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MARCH 2016
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Bluetooth mesh
Wireless LED
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Packaged LEDs
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Sapphire winners
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Innovation in SSL P. 57
NEW! WITH VIDEO

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Limiting spill P. 31
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LED-based
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ISSUE 86
2016
March Cover Story
Transparent façade-based screen
leverages SSL technology to display
student artwork in static and moving
images (see p. 9; image courtesy and
© GKD/Connor Elder).
features
31 OUTDOOR LIGHTING – WITH VIDEO!
LED-lit Texas plaza demonstrates uniform lighting,
no spill (Click to play at left)
Maury Wright
columns/departments
35 SMART LIGHTING
Bluetooth Mesh — What’s that noise about?
Marek Wierzbicki, Silvair 5 COMMENTARY Maury Wright
California missteps with Title
20 LED lamp regulations
43 FOCUS ON PACKAGED LEDS
LED architectures advance across package types
and applications 9 NEWS +ANALYSIS
GKD wraps Cleveland art institute
Maury Wright in LED-based mesh display
No light switches at Cisco’s
53 STANDARDS
IES TM-26 prescribes LED failure rate projection
own Berlin smart building
Burglar deterrent LED bulbs know
Jianzhong Jiao, Consultant how and when to switch on
Packaged LEDs: Lumileds, Cree
57 SAPPHIRE AWARDS
Second annual Sapphire Award winners exemplify
Boise Wyndham hotel makes
transition to LED lighting
advances in SSL technology Cree announces LED controls
project, new PAR 30 LED lamps
Maury Wright and Carrie Meadows
and high-bay luminaires
Philips teams with Cisco and
67 DEVELOPER FORUM
Driverless AC-LED light engines deliver improved
Dutch energy utility Alliander
on smart lighting project
flicker performance
Peter Shackle, Photalume 25 FUNDING + PROGRAMS
DOE updates LED MR16 lamp
72 LAST WORD
Custom vs. commodity: Factors for thought about
report, adds to white-tunable data
DOE publishes report on the
accuracy of flicker meters in
LED light engines
characterizing LED-based lighting
Ed Sullivan, MADE
LEDsmagazine.com MARCH 2016 3

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commentary
California missteps with

Title 20 LED lamp regulations
I
n January, the California Energy times referred to as Ra. The National Elec- perhaps to accent a painting or photograph.
Commission (CEC) finalized trical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) But I’d want the option of buying the most
new regulations that will impact said there are no 82-CRI lamps on the mar- efficient light possible for ambient lighting
LED-based general-service lamps ket that score 72 or better for the light-red- in a hallway, staircase, or garage. Even 80
including the ubiquitous A-lamps purple R8 color sample. Effectively, the reg- CRI might be overkill in some cases.
and small-diameter directional ulation requires 90 CRI. Of course, we are talking about a for-
lamps (http://bit.ly/21AlHsJ). After The CEC has said 90-CRI lamps provide ward-looking policy. The new rules won’t
publishing voluntary guidance a better user experience and are needed take effect for almost two years. LED tech-
encouraging the move to higher- to ensure that residential customers don’t nology is quickly evolving. And the efficacy
CRI products back in 2013, the agency will reject LED technology the way compact flu- penalty associated with warm CCTs and
now mandate such products with the policy orescent lamps (CFLs) were rejected for poor good color rendering has been on a con-
becoming active in January 2018. It seems, performance. But that argument doesn’t stant decline. Maybe 90-CRI lamps would
however, that the CEC has delivered new really hold up to close scrutiny. Residential be the standard offering by the beginning
rules that don’t make practical sense and customers across the US are buying 80-CRI of 2018 regardless of government policy.
could result in more energy being consumed lamps in volume. NEMA has pointed out in Still, the CEC’s move to regulate CRI has
while costing California residents more in its lobbying that any danger of LED lamps been simply misguided. If technology matu-
lamps and energy to light their homes. suffering a CFL-type fate has been skirted. rity and economies of scale mean that 90
Now the Title 20 Appliance Efficiency NEMA actively fought the CRI require- CRI is the standard product offering in 2018,
Regulations are hugely complex, and ments based on its belief that consum- then the CRI element of the rulemaking was
address far more than solid-state lighting. ers would end up buying more-expensive, not required. If the higher-CRI products
And even the regulations on lighting are less-efficient products. Moreover, NEMA remain more costly and less efficient, then
overly complex and hard to digest. But the has noted that price has been the biggest NEMA is right and the citizens lose. The CEC
most controversial element of the policy is obstacle to broad adoption of LED lamps, has stepped into a situation that should be
quite simple. The agency is requiring 90-CRI and the recent rulemaking will simply governed by the free market rather than gov-
lamps. The document actually specifies keep prices higher than necessary. ernment policy.
a minimum of 82 CRI. But it also requires My question for the CEC is why not let
a minimum of 72 CRI for each of the eight the customer decide when it comes to Maury Wright,
pastel color samples that are averaged to an issue such as color rendering? I want EDITOR
determine the aggregate CRI that is some- the freedom to buy a very-high-CRI lamp mauryw@pennwell.com
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ADVERTISERS index
Amphenol LTW Technology Co. Ltd. .............40 Guangzhou Acevel Electronic Philips Lighting ......................................22, 23
AOK LED Light .............................................14 Technology Co. Ltd. ................................CV2 Renesola ....................................................30
Axis LED Group ...........................................63 Guangzhou Hongli Samsung LED America ................................37
Bergquist, A Henkel Company .....................49 Opto-Electronic Co. Ltd. ............................56 Sapa Extrusions North America...................55
Citizen Electronics Ltd. ................................34 Hangzhou Hpwinner Opto Corporation ...........7 Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. .....................24
Cree Inc. ...................................................CV4 Inventronics (Hangzhou) Inc...........................1 Shat-R-Shields ............................................21
CSA Group ..................................................69 Iota Engineering ..........................................16 Shenzhen FYT LED Co. Ltd. .........................71
Dongguan Thailight Semiconductor Konica Minolta Sensing Americas ...............26 Shenzhen Ledfriend
Lighting Co. Ltd. .......................................19 Ledlink Optics Inc........................................27 Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. .............................2
Epistar ........................................................33 LightFair International ...............................CV3 Shenzhen Mingxue
Forest Lighting ............................................52 LTF LLC .......................................................51 Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. ...........................18
Future Lighting Solutions...........11, 13, 15, 17 Lumileds .......................................................4 Shenzhen Refond
Future Lighting Solutions.......................41, 61 Magtech Industries Corporation ..................39 Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. ...........................28
Gooch & Housego Orlando ..........................38 Masterbond ................................................71 Thomas Research Products ........................29
Graftech International .................................20 Mean Well USA Inc. .......................................8 Underwriters Laboratories ...........................42
Griplock Systems LLC .................................65 Opticolor Inc. ..............................................47 Universal Lighting Technologies...................65
Philips Emergency Lighting ..........................12 Wain Craft Limited ......................................68
This ad index is published as a service. The publisher does not assume any liability for errors or omissions.
6 MARCH 2016 LEDsmagazine.com

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OUTDOOR DISPLAYS
GKD wraps Cleveland

art institute in LED-
based mesh display
The American subsidiary of GKD (Gebr. Kufferath AG),
GKD Metal Fabrics, has announced an LED-based, façade-
Source: © GKD/Connor Elder.

mounted video screen installation at the Cleveland Institute
of Art (CIA). The solid-state lighting (SSL) project utilizes
the GKD Mediamesh material that embeds LEDs in a stain-
less-steel metal fabric, and allows the CIA to display the
work of its students in static and video form.
LED-based façade lighting spans a range of technologies
from video walls and mesh-type approaches such as the one
at the CIA to projected architectural lighting. For example, What sets the LED mesh display installations apart
we recently ran a story about projected architectural light- including the CIA work is the ability to make the SSL instal-
ing installed on New York’s Walker Tower (http://bit.ly/1XT lation an integral part of a building’s architecture while
FvSL). And we featured a mesh-type installation from Lima, enabling dynamic images and even video content. Indeed,
Peru on our cover back in 2014 (http://bit.ly/1KI4xuH). That the GKD screen at the CIA is mostly transparent allowing
project even offers control of the lighting to the public on a natural light to enter windows behind the screen and and
limited basis. enabling people inside the building to see out. » page 10
CONNECTED LIGHTING RESIDENTIAL LIGHTING
No light switches at Cisco’s Burglar deterrent LED

own Berlin smart building bulbs know how and
One test of how much a technology company believes in its own stuff when to switch on
is whether it uses the gear itself. To that end, Cisco is rising to the A Swiss-German start-up company hopes to soon
occasion in smart lighting. As give residential lighting a new role as a home security
reported previously by LEDs
Source: Sabine Lobmeier via Cisco.
guard, as it develops LED lamps that memorize a per-

Magazine, the networking son’s room-by-room usage and subsequently switch
giant has deployed Power over themselves on and off in that pattern when the occu-
Ethernet lighting (http://bit. pants leave home.
ly/1RRSkwT) at several of its ComfyLight says that its system works as a bur-
main corporate offices, includ- glar deterrent rather than simply as an alert once an
ing corporate headquarters in intrusion occurs. Whereas other smart lighting sys-
San Jose, as well as at a regional tems allow users to set up a lighting pattern or to turn
center in Toronto. Its UK head- lights on and off remotely from afar, the ComfyLight
quarters office in London will soon follow. LED lamps automatically mimic an at-home light-
And to further demonstrate that it is indeed a big believer in intelli- ing scheme throughout nighttime. If, for instance, a
gent, networked lighting, Cisco recently showed off a connected lighting person normally keeps living room lights on until 11
project to journalists as part of a tour of its openBerlin facility. openBer- PM and then switches on bedroom lights for an hour,
lin is one of nine Cisco innovation centers around the world » page 10 ComfyLights would behave in that fashion. » page 12

news+views
GKD continued from p. 9 The Mediamesh
fabric includes groups of red, green, and blue Cisco continued from p. 9 light settings depending on room occu-
LEDs that GKD calls LED profiles, which where Cisco and startups hash out ideas pancy, but they’re not all for lighting per
are mounted in horizontal steel channels. and co-develop next-generation network- se. They detect not only room occupancy
Smaller steel wires and vertical intercon- ing technologies such as smart lighting. but climatic conditions like room tem-
nect elements make up the supporting and As with Cisco in general these days, the perature. They feed data about what they
mostly transparent mesh. GKD offers vari- facility has a distinct Internet of Things notice into the building’s central IT sys-
ous versions of the product with a pixel pitch (IoT) flavor. openBerlin exudes touches tems, which in turn can trigger actions
in the 40–60-mm range. you might expect for such a place: facial such as turning the heating or cooling
Grafton Nunes, president of the CIA, had recognition security systems (they even system on, off, up, or down.
seen mesh displays in other locations such as work sometimes), outdoor tree houses On the second floor, users can change
the large screen at the New York Port Author- that serve as meeting areas, a cozy café not only on/off and brightness settings
ity Bus Terminal (http://bit.ly/1TGSSpN). In full of homey, reclaimed wooden chairs but also the color and color temperature
most cases, such LED displays are used for and tables that invite collaboration, and of the ceiling panel LED luminaires via
commercial purposes such as advertising. a “no-shoes” romper room up in the loft. network commands, a hallmark of PoE
But Nunes was focused on using the technol- But there’s one thing you won’t find. lighting. Occupants on the ground floor,
ogy as a communication channel between “You don’t see any light switches here,” which utilizes hanging, stylish ceiling
the institute’s students and the public, and said Bernd Heinrichs, managing direc- bulbs rather than panel lights, have to
to provide an iconic addition to a revitalized tor of Internet of Everything (IoE) Sales settle for remotely controlling on/off and
building that is an important part of Cleve- for the EMEAR and for openBerlin Inno- brightness.
land’s heritage. vation Centre. “Everything is automated. At openBerlin, Cisco has worked with
The display consists of four 4×9.3m panels Heating, air conditioning, the lights, et two behind-the-scenes Berlin-based
that comprise a display area totaling more cetera...All of it’s done by a huge amount technology providers, Relayr and Azeti,
than 150m2. The screen includes 71,680 pix- of sensors.” to install software and hardware that
els and can display complex graphics, pho- Really? How many sensors? connects lighting and other building sys-
tos, and full-motion video clips. Still, the CIA “We have 5000 sensors installed now, tems to networks.
project is unobtrusive. The institute feels and we probably will go to 10,000 very The openBerlin tour coincided with
that the minimalist construction blends soon,” Heinrichs said. With a capacity of Cisco’s Cisco Live! exhibition (http://
into the architectural background while about 100 people in the nearly 13,000 ft2 bit.ly/1QgdAui), which attracted over
also having the ability to showcase import- building, that would work out to about 12,000 users, partners, app develop-
ant works. 100 sensors per person — more on a typi- ers, and other visitors with a heavy
GKD has been involved with a number cal day when the building has fewer than IoT focus, and which featured a “digi-
of other high-profile Mediamesh projects. 100 individuals knocking about. tal ceiling” and the company emphasiz-
A few years back, we covered an installa- The sensors — largely from German ing lighting and lighting partnerships
tion at a Midwestern casino (http://bit. supplier Bosch — are peppered around with companies such as Philips, Cree,
ly/21jA58D). The company also handled a the walls and ceilings, in some cases NuLEDs, Innovative Lighting, and Plat-
project at the American Airlines Arena in hidden away in or near connected light- formatics. ◀
Miami, FL back in 2009 (http://bit.ly/1QA ing fixtures. Some automatically adjust MORE: http://bit.ly/1TB0yIE
c2Ha), a very early installation of large-scale
LED-based displays. ◀
lm/W range. The initial Gen 2 products topped The latest Gen 3 COB LEDs will deliver
PACKAGED LEDS out at an LES of 15 mm, but Lumileds subse- another 10% ramp in efficacy to developers
quently added a 23-mm product to the family while keeping lumen output the same relative
Lumileds delivers third in October 2015 (http://bit.ly/1RRTyr2). to Gen 2 products. Or developers can deliver
generation of COB LEDs Lumileds said it has maintained electrical, higher output levels while maintaining effi-
Lumileds has announced its third generation mechanical, and optical consistency in the cacy. “This performance upgrade is the result
of chip-on-board (COB) packaged LEDs in the COB line going back to the first-generation of significant improvements in both die devel-
Luxeon COB Core Range Gen 3. The new LEDs products announced in 2013. Generally, one opment and our industry-leading phosphor
hit efficacy levels of 160 lm/W in a broad fam- of the benefits of COB LEDs is the simplicity of solutions that give us industry-leading perfor-
ily of products that span light-emitting sur- interfacing to a single LED package in prod- mance,” said Eric Senders, product line direc-
face (LES) diameters from 6.5 to 23 mm. uct development. The Lumileds consistency tor for the Luxeon COB family.
Lumileds announced the Gen 2 COB prod- further enables developers to substitute the Senders also led the team that developed
ucts less than one year ago in July 2015 (http:// newer, more-efficient components into light- the CrispWhite option in the Luxeon COB
bit.ly/1WzQpx9). Those Gen 2 COB LEDs were ing products while leaving holders, optics, line that delivers superior rendering of colors
said to have maximum efficacy in the 140–150- and other elements of the product unchanged. and bright whites. That development earned
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BOOTH #4927
San Diego Convention Center www.FutureLightingSolutions.com
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Lamp continued from p. 9
“ComfyLight is the first self-learning the user to enter instructions to specifi- d1uyW), and smart doorbells.
light bulb that’s meant to prevent intru- cally turn on individual lamps at partic- ComfyLight’s crowdfunding campaign
sion,” co-founder Stefanie Turber says in ular times, or to install any hubs or gate- thus far echoes one run by smart lamp pio-
a video on the Kickstarter crowdfunding ways. The app communicates with the neer LIFX (http://bit.ly/1SXsasT), the Bay
LED lamps via Wi-Fi. Area company that famously came to mar-
W hen the user ket with the help of $1.3 million it raised on
leaves home, he or she Kickstarter in 2012 after targeting $100,000
switches on the app’s — although ComfyLight would have a long
security mode, which way to go to crack $1 million.
will turn the lights A ComfyLight lamp includes a motion
on and off in the typ- sensor, a light sensor, and a 10W LED
ical at-home pattern. (80W equivalent) rated at 800 lm with a
If an intruder enters, color temperature of 2700K and an Ra 80
the lights will flash CRI. The motion sensor can differenti-
on and off to startle ate between humans and pets, and works
the burglar and alert through a lampshade, the company said.
neighbors, and the With privacy in mind, ComfyLight does
user’s phone screen not build in cameras or voice recorders.
will turn red. The app works with both Android and
“You can start with iPhone handsets.
website. “ComfyLight memorizes how however many ComfyLights you like and Turber and Köhler founded Com-
you turn on and off lights when you’re at you can always add more,” says co-founder fyLight last year as a spin-off from two
home, and it simulates your behavior in a Marcus Köhler, implying that the system Swiss universities — the ETH Zurich (the
very realistic way when you’re not there.” will mimic an entire household pattern to Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in
The lights also turn on and off in response the extent that the house is equipped with Zurich) and the University of St. Gal-
to motion when a user is at home. ComfyLight LED bulbs. len in St. Gallen, where they conducted
The Zurich- and Munich-based com- The company hopes to provide applica- research at the Bosch Internet of Things
pany is pitching ease of use. The system tion programming interfaces (APIs) that and Services Lab. The lab is a collabo-
requires a user to switch on a phone app will allow developers to make ComfyLight ration between the university and the
after screwing in light bulbs to help note compatible with other systems, such as Bosch Group. ◀
usage patterns. But it does not require Philips Hue smart lamps (http://bit.ly/1F MORE: http://bit.ly/1RqfxTJ

