imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila. They were

satire against the Rich Dominican Friars who amassed fabulous

riches contrary to their Monastic vow of Poverty. Rizal vigorously

denied it.

• Despite his denial and insistent demand for investigation in

accordance with Due Process of Law, he was placed under arrest

and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol an Aide of

Del Nogovernor General Despuiol.

Continuation.....

• The following day, July 7, the Gaceta de Manila, published

the story of Rizal's arrest which produced indignant

commotion among Filipino people, particularly members of

newly organized La Liga.

· Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan: The same issue of the

Gaceta (July 7, 1892) contained Governor General

Despujol's decree deporting Rizal to "one of the islands in

the South”, the Gubernatorial Decree gave the reasons

for Rizal's Deportation, as follows:

Joel Nool

Reasons for Rizal's Deportations

(Gubernatorial Decree of Despujol)

Rizal had published a books and articles abroad which showed disloyalty to

Spain and which were "Frankly Anti-Catholic" and "Imprudently anti-friar".

2. A few hours after his arrival in Manila "there was found in one of the packages a

bundles of handbills entitled Pobres Frailes in which the patient and humble

generosity of filipinos is satirized and which accusation is he wrote that

published against the custom of the religious orders.

3. His novel El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the memory of the three (3) Traitors

(GOMBURZA) and in the title page he wrote that in view of the vices and errors

of the Spanish Administration - "The Only Salvation for The Philippines was

The Separation from the Mother Country".

4. The end which he pursues in his efforts and writings is to tear from the loyal

el No Filipinos breast the treasures of our holy Catholic Faith.

Arbitrary Deportation to Dapitan:

> Shortly after midnight of July 14, (i,e. 12:30 am of July 15, 1892)-

Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the Steamer Cebu

which was sailing for Dapitan - under Captain Delgras.

Captain Delgras went ashore and handed Rizal over to Captain

Ricardo Carnicero, Spanish Commander of Dapitan. That same

night, July 17, 1892, Rizal began his Exile in Lonely Dapitan
which would last until July 31, 1896, a period of four (4) years

and fourteen (14) days.

(JOSE RIZAL BY: G. F. Zaide, and S. M. Zaide, 2008 edition, pp 265-207)

FINALS

ARBITRARY DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN

>Shortly after midnight of July 14 (i.e., 12:30 am of July 15,

1892) – Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the Steamer

Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan - under Captain Delgras.

Captain Delgras went ashore and handed Rizal over to

Captain Ricardo Carnicero, Spanish Commander to Dapitan.

- That same night, July 17, 1892, Rizal began his exile in lonely

Dapitan which would last until July 31, 1896, a period of four

(4) years and thirteen(13) days.

EXILE IN DAPITAN

- Rizal lived in exile in far away DAPITAN, a remote town in Mindanao

which was under the Missionary jurisdiction of the Jesuits, from 1892

to 1896.

- This four (4) year interregnum in his life was tediously unexciting, but

was abundantly fruitful with varied achievements.

- He practiced medicine, pursued scientific studies, continued his

artistic and literary works, widened his knowledge in language,

established school for boys, doing agricultural and civic projects,

engaging in business activities and writing letters to his friends in

Europe, particularly to Ferdinand Blumentrit and Reinhold Rost.

Continuation.....

- The Cebu Steamer which brought Rizal to Dapitan carried a letter

from Fr. Pablo Pastells, Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippines

to Fr. Antonio Obach, Jesuit parish priest of Dapitan.

In this letter, Fr. Superior Pastells informed Fr. Obach that Rizal could

live at the Parish Convent on the following conditions:

1. That Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning religion and make

statements that were clearly Pro-Spanish and against the

revolution.

2. That he performs the church rites and makes a general confession

on his past life.

3. That henceforth, he conducts himself in an exemplary manner as a

Spanish subject and a man of religion.

Continuation.....

- Rizal did not agree with the conditions. Consequently, he lived in the

house of the Commandant, Captain Ricardo Carnicero. The relation

between Carnicero (the warden) and Rizal (the prisoner) were warm

and friendly.

• Carnicero came to know that Rizal was not a common felon, much

less a Filibustero. He gave good reports on his prisoner to Governor

Despujol.

Carnicero gave him complete freedom to go anywhere, reporting only

once a week at his office and permitted Rizal, who was a good

equestrian to ride his chestnut horse.

- Rizal admired the kind, generous Spanish Captain.

Continuation .....

• He then wrote a poem, "A Don Ricardo Carnicero", on

August 26, 1892, On the occasion of the Captain's birthday.

- Note: Rizal never drink liquor, never smoked but he was a

lottery addict.

- During his first sojourn in Madrid from 1882 1885 he

always invested/allotted at least three (3) pesetas every

month in lottery tickets.

- This was his only vice commented Wenceslao Retana, his first

Spanish biographer and former enemy. pose meat or econID E.ZABLE AND SONA MOZAID, 2D

EDITION, PP 268-269)

Rizal – Pastells Debate on Religion

The debate started when Pastells sent Rizal a book by Sarda along with an advice that

Rizal should desist from his majaderas (foolishness) in viewing religion from the

perspective of individual judgement and self-esteem.

Fr. Pablo Pastells Jesuit priest who attempted to persuade Rizal to return to orthodox

Roman Catholic (telling Rizal that human intelligence is limited, thus he needs the

guidance of GOD) by way of Correspondence.

Rizal was bitter against the friars because they commit abuses under the cloak of

religion.

Father Pastells tried his best to win Rizal back to the faith but fortunately or

unfortunately, in vain.

These series of debate ended inconclusively in which neither of them convinced the

other of his judgements/arguments.

Behind the debate Pastells and Rizal were friends as evidently

pictured when: Pastells

gave Rizal a copy of Imitacion de Cristo by fr. Thomas Kemphis, Rizal gave Pastells a bust

of St Paul which he had made.

BERREZA, WYGREGOORIADE AND SONIAMIDE MIEDO, PERO

Drawing

Rizal's Encounter with the Friar's Spy:

>This Spy with the assumed named PABLO MERCADO posing as

relative, secretly visited Rizal at his house on the night of November

3, 1893.

- The Spy showing photo of Rizal and a pair of buttons with the initials

P.M. (Pablo Mercado), as evidence of his kinship with Rizal's family.

The strange visitor offered his services as Confidential Courier of

Rizal's letter and writings for the Patriots in Manila.

• Rizal, being a man of prudence and keen perception became

suspicious. He wanted to throw the Spy outside but considering his

value and late hour at night, he offered the Spy to spend the night at

his house. The next day, he sent the Spy away.

Rizal's encounter with the Friar's Spy”

(Continuation.....)

• Then later he learned that the rascal was still in Dapitan, telling

people that he was beloved relative of Dr. Jose Rizal.

- Rizal losing his cool, he went to Commandancia and denounced the

impostor to Captain Juan Sitges (who succeeded Capt. Ricardo

Carnicero) on May 4, 1893 as Commandant of Dapitan.

- Captain Juan Sitges order the arrest of Pablo Mercado and instructed

Anastacio Adriatico to investigate him immediately.

- During the investigation, the real name of Pablo Mercado was

Florencio Namanam, a native of Cagayan de Misamis, single and

about 30 years old.b

CONTINUATION.....

- Florencio Namanam was

o Hired by the Recollect Friars to a secret mission in Dapitan;

o To introduce himself to Rizal as a friend and relative;

o To Spy on Rizal's activities; and

o To filtch certain letters and writings which might incriminate him in

Revolutionary movement.

Based upon all these available documentary sources, the incident of the

secret mission of P. M. in Dapitan was not an "Assassination Attempt on

Rizal".

It was merely an Espionage plot concocted by the friars. (rosz vizabr. et ZAIDE RS M.ZAHIDE 2009

EDITION, PP275-277)

RIZAL AS PHYSICIAN

• RIZAL practiced Medicine in Dapitan.

• He had many patients, but most of them are poor that he even gave

them free medicine. Rizal also prescribed medicinal plants.

• He wrote a letter from his friend in HK, Dr Marquez, "here the

people are so poor that I have even to give medicine gratis”.

August, 1893 his mother and sister, Maria, arrived in Dapitan and

lived with him for one year.

• Rizal's successful operation on his mother's eye spread far and wide.

He became fame as an eye specialist. He had many patient who came

from different parts of the Philippines and even from Hong Kong.

Rizal as physician in Dapitan

- He had somehow, some rich patients who paid him handsomely for

his surgical skill.

A rich Filipino patient, Don Ignacio Tumarong was able to see again

because of Rizal's Ophthalmic skill and highly gratified by the

restoration of his sight, he paid P3,000.

- Another rich patient- an Englishman-paid P500.

- Don Florencio Azcarraga, a rich Haciendero of Aklan, was also cured

by Eye ailment and paid Rizal a cargo of sugar.

Rizal as an Engineer (Water System of Dapitan)

Rizal held the title of Expert Surveyor (Perito Agrimensor) which he

obtained from Ateneo before he took up medicine.

- He supplemented his training of surveyor by reading of engineering

books, thus enabled him to engage in civil engineering works.

- In Dapitan, he applied his knowledge of engineering by constructing a

system of waterworks (constructed in 1894) through the help of his

pupils, in order to furnish clean waters to the townspeople.

- The waterworks were built using stones, cast-off tiles, bamboo pipes

and mortar from burnt coral.

- An American engineer, M. H. Cameron, praised Rizal's engineering

feat/ingenuity..
Community Projects for Dapitan

RIZAL had -

- Drained the marshes to get rid of malaria that was infesting

Dapitan;

- Equipped the town with lighting system using P500 one of

his patient paid him. The lighting system consisted of:

Coconut oil lamp.

- Beautified the town of Dapitan by remodeling the town plaza

and making a huge relief map of Mindanao out of earth,

stones and grass

Rizal as an Educator/Teacher while in Dapitan

Since boyhood Rizal knew the value of education. He himself

planned to establish a modern college in Hong Kong for Filipino boys

so that he could train them in modern Pedagogical Concepts, which

were then unknown in the Philippines

- In 1893, (while exiled in Dapitan) he established a school which

existed until the end of his exile in July 1896.

- It began with three (3) pupils at enrollment, then increased to 16 and

later to 21.

- His students did not pay any tuition. Instead of Charging them tuition

fee, he made them work in his garden, fields and construction project

in the community.

Rizal as Teacher

>Rizal sat at a hammock while his students at a long bamboo bench.

• Rizal taught his boys reading, writing, languages (Spanish and

English), geography, history. Mathematics (arithmetic and geometry)

industrial work, nature-study, morals and gymnastics.

• Head of a class was called "emperador" sit at the head of the bamboo

bench while the poor students sit at the foot and get to do exercises

first. Formal classes were between 2:00 - 4:00 pm.

• He trained them how to collect specimens of plants and animals, to

love work and to "Behave like Men".

Lottery Won By Carnicero and Rizal

On September 21, 1892 the mail boat of Butuan was approaching

the town of Dapitan carrying lottery ticket No. 9736 jointly

owned by Capt. Carnicero, Dr Jose Rizal and Francisco Equillor

which won the second price of P20,000.00 in the government-

owned Manila lottery.

• Rizal's share of the winning lottery ticket was P6,200. he gave

P2000 to his father, P200 to his friend Jose Ma. Basa in Hong

Kong.

•The rest he invested well by purchasing agricultural lands along

the coast of Talisay about one kilometer away from Dapitan.

www.philstar.com 11/30/2010)

Rizal as a farmer

To prove his people that farming is a good profession, Rizal became a

farmer in Dapitan. In a letter to his sister , Lucia, on February 12, 1896, he

said: We cannot all be a doctors; it is necessary that there would be some

to cultivate the soil.