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April 26th – 28th, 2016
BOOTH #4927
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applications that have been served by 100– had announced that it exceeded 300 lm/W
150W high-intensity discharge (HID) light- in a lab demonstration. And in an SIL 2015
ing in indoor and outdoor applications. keynote presentation, Jy Bhardwaj, senior
Lumileds offers the LEDs over the range of vice president of research and development
2200K to 5700K CCT and in a choice of 70, at Lumileds, spent significant time explain-
80, or 90 CRI. ◀
Cree demonstrates 134-lm/W

LED with incandescent quality
Cree has announced the results of laboratory
tests of a single high-power LED that deliv-
ered almost 1600 lm with light quality that
matches the incandescent lamp. The com-
Senders and his team the ‘Illumineer of the pany said the 134-lm/W realized efficacy is
Year’ award in the LEDs Magazine Sapphire 25% better than other LEDs that can yield
Awards program in February of 2015 (http:// similar light quality. Generally, when Cree ing that a 300-lm/W LED was simply not fea-
bit.ly/1Dn7EcD). has publicized demonstrations, the company sible in a usable white CCT until some major
The Luxeon COB Core Range is intended has delivered similar technology commer- roadblocks were hurdled by the industry
to cover a broad range of lighting applica- cially about two years later. (http://bit.ly/1F76zF5).
tions. For example, the 1202 products with Ironically, Cree made the announce- It’s impossible to know how or if Bhard-
a 6.5-mm LES are capable of supplying spot- ment on the eve of the Strategies in Light waj’s SIL speech impacted Cree’s technology
lights with very narrow beam patterns. The (SIL) conference and one year back a prior and marketing plans. But the company had
largest 23-mm COB LEDs in the 1216 group- Cree laboratory announcement came under previously announced record efficacy mile-
ing can enable replacements for demanding great scrutiny at SIL. Indeed, in 2014 Cree stones with admittedly cooler CCTs and

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April 26th – 28th, 2016
BOOTH #4927
news+views
lower CRI than might be desirable for com- R&D result continues Cree’s high-power LED HOSPITALITY LIGHTING
mercial interior lighting. For example, Cree technology innovation and provides a path
executive Norbert Hiller used an SIL keynote to better lighting experiences at the lowest Boise Wyndham hotel makes
in 2013 to announce the 276-lm/W milestone overall system cost.” transition to LED lighting
for an LED in the 4000K-CCT range (http:// The Cree announcement is perhaps more Heliodon Lighting has announced an SSL
bit.ly/1mUmqgl). important relative to some recent regulatory project at the Wyndham Garden Hotel and
The latest Cree efficacy milestone is dif- activity. The California Energy Commission Conference Center in Boise, ID, in which
ferent in that the lighting-quality targets are (CEC) has adopted new rulemaking that will guest rooms and public areas were upgraded
high. Cree said the demonstration was based require 90-CRI lamps beginning in 2018 (see for energy efficiency. The 151,000-ft2 interior
on an LED that could deliver 90 CRI or better page 5). We can’t predict at this time whether of the hotel had consumed 286,025 kWh and
and also 90 or better for the R9 saturated-red California will be an outlier in that requisite, after the LED retrofit that number dropped
color sample that is so important in applica- or if other parts of the US and regions around to 71,456. Moreover, Heliodon found LED
tions such as retail lighting. Moreover, the the globe will follow the state’s lead. products that were mostly rebate eligible,
CCT target is the 2700K warm hue of the leg- Cree’s demonstrated ability to deliver thereby helping the hotel to afford the large-
acy incandescent. commercially on lab products in two years scale hospitality lighting project.
“Today, advancing LED technology goes would synchronize nicely with the CEC Title Hotels have been a popular setting for
beyond just increasing lumens per watt,” 20 ruling. Cree said the LED delivered 1587 LED usage since the earliest days of the SSL
said John Edmond, Cree co-founder and lm at 350 mA of drive current and at a realis- revolution due to the fact that the lighting in
director of advanced optoelectronics. “Cree tic temperature of 85°C. Cree hinted that the such settings is used for long hours. Indeed,
is also focused on improving spectral con- demonstration relied on the company’s SC5 the US Department of Energy (DOE) did a
tent and the efficacy of warmer color tem- (silicon carbide 5) LED technology platform, Gateway project all the way back in 2010 at
peratures while pursuing tremendous although if experience is a guide the com- a major San Francisco, CA hotel and docu-
opportunities to increase lumens per watt pany will be at SC6 or SC7 two years hence mented a fast 1.1-year payback (http://bit.
at real-world operating conditions. This (http://bit.ly/1xrxHf0). ◀ ly/1LHR5ZF). Still, that DOE project and oth-

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April 26th – 28th, 2016
BOOTH #4927
news+views
ers have sometimes struggled to find LED- van did specify rather cool 4000K-CCT lamps heat. For those fixtures, Heliodon specified the
based products for all of the different ele- in the guest rooms because the owner wanted EDL MUR Series retrofit kits. The 120W prod-
ments of a hotel lighting system. the lighting to “flatter the new room décor.” uct required removal of the MH ballast and
Heliodon Lighting is a consultant and dis- But Sullivan said the lighting still has a “cozy the addition of an LED driver. But the LEDs
tributor that engaged with the Boise hotel to feel” in the rooms. are rated for 60,000 hours and raised light lev-
try and fill all of the needed interior lighting Wall sconces in hallways and other pub- els from 2 to 10 fc. There were also 100W CFLs
with LED sources. “Heliodon Lighting worked lic areas were the second largest part of the in the courtyard that were replaced with 35W
to find an LED solution for every fixture I retrofit project. There were 230 such fixtures WSL-CL Series corn-cob-style lamps.
had,” said Nick Bhati, general manager at that used 26W compact fluorescent lamps The other application that included a large
the Wyndham Garden Hotel and Conference (CFLs) and the hotel did not want to replace number of replacements was recessed cans in
Center. “They handled all the paperwork, con- the fixtures. Heliodon selected 9W ESL-PL conference rooms, foyers, the restaurant, and
ducted all inspections and audits, and funded Series LED lamps for the sconces. The prod- the bar that used 65W BR30 lamps. ESL-BR30
the upfront cost of the project. When it was all ucts will work with a ballast or directly from LED lamps at 13W provided the dimming
said and done 90% of the project was rebated. the AC line, but Sullivan said the ballasts support desired by the hotel along with the
I couldn’t be happier with the handling of the were removed for better efficiency and life- CRI desired. In the restaurant, maximum
project and outcome.” time. Light levels increased from 4 to 11 fc in light levels went from 4 to 12 fc.
The largest replacement task involved 1319 the hallways. According to Sullivan, the cost of the hotel
65W A19 lamps located in the guest rooms Perhaps the most interesting element of project was just over $54,000 and rebates
and other areas. The hotel wanted a prod- the project involved nine 400W metal halide totaled about $49,000. Monthly savings are
uct that was both brighter and more effi- (MH) lamps located in an internal courtyard over $1200, resulting in a simple payback
cient. Heliodon installed ESL Vision 13W LED and pool area with 40-ft ceilings. The lights period of less than five months.
lamps. Nick Sullivan, owner of Heliodon, said were especially problematic, needing regu- The Boise product did not involve exterior
that light levels went from 2 to 5 fc in queen lar re-lamping in the high ceiling and not pro- LED lighting at this time. But there have been
rooms and from 3 to 6 fc in king rooms. Sulli- ducing enough light, while producing excessive a number of hotel projects that we have cov-
news+views
ered that were focused on exterior LED ret- The connected-SSL proj-
rofits. For example, there was a very com- ect took place at the new
pelling project involving façade lighting at a Winston-Salem, NC office of
Portland, ME hotel (http://bit.ly/1QgxO3q). ◀ Avid Solutions (see photo).
Cree LED lighting is installed
CONTROLS & LIGHTING throughout the facility and
SmartCast-enabled lighting
Cree announces LED controls is used in many areas. Cree
project, new PAR30 LED lamps said the combination of LED
and high-bay luminaires products and controls is deliv-
Cree has been busy recently, having made ering 70% in additional energy
project, partnership, and SSL product savings relative to what LED
announcements. The LED-centric company lighting can offer.
has announced a new PAR30 replacement SmartCast is Cree’s control offering that docks are lit with the CXB High Bay lumi-
lamp that uses the TrueWhite technology enables a plug-and-play-like installation and naires discussed further along in this article.
platform to deliver 90 CRI, and also recently commissioning experience (http://bit.ly/1IN The project also utilized the LS Series lin-
enhanced its high-bay luminaire offering. 0JtA). The system uses a wireless mesh net- ear flush-mount fixtures in industrial areas.
An LED controls-centric project at technol- work and automatically forms groups or Moreover, the exterior lighting at the facility
ogy firm Avid Solutions is delivering both zones of connected luminaires based on prox- uses the Cree OSQ area luminaire.
energy savings and better light intended to imity and the use of a simple remote control. Also in the network and controls area,
improve employee productivity. Moreover, The office and engineering areas of the Cree announced a partnership with Cisco to
Cree has agreed to work with IT-networking facility are primarily lit by CR Series LED trof- work on the latter’s Digital Ceiling initiative.
stalwart Cisco on PoE-connected lighting fers and KR Series downlights, both equipped Cree is one of several LED-based lighting
(see page 9). with SmartCast. The warehouse and shipping companies that will offer PoE-based prod-
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ucts that work with Cisco network switches. drop below three years. ◀ city’s main soccer (football) stadium and
Moving to the products space, Cree con- MORE: http://bit.ly/1WLyMZk mega concert venue.
tinues to stand out among LED lamp ven- They officially switched on Hoekenrode-
dors for a commitment to better-performing OUTDOOR LIGHTING plein in early February, ahead of a Cisco cus-
lamps prioritized over lower-cost products. tomer and partner gathering in Berlin where
The company championed the quality and Philips teams with Cisco and Cisco and Philips revealed more details of
reliability message in September 2015 when Dutch energy utility Alliander their connected lighting plans such as the
it launched the second-generation of the on smart lighting project partnership they announced in December
4Flow A-lamps (http://bit.ly/1WLz4PV). The As LED technology launches the lighting (http://bit.ly/1IknZ6w).
new TW Series PAR30 lamps just announced industry on a convergence course — some Cisco, Philips, utility Alliander, and Eind-
are intended to deliver better light for might say a collision course — with the hoven University of Technology’s Intelligent
demanding applications such as retail or information technology and energy indus- Lighting Institute began co-developing urban
simply to make a photo or painting shine in tries, large companies from those sectors smart lighting schemes in October 2012 in an
a residential application. including Philips, Cisco, and Dutch utility initiative called Smart Lights in Metropolitan
In the high-bay area, meanwhile, Cree Alliander have joined forces on an outdoor Areas, targeted at the Dutch cities of Amster-
has announced an upgraded version of the smart lighting project in Amsterdam, with dam, Rotterdam, and Eindhoven.
CXB High Bay that was first announced in similar projects likely to follow. The Hoekenrodeplein installation in
January 2014 (http://bit.ly/1QAihL7). The The threesome teamed with a pri- Amsterdam’s Zuidoost (southeast) district
newest products deliver efficacy of 113 vate-public group called Amsterdam Smart is a product of that collaboration, and rep-
lm/W whereas the prior products topped City, Dutch telecom giant KPN, and others resents a sprucing up of the zone’s entertain-
out at 100 lm/W. Cree said the improved to install a connected lighting scheme and ment area and an effort “to meet the request
efficacy would further reduce operational public Wi-Fi at Hoekenrodeplein, a large of the City District to turn the Hoekenrode-
costs for customers and make payback peri- modern square with shops, hotels, and plein into a safe and pleasant place to live
ods for projects that use the new fixtures music that’s near Amsterdam Arena — the and use,” Amsterdam Smart City said on its

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website (http://bit.ly/1Un5dPf). The Dutch project provides an early exam-
“The square is completely rebuilt,” it ple of how the lighting industry and the IT
noted. “Different applications have been and energy worlds are trying to cooperate on
realized...like adaptive lighting, cameras intelligent lighting. What’s not clear is how the
and a public Wi-Fi network. The street- different parties will work out business terms
lights can be adapted from a distance or and go to market arrangements between
can be automatically adapted through sen- them (http://bit.ly/1RRSkwT). Some industry
sors. This can be adjusted to different cir- observers believe that ultimately IT circles,
cumstances, for example to a different atmo- rather than traditional lighting companies,
sphere, to a type of event or to the weather.” will drive the modern lighting industry. ◀
LED BUSINESS
Osram CEO: We have received

offers for lamps division
Osram CEO Olaf Berlien has told analysts
that the company has received a round of
informal offers for its lamps division, and
that it is “still aiming for legal separation”
of the group by July 1. But the timing of
the “legal separation” does not necessar-
ily equate to that of the sale of the division,
which could take longer, Osram clarified.
Amsterdam Smart City did not say exactly “We have received several non-binding
what role Alliander is playing but noted, “In offers and are in discussions with potential
the future the system will dim the lights and buyers,” Berlien told analysts during a call
more energy will be saved. This energy can be to discuss results for the 2016 first quarter,
used for the supply of a Wi-Fi network or to ended Dec. 31, 2015.
measure the air quality. The next step is to fur- In response to a question from Bank of
ther expand these smart street lights to the America Merrill Lynch analyst Kai Mueller,
Arena Boulevard and in the whole area sur- Berlien did not say when he thought Osram
rounding it. Also different opportunities to would complete the sale of the division.
communicate for visitors, the catering indus- “We are in the very early stage — we just
try, and retailers will be added in the future. received the first, the non-binding offers,” he
This initiative serves as a base for other proj- said, adding that due diligence will follow and
ects in Amsterdam on a bigger scale.” that “I would expect something late spring
Intelligent lighting taps wired and wireless where we have a better visibility of where we
information technology networks to allow are.” He did not identify the bidders. The com-
users to remotely and dynamically change pany received an informal offer from China’s
lighting brightness, colors, and the like. It also
embeds sensors into luminaires and lighting
Shanghai Feilo Acoustic last July.
Osram says it is still on track to complete
Learn more
fixtures/accessories such as lamp posts to
note everything from crowds, traffic, park-
an “organizational separation” of lamps by
April 1, and a “legal separation” by July 1. about our
ing conditions, air quality, and much more, In the April separation, lamps will have its
and to feed that information to systems and
users who could benefit from it.
own dedicated personnel, an Osram spokes-
person told LEDs Magazine. By July the group
brands
According to Innovation Arena, a group would become a separate legal entity by the
that promotes progressive designs in the name of LEDVANCE, and Osram will have philips.com/lighting
Arena area, the Hoekenrodeplein smart light- completed the “carve-out” of the division.
ing allows the district to use lighting to deter Previously, Osram outlined plans to
soccer hooligans. “Angry football fans mak- strengthen its services-oriented Lighting
*Available in US only
ing a ruckus on the square will be faced with Solutions and Systems division (LSS), with
ultrabright lights, making them more visi- Berlien saying that it would consider acquir-
ble to the police and surrounding cameras,” ing companies in that area. ◀
it said on its website (http://bit.ly/1QgG7jf). MORE: http://bit.ly/1KL6g9e
LEDsmagazine.com
+ funding
programs
DOE updates LED MR16 lamp
DOE publishes report on
the accuracy of flicker
meters in characterizing
LED-based lighting
Flicker continues to be an area of great
concern in LED-based lighting. While
the industry moves to develop test
methodologies for flicker, the DOE has
performed testing on three test and
measurement (T&M) products that are
claimed to be able to measure charac-
report, adds to white-tunable data teristics including percent flicker, flicker
index, and fundamental frequency —
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has published a Caliper Snapshot report that finds only parameters that have been defined in
meager progress in LED-based MR16 lamps over the course of two years since the agency the Illuminating Engineering Society
last published a similar report. New products have improved color rendering but generally (IES) Handbook. A new report finds that
the solid-state lighting (SSL) alternatives cannot match the performance of 50W halogen the commercial flicker meters generally
lamps. The DOE has also released an addendum to Caliper “Report 23: Photometric test- deliver accurate results, although there
ing of white-tunable LED luminaires” that seeks to answer the question of how many cor- are notable exceptions based on situa-
related color temperature (CCT) test points are required for accurate operational charac- tions such as sources with high funda-
terization of such products. mental frequencies or based on the con-
figuration of the meters being tested.
MR16 snapshot We covered the complexity of the
The DOE had previously released an MR16-centric Caliper Snapshot report in January of flicker issues in a recent feature article
2014 (http://bit.ly/1p7PQuF). That report two years back lamented the fact that lamp man- (http://bit.ly/1MPxg1A). Flicker can be a
ufacturers weren’t able to match the performance of 50W halogen products and little has problem with any lighting, and has been
especially problematic with some LED-
MR16 lamps based products especially when dim-
Center beam Beam angle and center beam intensity
intensity (cd) ming is involved. As the DOE noted, both
8000 Energy Star CBCP Tool the IES Testing Procedures Committee
2 predicted value
7000 50W halogen
and the CIE (International Commission
6000 35W halogen on Illumination) Technical Committee
5000 20W halogen 1 1-83: Visual Aspects of Time Modulated
LED Lighting Facts Data Lighting Systems are pursuing poten-
4000 4 (261 of 492 reporting)
LED, 120V and tial standardized test methodologies to
3000
unlisted voltage accurately characterize flicker.
2000 LED, 12V
3 Still, at least three T&M companies
1000
have added the capability of deliver-
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 ing the existing flicker metrics defined
Beam angle (degrees) by the IES. The products include: the
BTS256-EF Lightmeter from Giga-
changed. The new report said there are good LED alternatives to 20W and 35W halogens hertz-Optik, the LFA-2000 Light
but not for the brighter 50W MR16 lamps. Moreover, the new report said it is the 50W prod- Flicker Analyzer from Everfine, and the
ucts that are most commonly used. SC-ASTR-10 Illuminance Photometer
Mean efficacy has increased from 54 lm/W to 61 lm/W over the course of two years, but from Admesy Asteria. The DOE sought
that performance ramp is shallower than in larger-form-factor directional and omnidirec- to compare the operation of the products
tional lamps. And the DOE said no available products can meet Energy Star requirements to a reference test system developed at
for center beam candle power (CBCP) for any given beam angle, although the CCT and color the DOE’s Pacific Northwest National
rendering index (CRI) specs do comply with Energy Star requirements. Laboratory (PNNL) with that system
There are a variety of potential reasons for the technology stagnation in MR16 SSL comprising multiple instruments and a
products. As we have mentioned in the past, the small form factor makes integrating photosensor.
the driver, LED sources, thermal elements, and optics extremely challenging. » page 28

funding programs +
Flicker from page 25
The DOE tested 14 SSL products that it The biggest deviation came in fundamen- The DOE reported that 75% of the per-
had on hand with each of the three com- tal frequency measurements. Specifically, cent flicker measurements made by the
mercial test products and with its refer- the DOE noted that huge differences in the commercial products were within 3% of
ence system. results can happen with sources that have the reference value. And 75% of the flicker
The results of the DOE
testing are tough to simply DOE flicker parameter test results on commercial flicker meters.
quantify. Such measure- State Percent flicker: Max. Flicker index: Max. difference Fundamental frequency:
ments are complex and difference (70th, 90th, (70th, 90th, 95th percentile) Min. % match (short, long
th
involve detailed settings 95 percentile) duration)
in the instruments. More- Measurement Dim 3 5 6 0.066 0.135 0.192 58 8
over, once a light sample is and calculations Full 2 5 6 0.049 0.029 0.044 64 57
captured, the equipment Calculations Dim 1 2 2 0.007 0.074 0.222 58 25
performs a complex set of (only) Full 1 2 3 0.004 0.004 0.021 64 64
mathematical operations
Measurements Dim 3 4 5 0.065 0.118 0.154 83 67
before delivering results in
(only) Full 2 6 6 0.006 0.010 0.019 93 86
spreadsheet form.
The DOE took two sets
of measurements with each of the test high-frequency content located far above index measurements were within 0.066. The
equipment sets and each of the sample the 120-Hz fundamental frequency that is nearby table summarizes the results.
light sources. Short-duration tests used a predominant in many products that rectify You can read the full results of the
100-ms (millisecond) measurement time the AC line. LED-based products that use report on the DOE website (http://1.usa.
and long-duration tests used a 1s measure- pulsewidth modulation to control light-in- gov/20WYprn).
ment time. tensity levels could fall into this group. MORE: http://bit.ly/1RtPpaO
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MR16 from page 25 Tunable white to how tunable luminaires are designed
But the DOE also noted market forces at The addendum to Report 23 on tun- and therefore how light output and power
play. The new report said there is far more able-white lighting technology follows the consumption vary over the tunable range.
incentive for companies to focus on other original report published in September With only 3 set points defined, the DOE
LED-lamp sectors such as LED-based T8 2015 (http://bit.ly/1mZA4DT). That original found that lumen output errors could be
tubes where the SSL alternative must com- report had focused on the need for luminaire as large as 10% relative to the 11-point
pete with an energy-efficient fluorescent makers to take detailed electrical and pho- characterization and the error in speci-
incumbent. In the MR16 sector, the LED tometric measurements at 11 different CCT fied power draw might be as high as 6%.
lamps are already delivering considerable set points over the range of CCTs that a lumi- Those error ranges each drop to 3% when
energy savings even if CBCP trails the leg- naire could produce. 6 points are tested.
acy halogen lamps. While the use of 11 points would pro- The DOE warned that its tests were per-
The DOE also noted that MR16 lamps vide a comprehensive view into the performed on a small sample of five products
are often used in applications such as retail formance of a tunable lighting product, and that other designs could exhibit sub-
where excellent color rendering is critical. such a requirement would place a signifi- stantially different characteristics. That
Manufacturers supplying products for such cant burden on luminaire manufacturers said, the 6-point characterization would
applications may have necessarily focused that have to perform these tests. The DOE’s be sufficiently accurate for many SSL proj-
on optimum CRI rather than on maximum latest work compares the results from the ects. Still, the tests only applied to tunable
energy savings in the LED alternatives. But 11-point tests with those that relied on only white lighting products that have gener-
the DOE also said that by pushing harder 3, 5, or 6 CCT set points. The agency sought ally linear tunable performance and not to
on efficacy, manufacturers would find the to discover whether such simpler testing dim-to-warm or full-color-tunable prod-
small-form-factor and thermal challenges would provide lighting specifiers/design- ucts. The complete tunable lighting report
easier to overcome in targeting 50W halo- ers with accurate operational information with the addendum is available for review
gen performance. The entire report is on the on a tunable luminaire. and download on the DOE website (http://1.
DOE SSL website (http://1.usa.gov/1QA635l). The issue at hand largely comes down usa.gov/1OFl8oK). ◀
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outdoor | UNIFORM LIGHTING
LED-lit Texas plaza demonstrates

uniform lighting, no spill
MAURY WRIGHT details a parking-area SSL project in Allen, TX that showcases the beam control
enabled by LED sources in terms of uniformity and minimal light spill.
O
ne of the many advantages of LED-
based lighting is precise beam
control, and that attribute is very
important in area-lighting applications
such as a recent project completed by US
Energy Management in Allen, TX. The Twin
Creeks Village shopping plaza underwent
a solid-state lighting (SSL) retrofit of its
parking lot that has resulted in significant
energy savings and — equally important —
is delivering much-better-quality lighting.
The prior high-pressure sodium (HPS) light-
ing was replaced by Edge High Output (HO)
LED luminaires from Cree.
Plano, TX-based US Energy Management
and Cree worked in a close partnership on
the Twin Creeks project. US Energy Man- FIG. 1. The high-pressure sodium (HPS) lighting at the Twin Creeks Village shopping
agement is essentially an energy services plaza in Allen, TX exhibited hot and dark spots and poor color rendering.
company (ESCO) focused solely on ener-
gy-efficient lighting. Company president Photometric planning Ultimately, the Cree and US Energy team
Brad Hitchcock said the company offers Cree’s application team worked with US settled on the installation of two 120-LED
a turnkey service that includes an audit, Energy to develop a photometric layout. The luminaires per pole at a 5000K CCT. The
lighting design, and installation of a proj- Cree team projected that an installation of one 421W luminaires deliver greater than 50%
ect. Cree, meanwhile, has an application Edge HO LED luminaire per pole could deliver baseline savings relative to the prior HPS
engineering team that is available to assist the desired 4 fc on average and the desired uni- lighting. And as we will discuss shortly, late-
in such projects. formity with a sharp cutoff at the property night dimming functionality is compound-
The property owners at Twin Creeks had line. But the property owners believed that ing the savings.
asked US Energy to propose a one-for-one a dual-luminaire installation on each pole
retrofit of the existing HPS lighting. That would offer better symmetry and uniformity. Cutoff and reflectance
prior lighting design had two 1000W fixtures The Edge HO (Fig. 3) product line was About the results, Hitchcock said, “Property
on each pole at a mounting height of 40 ft. announced as an addition to the Edge series ownership was amazed at what was accom-
The HPS lighting had delivered an average of back in 2012 (http://bit.ly/1oXGk0z). The plished.” The LED lighting is delivering an
3.9 fc at the parking lot surface. But the own- HO product was designed specifically as a average of 4.2 fc and, as the aforementioned
ers weren’t happy with the lack of uniformity replacement for HID fixtures in areas such video demonstrates, excellent uniformity all
that is apparent in Fig. 1 — a depiction of the as high-security lots and automobile deal- of the way to the perimeter of the property.
prior HPS installation. (Note that if you are erships (Fig. 4) that need very high output What is also evident in the video is the sharp
reading this article online or in our digital levels. Cree offers the product in 120- and cutoff at the edges of the property with little
edition, there is also a video with before and 240-LED versions, and in each case with the light spill outside the boundaries, and also
after footage captured by a drone: http://bit. option of 700-mA (standard) or 1A (high- little to no detectable uplight.
ly/1XN33rZ.) The HPS lighting yielded bright power) drive current. The result is a range Allen, TX is one of many communities that
spots under poles and much lower light lev- of just over 20,000 lm to almost 50,000 lm in are moving to adopt Dark Sky ordinances.
els between poles. Fig. 2 depicts the much output. Cree offers the products at CCTs of And many such ordinances are based on
more uniform LED lighting. 4000K, 5000K, and 5700K. the Model Lighting Ordinance (MLO), a
70- and 90-CRI versions of the product, and

in fact the 4000K- and 5700K-CCT products
have a 70 CRI. But customers that install the
5000K-CCT products get what is truly out-
standing color rendering.
Dimming and sensors

Of course, one way to alleviate concerns
over bright lights is to dim them. In fact,
many outdoor lighting installations are
overlit, especially when transitions to cool-
er-CCT SSL products take place. The reg-
ulatory community is playing catchup as
the research community attempts to val-
idate theories about better vision under
cooler, broader-spectral-power-distribution
FIG. 2. Cree Edge HO LED luminaires were used to improve the uniformity of lighting (SPD), and/or higher-CRI lights. LED lights
in the lot to the property perimeter while minimizing light spill. Click on the image installed to recommendations developed for
to view the embedded video or type the following URL to view the “before and after” HPS sources may indeed be too bright.
video in your browser: http://bit.ly/1XN33rZ. In the Twin Creeks case, the property
owners like the result of the project in all
specification that was jointly developed by assessment of the new lighting from Twin aspects including the light levels that give
the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Creeks merchants and customers has been patrons a sense of security. At the pavement
and the International Dark-Sky Associa- almost universally positive. It seems in a com- level, visibility even allowed one of the mer-
tion (http://bit.ly/1NY9W5b). Specifically, mercial setting that perhaps people are more chants to host late-night roller hockey games
the MLO defines different classes of light- worried about safety and security and wel- in the parking lot, according to Hitchcock.
ing zones and BUG (backlight, uplight, and come the cooler light and what many believe Still, the bright light is not generally
glare) maximums for each zone type. to be better visibility. Those surveyed on the required late at night when the stores are
Cree publishes BUG data for the Edge HO Twin Creeks project felt the lighting provided closed. US Energy contemplated a net-
product family. Moreover, the company’s a safer environment. But some people clearly work-based control system for the plaza,
applications team verified compliance with don’t want 5000K lights on their streets. but ultimately determined that a simpler
all IES guidelines on the Twin Creeks proj- Of course, the CRI comes into play as well. autonomous control scenario was more
ect including reflectance of light from the HPS lighting has a notoriously poor CRI and suitable for the application. Occupancy-sen-
paved parking lot. that makes it much tougher to discern details
such as faces or even just to detect objects. We
CCT choices covered object detection relative to a Seattle
We also asked US Energy about the choice of street trial that demonstrated the advantage
5000K-CCT lighting and the ongoing push by of LED-based lighting (http://bit.ly/1lCN-
some communities to move to warmer CCTs myd). The 5000K-CCT version of
in outdoor lighting. As we covered in a recent the Edge HO series deliv-
blog post, some communities want to restrict ers an exceptionally
outdoor lighting, especially street lighting, to high CRI (for
3000K or lower CCTs (http://bit.ly/1TvnFnX). outdoor light-
We will have more to offer on the CCT ing) of 90 and is
discussion in upcoming blog posts and arti- based on Cree True-
cles. But the Cree and US Energy team said White technology.
that 5000K was the best choice for the Twin In fact, that high-CRI rating
Creeks project. Hitchcock said, “In our expe- is worth a bit deeper discussion. Typi-
rience, 5000K has become the standard for cally, LED-based outdoor area lighting has a
commercial outdoor lighting.” CRI in the range of 70, and that level is more
Hitchcock said the LED installation than sufficient for most outdoor applica-
appears 50% brighter than the prior warm- tions. The 5000K product from Cree, how- FIG. 3. The Edge HO LED luminaire is
er-CCT lighting despite the fact that the aver- ever, was optimized for auto-sales-lot light- specifically designed for high-output
age measured light levels or fc readings are ing and that is one application where CRI lighting applications in which 1000W
virtually identical. Moreover, the qualitative really matters. The company could build HID fixtures have been commonly used.

FIG. 4. Automotive sales lots are one application in which the

Edge HO LED luminaire shines.
sor-based controls can drop the light level, and energy usage, by 50%
when the area around a pole is vacant.
Occupancy- or vacancy-based controls have been somewhat prob-
lematic in outdoor settings in the past. Mainly the sensors have reg-
istered false positives based on wind-blown trees, debris, or other
objects. And the sensors have been said to be especially problematic
at mounting heights above 20–30 ft.
Clearly, however, the sensors are improving. Hitchcock said US
Energy has used sensors at 40-ft mounting heights with success on
several projects. And the Twin Creeks property owners were suffi-
ciently pleased with the vacancy sensors that they have bought the
same capability in additional outdoor projects at other plazas. In the
Twin Creeks case, Hitchcock said the poles will detect autos mov-
ing within 20–30-ft of a pole, and instantly bring the lights back to
full brightness.
Networks or sensors?
Still, there are other projects we have covered that suggest alter-
native reasons that might justify a network-based installation.
Princeton University, for instance, determined that it would be best
to light several poles adjacent to the one pole that detected occu-
pancy (http://bit.ly/1Q5IFNz). Of course, that Princeton project
involved college residential parking where a single student and auto
might have triggered the sensor late at night. The shopping plaza will
generally be fully lit during business hours and fully dimmed except
for the occasional worker movement during off-business hours.
Ultimately, Twin Creeks is saving an average of 455,000 kWh based
on the SSL installation. Tenants and customers are happy with the
light levels and dimming. Indeed, Hitchcock again mentioned the
late-night roller-hockey game. He said the poles in the immediate
vicinity of the hockey rink were at full brightness while the rest of
the parking area was dimmed to 50%.
LEDsmagazine.com
wireless | SMART LIGHTING
Bluetooth Mesh — What’s that noise about?