. During his first year of exile in Dapitan, Rizal bought 16 hectares of land in
Talisay, a barrio near Dapitan where he build his home, school and hospital

and planted cacao, coffee, corn sugarcane, coconut and fruit trees.

• Later, he acquired more lands until his total holdings reached seventy (70)

hectares, containing 6,000 hemp plants, 1,000 coconut trees, sugarcane,

many coffee & cacao plants and numerous kinds of fruit trees.

Rizal as Businessman

>In partnership with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan Merchant, he made

profitable business ventures in fishing, copra and hemp industries.

- The most profitable business venture of Rizal in Dapitan was in the Hemp

Industry.

- He shipped 150 bales of hemp to Manila (he purchased hemp in Dapitan at

P7 and 4 reales per picul and he sold it to Manila at P10 and 4 reales)

Rizal also engaged in lime manufacturing. Their lime burner had a monthly

capacity of more than 400 bags of lime. Cenas aliostrare mentre neutermann

- To break the Chinese monopoly in business in Dapitan, Rizal organized on

January 1, 1895, the Cooperative Association of Dapitan farmers..

Rizal's Inventive Ability

> Rizal's talents and skills (Inventor) -

• In Dapitan, RIZAL invented a cigarette lighter which he sent to

Ferdinand Blumentritt.

- He called it "SULPUKAN". This unique cigarette lighter was made of

wood. It's mechanism said Rizal, is based on the Principle of

compressed air.

• Rizal also invented a machine for making bricks (wooden machine for

making bricks) which tuned out about 6,000 bricks daily.

Poems written by Rizal in Dapitan

1) "MY RETREAT” – it was written by Rizal at the request of his mother. It

describes in melodious verse his quiet life in Dapitan. It is one of the best

poem.

2) "HYMM TO TALISAY"- it was written by Rizal to be sung by his students; a

vigorous song which praises the free life in Talisay.

3) "TO JOSEPHINE'- it was a lovely poem dedicated to Josephine Bracken, a

pretty Irish girl from HK who became Rizal's faithful wife.

4) "TO DON RICARDO CARNICERO" - written by Rizal as a birthday greeting

to Capt. Carnicero who became his admirer and friend.

5) “SONG OF THE TRAVELLER” – it was a sad poem of a lonely traveler who

was destined to roam-from shore to shore. It was the last poem written

by Rizal in Dapitan.

Artistic Works in Dapitan

>To pursue his artistic activities, Rizal -

- Contributed paintings to the Sisters of Charity who were preparing

the sanctuary of the

Holy Virgin.

- Made sketches of persons and things that attracted him in Dapitan.

. Modelled statuette called "The mothers Revenge" to stress the moral

of the incident where a puppy of his dog, Syria, was eaten by a

crocodile.

. Constructed a statue of a girl called "The Dapitan Girl”, a woodcarving

of Josephine Bracken.

- Made a bust of St Paul for father Pastells.

Rizal as a Linguist

Continuing his study of Languages, Rizal learned in Dapitan:

1. Bisayan

2. Subanun

3. Malay languages

- He knew by the time 22 languages as follows: Tagalog, Malay,

Ilokano, Hebrew, Bisaya, Sanskrit, Subanun, Dutch, Spanish, Catalan,

Latin, Italian, Greek, Chinese, English, Japanese, French, Portuguese,

German, Swedish, Arabic, Russian.

Rizal and Josephine Bracken

• In God's own time, this "somebody" came to Dapitan, like a sunbeam

to dispel his melancholy mood.

She was Josephine Bracken, an Irish girl of sweet eighteen, slender, a

chestnut blonde with blue eyes, dressed with elegant simplicity and

with an atmosphere of light gayety.

• She was born in Hong Kong on October 3, 1876 of Irish parents -

James Bracken, a corporal in the British Garrison, and Elizabeth Jane

McBride.

• Her mother died in childbirth and she was adopted by Mr. George

Taufer who later became blind.

Rizal and Josephine Bracken

In HK no ophthalmic specialist could cure Mr. Taufer's blindness so

that he, accompanied by his adopted daughter Josephine went to

Manila to seek services of the famous Ophthalmic Surgeon Dr. Jose

Rizal.
Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other at first sight, After a

whirlwind romance of one month, they agreed to marry.

• But Fr. Obach, the Priest of Dapitan, refused to marry them without

the permission of the Bishop of Cebu.

- When Mr. Taufer heard of their projected marriage he flared up in

violent rage. Unable to endure the thought of losing Josephine, he

tried to commit suicide by cutting off his throat with razor. Rizal

however, grabbed his wrist and prevented him from killing himself.

Continuation.....

• The blind man went away uncured because his ailment was

venereal in nature, hence incurable. Mr. Taufer returned alone to

HK. Josephine stayed in Manila with Rizal's family, and later

returned to Dapitan.

• Since no priest would marry them, Rizal and Josephine HELD

HANDS together and married themselves before the eyes of

GOD.

They lived as man and wife. Rizal and Josephine lived happily in

Dapitan and at one time Rizal wrote poem for Josephine Bracken.

• Josephine Bracken got pregnant. She gave birth to a stillborn

child.

JOSE RIZAL BY: GREGORIO.ZAIDE AND SONIA MZAIDL, 2009 EDITION, PP 272-292).

1. LAST TRIP ABROAD

RIZAL's FOUR YEAR EXILE IN DAPITAN CAME TO AN END.

JULY 31, 1896 - Rizal left for Dapitan on board the "Espana" for

manila with delightful stopovers in Dumaguete, Cebu, Ilo-llo,

Capiz and Romblon.

• In Dumaguete, Rizal visited a friend and a former classmate,

Herrero Regidor, who is a Judge of the Province.

• He also visited other friends, the Periquet and Rufina families.

• The Espana left Dumaguete about 1:00 pm and reached Cebu the

following morning.

Last Trip Abroad.

> CEBU – Rizal was fascinated by the entrance to Cebu which he considered

Beautiful. He met an old couple whom he had known in Madrid.

- In Cebu, Rizal wrote in his diary; I did two operations of Strabotomy, one

operation on the ears and another on tumor.

- In the morning of Monday, August 3, Rizal left Cebu going to llollo. He saw

Mactan "an island famous for what happened to Magellan.

In ILOILO - Rizal arrived at llollo he went shopping in the city, and visited

"MOLO" one of the Church he commented- the church pretty outside and

the interior is not bad, considering that it had been painted by a lad. The

paintings are mostly copies of biblical scenes by Gustave Dore.

RIZAL MISSES SHIP GOING TO SPAIN

>From llollo the ship sailed to Capiz. After a brief stopover it

proceeded towards Manila via Romblon;

August 6, 1896, the Steamer Espana arrived at Manila Bay early

morning. Unfortunately, Rizal was not able to catch the mail ship Isla

de Luzon because it had departed the previous day at 5:00 pm.

- On the same day , midnight of August 6, 1896, Rizal transferred to the

Spanish Cruiser “Castilla" by order of Gov-Gen Ramon Blanco.

- He was given good accommodation by Capt. Capt. Enrique Santalo,

who told him that he was not a prisoner, but a guest detained on

board in order to avoid difficulties from friends and enemies.

Launching of the Philippine Revolution

• Various wings of the Katipunan gathered at the house of Juan Ramos, at

Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin, Balintawak, North of Manila.

• Ramos, the son of Melchora Aquino, a.k.a. "Tandang Sora" and

acknowledged as the mother of the Katipunan.

• On August 23, 1896, the Supremo and his troops formally launched the

armed revolution against Spain. They tore their residence certificate or

cedulas which symbolizes their defiance against the colonizers, and

Shouting "Long live the Philippines".

• The "Cry of Balintawak” that took place in Bahay toro, now in Quezon City,

was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish empire.

• This became known in History as the "Cry of Pugadlawin".

Continuation.....

- Rizal stayed in the Cruiser for about a month. From August 6,

to September 2, 1896, pending the availability of Spain-

bound steamer.

August 26, 1896, Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan raised

the Cry of Balintawak.

- September 3, 1896, Rizal left for Spain on the Steamer Isla

De Panay.

It was Rizal's last trip abroad.

Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution

- On the faithful evening of August 19,1896, the Katipunan Plot to

overthrow the Spanish rule by means of Revolution was discovered by

Fray Mariano Gil, Augustinian cura of Tondo after Teodoro Patinos

disclosure of the organization's secret.

· August 26, 1896, Bonifacio and the Katipunan raised the Cry of

revolution (Sigaw ng Pugadlawin or Cry of Balintawak) in the hills of

Balintawak, a few miles of North Manila.

• Beginning of revolution tearing of community tax certificates to

mark their separation from the Spain.

Drawing

Outbreak of Phil. Revolution (continuation...)

► August 30, 1896 at sunshine, the Revolutionists led by Bonifacio and Jacinto

attacked San Juan, near the City of manila but were repulsed with heavy losses.

• In the afternoon, Governor General Blanco proclaimed a State of War in the first

eight (8) provinces

for rising arms against Spain. (MA-BU-CA-BA-LA-PA-NU-TA)

1) Manila

2) Bulacan

3) Cavite

4) Batangas

5) Laguna

6) Pampanga

7) Nueva Ecija

8) Tarlac.
Eruption/Outbreak of revolution: (continuation...)

>Rizal learned of the eruption of the revolution through newspaper he

read on the Castilla; He was worried for two (2) reasons:

1. The violent revolution which he sincerely believed to be premature

and would only cause much suffering with terrible loss of human

lives and property, and

2. It would arouse Spanish vengeance against all Filipino patriots.

. DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN:

September 2, 1896 (steamer Isla de Panay, where Rizal was

transferred on September 2 at 6:00 pm). He left Manila Bay for

Barcelona, Spain. At last, Rizal's last trip to Spain began. Among his

fellow passengers on board were Don Pedro Roxas and his son

Periquin (Rich Manila creole industrialist).DEPARTURE FOR SPAIN.

>They disembarked in Singapore. Don Pedro advised Rizal to

stay behind too and take advantage of the protection of the

British law. Rizal did not heed his advice.

-Several Filipino residents of Singapore, headed by don

Manuel Camus, urging him t stay in Singapore to save his life,

but he ignored their appeal because he had given his word to

Gov-Gen Ramon Blanco and did not like to break it.

Victims of Spanish Duplicity

Drawing

Refusing to break his word of honor in Singapore, Rizal zealed his own

doom. For without his knowledge, Governor-Gen Ramon Blanco was

secretly conspiring with the Ministers of War and the Colonies (Ultramar)
for his destruction.

• For all his wonderful talent, Rizal was after all a mortal man who

committed mistakes. And one of his greatest mistakes was to believe that

Gov-Gen Blanco was a man of honor and friend because:

1) He allowed him to go as free man to Spain to become a physician

surgeon of the Spanish army in Cuba, where a bloody revolution was

raging, and

2) Gave him two nice letters o introduction addressed to Spanish Ministers

of War and Colonies.

Il meet.google.com is sharin

Continuation.....

• The truth of the matter, as substantiated by declassified document in

the Ministers of War and the Colonies was that Blanco was his

implacable foe who regarded him as "dangerous Filipino" who was

responsible for the raging Philippine Revolution, and therefore plotted

his doom.

• Rizal was unaware that since his departure for Manila on his way to

Spain, Blanco and the Minister of War exchanging coded telegram

and confidential message for his arrest upon reaching Barcelona and

that he was a deportee and was being secretly kept under

surveillance.

Continuation.....