Coming Bluetooth extensions will make the wireless technology a better fit for smart lighting,
explains MAREK WIERZBICKI, while mesh extensions will retain the low power, ease of use, and
reliability of the proven radio technology.
S
mart lighting might be the biggest
revolution the lighting industry has
seen in decades, but the multitude of
available wireless communication technolo-
gies can cause a real headache for manufac-
turers willing to delve into this new, excit-
ing market. Bluetooth is the latest talk of the
town with its mesh networking support to
be adopted later this year. We at Silvair have
been deeply involved in the Bluetooth Smart
Mesh Working Group’s efforts aimed at stan-
dardizing a Bluetooth-based mesh architec-
ture, and this examination of the basic con- FIG. 1. There were a number of Bluetooth-based, mesh-enabled lighting products at
cepts behind one approach to a Bluetooth the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in 2016 including a lamp from Girard Sudron
Mesh implementation will give you an idea and a switch from NodOn.
as to what Bluetooth Smart mesh network-
ing is all about. Moving to networks nected solutions, but instead of some sort
Lighting standards we’ve all known for It is therefore not surprising that virtually of standardization, we’re only seeing things
years are now being challenged by the next every week we are hearing news about light- getting more and more fragmented. New
generation of lighting systems that prom- ing manufacturers entering into agreements technologies keep emerging, each claiming
ise to deliver so much more than just a well- with companies that can relatively swiftly to have exactly what it takes to enable seam-
lit space. The transition toward digital implement smart technologies into their less, robust, and secure connectivity in the
lighting is happening right in front of our products, or even straightforwardly acquir- Internet of Things (IoT).
eyes, and while a couple of months ago ing providers of wireless connectivity, cloud In the meantime, the more mature com-
many had doubts as to whether smart light- services, or advanced data analytics. Things munication standards keep evolving to
ing could be a real deal, it now seems that have gone so far that we’ve already seen address the dynamically changing customer
there is no turning back. Over the last 12 Goldman Sachs downgrading its rating on needs, as many of them were introduced to
months, we’ve seen multiple heavyweight one of the leading lighting manufacturers, the market when expectations and hype
lighting manufacturers spinning off big citing concerns over the company’s deteri- surrounding the IoT and connected spaces
chunks of their traditional businesses to orating earnings and emphasizing its low were nowhere near as big as they are today.
put more focus on connected technologies exposure to connected technologies. The What’s more, certain product categories did
(See LEDs Magazine coverage of Osram — trend is clear: Lighting systems are becom- not even exist back then, with smart lighting
http://bit.ly/1KL6g9e). Smart lighting ing digital, and a wide variety of smart being a perfect example of a segment that
promises new business models with a lighting products (Fig. 1) presented at CES has come a long way from nonexistence to
steady stream of revenue from value-added (Consumer Electronics Show) 2016 only con- being one of the hottest smart building auto-
features and services, which is exactly what firms this (http://bit.ly/20t1qRN). mation segments over just a couple of years.
lighting companies need to overcome the That said, there is still no consensus One of those mature standards is Blue-
challenges resulting from the impressive regarding the wireless communication pro- tooth, a wireless communication protocol
longevity of LEDs and razor-thin margins tocol that could be the go-to technology for that seems to have been around forever and
in the LED market. lighting applications, let alone the entire thus enjoys unmatched brand recognition.
Internet of Things (IoT). Countless times has However, for certain very specific reasons,
MAREK WIERZBICKI is the chief marketing it been said that the lack of interoperability it is currently not being considered a viable
officer at Silvair (silvair.com). is a major obstacle to mass adoption of con- option for advanced building automation
solutions. The Bluetooth Special Interest is where the story of Bluetooth in the IoT compete with the two in the applications
Group (SIG), a 28,000-member strong body really begins. Bluetooth Smart was designed they were intended for.
that oversees the development of Bluetooth specifically to address the needs of a new
standards, claims this is about to change generation of smart devices, many of which Is this meshable?
once the mesh networking support is intro- are battery-powered and therefore require Even though the support for mesh network-
duced into the protocol’s core specification. fast connection times and efficient power ing wasn’t included in the core specifica-
We are only a couple of months away from management to reduce unnecessary energy tion of Bluetooth Smart, several compa-
this release, so let’s see what’s coming. consumption. nies noticed that building a mesh network
The new specification extended Blue- based on this particular communication
Bluetooth Classic versus Bluetooth Smart tooth’s usefulness to a whole new range of standard might not be such a bad idea. In
All that noise surrounding Bluetooth might products, ultimately making it a default 2014, Silvair (operating as Seed Labs back
be somewhat confusing for those not too technology for all kinds of wearable devices. then) started building a mesh architecture
familiar with the recent developments in But despite some really outstanding features based on Bluetooth Smart. Transforming
the protocol’s single-hop topology into a
Hub-and-spoke topology Mesh network topology robust multi-hop, peer-to-peer network
was quite a challenge, but the potential
reward was enormous.
A mesh network based on Bluetooth
Smart also turned out to offer outstand-
ing performance and the core features of
the Bluetooth radio allowed us to overcome
many of the challenges that other commu-
nication protocols have a hard time dealing
with. Obviously, the technology developed
by Silvair was proprietary, although we did
manage to maintain compliance with Blue-
FIG. 2. Legacy Bluetooth has relied on a hub-and-spoke topology while commercial tooth Smart’s core specification.
smart lighting will require a mesh network for communications. Having received a fair amount of input
from Silvair and other companies work-
the wireless communication landscape. of the Bluetooth Smart radio, the protocol ing on their proprietary mesh solutions, the
After all, the protocol was first developed didn’t make any significant impact in the Bluetooth Special Interest Group realized
before the term “Internet of Things” was building automation segment. Smart homes that such an opportunity cannot be wasted.
even coined. But what many are still not were dominated by other low-power technol- In February 2015, it announced the forma-
aware of is that the Bluetooth of today ogies, mainly ZigBee and Z-Wave, and wire- tion of the Bluetooth Smart Mesh Working
is something completely different than less communication never really took off in Group. Its goal was to standardize mesh net-
Bluetooth of the past. commercial spaces. Due to certain import- working support and incorporate it into the
The original Bluetooth, known as Blue- ant drawbacks of the available low-power protocol’s core specification. Competing
tooth Classic, was designed as a short-range, communication standards, building man- companies sat down to share their experi-
cable-replacement technology for point-to- agers preferred to stick to wired solutions, ences and find the best way to implement
point communications. Initially, the main considering them way more reliable. the mesh architecture into Bluetooth Smart.
goal was to synchronize data between The reason why Bluetooth Smart was Near the end of 2015, the SIG officially con-
mobile phones, but the standard quickly never considered a serious contender for firmed that it’s on track with the develop-
became the default technology for wireless building automation purposes is because ment of the Bluetooth Mesh, and that the
data exchange between personal computing it was designed to support relatively simple standard would be adopted at some point in
equipment (mobile phones, PCs, PDAs) and hub-and-spoke networks (Fig. 2). Applica- 2016. Moreover, some major improvements
peripherals (headsets, cordless keyboards tions like smart lighting require much more with regard to both the data rate and range
and mice, printers, and such). Devices could than that. Peer-to-peer communication and of Bluetooth Smart will be included in the
form a tiny personal area network (PAN) extended range are among the must-have new standard.
called a piconet, whereby a single central features enabling a robust network consist- The standardized mesh architecture
device would coordinate the activity of up ing of multiple smart bulbs, and the core based on Bluetooth Smart is shaping up to
to seven active peripherals. specification of Bluetooth Smart simply be a powerful framework enabling robust
Fast-forward to 2010, the Bluetooth Core didn’t provide such capability. Its hub-and- and scalable implementations in some of the
Specification version 4.0 is released, intro- spoke model couldn’t match with the mesh most challenging applications. Being part of
ducing Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), more topology of ZigBee or Z-Wave networks, and that development process and seeing many
commonly known as Bluetooth Smart. This for this reason Bluetooth could never really of our concepts being incorporated into the
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global standard is a great feeling. We are Bluetooth Smart and the Silvair Mesh layer on a simplified OSI model
currently among the leading contributors to
the Bluetooth Smart Mesh Working Group. Application
Silvair
The details about the upcoming mesh stan- Mesh
Bluetooth
dard remain strictly confidential until some Network/transport
Smart
official announcements are made by the SIG
itself, but we can provide you with a sneak Physical/link
peek into the basic concepts behind our Sil-
vair Mesh technology, which might give you
a good idea of what Bluetooth-based mesh FIG. 3. Smart mesh capabilities are added to Bluetooth devices in the network,
networking is all about. transport, and application layers in software and don’t impact the physical and link
layers that are captured in radio ICs and modules.
Meet a mesh
Silvair Mesh has been developed to allow the protocol’s standard mechanisms called requires numerous additional features to
users to build their smart mesh networks in GATT (Generic Attribute Profile). This standard Bluetooth Smart. For instance,
which one or more mobile devices (smart- means that all mesh-enabled peripherals the Silvair Mesh includes a high-perfor-
phones/tablets) can control one or more can create their own autonomous mesh mance Bluetooth controller and a new Net-
mesh -enabled peripheral devices (e.g., network that does not require any central work Security Manager, as well as the secure
lamps, sensors, dimmers, switches, etc.). device to operate. OverThe-Air Update functionality, which
When equipped with the mesh software The decision to base Silvair Mesh on Blue- means that a device can be upgraded to the
stack, essentially an enhanced Bluetooth tooth Smart was intentional, as it meant newest version of the firmware at any time.
Smart stack, these devices can communi- that the ecosystem would be compatible Such a carefully crafted mesh software
cate with each other and the central con- with all existing Bluetooth Smart devices stack can be installed on any compatible
troller via the Bluetooth Smart radio using and chipsets. However, a mesh stack also Bluetooth chip. Silvair also developed a ref-
SPECIMEN
.........................................................................................................................................................................
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WIRELESS
WIRELESS
erence design for modules to provide the best possible solution for
large installations such as those found in commercial buildings.
These modules consist of standard Texas Instruments CC254x
Bluetooth modules with upgraded firmware, an amplifier, and an
antenna. Operating at +10-dBm Tx (transmit) power and with -98-
dBm Rx (receive) sensitivity, the modules provide a 108-dB link bud-
get that translates to a range of 1500 ft (about 500m) in the open air.
Inside buildings, this value will obviously be much lower and depen-
SOLUTIONS
dent on numerous factors, yet it still remains impressive. • Zigbee H.A 1.2 Compliant
An important thing to realize is that mesh is a purely software • High Interopera bility
solution. This means that Bluetooth Smart chipsets found in today’s
smartphones can control devices employing proprietary technolo-
• +12dBm transmit power
gies such as Silvair Mesh, and will remain perfectly suitable for con- • with built-in antenna
trolling and managing mesh networks once the standard is adopted • Compact form-factory
by the SIG. The aforementioned software stack is applied to the net-
working and application layers of the standard Bluetooth Smart pro-
tocol stack as shown in Fig. 3.
How the mesh works

Now let’s consider how the mesh extension works. There are two
types of communication within a Silvair Mesh network: central to
peripheral and peripheral to peripheral. Once the mesh network
is commissioned, there is no need for further central-peripheral
communication.
Central devices are usually smartphones and tablets. Such devices
would typically run some type of control software. In the Silvair
case, we developed an app for iOS and Android devices. The central
devices are used to configure and manage the network but can also
perform a software update of peripheral devices. Central devices con-
nect to peripherals using Bluetooth Smart’s standard GATT services.
While this type of connection is fully compatible with Bluetooth 4.0, it
employs certain proprietary techniques to allow many smartphones to
be used simultaneously to control more than eight peripheral devices
with eight being the limit in standard Bluetooth 4.0.
Peripheral devices are the nodes of a mesh network. A robust mesh
implementation must allow peripherals to talk to each other and
act as relays that pass messages through the mesh. This is a radical
departure from the original architecture of Bluetooth Smart, and it
allows for controlling entire groups of devices using multicast (one
to many) communications — e.g., dimming a group of ceiling lights
in a hallway. The Silvair Mesh implementation allows a maximum
of 63 hops, which enables it to cover very extensive areas out of the
box, in contrast to other technologies that require setting up more
complicated or more expensive networks.
One of the most significant concepts introduced in the Silvair
implementation is connectionless communication, which means
Contact us at (702) 364-9998
that every peripheral can advertise its status in the network. As a
result, lights, fans, shades, and any other mesh-enabled device are
or visit us at magtechind.com
displayed automatically in the app on the central device, not only as
a simple list of available devices, but with very specific parameters LED Driver Power Supplies
that can be controlled by the user — e.g., on/off, color, temperature, Surge Supressors
fan speed, or shade position. Every status change made by the user is StepDown Transformers
immediately advertised to the network, and every controlling device
in the mesh is updated instantly with the new status.
LEDsmagazine.com
Network setup
Autonomous mesh network Cloud-connected mesh network
As will be required in commercial applications, managed by a smartphone with Silvair Logic
the Silvair Mesh software allows networks of
any size to be set up, but the way in which large
and small networks are commissioned, is dif-
ferent. Small networks of up to about 30 devices
can be commissioned and managed using just
the app on a smartphone or a tablet. The plug-
and-play nature of Bluetooth, and the fact that
the protocol is natively supported by virtu-
ally all smartphones and tablets on the mar-
ket, makes the entire process extremely sim-
ple and intuitive. The app detects and displays
mesh devices in its vicinity. The user creates FIG. 4. Silvair Mesh supports both smaller mesh networks controlled by a single
a mesh network by selecting which devices smartphone and complex networks with dedicated cloud-connected servers.
should be added, and by giving the network a
name. Once added to the network, associations and relationships can tus of all peripherals, and reports any issues and unusual events via a
be set up between the devices as desired. The smartphone can then be browser-based interface.
switched off and these connections will remain in place (Fig. 4).
Networks of over about 30 devices, or the ones requiring more Other mesh needs
sophisticated associations, scenarios, and network monitoring ser- There are a few other key elements of a Bluetooth Mesh implementa-
vices, are best set up using some type of server or management appli- tion that we will mention briefly here. There needs to be a concept of
ance. In the case of Silvair, an embedded server called Silvair Logic permissions for control devices that ensures proper management of
hosts all the logic that controls the entire network, checks the sta- devices in the network. The Silvair software stack implements four lev-
els of permissions: 1) Administrator — can operate all devices within
the network, as well as configure them and manage other users’ per-
missions; 2) Family — can operate all devices within the network, but
cannot configure or manage them; 3) Guest — has limited permis-
sion to operate selected devices within the network; 4) and AdHoc —
can operate public devices only on a one-to-one basis (no access to the
mesh network).
Likewise, the network nodes or peripherals require the ability to pro-
vide information on their operational status and programmability. The
Silvair software stack defines three Peripheral Device States: 1) Factory
Default — the device leaves the factory in this state and is ready for
commissioning; 2) Private — all communication is encrypted, so only
users with matching keys can decrypt the state information and con-
trol the device; and 3) Public — state information, as well as selected
control functions, are not encrypted and can be accessed by anyone.
The Bluetooth difference

The question one might ask at this point is why the Bluetooth Smart
mesh would be any better than other mesh protocols available on
the market? Simply put, it’s all about the radio. Out of all low-power,
low-bandwidth communication standards, none is even close to hav-
ing such impressive qualities as Bluetooth Smart. This allows the pro-
tocol to address some of the most difficult issues in such challenging
applications as smart lighting, where multicast, synchronous opera-
tion and responsiveness are among the must-have features.
We’ve tested many other technologies inside out, and we know exactly
why the existing mesh protocols have failed to deliver the smart lighting
experience to environments where reliability and scalability are top pri-
orities. And we firmly believe that this year’s adoption of the Bluetooth
Smart mesh standard might finally open the door for smart lighting
networks to become widely deployed in professional applications.
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focus on Packaged LEDs
LED architectures advance across
package types and applications
Just a few short years ago in the early days of so-called high-brightness LEDs,
manufacturers offered a small selection of component options and left it to solid-state
lighting (SSL) product developers to meld the components into the target application.
Today, LED manufacturers offer products specific to most every application you can
imagine, and in fact you can choose from high-power, COB, mid-power, CSP, and other
options for the same general-lighting application. We have advancements in white and
color components, and for that matter in UV and IR devices that emit outside the human
visual range and that promise to enable amazing new SSL applications. Here we will
review some of the most significant packaged LEDs announced in the past year with
summaries of device characteristics, general device trends, and specific SSL application
targets. — MAURY WRIGHT
Samsung Vivid COB LEDs and better phosphor control to “depict the red, blue, and
The chip-on-board (COB) LED-array landscape has prolif- green coloration of objects much more clearly.” Samsung
erated broadly in the past two years, progressing from a also added COB devices with smaller light-emitting sur-
product of convenience given the simple electrical, ther- face (LES) areas — 6, 8, and 11 mm —to offer higher center
mal, optical, and mechanical interfaces to products with beam candle power (CBCP) for directional lighting applica-
enhanced optical properties. For example, Samsung brought tions. Indeed, the products are generally 35% smaller at the
to market several new COB lines in mid-2015 that have sig- same output levels relative to prior-generation COB LEDs
nificant white-light and color-quality innovations. Most from the company. Samsung further announced a number
prominently, the Vivid COB Series is intended to make col- of COB LEDs with what it calls Ultra-High Color Rendering,
meaning a CRI rating of 95 or better. ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/1QMwk0z
Lumileds Gen 2 Luxeon COB LEDs

Lumileds was first to strike with optical enhancements
to a COB architecture when it launched the CrispWhite
product back in 2014 for better white and color rendering
Halogen lamp Vivid Color COB
ors appear, as the name implies, more vivid. In many cases,

LED and SSL module makers have used different emitter
and phosphor mixes to enhance and even oversaturate col-
ors such as red and blue. Samsung is evidently not over-
saturating the colors because the company said the Vivid
LEDs would maintain a CRI rating of 90 and oversaturation
is penalized in the CRI formula. The company said the Vivid
COB LEDs combine improved tuning of the color spectrum

focus on | PACKAGED LEDS
(http://bit.ly/1xh4h2Q). In fact, the team behind that product won

the ‘Illumineer of the Year’ award in our LEDs Magazine Sapphire
Awards program in February 2015. Later in 2015, Lumileds launched
the Gen 2 Luxeon COB Core range with LES options ranging from
9–19 mm and in the fall the new COB 1216 that delivers 15,000 lm
and is available over the range of 2200K to 5700K CCT. That new-
est COB LED is targeted at applications such as street and area The XHP35 LEDs output a maximum 1833 lm from a single emit-
lights and indoor high-bay luminaires with such SSL products being ting surface, putting the LEDs in a class with multi-die LEDs in
capable of replacing 100W to 150W high-intensity discharge (HID) discrete packages but without the optical inefficiency of multi-die
lights. The 1216 COB LED features a 23-mm LES and is packaged LEDs. Cree offers the LEDs across the range of 2700K to 8300K in
in a 28×28-mm footprint. The LED delivers an even greater perfor- CCT; in 70-, 80-, and 90-CRI flavors; and in 2- or 3-step MacAdam
mance increase of 40% than did the smaller Gen 2 LEDs. Such COB ellipse bins. Customers are using the new LEDs and footprint legacy
LEDs continue to be popular for simple manufacturing and assem- to upgrade existing SSL products with the simple change of an LED.
bly, but increasingly it’s the performance and efficiency that will “We’re excited that the XHP35 LED brings the performance of Cree’s
draw many customers. “We continue to push our chip-on-board Extreme High Power LEDs to the XP footprint,” said Jorge Fraile,
technology to higher efficiency, which is important in all applica- CEO of Hispaled. “In addition to delivering an impressive amount
tions but particularly in outdoor fixtures,” said Eric Senders, prod- of light, the XHP35 LED allows us to leverage existing drivers to
uct line director for COB LEDs at Lumileds. “With the new line of achieve the full performance of Cree’s high-power LEDs at lower
arrays, customers are achieving 150 lm/W at nominal condition, drive currents.” As for the HI and HD flavors, Cree uses the term HD
which, combined with our lowest-in-the-industry thermal resis- to describe discretely-packaged and COB LEDs that offer what the
tance, leads to the most cost-efficient systems.” ◀ company calls better optical control factor (OCF), essentially tout-
MORE: http://bit.ly/1RRTyr2 ing the better beam control achievable with more flux from a smaller
source. See a description of the HI concept in coverage of the XQ-E
LED series later in this article. ◀
Citizen CLU550 COB LEDs MORE: http://bit.ly/1oNFYtg
Citizen Electronics is also a player in the COB LED space. At the Hong
Kong International Lighting Fair in the fall of 2015, the company
unveiled the CLU550 family. The new LEDs show the Samsung LH351B LED
advancements being made in COB packaging that Samsung is proliferating its LED offerings
are happening in parallel with advancements in across the COB, high-power, and mid-power
emitter architecture and performance. Citizen LED spaces. In 2015, the company achieved a
said it was able to increase the number of major upgrade in performance levels with a
emitters integrated in the COB LEDs by 45% new version of the venerable LH351B LED.
in the same physical space relative to its Efficacy hit 173 lm/W at 85°C tempera-
prior-generation COB product. Typical ture and 350 mA of drive current — an
lumen output went from just under 57,000 lm 8% improvement over the prior year. The
to more than 70,000 lm. The CLU550 LEDs come in a LED utilizes Samsung’s proprietary TZ
38×38×1.4-mm package and in 70- and 80-CRI models. Citizen chip structure and PSS (Patterned Sapphire
said the new LEDs enable brighter luminaires or the development of Substrate) technology to achieve the high levels of
smaller luminaires that rely on a single brighter source. ◀ performance. Moreover, the LH351B relies on a relatively-
MORE: http://bit.ly/1Ttd3XV unique film phosphor for conversion that Samsung claims improves
color stability. The LED has an expected lifetime of 280,000 hours
when operated at 105°C and 1A. ◀
Cree XHP35 LED Series
In the traditional discrete high-power packaged LED area, Cree con-
tinues to set the performance pace whether the implementation uses LG Innotek H35C4 LED Series
one or multiple-arrayed emitters. In mid-2015, Cree announced the In the fall of 2015, LG Innotek announced the H35C4 high-power LED
XLamp XHP35 family of packaged LEDs that includes products in Series with what the company claimed at the time to be the high-
both High Density (HD) versions with a domed primary optic and est efficacy on the market. The 3.5×3.5-mm high-power LEDs can be
High Intensity (HI) versions with a flat primary optic. The new prod- driven at up to 5W and are squarely targeted at high-output general-
ucts marked the introduction of what Cree calls the SC5 (silicon car- lighting applications such as street lights and high-bay fixtures. The
bide 5) technology platform being fully utilized in an LED in the new packaged LEDs arrived with a maximum efficacy claim of 180
3.45×3.45-mm form factor, or what Cree calls the XP footprint based lm/W when driven at 350 mA and forward voltage rated in the 2.7V
on prior packaged LEDs such as the XP-G/G2, XP-L, and XP-E/E2. to 3V range. The company stated that the maximum efficacy was 10%

higher than any competitive high-power LED Cree XQ-A Series

products from other manufacturers and 13% bet- Cree remains a holdout from the plastic-packaged mid-power LED
ter than its prior offerings in a similar form fac- trend, although the company does enjoy access to such LEDs via
tor. At 700 mA, the efficacy drops to a still respect- its investment in Lextar (http://bit.ly/1FAFonY). But
able 152 lm/W at a junction temperature of 85°C. It’s for its own packaged LED portfolio, Cree has
always hard to evaluate manufacturers’ claims focused on developing very small LEDs that
about superior LED performance because are still delivered in ceramic packages with
there are so many variables in play; often, high-power operational characteristics. The
stated maximum performance specs may not Cree XLamp XQ-A LEDs extend the XQ fam-
be at realistic use conditions. The Cree XHP35 ily with mid-power alternatives that the
would appear to be a bit ahead, but the LG product company said offer better reliability and
is in the ballpark. LG said it achieved the performance more consistent lumen-output and color per-
of the H35C4 through a vertical LED architecture and an optimized formance. Some of the applications will also
mixing process in the phosphor materials that create the white light. come in industrial settings. “The introduc-
The vertical characterization implies a flip-chip approach in which the tion of the XQ-A LED gives us more options
emitting surface was originally adjacent to the growth sapphire. The to increase the capability of our machine-
new LG packaged LEDs also come with LM-80 test data that suggests vision and industrial LED lights using the
a life of 150,000 hours. ◀ same compact XQ package that we know
MORE: http://bit.ly/1kdT3tT and like,” said Matt Pinter, co-founder and lead
design engineer for Smart Vision Lights. “Unlike mid-
power color LEDs, the compact, ceramic-based XQ-A LED will allow
Samsung LM561B+ and LM561C LEDs us to put two, three, or even four LEDs under our new silicone lens
The trend toward mid-power LEDs in many general illumination technology where we could only use one LED before. This gener-
applications was a prominent theme over the past year. Generally, ates more light for industrial applications without compromis-
mid-power LEDs cost less than high-power alternatives and while ing lifetime.” The XQ-A outputs 89 lm at 1W maximum in phos-
more devices are required to deliver a given lumen requirement, phor-converted white flavors. Cree offers the white LEDs across
the mostly surface-mount device (SMD) components are assem- the 2700K- to 6200K-CCT range with 70-, 80-, and 90-CRI options.
bled using automated equipment. Moreover, efficacy levels exceed The company also offers color versions available in monochromatic
those found in many higher-power devices. For example, Samsung red, red-orange, green, blue, and royal blue along with phosphor-
recently announced the LM561B+ and LM561C 0.3W LEDs that converted amber. ◀
extend efficacy to the 200-lm/W level. Such products are also deliv- MORE: http://bit.ly/1PK7qUJ
ering tighter color- and lumen-maintenance tolerances. The new
LM561B+ is more focused
on color attributes while the Everlight 5630KK5D and 5630KK6D LEDs
LM561C delivers maximum The industry-standard 5630 LED package (5.6×3.0-mm) is among the
performance. Samsung is most popular of mid-power options and many companies offer such
offering the LM561B+ LEDs LEDs. For white SSL applications, Everlight Electronics has new LEDs
in 3-step MacAdam ellipse in the 5630 package that push efficacy to the 200-lm/W level, tar-
bins and quarter bins in geting both retrofit lamps and luminaires. These Everlight LEDs are
CCTs ranging from 2700K to intended for operation more akin to traditional mid-power levels at
6500K. Moreover, the company said it has a new phosphor-control 0.2W. The company has announced two new products. The 5630KK5D
technology that will yield 90-CRI LEDs with 15% higher flux output delivers 195 lm/W at a 5000K CCT and shipped a bit earlier than the
at 90 CRI. “To date, we have achieved outstanding performance in 5630KK6D that delivers 205 lm/W at a 5000K CCT and came to mar-
all of our mid-power LED packages,” said Jaewook Kwon, vice presi- ket in late 2015. Everlight said the improved performance enables
dent for the Lighting Marketing Group at Samsung Electronics. “By SSL manufacturers to substitute the new LEDs into exist-
now offering premium light quality to a greater number of customers ing product designs with no printed-circuit board
with our LM561B+ LED package, we are able to provide superior per- (PCB) or optics changes, and realize signif-
formance on a much wider scale.” While the LM561B+ LEDs max out icant performance improvements.
at 190 lm/W, the new LM561C LEDs hit the 200-lm/W level. Samsung Alternatively, development
said it will bring the tighter color control to the LM561C family later teams can deliver new prod-
in 2016. The company first introduced the LM561B family at 160 uct designs with fewer pack-
lm/W in early 2013 (http://bit.ly/1Kt3QMP), with those LEDs offer- aged LEDs when specifying
ing a 30% performance upgrade over the prior LM561A LEDs. ◀ the new products. Everlight said
MORE: http://bit.ly/1PK7qUJ a 2000-lm finished product would

consume 11W or less. Everlight also noted that it achieved the new semiconductor assembly process will noticeably decrease,” said Kibum
performance levels using plastic materials with high-reflection and Nam, head of the central research center at Seoul Semiconductor. “As
improved optical structures, and that the LEDs would deliver the all of the parts which had been used for more than twenty years will not
long lifetimes needed in applications such as commercial lighting. ◀ be necessary anymore, there will be a huge change in the future LED
MORE: http://bit.ly/24d5OaC industry.” CSP technology will be of greatest benefit to the lighting man-
ufacturers that can afford the required automated assembly equipment
and that can pack the LEDs tightly in some products or essentially use
Edison Opto PLCC 2835 NE Series the luminaire frame as the substrate in products such as linear light-
Still, much of the development in mid-power LEDs in the recent past ing and troffers. Seoul Semiconductor will supply WICOP2 LEDs into
has been focused on lower-cost components that can reduce the bill mid-power-LED applications at least initially and that’s the target for
of materials in a lighting product despite the use of more lower- most CSP providers except for Lumileds, which is applying CSP at the
brightness LEDs. Indeed, Edison Opto, faced with what it charac- high-power level. ◀
terized as chaotic price wars, has been striving to introduce more MORE: http://bit.ly/24d6GvE
Lumileds Luxeon FlipChip White LED

Lumileds was the first manufacturer to announce a
CSP LED back in early 2013 at Strategies in Light (SIL)
when it launched blue-pump LEDs with no phosphor
(http://bit.ly/1foX4lz). At SIL in 2015, the company
said it shipped more than a quarter-billion CSP LEDs
during 2014 into backlighting, automotive, and camera
flash applications. In the fall of 2015, Lumileds announced
the Luxeon FlipChip White LEDs for general illumination appli-
high-efficiency packaged LEDs in order to build a strong market cations. The LEDs will come in 1.4×1.4- and 1.1×1.1-mm footprints and
position. One of its new product lines is the PLCC 2835 HE Series are available over a color temperature range of 2700K–4000K CCT.
packaged LEDs. It features 185lm/W luminous efficacy at a 4000K Lumileds will offer the LEDs in a choice of 70 or 80 CRI. Efficacy is as
CCT. Moreover, the compact package size increases flexibility in high as 124 lm/W when driven at 175 mA for the smaller LEDs and
lamp design and expands the range of applications in which the 139 lm/W when driven at 350 mA for the larger LEDs, both at 85°C.
LEDs can serve. In addition, Edison Opto added products in the 5630 The CSP LEDs do not integrate a primary optic and will emit on five
packaged LED space. The advanced PLCC 5630B HE Series offers 188 sides, delivering a wide beam angle that’s ideally targeted for prod-
lm/W efficacy at 4000K CCT and reaches 34 lm at 65 mA of drive ucts such as low- and high-bay luminaires. The new CSP LEDs will
current. Both of the PLCC families have undergone LM-80 testing. ◀ also be available on Matrix LED light engines in PCB form for custom-
MORE: http://bit.ly/1VqAK11 ers who lack the manufacturing equipment to install the CSP LEDs.
That family includes both linear and flexible models and optionally
can include other elements needed in a luminaire design such as optics
Seoul Semiconductor WICOP LEDs and electronics. ◀
The next evolutionary step for packaged LEDs is thought by many to be MORE: http://bit.ly/1KQ1wiV
the elimination of the package with the move to what is called a chip-
scale package (CSP). We ran a feature article in September 2015 that
explained the theory behind the CSP and the potential for lower com- Lumileds Luxeon C color LED Series
ponent cost (http://bit.ly/1Kt4OIW). Seoul Semiconductor has become The 2015 calendar year saw a resurgence of interest in color LEDs,
among the first manufacturers to enter mass production of CSP both monochromatic and phosphor-converted colors, and in fact
LEDs in what the company calls WICOP (wafer-level inte- we published a feature article on the topic (http://bit.
grated chip on PCB) LEDs. The new LEDs designed spe- ly/1YlkHaf). It wasn’t so much that color LEDs
cifically for general illumination are being called WICOP2, haven’t been widely used in the recent Green
Cyan
differentiating the new products from earlier WICOP LEDs past because they are prominent Blue
that have been sold in backlighting, automotive, and cam- in vehicle lighting, signage, Royal blue
era-flash applications. Seoul was bold in its announce- and tunable color
ment that questioned investments other manufac- lighting. But in 2015, White
PC Amber
turers are making in packaging lines. “Through the several prominent play-
development of WICOP, which is an innovative small- ers refreshed their color
sized, highly efficient LED technology, the effective value product lines and brought Red
of packaging equipment which was once essential in advancements pioneered Red-Orange

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in white LEDs to the space. Lumileds, for example, announced the the Duris S 5 Color LED
Luxeon C family of monochromatic- and phosphor-converted-color portfolio positioned in
LEDs to market, leveraging some of the latest epitaxial, packaging, the mid-power space and
and optics technologies from white high-power LEDs. The new fam- intended for application
ily includes a low-profile primary dome-shaped optic for more cen- alongside phosphor-con-
ter punch and the optic height is consistent relative to the emit- verted white Duris pack-
ting surface on all LEDs in the family for precise color mixing. The aged LEDs in general
Luxeon C family includes 12 color LEDs plus white LEDs in six dif- lighting products with
ferent CCTs. The Luxeon C announcement followed the roll out of color mixing capabili-
the Luxeon 3535L mid-power color family (http://bit.ly/1JdUKM7). ties. The Duris S 5 Color
Lumileds also became the first manufacturer to hot test and bin portfolio includes pack-
color LEDs at 85°C with the Luxeon C family. Such testing is critical aged LEDs in four col-
to consistent performance at temperature both in terms of the wave- ors — red, amber, green,
length shift of each emitter and in intensity shift. ◀ and deep blue. The new
MORE: http://bit.ly/1KxS2Tu 3.0×3.0-mm LEDs come
in an epoxy-based pack-
age designed to enable
Cree XQ-E Series color LEDs reliable operation and
Not long after Lumileds revealed the Luxeon C family, Cree announced good color and lumen
an upgraded XLamp XQ-E packaged LED product family applying its maintenance at relatively higher drive
High Intensity (HI) feature set to color LEDs and a new white LED. currents. The dual-emitter designs have a
The new products are based on the SC5 (silicon carbide 5) technol- typical 6.2V forward voltage and are rated at
ogy platform and are offered in white, red, red-orange, 150 mA. That near-1W operating level has only in
phosphor-converted amber, green, blue, and royal- the past couple of years become common for mid-power
blue versions for SSL applications such as archi- LEDs. Efficiency is difficult to quantify with color LEDs because the
tectural façade lighting. The new Cree XQ-E HI normal efficacy (lm/W) metric is based on the characteristics of the
white LEDs deliver 334 lm at 1A of drive current human eye and is meaningless in products such as blue and even
and 3W compared to an earlier product that deliv- red LEDs. But Osram says the green LEDs deliver 170 lm/W. Osram
ered 287 lm (http://bit.ly/1Q7yGLT). Still, the per- realized all of the Duris S 5 Color LEDs via phosphor conversion.
formance improvement is more significant than The baseline LED chips are identical for all colors. The phosphor-
evident strictly from a luminous flux compari- converted approach can yield higher efficacy across the color range
son. The HI concept came to market in 2015 in and the LEDs in all colors should have the same projected lifetime
the XP-L product family (http://bit.ly/1EExWmA). and identical focal lengths. ◀
The LEDs use a relatively flat primary optic that ulti- MORE: http://bit.ly/24d5OaC
mately enables a tighter beam and better punch
or center beam candle power (CBCP). The Cree
LEDs come in a smaller 1.6×1.6-mm form factor LED Engin LZP LEDs
relative to the 2×2-mm Lumileds Luxeon C fam- RGB LEDs targeted at entertainment and projection applica-
ily. Lumenpulse is one company that uses color tions represent a niche within the broader subject of color LEDs.
LEDs in luminaires intended for façade or grazing appli- Generally, such LEDs are very-high-power devices and often have
cations, and that commented on the new Cree products. “The XQ-E red, green, blue, and possibly other-color emitters integrated in
High Intensity is a perfect tool in our toolkit to maximize candela out- one package. LED Engin is one key player in the entertainment and
put for our innovative products,” said Greg Campbell, senior vice presi- dynamic-lighting space and announced what the company said
dent and CTO at Lumenpulse. He further emphasized the importance was a new world record in both flux and power density for high-
of CBCP, adding, “At Lumenpulse, candela is the name of the game, and power, multi-color LED lighting in late 2015. The LZP family of
we want to put as much light as possible on the surface we are illumi- red, green, blue, and cool white (RGBW) LEDs can deliver 3800 lm
nating, as efficiently as possible.” ◀ from a 12×12-mm footprint. The 25-die, 80W LEDs have a 6.2×6.2-
MORE: http://bit.ly/1QhVyY7 mm light-emitting area. The LZP LEDs now give designers of LED
entertainment and architectural lighting the freedom to create more
powerful yet slimmer, very compact lamps in innovative new styles
Osram Duris S 5 Color LEDs that appeal to customers. Developers can buy the LZP products
Osram Opto Semiconductors has arguably the widest selection of in two package options. A domed version is typically used with a
color LEDs, as you will surmise if you peruse the aforementioned secondary total-internal reflection (TIR) lens while a flat version
feature article on the topic. Most recently, the company announced provides compatibility with more-complex secondary optics such