• On September 28, a passenger told Rizal the bad news that

he would be arrested by order of Gov. Gen Blanco and would

be sent to prison in Ceuta (Spanish Morocco) opposite

Gibraltar.

• Shocked by the alarming news, Rizal realized that he was

duped by unscrupulous Spanish officials particularly the Sly

Governor General Blanco.

• With an agonizing heart, Rizal immediately wrote a letter to

his friend Ferdinand Blumentritt.

Arrived in Barcelona as Prisoner

- September 30, the steamer anchored Malta at 4:00 pm. He was

officially notified by Captain Alemany (a ship skipper who arrested

Rizal) that he should stay in his cabin until further orders from Manila.

On October 3, at 10:00 am, the Islas de Panay arrived in Barcelona,

with Rizal as a prisoner on board.

- He was kept under heavy guard in his cabin for three (3) days.

- His Jailor no longer the ship Captain but the Military Commander of

Barcelona, who happened to be General Eulogio Despujol, the same

one who ordered his banishment to Dapitan in July 1892.

• Rizal held incommunicado in his cabin.

Continuation.....

-On October 6, Rizal was awaken by the guards and escorted

to the grim and infamous fortress named Montjuich.

-He spent the whole morning in a cell. About 2:00 in the

afternoon, he was taken out of prison by the guards and

brought to the Headquarters of Gen. Eulogio Despujol.

- In the interview that lasted a quarter an hour, the General

told Rizal that he would be shipped back to Manila on board

ship COLON which was leaving that evening. (enam, or creamA. JAKE AND SOMA MA.

ZAIDE, 2009 EDITION PP298-308)

Confiscation of Rizal's Diary

Since leaving Barcelona on Tuesday, October 6, 1896, Rizal recorded the

events in his diary: Given a good cabin, he was strictly guarded but

courteously treated by the officers.

- October 8, a friendly officer told Rizal that the Madrid Newspaper were full

of stories about the bloody revolution in the Philippines and were blaming

him for it.

- Spanish known that Rizal was keeping track of the Daily events in his day.

They were curious what were recorded in his diary, suspicion, feared what

may the diarist is writing.

- October 11, before reaching the fort said - Rizal's diary was taken from

him. Nothing dangerous was found in the contents of the diary.

- November 2, the diary was returned to him. Rizal was not able to record

the events from Monday- October 12 to Sunday, November 1.

Unsuccessful Rescue in Singapore

- News from Rizal's predicament reached his friends in Singapore and Europe.

• From London, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez dispatched telegrams to

an English lawyer in Singapore named Hugh Fort.

- The purpose is to rescue Rizal from Spanish steamer when it reached Singapore

by means of "Writ of Habeas Corpus".

• When the Colon arrived in Singapore, Atty Fort instituted the Proceedings at the

Singapore court for the removal of Rizal from the Steamer.

- Chief Justice Lionel Cox denied the Writ on the ground that the COLON was
carrying Spanish troops to the Philippines, hence, it is a warship of foreign power,

which under the international law was beyond the jurisdiction of Singapore

authorities.

- Rizal was unaware of the attempt made by his friends to rescue him in Singapore.

Arrival in Manila

- November 3, the Colon arrived/reached Manila.

. While the Spanish community was exulting with joy, Rizal was quietly

transferred under heavy guard from the ship to Fort Santiago.

Spanish authorities fished for evidence against Rizal. Many Filipino

patriots, including Deodato Arellano, Dr Pio Valenzuela, Pedro

Serrano Laktaw, Moise Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco and

many others were brutally tortured to implicate Rizal.

• Rizal's own brother Paciano, was arrested and cruelly tortured,

though suffered all pains, he never signed any damaging statements

incriminating his younger brother.

Preliminary investigation (PI)

. On the 20th of November, 19896, the Preliminary Investigation began.

• Rizal the accused, appeared before Judge Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive. He

was subjected to five (5) day grueling investigation.

. He was informed of the charges, answered question asked by the Judge advocate

but he was never permitted to confront those who testified against him. The

question on first day centered on two (2) points:

First, whether Rizal knew certain individuals & what is his relations with them;

ii. Second, Rizal's subversive activities in Madrid and in the Rhilippines.

• Two (2) kinds of evidence were presented against Rizal; namely:

1) Documentary evidence - consisting of 15 exhibits; and

2) Testimonial evidence - consists of oral testimonies of Dr. Pio Valenuela,

Aguedo del Rosario, Deodato Arellano, Domingo Franco, Jose Dizon Jose Reyes,

Pedro serrano Laktaw, Ambrosio Salvador, and many others.

Documentary evidence/(exhibits) presented

1) A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, dated October 16, 1888,

Madrid.

2) A letter of Rizal to his family, dated August 20, 1890, Madrid.

3) A Letter from M. H. Del Pilar to Deodato Arellano

4) A Poem entitled Kundiman

5) A letter of Caros Oliver to unidentified person

6) A Masonic document dated February 2, 1892

7) A letter signed Dimasalng to Ten Luz (Juan Zulueta, dated May 24 1892,

Hong Kong.

8) A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified committee dated June 1, 1892,

Documentary Evidence (exhibits) presented

9) An anonymous and undated letter to the editor of the Hong Kong

telegraph

10) A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated September 3, 1892

11) A letter of Rizal to Segundo, dated September 17, 1893

12) A letter of M. H. Del Pilar to Don Juan A. Tenluz.

13) Transcript of a speech of Pinkian (Emilio Jacinto) in a meeting in the

Katipunan, dated July 23, 1893.

14) Transcript of speech of Tik-Tol (Jose Turiano Santiago) during the

same Katipunan meeting.

15) A poem by Laon-Laan.

Hong Kong

Preliminary Investigation (PI)continuation....

• November 26, after PI, Col. Francisco Olive transmitted the

records of the case to Gov-Gen. Ramon Blanco.

• Ramon Blanco appointed Capt. Rafael Dominguez as Special

Judge Advocate to institute the corresponding action against

Rizal.

• Immediately, Capt. Dominguez resumed investigation, made brief

resume' of the charges and return the papers to Gov. Gen.

Ramon Blanco.

. Governor General Blanco thereupon transmitted them to Judge

advocate General Nicolas De La Pena for an opinion.

PL

CONTINUATION.....

- After studying the papers, Judge Advocate General Nicolas De La Pena

submitted the following recommendations:

1) The accused be immediately brought to trial;

2) He should be kept in prison;

3) An order of attachment be issued against his property to the

amount of P1 Million pesos as indemnity; and

4) He should be defended in court by an Army Officer and not by a

civilian lawyer.

Right to Choose His Defender

• The only right given to Rizal by the Spanish authorities was to choose his
defense council.

- It was highly restricted for he had to choose only from a list submitted to

him (His choice were limited)

- On the 8th of December, a list of 100 first and second Lieutenant in

Spanish Army was presented to Rizal.

. One name in the list struck his fancy. It was Don Luis Taviel De Andrade, 1st

Lieutenant of the Artillery.

- The name was familiar to him. It was proved to be the brother of Lt. Jose

Taviel De Andrade, Rizal's bodyguard in Calamba in 1887.

- Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade gladly accepted the task. He had previously heard

from his older brother Jose Taviel, about Dr. Jose Rizal.

Reading of information of Charges against Rizal

(the Accusation against Rizal)

On December 11, the information of charges was formally read to

Rizal, with his counsel present.

. He was ACCUSED of:

1. "The principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino

insurrection.

2. The founder of societies, periodicals and books dedicated to

fomenting and propagating ideas of Rebellion.

>The accused raises no objection to the jurisdiction of the court, but

pleaded not guilty to the crime of Rebellion.

The Accusation against Rizal (continuation...)

> Rizal admitted that he wrote the Constitution of the La Liga Filipina which

was merely a Civil Association.

- He waived the right to amend or make further statements already made,

except that he had taken no part in politics since his exile in Dapitan.

- He did not admit the charges and the declarations of the witnesses against

him.

. Dominguez forwarded the papers of Rizal's Case to Malacanan Palace on

December 13, the same day when Governor General Camilo G. Polavieja

with the help of powerful Dominicans friars, became Governor General of

the Philippines, succeeding General Ramon Blanco.

New Governor General (Continuation.....)

- The withdrawal of Blanco from Gubernatorial office sealed

Rizal's fate for he was more human in character than the

ruthless Polavieja.

- Moreover, he firmly believes that Rizal was not a Traitor in

Spain.

- Had he remained longer in office, Rizal would not have been

executed. But this was one of the intriguing "IF's” in history

of which man has no control because the destiny of men and

Nations in accordance with "GOD's divine plan.

Rizal's Manifesto

On December 15, Rizal wrote a Manifesto to his people appealing to

them to stop the necessary shedding of blood and to achieve their

liberties by means of education and industry.

>Judge Advocate de la Pena, however, suppressed the release of this

Manifesto.

RIZAL'S SADDEST CHRISTMAS

- December 25, 1896, was Rizal's last and saddest Christmas.

- He was accustomed to celebrating Christmas with his family or his

beloved friends.

Continuation.....

.On his last Christmas, he found himself alone and depressed

in dreary prison cell.

*He was in despair in this particular Christmas as he had no

illusions about his fate.

- He took time to write a letter to Lt. Taviel de Andrade.

- He wants to see Lt Andrade before he makes appearance in

court.

The Trial of Rizal

> On the 26th of December at 8:00 am, the Court-martial of Rizal started in

the Building called CUARTEL DE ESPANA.

- Seated behind the table were seven (7) members of the military court in

their army uniform.

- The Officers present were: Lt. Col Arjona, Capt. Munoz, Capt. Reguera,

Capt. Osorio, Capt. Nunez, Capt. Escribrano and Capt. Rodriguez.

- The trial opened by Judge Dominguez who explained the case against Rizal.

- After him, Atty. Alcoser arose and delivered a long speech summarizing all

the charges against Rizal and urged to give him a death sentence.

- The Spectators applauded the petition for Rizal's death.

In Defense of Rizal

After all the accusation have been read, Lt. Taviel De Andrade took

the floor and read his eloquent defense for Rizal.

He ended his defense with a noble but futile statement for the

members of the court.

"The Judges cannot be vindictive; the Judges can only be Just"

However, his defense proved to be of not much use as the Spanish

officers had already prejudged Rizal guilty of all accusations.

. When Lt. Andrade was seated, the court asked Rizal if he had

anything to say. Rizal then read his defense for himself which he had

prepared in his prison cell. red condemne 24. best homecoming

Polavieja Sign's Rizal's Execution

> On the 28th of December 1896, Camilo Polavieja approved

the decision of the court-martial and ordered that Rizal be

shot at 7:00 am on December 30 at Bagumbayan Field

(Luneta).

• His approval for the death penalty was then forwarded to

Judge advocate Captain Don Rafael Dominguez for

compliance.

This fatal document signed by Governor-General Camilo G.

Polavieja sealed the fate of Dr. Jose Rizal Mercado comenza, o RESORNO

ZAIDE AND SONIA M. ZAIDE, 200D EDITION PP 309-322)

Execution of Dr. Jose Rizal

Dr. Jose Rizal was tried and convicted for the crime of rebellion,

sedition and conspiracy before a court-martial and was sentence to

death by the Spanish colonial authorities.

• Rizal left his cell in Fort Santiago, now a national shrine, escorted by

armed guards, two catholic priest( Fr, Jose Villaclara and Fr. Estanislao

March) and a friend, his defender/counsel Don Luis Taviel de Andrade

Rizal then walked the length of the Boulevard known as the Paseo de

Maria Cristina (Bonifacio Drive today) towards the execution field.