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Nikkiso DUV LEDs

While LEDs that produce visible light, and most often white light,
receive the most interest within the SSL industry, devices that oper-
ate outside the visible range in the ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR)
bands are also enabling many new applications. Moreover, indus-
trial, life science, medical, consumer, and other applications that
can use UV or IR LEDs leverage similar energy-efficient, small-
source-size, and longevity benefits that have driven visible-light
LEDs to success in lighting. Nikkiso America, for instance, recently
announced the general availability of 50-mW deep-ultraviolet (DUV)
LEDs that the company said have operating lifetimes in excess of
10,000 hours. The evolution of UV-LED technology at shorter wave-
lengths holds great potential for applications ranging from indus-
trial curing to water steriliza-
tion. UV-LED
ma nu fact u r-
ers, however,
as zoom lenses that might narrow the output beam to 10°. “We’re have struggled
dedicated to developing LED products that enable lighting designers to deliver high-
to express their creativity and produce better products for their power, long-life,
customers, particularly in the competitive and highly demanding and cost-effective LEDs, especially in the
entertainment lighting sector,” said David Tahmassebi, LED Engin’s UV-C or deep-UV range. The latest Nikkiso UV LEDs address the
CEO and president. Three of the LZP LEDs can deliver 10,000 lm or issue of delivering useful levels of radiometric power in a small pack-
the equivalent of a 700W HID lamp. ◀ aged LED. The company said the 50-mW output at 350-mA of drive
MORE: http://bit.ly/1WuC43f current is 1.7 times the power of its prior generation products. That
performance level combined with the long-life expectation is seen
as key to commercial success in UV LEDs. “UV-LED technology is
Osram Ostar Power Projection LEDs advancing rapidly, with extraordinary progress reported annually
Indeed, packaged LEDs continue to find use in digital projection in optical output power, efficiency, and cost,” said Dennis Martin,
applications for settings ranging from conference rooms to enter- president and CEO of Nikkiso America. “Whether the application
tainment venues. Osram is a key player in that space and recently involves curing, medical, germicidal, or analytical instrumentation,
announced new LEDs in the Ostar Projection Power family. The deep-UV LED technology offers compelling advantages over lamp-
company said the new P3W 01 and P3A 01 LEDs will enable main- based solutions and further enables new applications.” ◀
stream projectors to output 2500 lm. The company offers mono- MORE: http://bit.ly/1Kt6j9S
chromatic red and blue, and phosphor-converted green LEDs
in the family for the intended RGB application. “In the
past ten years, the brightness of pro- Osram Oslux SFH 4786S IR LEDs
jectors equipped solely with LEDs While UV LEDs support applications such as sterilization and cur-
has been increased by a factor ing, IR LEDs are being used in range finding, night vision, and
of 100, since the first LED consumer electronics. The Oslux SFH 4786S IR LEDs (Osram calls
projector launched by our them IREDs) squarely target biometric identification applications
partner,” said Andrew in devices such as smartphones and tablets. Iris scanning allows
Lin, product marketing for owners of a device to simply gain access while sensitive data is pro-
LED at Osram Opto Semiconductors. tected from others. The new products are follow-
“This is the result of years of research and devel- on components to IR LEDs that the com-
opment. Our customers have made huge progress in system pany announced in 2014 (http://bit.
development, while we continue to improve chips and packages.” ly/1PJ93it). Both the new pack-
Each of the color LEDs in the new packages integrates six smaller aged LEDs and the prior
emitters with an area of 2 mm2. The devices are based on the Osram SFH 4780S family are opti-
UX:3 thin-film technology platform. UX:3 ensures uniform current mized for light extraction
spreading, enabling the high output required in applications such that is necessary for gener-
as projectors. The red LED is rated at 4500 lm, the green at 11,000 ating an iris image that can
lm, and the blue at 33W of radiometric power. ◀ be acquired by the camera in
MORE: http://bit.ly/1Zg8xwz a phone or tablet. But the new SFH
50 MARCH 2016
4786S is lower profile, measuring 1.6-mm high whereas the prior

product was 2.4-mm high. The more compact design enables usage
in thinner phones and tablets. The new LED also features an 8° tilt
in the emission direction. Osram says the “slightly sideways” beam
matches the typical field of view of a camera in terms of how users
hold such devices. “Up to now, mechanical means have been used
in iris scanners to tilt the IRED slightly,” said Chris Goeltner, IR
product marketing manager at Osram. “However, this additional
expense is no longer needed with the SFH 4786S. This greatly
reduces the level of complexity in designing iris scanners.” Osram
also introduced the IR Oslon Black LED in 2015 that is designed for
use in near-range illumination for camera surveillance (http://bit.
ly/1oTiH9A). The 850-nm LEDs have a 100m range. ◀
MORE: http://bit.ly/1Zg8xwz SMD version is the newest member of the Optan family and those
devices are especially suited for use in scientific instruments in
the aforementioned applications. “Our customers came to us with
Crystal IS Optan UV LEDs a difficult situation in controlling biofouling, where coatings, tra-
Back in the UV-LED space, Crystal IS offers a range of such LED ditional UV lamps, or mechanical wipers weren’t that effective,”
products in SMD and through-hole packages with the latter includ- said Larry Felton, CEO of Crystal IS. “We are thrilled that our lat-
ing both TO-39 packages with a dome lens and with a flat window est Optan product will solve that problem, especially when it comes
on top. The newest Optan UV-C products deliver longer life, greater to ocean and industrial process instrumentation.” The LEDs can
light output, and lower power consumption. Target applications also be used as a low voltage source of UV-C light for calibration
include biofouling control and Total Organic Carbon monitoring of cameras, photodetectors, and more.
in water to safeguard industrial water purification systems. The MORE: http://bit.ly/1OiFmjW
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standards | CATASTROPHIC FAILURE
IES TM-26 prescribes LED

failure rate projection
JIANZHONG JIAO describes how new methods for projecting catastrophic LED failures can lead to
SSL product manufacturers’ ability to accurately set warranties, and for users to have informed
expectations about product reliability and life.
T
he Illuminating Engineering Society astrophic failure rates is an important met- as the basis for describing LEDs’ failure rate
(IES) has published yet another ric in assessing the reliability performance (see figure).
Technical Memorandum (TM) for of an LED lighting product. This failure data The bathtub curve includes three periods:
use by the LED industry and solid-state can be used as a benchmark for future per- early failure period, stable failure period, and
lighting (SSL) developers. The TM-26 doc- formance or an assessment of past perfor- wear-out failure period. In the early failure
ument describes several methods by which mance, which may present a need for prod- period, LED products may be characterized
developers can project catastrophic failure uct or process improvement. by a rapidly decreasing catastrophic failure
rates in LED sources. Such failures combine rate. Based on the manufacturing experience,
with lumen maintenance to accurately char- Testing committee work the typical catastrophic failures that occur
acterize the reliability and expected lifetime During the timeframe in which the afore- during this period of time may be caused
of LED-based products. mentioned article was published, the IES by material defects. The early failure period
In the October 2011 issue of LEDs Maga- Testing Procedures Committee (TPC) may typically last several hours to a few hun-
zine, we published an article titled “Under- formed a working group to develop a docu- dred hours. LED manufacturers usually use
standing the difference between LED rated ment addressing the projection of LEDs’ fail- the screening, or product burn-in period, to
life and lumen-maintenance life” (http://bit. ure rate. IES TM-26, “Methods for projecting reduce the duration of the early failure period.
ly/1TUXt6F). That earlier article pointed out catastrophic failure rate of LED packages,” After the early failure period, the failure
the difference between an LED’s lumen-main- has just now been published, after more than rate levels off and remains relatively con-
tenance life and its rated life. Prior to LEDs, four years of hard work. stant, in typical cases, for the majority of the
rated life for light sources traditionally Catastrophic failure rates for LED pack- useful life of LEDs. In this long and relatively
included catastrophic failure, in which the ages are typically in the range of parts per constant failure-rate period, the probability
light sources no longer produce light. million hours or parts per billion hours of of catastrophic failure can be modeled by the
LEDs do fail catastrophically, though operation. In the semiconductor and elec- exponential cumulative distribution func-
the rate is much lower compared to other tronics industry, component-level failure tion over time. If LEDs remain in use long
light sources. When designing LED lamps rate often refers to empirical population enough, the catastrophic failure rate begins
or luminaires, the requirement of LEDs’ failure rates. Such rates change as compo- to increase as materials wear out, and deg-
lumen-maintenance life aside, it is also nents age over time; and the general failure radation failures occur at an ever increasing
important to know the LEDs’ catastrophic rate trends can be summarized by a graph rate, which is the wear-out failure period.
failure rate. The reliability and associ- or a curve. Due to the bathtub-like shape of
ated warranty for an LED lighting prod- the failure-rate curve, it has become widely Projection models
uct is essentially based on both the LEDs’ known as the “bathtub curve.” In reviewing In general, a reliable projection or predic-
lumen-maintenance life and the cata- the industry’s practices, the IES TPC work- tion model for catastrophic failures over
strophic failure rate. The calculation of cat- ing group decided to use the bathtub curve time should be based on experimental obser-
vations. The Weibull statistical model is a
DR. JIANZHONG JIAO, an internationally recognized lighting expert, is an independent
widely used empirical model; other mathe-
consultant for LEDs and lighting technologies. He has been actively involved in LED and LED matical models based on device physics can
lighting standard development activities, technical conferences, and industry consortia. sometimes be a better fit to the data. All best
Currently he serves on the IESNA Testing Procedures, Roadway Lighting, fit models shall be based upon statistically sig-
Computer, and Light Source Committees. He is also vice chair of the ANSI SSL nificant sample populations such as typical
Light Source Working Groups, and at present works with many other technical manufactured parts, well-established reliabil-
organizations, groups, and symposia, in addition to being a member of the ity methodologies, and validated mathemati-
Technical Panel of Strategies in Light. He can be reached at j _ jiao@hotmail.com. cal models based upon device physics. Experts
standards | CATASTROPHIC FAILURE
in the IES TPC reviewed all available meth- In real-life applications, the failure rate is Real test data, including number of devices
ods of LED failure-rate projections in prac- related to the reference failure rate, which tested, number of catastrophic failures pre-
tice in the industry, and established recom- multiplies a temperature stress factor and sented during the test, and equivalent device
mendations based on these commonly used a current stress factor. For the tempera- operation hours are the parameters used in
methods. To help both LED producers and the ture-dependent stress factor, the mathemat- the expression. In conjunction with a defined
users, TM-26 listed three recommended meth- ical expression is provided in TM-26, and is statistic distribution, including degrees of
ods for projecting LED failure rate. based on the activation energy of the LED freedom and the degree of confidence level,
The first method is to report the cata- from empirical data, which is a property of the expression can be used to calculate and
strophic failure rate based on an LED man- project the fail-
ufacturer’s statistical data. Statistical data ure rate. The tem-
Decreasing Constant Increasing
can be accumulated from field data or qual- perature stress fac-
Source: McSush (talk) - Bathtub_curve.jpg, Public

failure rate failure rate failure rate
ity management information. Without using tor associated with
any specific model, provided the LED manu- the LED activation
facturer has sufficient information regard- energy is integrated
ing LEDs’ failure rate from its statistical for the duration of
Domain (http://bit.ly/20XKxPm).
Failure Observed failure
data, such data can be reported and used rate Early rate the test. For the cur-
“infant Wear-out
as the projection for its product datasheet. mortality” failures rent stress factor,
Constant (random)
Because LEDs’ failure rate can be related to failure
failures
the Eyring model is
its case or junction temperature, as well as recommended and
its forward current, the reported failure rate the expression is
should include a given case or junction tem- provided.
perature and a given forward current. As stated in the
The failure rate is usually the catastrophic Time TM-26 scope, “the
failure in units per one billion hours of The “bathtub curve” hazard function (blue, upper solid line) is a three methodolo-
operation as stated previously. Using this combination of a decreasing hazard of early failure (red dotted gies presented are
method, LED users can have an overview line) and an increasing hazard of wear-out failure (yellow dotted for information
for the LED package failure rate. For exam- line), plus some constant hazard of random failure (green, lower only and do not rep-
ple, an LED package has 1000 failure units solid line). resent a complete
per one billion hours of operation at 105°C set of methodolo-
and at its maximum forward current. If an the LED die material and structure. For the gies in existence; these represent the method-
LED luminaire is designed to use 100 LEDs current-dependent stress factor, the method ologies that are publicly available, and have
at the specified temperature of 105°C and the uses a mathematical expression that is again been made available, for publication by the
maximum forward current, then ten of these based on the empirical data. IES.” TM-26 provides reference information
LED luminaires may fail (assuming one LED In a real-life driving-current situation, the that allows LED producers and users to com-
failure is equivalent to one luminaire failure) ratio of the operation current versus the ref- municate in regard to the product reliability
per one million operation hours. erence current is presented with coefficients. measure. If the failure-rate projection meth-
Further, if these luminaires are designed These coefficients that are also based on the ods for LED packages are available, the cata-
to be operating for 50,000 hours, and 20 lumi- empirical information are provided in the strophic failure rate of LED modules or arrays
naires are used in one project, then it is pre- method. When using this method, the stress can also be determined either by summation
dicted that at the end of 10,000 hours, there factor of temperature dependence and stress of the catastrophic failure rate of each individ-
will be one luminaire failure in this project. factor of current dependence can be obtained ual LED package, or directly at the LED array
When the luminaire manufacturer is estab- from TM-26 once the operating temperature or module level using the methods described
lishing its quality claim or warranty policy, and current is designed, then the failure rate in TM-26.
this information can be imperative to users. associated with the real-life temperature The work accomplished by the IES TPC
and current can be projected. When an LED- experts will add value for LED adoption
Empirical model based product is used in a different LED lamp in the lighting industry. Using LM-80 test
The second method uses an empirical model or luminaire design, with each correspond- data and the TM-21 calculator, the LED
that is utilized in the semiconductor and ing real-life temperature and current, a fail- lumen-maintenance life can be projected.
LED industries. This model first establishes ure rate can be calculated, respectively. Now, with TM-26, LEDs’ catastrophic failure
a reference failure rate at a reference tem- rate can be projected. The combination of
perature and a reference forward current — Military influence these tools should give LED lamp and lumi-
for example, 55°C and 50% of maximum cur- The third method provided by TM-26 is an naire manufacturers higher confidence lev-
rent, respectively. This reference failure rate approach similar to military standards. For els to more accurately project product reli-
is also typically determined based on pro- the temperature stress factor, a mathematical ability, and product reliability will certainly
duction quality or usage data. expression for failure in time (FIT) is provided. benefit the LED end users.
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300219
Welcome
W l to
t Light
Li ht + Building
B ildi 2016
Booth:Hall 10.1, D30
March 13-18th, 2016
Guangzhou Hongli Opto-Electronic Co., Ltd