Moments before his execution by firing squad of Filipino native

infantry, backed by an insurance force of Spanish troops, the Spanish

surgeon general requested to take his pulse; it was normal.

Execution of Dr. Jose Rizal

Dr. Jose Rizal was tried and convicted for the crime of rebellion,

sedition and conspiracy before a court-martial and was sentence to

death by the Spanish colonial authorities,

Rizal left his cell in Fort Santiago, now a national shrine, escorted by

armed guards, two catholic priest( Fr, Jose Villaclara and Fr. Estanislao

March) and a friend, his defender/counsel Don Luis Taviel de Andrade

* Rizal then walked the length of the Boulevard known as the Paseo de

Maria Cristina (Bonifacio Drive today) towards the execution field.

- Moments before his execution by firing squad of Filipino native

infantry, backed by an insurance force of Spanish troops, the Spanish

surgeon general requested to take his pulse; it was normal.

Continuation.....

• Eight pre-selected marksmen from the 70th line regiment were to be in the

first row. The second line would be eight soldiers: four from the seventh

battalion and four from the eight hunters Battallion. They had their guns

trained on the first throw of the native soldiers, in case they failed to
execute the orders.

• The artillery commander tell Rizal that he will soon give the orders to

shoot.

• Rizal asked not to be blindfolded. The Commander agreed, "not necessary",

he explained.

• Rizal asked if he could face the firing squad. The commander answered.

"that's not possible", I have orders to shoot you at the back.

Continuation.....

- In that case then, Rizal said "Spare my head”. The Commander agreed.

• Rizal informed Commander Senor Manuel Gomez Ezcalante that he'd point

with his elbow and hitch his shoulder to indicate where the soldiers should

aim to hit his heart.

- Thanks, the Commander said and asked, "do you prefer to kneel? Rizal said,

"No, I'll stand".

• It was 7:02 am. A muffed drum roll was sounded.

- A minute later the commander give the order: Mark. Another second later:

Fire! The Impact of eight bullets found their mark. Rizal fell down face

upwards.

Continuation.....

. His last words were "Consummatum Est!" (it is Finished).

December 30, 1896 at 7:03 am Dr Jose Rizal died.

• A statute now stands at the place where he fell, designed by the Swiss

Richard Kissling.

• The original title of Rizal monument is Motto Stella (Latin words) or

guiding star – the title given by its designer Swiss sculptor, Richard
Kissling

- The Rizal monument was unveiled on December 30, 1913 during Jose

Rizal's 17th death anniversary. It makes the monument more than 100

years old now.

"Retraction Controversy"

Several Historians report that Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas

through a document which stated: “I retract with all my heart

whatever in my words, writings, publications and conduct have been

contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic Church.

However, there are doubts of its authenticity given that there is no

certificate of Rizal's catholic marriage to Josephine Bracken.

. After analyzing six major documents of Rizal, Ricardo Pascual

concluded that the retraction document, said to have been

discovered in 1935 was not in Rizal's handwriting.

Retraction Controversy.

Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the University of the

Philippines and a prominent Mason , argued that a retraction is not

in keeping with Rizal's character and mature beliefs.

• He called the retraction story as a "pious fraud". Others who deny the

retraction are Frank Laubach, a Protestant Minister, Austin Coates, a

British writer and Ricardo Manapat, Director of the National Archives.

. On the other side are prominent Philippine Historians such as Nick

Joaquin, Nicolas Zafra, Leon Ma. Guerero, Gregorio F zaide, Guillermo

Gomez, Ambeth Ocampo, John Schumacher, Antonio Molina, Paul

Dumol and Austine Craig......->->->

Continuation.....

They take the retraction document as authentic, having been

judge as such by a foremost expert on the writings of RIZAL.

Teodoro Kalaw (a 33rd degree Mason) and "handwriting

experts.....known and recognized in our courts of Justice".

On the other hand, Senator Jose Diokno stated: "Surely

whether Rizal died as a Catholic or an apostate adds or

detracts nothing from his greatness as a Filipino.... Catholic

or Mason, Rizal is still Rizal – the hero who courted death

"to prove to those who deny our patriotism that we know

how to die for our duty and our beliefs.

Rizal's Retraction Controversy

(the “Original” discovered by Fr Manuel Garcia, C. M. on May 18, 1935)

Me declare catolica y en esta Religion en que naci y me eduque vivir y morir.

Me retracto de todo Corazon de cuanto en mis palabras, escritos, impresos y

conducta ha habido contrario a mi cualidad de hijo de la Iglesias Catolica.

Creo y profeso cuanto ella ensena y me somento a cuento ella manda.

Abomina de la escandalo que mis actos Masonaria, como enigma que es de

la iglesia, y como Sociedad prohibida por la Iglesia. Puede el Prelado

Diocesano, como autoridad Superior Eclesiastica hacer publica esta

manifastacion espontaneo mia para reparar el escandalo que mis actos

hayan podido causar y para que Dios y Los hombers me perdonen.

Manila 29, Deciembre de 1896

Jose Rizal

Rizal's Retraction Controversy (ENGLISH TRANSLATION)

>I declare myself a catholic and in this Religion in which I was born and educated I

wish to live and die.

. retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and

conduct has been contrary to my character as son of the Catholic Church. I

believe and I confess whatever she teaches and submit to whatever she

demands. I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of the Church, and as a

society prohibited by the Church. The Diocesan Prelate may, as the Superior

Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this spontaneous manifestation of mine in

order to repair the scandal which may acts may have caused and so that God and

people may pardon me.

Manila 29 of December of 1896

Jose Rizal

Analysis: Rizal's Retraction.

At least four texts of Rizal's retraction have surfaced. The fourth text

appeared in El Imparcial on the day after Rizal's execution; it is the

short formula of the retraction.

The First text was published in La Voz Espanola and Diario de Manila

on the day of Rizal's execution, December 30, 1896.

· The Second text appeared in Barclona, Spain on February 14, 1897, in

the fortnightly Magazine in La Juventud; It came from an anonymous

writer who revealed himself fourteen years later as Fr. Balaquer.

• The Original text was discovered in the archdiocesan archives on May

18, 1935, after it disappeared for thirty-nine years from the afternoon

of the day when Rizal was shot.

Rizal's Retraction; Analysis:

* We know that the reproductions of the lost original had been made

by a copyist who could imitate Rizal's handwriting.

*This fact is revealed by Fr. Balaquer himself who, in his letter to his

former Superior Fr. Pio Pi in 1910, said that he had received “an exact

copy of the retraction written and signed by Rizal.

. The handwriting of this copy I don't know nor do I remember whose

it is ...” He proceeded: I even suspect that it might have been written

by Rizal himself. I am sending it to you that you may .....verify whether

it may be of Rizal's himself..... Fr. PIO Pi was not able to verify it in his

sworn statement.

Continuation.....

. This Exact Copy had been received by Fr. Balaquer in the evening

immediately preceding Rizal's execution, Rizal Y Su Obra, and was

followed by Sr. Wenceslao E. Retana in his Biography of Rizal.

- Fr. Pio Pi's copy of retraction has the same text as that of Fr.

Balaquer's "exact"copy but follows the paragraphing of the texts of

Rizal's retraction in the Manila Newspapers.

Regarding the Original text, no one claim to have seen it; except the

publisher of La Voz Espanola".

On May 18, 1935, the Lost "Original" document of Rizal's retraction

was discovered by the archdiocesan archivist, Fr. Manuel Garcia, C.M.

Significant Difference between the "Original” and the Manila

Newspaper Text and the Copies of Fr. Balaquer and Fr, Pio Pi.

1) First, instead of the words "mi cualidad” (with "u") which appear in

the original and the newspaper texts, the Jesuits' copies have "mi
calidad” (with "u").

2) Second, the Jesuits' copies of the retraction omit the word

"Catolica” after the first "Iglesias” which are found in the original

and the newspaper texts.

3) Third, the Jesuits' copies of retraction add before the third

"Iglesias” the word "misma” which is not found in the original and

the newspaper texts of the retraction.

Original and the Manila Newspaper Text VS. the Copies of

Fr. Balaquer and Fr. Pio Pi (Continuation.....)

4) Fourth, with regards to paragraphing which immediately strikes the

eye of the critical reader, Fr. Balaquer's text does not begin the

second paragraph until the fifth sentences, While the original and

the newspaper copies start the second paragraph immediately with

the second sentences.

5) Fifth, Whereas the texts of the retraction in the original and in the

Manila newspapers have only four commas, The text of Fr.

Balaquer's copy has eleven commas.

5) Sixth, the most important of all, Fr. Balaquer's copy did not have the

names of the witnesses from the texts of the newspapers in Manila.

Continuation.....

In his notarized testimony twenty years later, Fr. Balaquer

finally named the witnesses, He said “This... retraction was

signed together with Dr Rizal by Senor Fresno, Chief of the

Picket, and Senor Mourne, Adjutant of the Plaza."

However, the proceeding quotation only proves itself to be

an addition to the original. Moreover, in his letter to Fr. Pio Pi

in 1910, Fr. Balaquer said that he had the “exact” copy of the

retraction, which was signed by Rizal but he made no

mention of the witnesses. In his accounts too, no witnesses

signed the retraction.

Where Did Fr. Balaquer's "exact copy come from?

We do not need long arguments to answer this question, because Fr.

Balaquer himself has unwittingly answered this question. He said in

his letter to Fr. Pio Pi in 1910:

"...I preserved in my keeping and am sending to you the original texts

of the two formulas of retraction, which they (you) gave me; that

from you and that of the Archbishop, and the first with the changes

which they (that is, You) made; and the other exact copy of the

retraction written and signed by Rizal. The handwriting of this copy I

don't know nor do I remember whose it is, and I even suspect that it

might have been written by Rizal himself."

Continuation.....

In his own word quoted above, Fr. Balaquer said that he received two

original texts of the retraction. The first, which came from Fr. Pi,

contained "the changes which you (Fr. Pi) made"; the other, which is

"that of the Archbishop" was " the exact copy of the retraction

written and signed by Rizal".

Fr. Balaguer said that the "exact copy" was written and signed by

Rizal" but he did not say "written and signed by Rizal and himself" (

the absence of the reflexive pronoun "himself” could mean that

another person- the copyist- did not). He only "suspected that “Rizal

himself" much as fr. Balaquer did not know nor remember whose

handwriting it was.

RIZAL, The ROMANTIC:

There were at least eleven women linked with Jose Rizal;

namely: Julia Celeste smith, Segunda Katigbak, Jacinta Ibardo

Laza, Leonor Valenzuela, Leonor Rivera, Consuelo Ortiga, O-

Sei San, Gertrude Beckett, Nelly Boustead, Suzanne Jacoby,

and Josephine Bracken.

These women might have been beguiled by his intelligence,

charm and wit.

THE LOVES OF DR. JOSE RIZAL

1. Julia Celeste Smith

• Rizal was only 15 when he first saw Julia by accident in a river named

Dampalit in Los Banos a few days after easter in 1877.

She was wearing a red wrap around skirt. Julia could not catch the

butterfly she was chasing.

• Rizal, ever gallant, caught two (2), Trillana wrote. Heart beating with

strange fondness, Rizal offered her the Butterflies and she laughed

with innocent pleasure.

. He was instantly attracted to her. But for lack of subsequent contact,

Rizal eventually forgot Julia.

Love life of Rizal. (Continuation .....)

2. Segunda Katigbak Y Solis

• The 14 year old maiden from Lipa City, Batangas was Rizal's puppy
love.

. Unfortunately, his first love was engaged to be married to Don

Manuel Luz y Metra who also hailed from one of the prominent

families in town.

•The romantic tale between Rizal and Segunda happened after Rizal's

graduation in Ateneo Municipal.

• Rizal first saw her at a party in his grandmother's house in Troso

Manila in 1887.

Love life of Rizal. (Continuation .....)

2. Segunda Katigbak Y Solis

- The 14 year old maiden from Lipa City, Batangas was Rizal's puppy

love.

. Unfortunately, his first love was engaged to be married to Don

Manuel Luz y Metra who also hailed from one of the prominent

families in town.

•The romantic tale between Rizal and Segunda happened after Rizal's

graduation in Ateneo Municipal.

Rizal first saw her at a party in his grandmother's house in Troso

Manila in 1887.

Segunda Catigbac (continuation...)

• Rizal vividly describe her in his Memorias de un Estudiante

de Manila written in 1881, as: (she was short, with

expressive eyes, ardent at times and drooping at other times,

rosy-cheeked (pinkish), a smile so bewitching and

provocative that revealed some very beautiful teeth; with an

air of sylph, her entire self diffused a mysterious charm. I do

not know what alluring something was all over her being.

She was not the most beautiful woman I have seen but I had

never seen one more bewitching and alluring).

• It was truly love at first sight for the young Rizal.

4. Leonor Valenzuela:

. Also known as Orang, was Rizal's object of affection while he was

courting his cousin, Leonor Rivera.

She was a tall girl with regal bearing from Pagsanjan, Laguna. She was

also Rizal's neighbor.

• Rizal boarded in Intramuros during his sophomore year in medicine

at the University of Santo Tomas (UST).

He regularly visited orang's house especially during social gathering.

- He courted her by sending love notes in invisible ink made of common

table salt, and water, which could only be deciphered by heating the

note over a candle or lamp so words would appear.

He visited her on the eve of his departure to Spain and bade her last

goodbye.

The Loves of Rizal (Continuation.....)

5. Leonor Rivera.

· Leonor Rivera, or Taimis his sweetheart for 11 years played the

greatest influence in keeping him from falling in love with other

women during his travel.

. Unfortunately, Leonor's mother disapproved of her daughter's

relationship with Rizal, who was then a Filibustero.

She hid from Leonor all letters sent to her sweetheart.

· Leonor believing that Rizal had already forgotten her, sadly consented

her to marry the Englishman, Henry Kipping, her mother's choice.

Rizal's Lovelife.

6. Consuelo Ortiga Y Perez

- Consuelo was the daughter of then Alcalde of Manila and president of

Consejo de Filipinas in Madrid (Don Pablo Ortiga).

• The Ortiga residence in Madrid was frequented by Rizal and his

compatriots.

• According to Consuelo's diary, she first met him on 16 September 1882 and

the most well known poem and verses written to her is entitled A La

Senorita C.o. y P.

. She wrote that they talked the whole night and told that he was talented,

diplomatic and mysterious. She said that he detested amiable women.

Continuation.....

She wrote that they talked the whole night and told her that she was

talented, diplomatic and mysterious. She said that she detested

amiable women.

- Rizal eventually gave up his romantic feelings for Consuelo for he did

not want to compete/destroy his friendship with EDUARDO DE LETE

who was madly in love with Consuelo, whom he treated like his

brother and admitted that he still has feelings for Leonor.

. Consuelo admitted that she could not reciprocate his love as he had

wished.

The Loves of Rizal; (CONTINUATION....)

7. Seiko Usui (O Sei-San).

. Sei-San worked at the Spanish Legation in Tokyo. She was 23 years old

when she met the 27-year old Rizal.

A Japanese samurai's daughter taught Rizal the Japanese art of Painting

known as su-mie. Given that Seiko spoke both English and French, she and

Rizal manage to strike up a friendship and eventually a relationship.

. She also helped Rizal improve his knowledge of Japanese language.

- If Rizal was a man without Patriotic mission, he would have married this

lovely and intelligent woman and lived a stable and happy life with her in

Japan because the Spanish Legation there offered him a lucrative job.

• After a month long relationship, Rizal had to leave for San Francisco in April

1888.

Love life of Rizal....

8. Gertrude Beckett:

- While Rizal was in London annotating the Sucesos de las Islas

Filipinas, he boarded in the house of the Beckett Family, within

walking distance of the British Museum.

Gertrude, a blue eyed and buxom girl was the oldest of the three

Beckett daughters, fell in love with Rizal.

Tottie helped him in his painting and sculpture, but Rizal suddenly left

London to Paris to avoid Gertrude, who was seriously in love with

him.

. Before leaving London, he was able to finish the group carving of the

Becketts sisters. He gave the group carving to Gertrude as a sign of

their brief relationship.

The Loves of Rizal.

9. Nellie Boustead:

• Rizal having lost Leonor Rivera, entertained the thought of courting other ladies.

• While a guest of the Boustead family at their residence in the resort city of

Biarittz, he had befriended the two pretty daughters of his host Eduardo

Boustead.

• Rizal used to paint with the sisters at the studio of Juan Luna.

· Antonio Luna, Juan's brother and also a frequent visitor of the Boustead courted

Nellie but she was deeply infatuated with Rizal.

. In a party held by Filipinos in Madrid, a drunken Antonio Luna, uttered unsavory

remarks against Nellie Boustead. This tempted Rizal to challenge Luna into due.

Fortunately, Luna apologized to Rizal, thus averting a tragedy for the compatriot.

The Loves of Rizal

10. Suzanne Jacoby:

- In 1890, Rizal moved to Brusssels due to the high cost of living in

Paris.

. He stayed in the Boarding house operated by the Jacoby sisters.

. It wasn't long before he and Suzanne became lover.

Rizal, however, left Brussels and continued with his Journey.

. Although she cried when he left her, she continued sending him

letters with hope that he will come back.

- Rizal produce Suzanne's sculpture which he gave to Valentin Ventura.

The Loves of Rizal

10. Suzanne Jacoby:

* In 1890, Rizal moved to Brusssels due to the high cost of living in

Paris.

• He stayed in the Boarding house operated by the Jacoby sisters.

It wasn't long before he and Suzanne became lover.

Rizal, however, left Brussels and continued with his Journey.

. Although she cried when he left her, she continued sending him

letters with hope that he will come back.

• Rizal produce Suzanne's sculpture which he gave to Valentin Ventura.

The loves of Rizal.

11. Josephine Bracken:

- In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met an 18-

year old petite Irish girl, with blue eyes, brown hair and a happy

disposition.

. She was Josephine Bracken, the adopted daughter of George Taufer from

HONG KONG, who came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye treatment.

• Rizal was physically attracted to her. His loneliness and boredom must have

taken the measure of him and what could be a better diversion to fall in

love again.

• But the Rizal sisters suspected Josephine as an agent of the friars and they

considered her a threat to Rizal's security. WWW.SURESHARE.NET GOOGLE.COM

12. PHILIPPINES

• RIZAL's true love was no one else but his country. He couldn't belong to any

woman or any family for he was meant for noble things.

• As Ferdinand Blumentritt, one of Rizal's closest friends wrote in his letter

consoling Rizal after losing Leonor Rivera, he said: I know your heart is aching; but

you are one of those heroes who overcome the pain of wounds caused by woman
because they pursue higher ends.

. You have a stout heart and a nobler woman looks upon you with love: Your native

country.

· The Philippines is like one of those enchanted princesses in the German fairy

tales who is kept in captivity by a foul dragon until she is rescued by a valiant

heart.

Rizal never married any of his loves because he had already married "Patria, his

Native Land".

Continuation....

- PHILIPPINES

• Rizla's life was cut short at the age of 35. According to Historian

Ambeth Ocampo, in Rizal's love letters about our country he said: 1

have always loved my poor country and I am sure that I shall love

her until my last moment. Perhaps some people will be unjust to me;

well, my future, my life, my joys, everything. I have sacrificed for

love of her. Whatever my fate one of will be, I shall die blessing my

country and wishing her the dawn of her redemption. Happen what

may, I shall die blessing her and desiring the dawn of her

redemption.

Rizal an American-Sponsored Hero?

American Endorsement

. There is no question that Rizal had the qualities of greatness. History

cannot deny his patriotism.

• Rizal was a martyr to oppression, obscurantism, and bigotry. His

dramatic death captured the imagination of our people.

. He was therefore revered by his countrymen and deserved their

admiration.

. But we must accept the fact that his formal designation as our

national hero, his elevation to his present eminence so far above all

other heroes was abetted and encouraged by the Americans.

. It was Governor William Howard Taft who in 1901 suggested to the

Philippine Commission that the Filipinos be given a National Hero.

. "And now, Gentlemen, you must have a national hero." in these

faithful words, addressed by then Civil Governor William Howard Taft

to Filipino Members of the Civil Commission Pardo De Tavera,

Learda, Luzuriaga - lay the Genesis of Rizal Day.

. IN 1901, Less than 5 years after he was executed by firing squad on

December 30, 1896, Rizal had become Philippine National Hero under

the United States colonial Government of Civil Governor William

Howard Taft” regardless of whether any legislature, Filipino or

foreign, had declared him as such". JOSE RIZAL, BY: GREGORIO F: ZAIDE AND SONIA M.ZAIDE, 2008
EDITION, F. 34-335)

American Motive

• • The reason for the enthusiastic American attitude becomes clear in

the following appraisal:

1. Rizal never advocated independence, nor did he advocate armed

resistance to the government. He urged reform from within by

publicity, by public education, and appeal to the public conscience.

2. The public image that the American desired for the Filipino national

hero was quite clear. They favored a hero who would not run

against the grain of American colonial policy.

• The heroes who advocated independence were therefore ignored. For

to have encouraged a movement to revere Bonifacio or Mabini would

not have been consistent with American colonial policy.

American Motive (CONTINUATION...

3. Several factors contributed to Rizal's acceptability to the Americans

as the official hero of the Filipinos.

a) Rizal was safely dead by the time the American began their

aggression;

b) No embarrassing anti-American quotations could ever be attributed

to him;

c) Moreover, Rizal's dramatic martyrdom had already made him the

symbol of Spanish Oppression.

d) The Americans specially emphasize the fact that Rizal was a

reformer, not a separatist.

Continuation.....

4 It must also be remembered that the Filipino members of the

Philippine Commissions were conservative illustrados. The

Americans regarded Rizal as belonging to this class.

. This was, therefore, one more point in his favor. Rizal belonged to the

right social class - the class that they were cultivating and building up

for leadership.

Note: The main argument of the home-grown detractors/critics of

Rizal is this:

Since Rizal did not lead the Revolution of 1896 - he even discouraged

and disowned it - he could not be properly the National Hero of the

Philippines.

Was Rizal an American made Hero?

(or Greatest National Hero?)

1. Rizal was our greatest hero because as a towering figure in the

propaganda campaign, he took an "admirable part" in the movement

which roughly covered the period from 1882 - 1896.

2. Rizal's writings contributed tremendously to the formation of Filipino

nationality.

3. Rizal becomes the greatest Filipino hero because no Filipino has yet been

born who could equal or surpass Rizal as a "person of distinguished

valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering.

4. Rizal is the greatest Filipino hero that ever lived because he is "a man

honored after death by public worship, because of exceptional service

to mankind".

CONTINUATION.....

RIZAL has become suspect due to a manifesto addressed to the

Filipino people stating his opposition to the very revolution which

made us the first Asians to rebel against a Western colonial power

and establish a Republic.

This revolution in Rizal's view, was premature thus a senseless waste

of time and human lives. But nothing strikes the Filipino psyche

harder than the idea that Rizal was an American Sponsored Hero.