awards | SAPPHIRE WINNERS
Second annual Sapphire Award winners

exemplify advances in SSL technology
At the LEDs Magazine Sapphire Awards Gala Dinner in Santa Clara, CA, held during the co-located
Strategies in Light and The LED Show events, true gems of LED-centric innovation were rewarded
with a trove of sparkling trophies. MAURY WRIGHT and CARRIE MEADOWS report on how the winners
stood out in this year’s excellent lineup of LED technology leaders.
L
EDs Magazine hosted the second for the top ‘Illumineer of the Year’ award. commercial application. To achieve higher
annual Sapphire Awards Gala on Our Sapphire judges ultimately consid- scores, products were scrutinized for how
Mar. 2, 2016, recognizing the top ered products across 15 categories rang- the engineering and innovation leveraged
innovations over the course of 2015 ing from packaged LEDs and OLEDs the benefits of SSL to perform beyond the
in the LED and solid-state light- to other enabling technologies to scope of what has been possible with leg-
ing (SSL) sectors. The Gala SSL lamps and luminaires. We acy light sources.
was held coincident with published a short list of the To protect the integrity of the program
the Strategies in Light finalists in each category in and to ensure the judging panel is never
and The LED Show con- our February issue and on pressured by entrants in the Sapphire
ferences in Santa Clara, the website in a slideshow Awards, we will not reveal which judges
CA. The evening cele- (http://bit.ly/1QuhwDh). worked on evaluating which entries. We
bration included poignant On Gala night, the best-of- did take steps to make sure that no judge
moments such as a video that the-best took home the Sap- worked in a category where there was any
reflected on the advances in light- phire trophies after a spirited late- potential conflict of interest.
ing such as connectivity, and that pointed night celebration. As we did last year, we will shortly pub-
out the disconnect that remains in making The Sapphire judging panel faced a for- lish a longer list of the entries on our web-
advanced LED-based lighting easy to com- midable task with far
mission and use. The Sapphire winners more outstanding prod-
later proudly hoisted their trophies and ucts to consider than
were interviewed for a video that has been could receive f inalist
posted on our Sapphire web page. Still, or winner recognition.
everyone in the packed house of industry Moreover, the products
luminaries enjoyed a festive night with top entered are not easily
entertainment, great food and drink, and a compared directly even
chance to network with their peers. within the 15 separate
The Sapphire Awards remain unique categories that we iden-
in the industry as we bestow recognition tified. We challenged the
across a broad technology space. Our cat- panel to consider each
egories include both enabling technologies entry on its own merits,
that are building blocks of general lighting and to judge the entries
and other SSL products, and end products essentially relative to
including lamps and luminaires in a num- what might be a per-
ber of categories. Moreover, we recognize fect SSL product in the Illumineer of the Year Brian Chemel of Digital Lumens.
test and service offerings, and LED-enabled intended application.
products in specialty areas in industrial and Again this year, we used
scientific applications. a scoring system of 0–5 Sapphires. For a site including all entries that received a
Companies working across the LED and product to achieve a score of 3 Sapphires, score of 3.5 Sapphires or better. More-
SSL sectors nominated well over 100 prod- the judges were tasked with determining over, we will provide a score privately for
ucts to the Sapphire program, along with if the lighting product or enabling technol- every entry, along with some of the judges’
individuals or small development teams ogy would be suitable for deployment in a anonymous comments. We encourage all
entrants to publicly post their scores in their own col- Indoor Ambient, Track, and Accent
lateral and on their websites. SSL Luminaire Design
This indoor luminaire category featured outstanding
Illumineer of the Year design characteristics as well as true aesthetic qualities
We will start this description of the Sapphire in all of the finalists and even other entries. Acuity Brands
winners where the Gala ended, with the nam- Lighting took home the award for the Gotham Incito 2"
ing of the ‘Illumineer of the Year.’ This award Family, which includes 2-in.-aperture fixtures for use as
recognizes a team or individual who has downlights, wallwashers, and other lighting applications.
developed an especially noteworthy LED- The narrow aperture enables precise beam control that
centric innovation that has the potential is critical to many accent lighting applications, and the
to enable higher-quality lighting prod- relatively small products can fit in tight areas. There are
ucts with lower product and/or opera- adjustable fixtures, a model with adjustable lenses, and
tional costs. The judging process took cylinder models. Although the external appearance of the
into account both a quantitative eval- luminaires may seem simple, the robust internal design
uation of the technology for which the and quality components deliver excellent illumination
entrants were nominated and a qualita- in layered-lighting applications. One example might be
tive judgment of the contribution that spotlighting works of art. Lighting is customized to each
the Illumineer finalists have made in application with field-interchangeable optics that tailor
furthering the SSL revolution. light levels and beam angles to precision. Some models
This year’s Illumineer, Brian are capable of delivering up to 1500 lm.
Chemel, co-founded Digital Lumens
with an eye toward the future of SSL Connected Residential SSL Lamp Design
being based upon advances in net- The connected residential lamp category was notable in
works and controls that would enable that all of the finalists have products that take advantage of
Acuity Brands smart buildings. Digital Lumens’ LightRules Bluetooth connectivity. That wireless interconnect is becom-
Lighting software-based lighting management system ing a bigger player with emerging mesh extensions, and can
Gotham Incito and its accompanying lineup of digital light- enable the addition of other features to a lamp. Indeed, con-
2" Family. ing products is an example of the power of intel- nected indoor LED lamps have progressed beyond simply
ligent illumination that enables automated sys- employing apps as a smart remote to turn lights off and
tems across commercial and industrial buildings on. Sengled was awarded the connected lamp honor for its
(http://bit.ly/1pJka0P). Digital Lumens arrived on the Pulse family of lamps, dual-capability smart LED lamps with
scene several years ago as a pure-play startup focused on a powerful hook — the combination of a BR30 downlight
networked lighting and Chemel has led that company to with a JBL-based audio system. The original Pulse product
success in what is now considered a mainstream market, enables streaming audio over Bluetooth and playback that is
but was a nascent market when the company hit the scene superior to many of the dedicated Bluetooth speakers on the
boldly promising 90% energy savings. market (http://bit.ly/20YgyHj). The newer Pulse Flex works
The Digital Lumens product and software lineup both indoors and out due its wet-location rating and relies
includes LED high-bay and linear fixtures; both mobile on Wi-Fi technology. The Wi-Fi smart
and standard software control platforms, as well speaker-lamp supports AirPlay
as control for emergency lighting; sensor mod- and DLNA networking standards,
ules; and professional services for lighting proj- and once connected to the home
ects. Energy-efficient light fixtures illuminate network also can stream directly
spaces, integrated sensors collect data, and from popular Internet and app-
analytics software scrutinizes that operational based audio streaming services.
information, so LightRules and the intelligent The Sengled Pulse app enables
lighting portfolio allow facilities to achieve effi- home users to control the lighting
cient operations and space usage across an entire and music by zones with user-speci-
building. Indeed, Chemel has led the company to fied lighting schemes and audio play-
enable benefits far beyond reducing lighting back settings for an integrated home
power consumption. Chemel’s vision of audio and lighting experience.
integrating controls based on wireless
network connectivity has led the com- Sengled LED Drivers
pany to install its intelligent LED light- Pulse Flex At their foundation, LED drivers provide
ing system for 1000 customers across Lamp. power to LEDs and the systems in which
the globe. they are integrated. But the driver is equally
important to the LEDs

in terms of quality,
flicker-free light output
and provides the natu-
ral spot for integration
of advanced feature
sets. Indeed, now driv-
ers are imbued with
much more dynamic
functions, as in the
case of the wireless
driver developed by
Daintree Networks with Daintree
LG Innotek (http://bit. Networks/LG
ly/1cxPv1d), which won Innotek Wireless
this year’s LED Drivers LED Driver. shines above the rest, which is
Sapphire Award. The integrated driver is engi- why Fraen Corporation received
neered to eliminate the need for a separate wireless the Sapphire Award for its Fraen
controller in addition to delivering the constant current Nested Lens. The low-profile, multi-
required for LEDs. An out-of-the-box wireless control prod- TIR (total internal reflection) nested
uct enables fixture manufacturers to achieve a faster time lens is engineered to produce narrow-beam light when
to market with new LED troffers and retrofit kits, while employed with chip-on-board (COB) and domeless pack-
focusing on simplifying fixture design and eliminating aged LEDs (http://bit.ly/1CDtat3). The nested lens format
extra wiring. Using the ZigBee open-standard protocol reduces the height of the optics due to its dual TIR elements
means that any ZigBee-compatible network and software that create multiple surfaces with air gaps in between to
platform will allow machine-to-machine communications lessen the etendue effect. The reduced height of the TIR
based around the lighting system in commercial buildings. lens helps to diminish
Daintree supports the wireless LED driver with the com- the space needed in a
pany’s ControlScope networked lighting control and build- luminaire to accommo-
ing automation platform. The company says the duo can date COB LEDs and pro-
help lighting manufacturers reduce bill-of-materials (BOM) vide more room for ther-
costs by up to 85% and post-installation energy consump- mal management and
tion by up to 90%. power devices. The lens
is designed to improve
SSL Enabling Technologies control of the center
The supplementary components in LED systems can some- beam and reduce off-
times be overlooked when it comes to industry recogni- axis glare. Fraen touts
tion. But engineers and product devel- its multi-TIR product for
opers know that the optics, lenses, use in PAR20 and 38 LED
materials, and thermal manage- lamps; downlights, tasklights, and tracklights; and in Texas Instruments
Fraen TPS92661-Q1 LED
ment components can truly applications such as hospitality, retail, commercial,
Corporation’s Matrix Manager.
make an SSL product that and general lighting.
Nested Lens.
ICs and Electronic Components for SSL
Power and task management of LED systems that are imple-
mented in LED drivers are generally features attributable to
integrated circuits (ICs) and other electronic components
that provide support for diverse applications. Examples
include niche product developments such as steerable-beam
automotive headlamps (http://bit.ly/1ntlzsD). Texas
Instruments’ (TI) TPS92661-Q1 LED Matrix Manager, rec-
ognized with the Sapphire Award in this electronics cate-
gory, is such a device. The scalable controller IC meets AEC-
Q100 Grade 1 specification for automotive applications, and
can even be designed into transportation and outdoor/
commercial lighting and automation systems beyond the

intelligent auto headlamp. Twelve individually-controlled
MOSFET switches steer current through or around con-
nected LEDs, which enables the controller to drill down
to light adjustment at the pixel level — appropriate for the
aforementioned steerable-beam designs, as well as various integrated driver that Cree’s IG Series
beam patterns and intensity levels. The TPS92661-Q1 IC achieves smooth dim- LED Parking
can control up to 96 LEDs from one serial port and pro- ming down to 0.1% with Garage Luminaire.
vides separate pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) control for DALI control and 1% with
each LED. What’s truly innovative about these fea- 0–10V dimming technology
tures is that the IC can report headlamp fail- while meeting the IEEE 1789-
ure or damage alerts to the driver via the 2015 standard on light flicker. In
master controller using open/short fault addition to dimming, Xicato has focused its efforts on
diagnostics. TI claims a 73% reduction color rendering and consistency features, using its own
in board space, with the compact device Corrected Cold Phosphor (a remote-phosphor technology)
mounting directly to a metal-core print- to maintain color consistency of 1×2 MacAdam ellipses;
ed-circuit board (MCPCB) where the the LED modules are reported to stay within 3 MacAdam
LED array is mounted. ellipses after 50,000 hours of operation. (Read more about
remote phosphor technology in our feature from October
Industrial SSL Luminaire Design 2013 at http://bit.ly/MS1tGR). The availability of a range
Industrial luminaires operate under of CRIs and lumen outputs and 19-mm and 9-mm beam
some of the harshest conditions and packages allows fixture designers more flexibility in size
must meet stringent requirements in and form factor in their SSL end products. What’s more,
order to maintain their integrity and per- the XIM products are compatible with connected light-
Dual-Lite NEMA formance. The Sapphire winner for the indus- ing capabilities including programmable flux settings
4X Dynamo trial category, Dual-Lite’s NEMA 4X Dynamo and wireless communication — for example, Bluetooth
Emergency Light. Emergency Light, is an emergency egress LED Smart, the latest Bluetooth wireless platform that will be
luminaire designed with dual sealed, heat-dis- available this year (see our feature on page 35 for more
sipating lamp heads fabricated from aluminum information on Bluetooth Smart and its use in networked
to withstand use in harsh environmental conditions. lighting systems).
It can also be equipped with an impact-resistant shield
for washdown scenarios such as in food and beverage pro- Outdoor SSL Luminaire Design
cessing areas. The Dynamo meets upcoming changes to Outdoor lighting poses particular challenges when
California Title 24 energy consumption requirements and designing for both form and function. But the devil is in
includes an industry-first lifetime LED warranty. The envi- the technical details, such as components that minimize
ronmentally-friendly, long-life battery with a microcon- glare and enable proper visibility for drivers and pedes-
troller-based charger enables the luminaire to deliver a trians. This year, Cree’s IG Series LED Parking Garage
minimum of 90 minutes of illumination after pri- Luminaire achieves Sapphire honors for its
mary power loss. High output means the LED edge-lit optical waveguide design that
emergency light can be broadly spaced on achieves the low-glare goal. Cree first
lamp posts, trusses, or walls. announced its WaveMax technology
Xicato Intelligent for edge lighting and its use in the IG
Modular LED Light Engines Module (XIM). LED luminaire last April (http://bit.
When the intent behind using a mod- ly/1F8dJcg). Leveraging the TIR princi-
ular light engine is to simplify ple in the optical waveguide platform,
system design with fewer the microscopic DiamondFacet optical
components and reduce elements release and control light with
development costs, a prod- smooth distribution and provide uplight-
uct needs more special fea- ing that prevents a cave-like effect. To sat-
tures to make it stand out isfy safety and security requirements in the
among the rest. Sapphire application, the IG Series luminaire meets
Award winner Xicato devel- IESNA RP20-14 basic and IESNA Security
oped its 90-lm/W XIM Zone G-1-03 requirements. The impact-re-
(Xicato Intelligent Module; sistant polycarbonate and acrylic body
http://bit.ly/1ljJ7wB) with an weighs less than 10 lb, and the luminaire is
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Packaged LEDs and OLED Panels

Packaged LEDs are indeed a bright spot in the
LED market. A rainbow of LEDs, such as the
Sapphire-winning Lumileds Luxeon C Color
Line, designed for maximum light extraction Kenall Manufacturing
and the right color mixes can make any Indigo-Clean from overhead ambient light
color lighting application possible (http:// Continuous Disinfection to 405-nm disinfecting light
bit.ly/1YlkHaf). The 2×2-mm color and white light system. as needed. The LED lumi-
packaged LEDs use a low-domed design for naires can eliminate the need
a minimally magnified light source with high to shut down clinical spaces for
luminance. Mixing traditional color LEDs to disinfection, and work on both
achieve various color combinations can prove chal- hard surfaces and in the air safely
lenging due to varied focal lengths as a result and continuously to maintain usability of
of different die and epitaxy architectures. areas from waiting rooms to patient rooms to operating
Customers would typically resort to theaters and beyond.
one type of optic to use with the var-
Lumileds Luxeon ied-color LEDs, which resulted in SSL Lamp Design
C Color Line of rings of unmixed colors or halos Within the past few years, the SSL industry has deter-
packaged LEDs. (http://bit.ly/1KxS2Tu). But Lumileds mined that in order to please customers and see a greater
addressed this problem by offering uptake, an LED lamp needs to be more than a replacement
color LEDs with one consis- for the incandescent bulb. SSL lamps
tent focal length, produc- like the Sapphire Award-winning
ing its current lineup with Soraa VIVID BR30 LED Lamp are
red, red-orange, PC amber, green, now designed to provide illumi-
cyan, blue, royal blue, and white nation comparable in quality and
offerings. Additional colors will color temperature to that of conven-
also be available this year. The tional halogen lamps, delivering precise
low-profile design, Lumileds says, beams of light that can enhance retail mer-
also improves the light extraction chandising, for example, or prop-
to emit a narrow beam with a con- erly highlight the exquisite col-
sistent pattern to support product ors and details of museum
development for applications such as color collections. Available in
stage and entertainment lighting, and even archi- 2700K and 3000K CCT,
tectural lighting. the lamps are compati-
Soraa ble with various dimmers
Specialty SSL Design VIVID BR30 and can be used indoors
Specialized applications outside of general illumi- LED Lamp. and out. The omnidirec-
nation may cover industrial or scientific tasks, med- tional output is rendered
ical or health-related functions, and more. UV LEDs with both CRI and R9 greater
have been used in sanitizing and disinfection applica- than 90. The 730-lm BR30 lamp
tions, but the Sapphire Award winner — the Indigo-Clean uses 13W and is suitable for replac-
Continuous Disinfection 405-nm visible-light system by ing 65W halogen lamps with its efficacy reaching above 60
Kenall Manufacturing — kills microorganisms to disin- lm/W. And Violet-Emission 3-Phosphor (VP3) LED tech-
fect air and surfaces in clinical environments, helping nology for brilliant white rendering and accurate warm
to reduce cross-contamination from various facilities, tones helps end users see the world in a whole new light.
rooms, and procedural areas. The disinfection technol-
ogy has exhibited 86% disinfection beyond current clean- SSL Network and Control Technologies
ing protocols in studies. Three configurations cover vari- Software applications and digital controls can do more
ous uses and cost levels: Blended White for overhead light now than manage light levels. Kenall Manufacturing’s
and continuous disinfection; Indigo-Only for disinfec- Sapphire-winning TekLink Parking Controls provide inte-
tion only; and Switchable White/Indigo for changing grated lighting and controls when combined with TekDek
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parameters that the designer is expected
to achieve. Instrument Systems offers the
Burning Position Correction for Gonio, the
Sapphire winner in the tools and tests cat-
egory, as an option for its LGS 1000 gonio-
photometer system. The “Burning Position
Correction” option allows the turning
luminaire goniometer to be fully compli-
ant to the international SSL measurement
standard CIE S025 (released in 2015) and
the European equivalent EN 13032-4. The
add-on can correct measurements that do
not fall within the intended burning posi-
Kenall tion parameters of the device under test
Manufacturing and TopDek LED luminaires for parking (DUT). The innovation lies in the fact that the company
TekLink garage and lot lighting. The system is avail- designed the method for adding on to existing turning
Parking able in multiple configurations including luminaire goniometers, helping luminaire product devel-
Controls. non-networked, wired, and cloud-based con- opers to increase the capability of their testing equip-
trols. Control options for various application ment without the extra cost of new equipment while also
requirements and budgets range from simple sen- improving the accuracy of SSL product metrics.
sor-based occupancy detection to daylight sensing for
automated modification of light output. Daylight harvest- Indoor Troffer, Linear, and Recessed
ing is even possible with specific fixture and controls com- SSL Luminaire Design
binations. More robust features such as reporting, sched- Indoor ceiling area and linear lighting is especially
uling and programming of lighting schemes, and a secure abundant in commercial spaces, retail, and edu-
cloud-based, 3-D parking garage GUI offer facilities man- cational and municipal buildings. The volume of
agers a user-friendly way to optimize energy efficiency and installed lighting presents an enormous oppor-
determine appropriate lighting conditions based on data. tunity for indoor SSL manufacturers (http://bit.
ly/1eQhQk9). As previ-
Tools and Tests in SSL Design ously mentioned, Cree’s
No SSL product can be truly ready for edge-lit Wavemax tech-
Instrument market without appropriate testing nology produces uniform
Systems and quality assurance, and tools and illumination with high
Burning Position services can help SSL manufacturers efficacy, but it also stream-
Correction for speed time to market. Light sources lines the design of the win-
Gonio. ning LN4 Suspended Ambient
LED Luminaire, available with up
to 3400 lm and choice of 3500K
and 4000K CCT. The lumi-
naire delivers up to 110-
lm/W output in effi-
cacy and achieves CRI Cree LN4
greater than 90 using Suspended
Cree’s TrueWhite tech- Ambient LED
nology, which LED prod- Luminaire.
uct development leader
Paul Scheidt explained in
an interview at LightFair
International last year (http://
bit.ly/1EXZ9B2). Modularity of the LN Series is supported
with a standard 48-in. LED light engine and optional
integrated SmartCast lighting controls. The luminaire is
equipped with standard 0–10V dimming.
Tunable SSL Technology welcoming hospitality or retail environment, in a 2014