> Andres Bonifacio made Rizal the honorary President of the Katipunan

and even attempted to rescue him rom exile in Dapitan so he could

lead, or at least inspire the Filipinos to revolt.

CONTINUATION.....

RIZAL has become suspect due to a manifesto addressed to the

Filipino people stating his opposition to the very revolution which

made us the first Asians to rebel against a Western colonial power

and establish a Republic.

This revolution in Rizal's view, was premature thus a senseless waste

of time and human lives. But nothing strikes the Filipino psyche

harder than the idea that Rizal was an American Sponsored Hero.

Andres Bonifacio made Rizal the honorary President of the Katipunan

and even attempted to rescue him rom exile in Dapitan so he could

lead, or at least inspire the Filipinos to revolt.

lenol

Continuation.....

> In Compulsory Rizal Courses all over the Philippines, are either given the

usual lectures that Rizal is the greatest Filipino – the greatest Malay

whoever lived-or that Rizal as our national hero should be reconsidered,

since he is in a sense a traitor to the revolution and he became the national

hero only because of the Americans who sponsored and encouraged the

Rizal cult.

It is true that the Americans had overemphasized Rizal, thus pushing other

heroes like Andres Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini, Emilio Aguinaldo to

relative obscurity as second class heroes.

But one thing which is not brought up is the fact that Rizal was already

seen as a hero even before his execution on 30 December 1896.

Continuation.....
>In 1898 Emilio Aguinaldo declared 30 December to be an annual

"Day of National Mourning" in honor of Rizal. From all these we can

see that although the Americans encouraged the hero worships of

Rizal, the man was already a national hero to the Filipinos long Before

the Americans sponsored him as such.

>In a sense, the Americans simply built on the prevailing sentiment of

the people. The Transcripts of the trial of Rizal states that he was the

"Soul of the Revolution." THUS, he might not have been the leader of

the Revolution - he might not have believed that the revolution

would succeed - but Rizal inspired the revolution and for this alone

his detractors should think of a new argument, rather than riding on

the prevailing anti-American sentiment to denigrate Jose Rizal.

CONTINUATION.....

RIZAL has become suspect due to a manifesto addressed to the

Filipino people stating his opposition to the very revolution which

made us the first Asians to rebel against a Western colonial power

and establish a Republic.

This revolution in Rizal's view, was premature thus a senseless waste

of time and human lives. But nothing strikes the Filipino psyche

harder than the idea that Rizal was an American Sponsored Hero.

> Andres Bonifacio made Rizal the honorary President of the Katipunan

and even attempted to rescue him rom exile in Dapitan so he could

lead, or at least inspire the Filipinos to revolt.

loel Nool

Showing the Filipino Potential.

Rizal was a brilliant writer and a poet. He was able to speak

several languages and highly skilled.

He was able to use his intelligence to set forth his beliefs and

opinions clearly. As such, he was able to show his

countrymen and the world what the Filipino could be

capable of.

By becoming a novelist, engineer, writer, educator, etcetera,

Rizal showed that there was no limit to the ability of the

Filipinos.

Continuation.....

Fighting for Freedom.

• Through his works, Rizal was able to revolutionize the way the Filipinos

thought. That is another reason why Jose Rizal is the national hero of the

Philippines.

. Even without making rousing speeches or bold declarations, he was able to

stir the people's inner spirit.

- He showed that without killing a man or sacrificing another's life, one can

fight oppression.

- He also demonstrated how the power of the pen could be stronger than

the sword.

• He likewise showed how someone could bring about change without

resorting to violence.

Continuation.....

A REFORMIST.

• RIZAL was also different from the other revolutionaries in other ways.
He did not just want freedom for the people, He wanted REFORMS.

Through his works he wanted to show how important it was for the

Philippines to be civilized.

• The reason why Rizal is the national hero of the Philippines is because

he looked far beyond overthrowing the Spaniards. He was interested

in the long term solution of the country.

How Filipino View Rizal? Continuation......

> Love for the Country

• Even though he carried no arms, Rizal was very brave and courageous.

. He used his pen to expose the hypocrisy of the Spanish authorities.

. He was not afraid of the authorities even when they threatened him

with execution.

- In the end, his written works cost him his life. But he knew that his

death was not in vain.

The man knew that while they could kill his mortal body, the idea of

freedom was forever in the minds of the people.

Continuation.....

- It was a concept that would burn in the minds of every man.

As long as the ideal was burning in the heart, the death of

Rizal would only be in the physical sense. In spirit, he was in

every individual.

• The ideals that he fought for are still alive today.

There are many challenges facing the Filipino, but the

reasons why Rizal is the national hero of the Philippines

continues to inspire the Filipino to March On.

How The Filipinos View Rizal?

As a Womanizer.

• Rizal had the impression of being a womanizer because of his past

relationship with many woman.

• Truly these were just serial relationships which means most of them were

not serious.

Only Josephine Bracken was the only one he lived within Dapitan,

. There were also rumors that Rizal was said to be the father of the Nazi

dictator Adolf Hitler, also Rizal was said to be the father of Mao Zedong.

- There's this rumor also that Rizal fathered a son by an Austrian

chambermaid which is not true as the role of the chambermaid was only at

the hotel where he stayed.

Continuation....

American Made Hero.

many Filipino believed that Rizal was an American Sponsored Hero

because he never favored revolution or independence for the

Philippines.

- Instead he favored a quiet evolutionary process that involves

education.

• They said that the American promoted the cult of Rizal.

Rizal was said to be chosen by the American hand over all heroes to

the statement made by Governor William Howard Taft

Continuation.....

As National Hero.

· Issues are spreading that heroes like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo.
Apolinario Mabini should be proclaimed as the national hero.

. As for Aguinaldo, it was true that he led the country towards independence,

however, the Republic which he helped eventually led to its downfall.

. As for Mabini, he wrote his “ La Revolucion Filipina" saying that if Aguinaldo met

a glorious death in a battle he would have been the country's greatest hero.

Bonifacio for his part never won a single Battle.

. Therefore, it is difficult to compare each of the heroes because they has their

own unique contribution to the country.

. We should not make heroes compete against each other rather, we should look

at their contributions.

1. Graciano Lopez Jaena

Graciano Lopez Jaena (December 18, 1856 - January 20, 1896) - was a

journalist, orator, revolutionary and a National Hero, who is well known for

his Newspaper, La Solidaridad. (pen name: Diego Laura).

• The fierce orator born on December 18, 1856, in Jaro, Ilo-llo.

Studied at the Seminario de San Vicente Ferrer in Jaro, operated by Paulist

- members of Missionary Society of St. Paul, the Apostle.

. It was Graciano's ambition to be a Physician. He sought enrollment at the

UST but was denied admission because the required Batchelor of Arts

degree was not offered at the Seminary in Jaro.

• 1880 - because of Fray Botod, Jaena had no choice but to left the country

to escape to the Spanish Government.

G. Lopez Jaena

• Lopez Jaena served as a secretary to his uncle, Claudio Lopez, to support

himself while serving as an apprentice at San Juan De Dios Hospital.

• 1882 - Celebration of International Congress Commercial Geography,

where Jaena stood up and fought for his country against the Article made

by Fr, Ramon Martinez Vigil.

• Notable contributions: Logia revolucion, El Latigo National Newspaper,

Circulo Hispano, El Liberal, El Progreso etc.

• Other Works of Jaena: La hija del Fraile, Esperanza, To the Filipinos , and

• THE REPUBLIC IS COMING – he created this article in order to encourage

his countrymen to fight against the Spanish Tyranny, and He proclaimed

that "The Filipino's are not the Puppets of Spain". WWW.SLIDESHARE MET)

G. Lopez Jaena.

• The Controversial Satirical novel - Fray Botod (Brother Fatsoy) which

depicted a fat and lecherous priest. The tale

dealt with ignorance, abuses,

and immorality of certain friar botod.

• Philippine Historian regard Lopez Jaena, along with Jose Rizal and Marcelo

H. Del Pilar as the "triumvirate of Filipino propagandist." of these three

Illustrados, Lopez Jaena was the first to arrive and may be said as the

Genesis of Propaganda Movement.

• Lopez Jaena pursued his Medical Studies at the University of Valencia but

did not finished.

. Founded the La Solidaridad on February 15, 1889.

• April 1,1889, Founded the first Filipino Masonic Lodge Revolucion in

Barcelona.

• Died on January 20, 1896 in Barcelona, Spain (cause of death

Tuberculosis).
2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Marcelo H. del Pilar (lawyer, Journalist & Political analyst) - Popularly known as

"Plaridel". Leading Propagandist for reforms in the Philippines. The most

intellectual leader and a true soul of Philippine Revolution.

• Editor and co-publisher of La Solidaridad. (he succeeded G. Lopez Jaena)

. Born August 30, 1850 in Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulakan.

Studied in Colegio de San Jose, where he finished his Bachelor of Arts degree.

Also studied in UST where he obtained his Law degree in 1880.

. Founded the Diariong Tagalog, the Nationalistic Newspaper of the country, on

August 1, 1882. Here he publicly denounce Spanish mal-administration... wwer D.ORG

MARCHLOHDILLA

M. H. Del Pilar (Continuation.....)

Two Novels (Dasalan at Toksohan and Monastic Soereignity in the

Philippines)

. Between 1887-1888 when anonymous manifesto against friar were

distributed to the public, he released Dasalan at Toksohan (Prayers

and Mockeries) a manual anti-clerical commentary in the format and

Novena.

• He parodied the lords prayers, Hail Mary, the Apostle creed, the Ten

Commandment, the act of contrition, and the Cathechesism.

• With these anti-clerical protest, Del Pilar stays in the country became

dangerous. His house burnt mysteriously.

M. H. Del Pilar

• La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Sovereignty in the

Philippines) was among the first Pamphlets he wrote in Spain.

Wrote Caingat kayo, a defense for Rizal's Novel, Noli Mi Tangere.

• Del Pilar began his campaign in 1869 writing petitions to the colonial

authorities exposing abusive local civil and religious official.

Sought by the religious and civil authorities, he escaped to Spain.

Arrived in Spain on January 1, 1889. He headed the Political section of

Associacion Hispano- Filipina.

• After years of Publication (1889-1895) La Solidaridad begun to run

out of Funds. Its last issue appeared on November 15, 1895. (.m.wikipedia.org

Continuation.....

• Months before the Revolution, Del Pilar circulated in Manila and

neighboring provinces his political works entitled La Patria, and

Ministerio de la Republica Filipina.

• Died July 4, 1896 of Tuberculosis, in Barcelona. Spain.

• His remains were brought back in 1920 to his final resting place, now

known as Dambana ni Plaridel under the National Historical Institute

located in San Nicolas, Bulacan, Bulacan.

• MARCELO H. DEL PILAR was the GREATEST JOURNALIST produced by

the purely Filipino race. THE PHILIPPINES. A PAST REVISTEO.EVE RENATO CONSTANTINO)

3. Emilio Jacinto y Dizon (Utak/Brains of Katipunan)

· Emilio Jacinto (Pen names- Dimasilaw in Kalayaan, Pinkian in

Katipunan) Born on December 15, 1875, in Troso, Tondo, Manila.

• Studied in San Juan De Letran and University of Santo Tomas. He did

not finished his studies, for he joined the Katipunan too early at the

age of 19. One of the Youngest member of the Katipunan.

• Endowed with superior intelligence and impeccable integrity, became

trusted friend and eventually adviser/confidante of Andres Bonifacio.

• Because Andres Bonifacio had full trust and confidence in his

capacities, the writings of Cartilla was entrusted to him.

• The Kartilya embodied the teaching of Society, as a primer it plays a

vital role in indoctrinating all members of society, to internalize and

expected to follow.

A. NOLI ME TANGERE

> RIZAL called the Noli Me Tangere the Bridge between the

Propaganda Movement and the Revolution of 1896.

1887, Jose Rizal's literary fame began with the Publication of

NOLI ME TANGERE.

- The Noli outlined a new form of Philippine Nationalism and

influenced a new generation of Revolutionaries.

*As Historian Jose S. Arcilla suggested about the Noli: IT IS

THE GOSPEL OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM.

Noli Me Tangere

• The NOLIS plot evolved around Crisostomo Ibarra, the son of a

wealthy creole landlord who is engaged to Maria Clara, the daughter

of Santiago De los Santos (Kapitan Tiago).

• Ibarra is sent abroad to study. (The Similarities to Rizal's life are

obvious).

> Rizal's family had problem with the Dominican in the Calamba

Hacienda controversy and Rizal used his Novel to criticize the

government and the Church.

- As Ibarra return to the Philippines, he is very determined to lead his

people to independence through Education.

Continuation....

." The plot is further complicated when Father Salvi, the parish priest who

replaced Father Damaso falls in love with Ibarras fiance. The love is never

consummated and father Salvi appears as pathetic and immoral figure

• This section of the Noli outraged the clergy because it pointed out their

sexual indiscretions.

The NOVEL: The Spanish refused to allow it to be imported in Manila. As a

result, only a small number of copies of Noli Me Tangere entered the

Philippines.

a. The Spain threatened anyone to be excommunicated, if they read it.

b. Anyone who caught of the book, the government and the military

responded by beating anyone.

Summary

> Fr, Jose Rodriguez "CAINGAT CAYO” warning people not to

read the Noli. The Permanent Commission of Censorship

which read and examine carefully the so called tagalog Novel

found the book:

oLibelous

oDefamatory

oFull of falsehood

oCalumny

Synthesis of the result of Analytical censure summarizes its findings into

four (4) Articles whose respective titles are:

1. Attacks on the religion and States.

2. Attacks on the administration, the Spanish employees of the government

and the Courts of Justice.

3. Attacks on the civil guard.

4. Attacks on the integrity of Spain.

- Despite the favorable reception it has recurred in the literary and political

world of Spain and other countries in Europe, the Philippine Monasticism

cannot bear Rizal's Noli ME Tangere.

- In the Philippines, the censors wished the Noli Me Tangere (touch me not)

to be Noli Me Legere (Read me not).

Synopsis (Continuation...)

> Despite strong objection and condemnation, NOLI became

very significant book because of the impact it had upon

developing nationalist feeling. The NOLL is rich enough to

build a modern nationalism. When the Hero died in Noli,

Rizal made a serious Nationalistic point -

1) It was a literary device designed to call attention to the free

thinking political attitudes that Crisostomo Ibarra

possessed, and

2) How he influenced the rising state of Philippine

Nationalism,

Continuation.....

IN THAT REGARD:

- RIZAL called the Noli the bridge between the propaganda

movement and the revolution of 1896.

- The World had known through Rizal's Novels the conditions

that the Filipino faced at home.

- The Novel inspired the Indios to become more critical of the

Spanish domination in the Philippines and to create a strong

sense of a new democratic feeling.

B. EL FILIBUSTERISMO: The Subversive

► JOSE RIZAL'S EL FILIBUSTERISMO was a morality, a profound description of

the mentality and climate of revolt, with all urgency of its demand and with

all its shortcomings in their fulfillment. But to Spain, it was a last and

terrible warning.

• Rizal, in search of a cheap printers, hurried back to Brussels, and later to

Ghent (Paris, being expensive, is out of the question for printing). Rizal

sailed to Marseilles on October 8, 1891, by a ticket courtesy of Jose Ma.

Basa. With him were 600 copies of El Filibusterismo.

• El Fili, published in 1891, RIZAL continued to argue for REFORM. RIZAL

argues that the young

are aware of the need to take political action and

pursue social justice. The young people, as Rizal maintained, create a

strong sense of reform

El Filibusterismo

• EL FILIBUSTERISMO is a book about REVOLUTION, posting it clearly as an

alternative to reform efforts that lead nowhere. But, in making Simoun, its

principal character, Fail and Die, Rizal also points out the dangers of taking

an alternative base on Hate and Vengeance.

• Rizal argued also that the Spanish needed to rethink their Political,
religious, and economic directions.

• Rizal urged his People not to accept Spanish myth and look to themselves

for an inner freedom and a national direction.

The dedication to the El FILIBUSTERISMO was to the three (3) Friars: Don

Mariano Gomez, Don Jose Burgos, and Don Jacinto Zamora, who were

executed on the scaffold (garrote) at Bagumbayan of February 17, 1872.

Continuation....

• This Massacre was an extension of the Cavite rebellion and it was a

major turning point in Rizal's life. Once he thought about the trials

and execution of the Friars, Rizal became a major figure in the drive

for Philippine freedom.

• Simoun the main character of the EL FILI, is an important symbol

because he argues that by accepting the Spanish way of life, the

PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM is in danger of being lost.

1. There is no sense of Philippine History - Rizal argues, and

2. The colonial conquerors have brainwashed Filipinos into accepting

European Ways.

Simoun Advocacy

• The arguments for a Separate Nationalism are put forth by Simoun

when he questions the SPANISH WAY OF LIFE and the destruction of

his own NATIONAL IDENTITY.

HE remarked: A people without soul, a nation without freedom,

everything you will be borrowed even your defects.

• He then suggests that: By resigning themselves to Spanish rule

Filipinos do themselves a disservice.

- His arguments in that the Spanish do not accept Filipinos in religious,

economic or political matters and the prejudice of the local rulers -

make Independence an impossible task.

B. EL FILIBUSTERISMO: The Subversive

> JOSE RIZAL'S EL FILIBUSTERISMO was a morality, a profound description of

the mentality and climate of revolt, with all urgency of its demand and with

all its shortcomings in their fulfillment. But to Spain, it was a last and

terrible warning.

- Rizal, in search of a cheap printers, hurried back to Brussels, and later to

Ghent (Paris, being expensive, is out of the question for printing). Rizal

sailed to Marseilles on October 8, 1891, by a ticket courtesy of Jose Ma.

Basa. With him were 600 copies of El Filibusterismo.

• El Fili, published in 1891, RIZAL continued to argue for REFORM. RIZAL

argues that the young are aware of the need to take political action and

pursue social justice. The young people, as Rizal maintained, create a

strong sense of reform.

Theme of EL Filibusterismo

• The Main Theme of over El Filibusterismo suggest that COLONIALISM

has a divisive influence upon the Philippines. The Fill demonstrate

that conflicting Nationalism cannot exist side by side, and Revolution

is inevitable.

. One of the sub-Themes of El Fili is Rizal's Dissection of Colonialism.

He talks at lenghtabout the "CIVILIZING MISSION” of Spanish officials

and then he demonstrate how Colonial government over three (3)

centuries degraded Philippine Life..

The Main Theme of RIZAL'S EL FILIBUSTERISMO-is REFORM.

EL FILI's summary

• For the SPANISH, one of the frightening aspect of El Fili was the

Revolutionary rhetoric and formal planning for Native Rule: "You ask the

Parity of right; The Spanish way of life and you do not realize that what

you are asking is death, the destruction of your Identity and the

disappearance of your homeland." - Simoun remarked.

. But in conclusion of the EL FILI, Simoun is visited on his bed by a native

Priest who informed him that the Revolution will fail because - Filipinos

are not ready for Independence.

Although his plans for revolution are failed ones, on his death bed this

PATRIOT GIVE HOPE FOR THE FUTURE, His message is That: - “Revolution

and subsequent Independence provide the future political Directions."

1. Graciano Lopez Jaena

Graciano Lopez Jaena (December 18, 1856 - January 20, 1896) - was a

journalist, orator, revolutionary and a National Hero, who is well known for

his Newspaper, La Solidaridad. (pen name: Diego Laura).

• The fierce orator born on December 18, 1856, in Jaro, llo-llo.

Studied at the Seminario de San Vicente Ferrer in Jaro, operated by Paulist

-members of Missionary Society of St. Paul, the Apostle.

. It was Graciano's ambition to be a Physician. He sought enrollment at the

UST but was denied admission because the required Batchelor of Arts

degree was not offered at the Seminary in Jaro.

• 1880 - because of Fray Botod, Jaena had no choice but to left the country

to escape to the Spanish Government.

G. Lopez Jaena

• Lopez Jaena served as a secretary to his uncle, Claudio Lopez, to support

himself while serving as an apprentice at San Juan De Dios Hospital.

1882 - Celebration of International Congress Commercial Geography,

where Jaena stood up and fought for his country against the Article made

by Fr, Ramon Martinez Vigil.

Notable contributions: Logia revolucion, El Latigo National Newspaper,

Circulo Hispano, El Liberal, El Progreso etc.

• Other Works of Jaena: La hija del Fraile, Esperanza, To the Filipinos , and

. THE REPUBLIC IS COMING - he created this article in order to encourage

his countrymen to fight against the Spanish Tyranny, and He proclaimed

that “The Filipino's are not the Puppets of Spain". Mwananyak. NAT)

el

G. Lopez Jaena.

• The Controversial Satirical novel - Fray Botod (Brother Fatsoy) which

depicted a fat and lecherous priest. The tale dealt with ignorance, abuses,

and immorality of certain friar botod.

Philippine Historian regard Lopez Jaena, along with Jose Rizal and Marcelo

H. Del Pilar as the "triumvirate of Filipino propagandist." of these three

Illustrados, Lopez Jaena was the first to arrive and may be said as the

Genesis of Propaganda Movement.

• Lopez Jaena pursued his Medical Studies at the University of Valencia but

did not finished.

. Founded the La Solidaridad on February 15, 1889.

April 1,1889, Founded the first Filipino Masonic Lodge Revolucion in

Barcelona.

• Died on January 20, 1896 in Barcelona, Spain (cause of death

Tuberculosis).

2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

► Marcelo H. del Pilar (lawyer, Journalist & Political analyst) - Popularly known as

"Plaride!". Leading Propagandist for reforms in the Philippines. The most

intellectual leader and a true soul of Philippine Revolution.

Editor and co-publisher of La Solidaridad. (he succeeded G. Lopez Jaena)

. Born August 30, 1850 in Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulakan.

• Studied in Colegio de San Jose, where he finished his Bachelor of Arts degree.

Also studied in UST where he obtained his Law degree in 1880.

. Founded the Diariong Tagalog, the Nationalistic Newspaper of the country, on

August 1, 1882. Here he publicly denounce Spanish mal-administration. - severname

MERCEDHOELLA

M. H. Del Pilar (Continuation.....)

Ed

Two Novels (Dasalan at Toksohan and Monastic Soereignity in the

Philippines)

- Between 1887-1888 when anonymous manifesto against friar were

distributed to the public, he released Dasalan at Toksohan (Prayers

and Mockeries) a manual anti-clerical commentary in the format and

Novena.

• He parodied the lords prayers, Hail Mary, the Apostle creed, the Ten

Commandment, the act of contrition, and the Cathechesism.

. With these anti-clerical protest, Del Pilar stays in the country became
dangerous. His house burnt mysteriously.

• Months before the Revolution, Del Pilar circulated in Manila and

neighboring provinces his political works entitled La Patria, and

Ministerio de la Republica Filipina.

Died July 4, 1896 of Tuberculosis, in Barcelona. Spain.

• His remains were brought back in 1920 to his final resting place, now

known as Dambana ni Plaridel under the National Historical Institute

located in San Nicolas, Bulacan, Bulacan.

• MARCELO H. DEL PILAR was the GREATEST JOURNALIST produced by

the purely Filipino race.

THE PHILIPPINES: APAST REVISITED BY RENATO CONSTANTINO

3. Emilio Jacinto y Dizon (Utak/Brains of Katipunan)

- Emilio Jacinto (Pen names- Dimasilaw in Kalayaan, Pinkian in

Katipunan) Born on December 15, 1875, in Troso, Tondo, Manila.

• Studied in San Juan De Letran and University of Santo Tomas. He did

not finished his studies, for he joined the Katipunan too early at the

age of 19. One of the youngest member of the Katipunan.

• Endowed with superior intelligence and impeccable integrity, became

trusted friend and eventually adviser/confidante of Andres Bonifacio.

• Because Andres Bonifacio had full trust and confidence in his

capacities, the writings of Cartilla was entrusted to him.

• The Kartilya embodied the teaching of Society, as a primer it plays a

vital role in indoctrinating all members of society, to internalize and

expected to follow.

Emilio Jacinto

• During the Tejeros Convention, Jacinto wasn't able to defend

Bonifacio due to the fact that he was in severe illness.

• Bonifacio was killed without a word from his best friend. That was

apparently the greatest regret of Emilio Jacinto.

• Like Mariano Alvarez, he declined joining the troops of E. Aguinaldo.

Mortally wounded and died in the battle of Majayjay, Laguna on April

16, 1899. (Some say he contracted malaria and eventually died at the

age of 23 in Magdalena, Laguna).

• His remains were transferred to Manila North Cemetery, later to

Himlayang Pilipino Memorial Park in Quezon city.

Emilio Jacinto

• Emilio Jacinto composed "A La Patria" under the coconut palms in

Santa Cruz, Laguna on October 8, 1897.

• This was written under mourning for the death of Andres Bonifacio.

• A La Patria was based on "Mi Ultimo Adios" by Jose Rizal. This was

considered as the farewell of Emilio Jacinto.

The Kartilya ng Katipunan (Primer of the Katipunan) served as the

guidebook for the new members of the organization which laid the

group's rules and principles. The first edition was penned by Andres

Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto penned the revised Decalogue, an wisudarte

4. Apolinario Mabini (Brains of Revolution)

Apolinario Mabini was a Filipino Political philosopher and a

revolutionary who served as its first Prime Minister until May 1899.

• In Philippine History texts, he is often referred to as "The Sublime

Paralytic" and as "Brain of the Revolution."

• To his enemies and detractors, he is referred to as the "Dark Chamber

of the President".

Born on July 23, 1864, in Barangay Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas

• He studied at Colegio de San Juan de Letran Manila and University of

Santo Tomas. He was admitted to the Bar in 1885 and became lawyer.

Apolinario Mabini

• He took active part during the secon, phase of the revolution in 1898

Aguinaldo, hearing of the ability of Mabini, sent for him and made

him his adviser.

• Became President of the Council of Secretaries and Secretary of the

Exterior at the same time.

He wrote two (2) Important Document of the Revolution.

1) The Constitutional Program of the Philippine Republic; and

2) The true Decalogue of the Philippine Revolution.

He also wrote while in exile in Guam, "The Rise and Fall of the

Philippine Republic”.

A. Mabini

• In 1899, Mabini was captured by the Americans in Cuyapo, Nueva

Ecija. He was brought to Manila as a Prisoner.

• While in Prison he refused to take the oath of loyalty to the United

states. He was released on September 23, 1900 and he lived in a small

Nipa House in Nagtahan, Manila.

• In January, 1901, he Published in the "El Liberal” an article "El Simil

de Alejandrino".

• Mabini realized that his illness was getting serious so he announced

his willingness to take his oath of loyalty. He was then taken to Manila

on February 26, 1903 and took his oath of Allegiance to the U.S.

WIPEDIA.ORG. WIRE APOLINARIO)

A. Mabini

• About three months later on May 13, 1903, Mabini died of cholera in

Manila at the age of thirty nine (39).

Thus, ended the life of a great man - a great leader and a patriot

who loved his country next to God.

"VERDADERO DECALOGO"-(The True Decalogue).

BY APOLINARIO MABINI

1. Love God and thy honor above all things.

2. Adore God as your conscience dictates.

3. Cultivate the abilities God gave you.

The True Decalogue:

4. Love your country after God and honor.

5. Value your country's happiness above your own.

6. Secure the independence of your country.

7. Recognize no authority not elected by you.

8. Secure a Republic, never a Monarchy.

9. Love thy neighbor and thyself.

10. Love thy compatriots "somewhat more than thy neighbors”.

Acusare, and www.Blancongray

BMW

5. Andres Bonifacio (Ang Supremo)

Drawing

• Born in Tondo, Manila near Tutuban station, on November 30, 1863. He

was the eldest of six children.

• Andres Bonifacio was a man of little education but intelligent. He enriched

his natural intelligence with self-education.

Bonifacio was a member of La Liga (joined Rizal's La Liga Fillipina in 1892).

• He did not join the Compromisarion who were conservatives and

intellectual because he was poor.

Married to Monica but the marriage did not last long because she died of

Leprosy. Again remarried for the second time to Gregoria De Jesus.

They had one son named Andres who died in infancy due to a smallpox

(Chicken fox).

Andres Bonifacio

• On July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio

and his plebians and other patriotic associates (Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro

Plata, Deodato Arellano and few others) met secretly in a house in

Ascarraga and founded the Katipunan or Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangan

Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Respected Society of

the Country's Children).

• At first exclusively male, membership was later extended to females, with

Bonifacio's wife Gregoria De Jesus as a leading member.

• When the Katipunan members decided to start their revolt, the event

marked by tearing of Cedulas, it was later called the "Cry of Balintawak” or

"Cry of Pugadlawin." The exact location and date of the cry was disputed

The Tejeros Convention

• Rebel leader held another meeting in a friar estate house in Tejeros on 22

March 1897 on the pretense of more discussion between the Magdalo and

the Magdiwang, but really to settle the issue of leadership of the

revolution.

• Amid insinuations that the Katipunan government was monarchical or

dictatorial, Bonifacio maintained it was REPUBLICAN. According to him, all

members of whatever ranked followed the principles of liberty, equality,

and fraternity upon which republicanism is founded.

• Bonifacio was elected as Director of Interior but Daniel Tirona protested

Bonifaco's election on the ground that the position should not be occupied

by a person without a lawyer's diploma.

Katipunan Objective centered around - Political, Moral & Civic

Andres Bonifacio's Works:

• The works of Bonifacio were published in the Kalayaan - "Pag-ibig sa

Tinubuang Lupa" and "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog".

• In his writings, Andres Bonifacio used his pen name “May Pagasa"

(One who has Hope).

• The Platform of the Society (Katipunan) was:

1) To liberate the country from tyranny and abuses of the unwanted

Spanish Government, and

2) To secure its Independence and freedom by armed Conflict.

Bonifacio believed that the redemption of the Filipino people from

the hands of Spanish Gov't could only achieved thru the used of

radical and violent means.

Katipunan - was conceived to unite the Filipino people and to fight

at all cost for Philippine Independence.

Andres Bonifacio's Works:

• The works of Bonifacio were published in the Kalayaan - "Pag-ibig sa

Tinubuang Lupa" and "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog".

. In his writings, Andres Bonifacio used his pen name “May Pagasa"

(One who has Hope).

• The Platform of the Society (Katipunan) was:

1) To liberate the country from tyranny and abuses of the unwanted

Spanish Government, and

2) To secure its Independence and freedom by armed Conflict.

> Bonifacio believed that the redemption of the Filipino people from

the hands of Spanish Gov't could only achieved thru the used of
radical and violent means.

> Katipunan - was conceived to unite the Filipino people and to fight

at all cost for Philippine Independence.

Ang Dapat mabatid ng mga Tagalog.

• What the Filipino should know. This composition dealt with three (3)

questions asked of Katipunan applicant.

1) What were the conditions of the Philippines before Spanish conquest?

2) What is the condition of the country today;

3) What will the Philippines be tomorrow?

Main Goals of the Katipunan:

i. To free the Philippines from Spain with the use of force if necessary.

Full indoctrination of its members on its prime goal and to teach them

the use of weapons.

iii. The third is on the moral and Spiritual goal.

Structure of the Katipunan

• It COMPRISED THREE (3) BODIES:

1) The Kataastaasang Sanggunian or the Supreme Council, the highest

governing body.

2) The Sangguniang Bayan or Provincial Council - represented the

provincial level.

3) The Sangguniang Balangay or Popular Council represented the

municipality or town.

> Recruitment of Members: the Triangle Method. Where a member

would take a new members. Each one had no knowledge of the other
but both new the original member who recruited them.

Anyone who joined must passed a series of Test on Courage and

Sincerety before he can be admitted.

• The Final Test called SANDUGUAN (Blood Compact) as a symbol of

loyalty and dedication to the cause of the Katipunan. He is compelled

to sign his own blood the document of oath.

Sangguniang Hukuman or the Judicial Council - a judicial body

whose members sat as a court to settle quarrels_among the

Katipuneros or passed judgment of expulsion to some members who

allegedly revealed the secret of society.

Because of Increase Numbers of Membership, Bonifacio

Prompted to Divide the Members into Three Grades; namely:

1. KATIPON (Associate) - commonly referred to as 1st grade, made up

of members distinguished by black hood worn during meetings.

Their password was Anak ng Bayan.

2. KAWAL (Soldier) – referred to as 2nd Grade who wore green hood

and used the password "GOMBURZA".

3. BAYANI (Patriot).- referred to a the 3rd Grade, members wore red

mask and sash with green border that symbolize courage and

hope, used the password “Rizal”.

Discovery of the Katipunan

>The untimely discovery of the Katipunan was caused by the

misunderstanding between the two Katipuneros, Apolonio De La Cruz and

Teodoro Patin(y). Both working on Spanish-owned Diario De Manila.

Because of their heated exchanges of words and force, Patino took

vengeance against Apolonio. He revealed the secret of the Society and

pinpointing Apolonio as among its members.

• He carried out his plan when he visited his sister Honoria by then living in

an Orphanage for girls in Mandaluyong. Out of fears for her brother's life,

she cried out loud. Sor Theresa advised Patino to make confession to Fr.

Mariano Gil (Augustinian Parish Priest of Tondo)

. In the confession box he told everything about the Katipunan.

Immediately, the Augustinian parish priest ordered the civil guard to search

the printing shop of DIARIO DE MANILA.

INDEANO SONAM ZA MOTOR

by ETO ANG GAGAMO

Reasons for failure of propaganda Movement

• The Reasons for Failure of Propaganda Movement are as follows:

1) Due to Lack of Funds - the publication of the La Solidaridad waned

and so did the Propaganda movement.

2) Due to Leadership Crises - the campaign for reforms ceased with

the death of the three (3) propagandists.

3) The Major Cause - was the failure of the Peninsular Government to

attend seriously to the Colonial Problem.

The Forerunners of the Propaganda Movement

Editin
1. Graciano Lopez Jaena - born on December 18, 1856.

2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar - born on August 30, 1850.

3. Dr. Jose Rizal – born on June 19, 1861.

*These three (3) Great Propagandist died in the same year (1896).

1. Graciano Lopez Jaena - died on January 20, 1896 (cause of Death

Tuberculosis).

2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar – died on July 14, 1896 (cause of death

Tuberculosis).

3. Jose P Rizal died on December 30, 1896 ( execution by Firing

squad).

LIOSE RIZAL, LYCREGORIO.ZADE AND SONCEM ZACIE, 200 EDITION