Finally, we make our way to tunable SSL technology as it interview (http://bit.ly/1q7GM4G) by putting the compa-
stands in its own spotlight, with the ability to manip- ny’s development of tunable SSL into context.
ulate light output for various experiences. Winner The FineTune White Color Tuning System
Finelite’s CEO Terry Clark addressed the complex- by Finelite gives users the ability to tune
ities and research in tunable lighting as it may be Finelite light from warm to cool CCTs as well as
used in a human-centric lighting (HCL) capac- FineTune White changing the intensity with dimming
ity, such as enhancing productivity, improv- Color Tuning from 100% down to 0.01%. The dynamic
ing healing in medical settings, or creating a System. tunable SSL system is compatible with
many of the company’s LED luminaires; it
includes the necessary cables for plug-and-
play installation. The system supports DMX,
DALI, and Power over Ethernet architectures, and may
be managed via wall-mounted controls and a free smart-
phone app. Finelite white color-tuning luminaires con-
nected to the Finetune system are reported to attain 90%
lumen maintenance at 100,000 hours.
The Finelite system is yet another example of the
SSL industry moving to bridge the disconnect between
more-capable, multi-channel LED-based products and
easy-to-use control platforms. As we look forward to our
third-year Sapphire program that will launch in a few
months, we expect to see even more intelligence embed-
ded in products linked to intuitive control platforms.
Local INVENTORY
Universal Lighting Technologies is a member of the Panasonic Group.

Co-located with:
23 - 24 NOVEMBER 2016
ExCeL | LONDON | U.K
WWW.SILEUROPE.COM
RESERVE YOUR PLACE AT

EUROPE’S PREMIER LED LIGHTING EVENT
ATTEND LEARN EXHIBIT REGISTER
• Europe’s largest Annual LED • 2 days of high-level presentations • Showcase products and • Early Bird rates available
Lighting Event by top speakers technologies
• Flexible delegate packages
• Entire industry supply chain • “Hot Button” issues addressed • Access influential decision-makers • Business matchmaking for
represented -from chip
• Investor Forum • Create leads and lasting registered attendees
manufacturing, through the design
community, to the end user • Sessions devised by the industry, for relationships with clients
www.sileurope.com/register
• Unrivalled networking opportunities the industry
• Meet your customers face to face
For further information, please contact: Tim Carli l T: +1 (650) 941 3438 ext. 23 l E: timc@pennwell.com
Owned and Produced by: Presented by: Supported by: Events:

developer forum | AC LEDS
Driverless AC-LED
light engines deliver
improved flicker performance
Driverless AC-LED light engines are a convenient, economical replacement for the traditional driver
plus LED configuration, and PETER SHACKLE explores a new topology that delivers significantly better
flicker performance.
T
he solid-state lighting (SSL) com- A (Maximum value) umented the light output pro-
munity has continued to explore files for a number of light sources
the possibilities of so-called AC-LED Amplitude in a 2011 presentation at an IES
Area 1 variation
technology because such a driver circuit for conference (http://bit.ly/1Xj
an LED light engine is much simpler than eXcX). These waveforms give
Area 2 Average
the standard AC/DC driver. However, up light a feel for what typical instan-
until the present time, many specifiers have B (Minimum value) output taneous light waveforms look
been reluctant to use AC or driverless light like, and their associated flicker
engines because the light was characterized One cycle index numbers.
by a flicker index around 0.32. In this article, A–B Flicker index = ––––––––––––
Area 1
Percent flicker = 100% * ––––
A+B Area 1 + Area 2
we will present a new approach to AC-LED Acknowledging frequency
light engines that use higher frequencies to FIG. 1. The IES defined flicker index and percentage Both of the standard measures
deliver a flicker index of 0.15 simultaneously flicker metrics based on this graph. of flicker index and percentage
combined with a power factor of 0.9. flicker have a weakness in that
Flicker index is a concept that has been Flicker challenge they do not take into account the frequency
around since 1952, and its companion con- Fast-forward now to 2015, and LED lamps sensitivity of the human eye. In 1988, Sam
cept percentage flicker was first defined in and luminaires are finding widespread use. Berman and others had some heroic volun-
the year 2000. The IES (Illuminating Engi- There have been flicker issues across a broad teers have electrodes attached to their eyes
neering Society) handbook published the range of SSL products for general illumina- in order to pick up the electrical impulses
graph shown in Fig. 1, which defines both tion, including poorly designed products that resulting from high-frequency light pulses
of these concepts. Flicker first came to pub- use AC/DC drivers. Still, the AC-LED technol- as they went to the brain through the optic
lic attention in the 1970s when a correla- ogy is our focus here because flicker is one of nerve (http://1.usa.gov/1TT119F). The results
tion was found between the flicker present a few issues that are gating more widespread showed that the sensitivity decreases rap-
in magnetic ballasted fluorescent lights and adoption of the technology, which otherwise idly with increasing frequency, being down
the headaches and eye strain suffered by a may prove more cost effective and reliable by roughly 1000× by a frequency of 200 Hz
small percentage of mostly office workers compared to AC/DC designs.
who worked in the presence of these lights. Fig. 2 shows the light output profile of a 0.09 Flicker index = 0.309
Following this recognition, magnetic bal- conventional 2015 driverless AC light engine. 0.08
0.07 Light
lasted fluorescent lights were gradually The flicker index is 0.309 and the percent
0.06 output
replaced by high-frequency electronic bal- flicker is 100%, which simply reflects the fact Mean
0.05
lasted fluorescent lights throughout the that at certain points during the line power
0.04
1990s and the complaints of headache and cycle the instantaneous light output goes 0.03
eye strain ceased. through zero. For comparison, the light out- 0.02
put profile of a typical halogen replacement 0.01
PETER W. SHACKLE (pshackle@photalume. lamp using LEDs has a flicker index of 0.105. 0
0.000E+00 2.000E-03 4.000E-03 6.000E-03 8.000E-03
com) is an inventor and patent consultant who Michael Poplawski and Naomi Miller of
works on driverless LED light engines under the US Department of Energy (DOE) Pacific FIG. 2. Typical AC-LED light engines have
the business name Photalume. Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) doc- had a relatively high flicker index.
and not being recorded for higher frequen- of the human eye, based on the frequen-
cies. For this reason, suggestions have some- cies that 50% of subjects could perceive
times been made that to represent what the (http://bit.ly/1WegKOp). However,
eye perceives, all frequencies above 200 Hz prior research by E.M. Jaen in 2011
should be filtered out. had shown that human visual per-
In 2015, the Lighting Research Center (LRC)formance is degraded by the pres-
at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute described ence of high-frequency flicker even
a flicker metric that reflects the sensitivitywhen the subjects involved were not
capable of perceiving the
flicker directly (http://bit.
C2 R1
ly/1o3Tk4E).
A consistent picture emerges
here. Half of human beings can-
not perceive flicker above 60 Hz as
documented by the LRC, yet the
work of Berman shows that fre- Source: Segue Electronics.
quencies up to 200 Hz are indeed FIG. 4. The circuit from Fig. 3 was
being transmitted to the brain, and implemented in this modular product by
Jaen confirms that visual perfor- Segue Electronics.
mance is degraded even when sub-
C3 R2 jects cannot perceive the flicker. makes the point that a gap in a waveform
The 200-Hz limit corresponds to on the order of, say, 2 msec or less will be
FIG. 3. The circuit represents a fourth-generation a frequency having a time period imperceptible because the human eye can-
AC-LED light engine. of 5 msec (milliseconds), which not detect and signal the existence of such
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200 FIG. 5. A graph of current through the

100
Input voltage 0 LED strings relative to line voltage shows
-100 short gaps in light output.
-200
180m
Current into 120m be seen in the actual circuit shown in Fig.
top string (A) 60m 4. In order to minimize the number of com-
0
-60m ponents, integrated LED pairs are used for
Current between 180m each LED component instead of using dis-
top string and 120m crete LEDs. Fig. 5 shows the computed cur-
bottom string (A) 60m
rent through each of the four strings plotted
0
over time, compared to the power line volt-
180m
Current out of 120m age. It can be seen that the combined cur-
bottom string (A) 60m rent is relatively flat, except for a 2-msec gap
0
-60m every half cycle.
What is intriguing about Fig. 5 is that the
Combined current 400m
for all four 300m 2-msec gap does not happen at the line volt-
strings (A) 200m age zero crossing but instead just past the
100m
0
160m 164m 168m 172m 176m 180m 184m 188m 192m 196m 200m peak of the line voltage waveform. The 0.73
Time (sec) power factor comes about because there is
little current drain just after the peak of the
fast events. This knowledge can serve as the output to be blended uniformly, each LED power line voltage. The flicker index is as
basis of a circuit that achieves simultaneously from the topmost string is placed as close high as 0.28 because there is no light output
low flicker index and high power factor. as possible to a corresponding LED from the in this same time period just after each peak
bottommost string. This arrangement can of the power line voltage. If we contrive to
New driverless topology
Last year, we had described what we con-
sidered to be a fourth generation of driver-
less AC-LED light engines (http://bit.ly/23X
wewS). That circuit is shown in Fig. 3. The
circuit achieves a power factor greater
than 0.7 — suitable for Energy Star con-
sumer applications — and a flicker index of
0.28, which was at the time better than any
AC-LED light engine available. Fig. 4 shows
an example of a light engine made using this
circuit. The resistors shown in the theoret-
ical circuit of Fig. 3 have been replaced by
current controlled resistors (CCRs) to get
better voltage regulation of the light, and
conventional voltage surge-protection com-
ponents have been added.
This simple-looking circuit contains four
identical strings of LEDs, all connected
together in series. In the design simulation
its electrical efficiency is 87%, although this
drops slightly in real life when surge protec-
tion circuitry is added. One aspect of these
light engines is that the innermost two
LED strings produce light every half cycle,
whereas the two outer LED strings produce
light on every other half cycle.
The light output from the two outer
strings comes from the top string on one
half cycle and from the bottom string on
the next half cycle. In order to get the light
developer forum | LEDS
draw some current from the power line and is better than would be Relative light output
pass it through LEDs during this time inter- expected from the 0.152 0.05 Flicker index = 0.152
val, then the power factor can be improved flicker index.
and the flicker index can be decreased. This A common question is 0.04
concept gives birth to the commercial and how does this performance
0.03
industrial circuit shown in Fig. 6 — the Pho- relate to the requirements
talume light engine. of IEEE 1789-2015, a stan- 0.02
dard that makes recom-
High PF and low flicker mendations about light 0.01
The circuit in Fig. 6 contains the consumer flicker content (http://bit.
0
circuit previously described but now with ly/1hNX4TT)? That stan- -5.00E-03 0.00E+00 5.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.50E-02 2.00E-02
the addition of a fifth string of LEDs, which dard is limited to sinusoidal Time (sec)
comes on during the gap in the light out- light output fluctuations,
put of the original circuit. A control cir- which this waveform is very FIG. 7. The graph of light output from the circuit in Fig. 6
cuit turns it on only when the line voltage clearly not; hence IEEE 1789 shows a much lower flicker index.
is below a certain level and declining. The does not apply to this wave-
instantaneous value of the measured light form. Since the fifth string only operates for cuit of Fig. 6. This circuit has surge protec-
output over time is shown in Fig. 7. There a small fraction of each cycle, it is acceptable tion circuitry consisting of a metal oxide
are two dips in light output per half cycle, to simply limit the LED current with resis- varistor (MOV), voltage dropping resistors,
one approximately for 1 msec and one tors, which has only a minor impact on the and a transient voltage suppressor (TVS),
with duration of less than a msec. These overall efficiency. enabling it to withstand conventional volt-
brief dips are imperceptible to the human Fig. 8 shows an example of a light engine age surge tests. The power lost in the voltage
eye and hence the perceived light quality made using the commercial/industrial cir- dropping resistors lowers the efficiency to
83%. The table shows a summary of the per-
CCR1 CCR2
formance data. When running on a bench
NSIC2050JBT3G NSIC2050JBT3G in open air, a 10W version of the light engine
1.2e-6/250V runs at a temperature of 60°C, reflecting its
level of efficiency.
C7
ARRAY1 7 MP3030
C8 C11 S1GFSCT-ND Light engine performance
2.2e-6/250V 2.2e-6/250V
D58 An interesting property of the light output
MOV1 PV150K3225T
ARRAY2 7 MP3030 waveform of this light engine is that the
AC AC
BR1 modulation is at frequencies that are too
TVS1 SMCJ220CA
ARRAY3 7 MP3030 high for the human eye to perceive. As pre-
82 ohms 2512 C12 C13 S1GFSCT-ND
viously described, a good approximation to
R1 2.2e-6/250V 2.2e-6/250V what the human eye can perceive can be
D57
F1 82 ohms 2512 achieved by simply putting the light out-
ARRAY4 7 MP3030
R2 1.2E-6 put through a 200-Hz low-pass filter. In this
C6 CCR3 CCR4
case, a 4th order Butterworth filter was used,
NSIC2050JBT3G NSIC2050JBT3G and the percentage flicker that was nearly
100% was reduced to only 22% when the light
LMB10S-TP output waveform was filtered in the way that
R15A R15B R15C R15D R15E R15F corresponds to human eye capability.
0805 0805 0805 0805 0805 0805
270K 36 36 The light output of the light engine
36 36 36 36
R12 AC AC
BR2 R
1206 increases with the input line voltage. A 10%
C10 R11
1206
10E-9
270K ARRAY5 11 MP3030
increase in line voltage gives 6.4% increase
LMBS-1 250V STD1NK60_1 in light output.
Z1 (3SMAJ5952B-TP 130V) MIMBT-3904-TP Q6
DPAK
The dimming performance of the light
engine is of particular interest. Since the cir-
SMA Z2 BZX84-C15,215
BAV99LT1G Q11
DZ10 cuit contains capacitors, albeit small ones,
D74A R9 SOT23
SOT-23 a so-called capacitive dimmer (otherwise
0805 15V
BAV99LT1G 100K
D74B known as a trailing edge dimmer, an elec-
tronic low-voltage [ELV] dimmer, or reverse
FIG. 6. A newer AC-LED topology adds a fifth string of LEDs to enable more uniform phase control dimmer) must be used. In
light output. this way the product can be dimmed down
to 2.8% without any instability. The flicker best AC-LED light engines available had a
index increases as the dimming progresses, flicker index of 0.32. Now, in 2016, the Pho-
similar to what is observed with any AC-LED talume light engine is performing with a
driverless light engine. flicker index of 0.15. This is being achieved
In the previously mentioned 2011 work by storing up minute amounts of energy
conducted by Poplawski and Miller at on chip capacitors and releasing it at just
PNNL, a number of AC-LED light engines the right moment. The result of this is a
were tested and it was reported that all driverless light engine that is flat and
had a f licker index of 0.42. In 2015, the efficient, and combines a power factor
of 0.90 with a flicker index of 0.15.
Performance data for the For basic lighting applications, it is a
Photalume light engine.
good prediction that separate LED drivers
Power factor 0.90 are becoming increasingly unnecessary as
Flicker index 0.152 the old-fashioned concept of LED driver
Total harmonic distortion 35% plus LEDs is replaced by the driverless AC
Electrical efficiency 83% light engine. In particular, one may predict
Source: ERG Lighting.
Dimming range Down to 2.8%
a future in which luminaires using these
with ELV dimmer thin, efficient light engines might simply FIG. 8. The circuit from Fig. 6 is captured
be placed flat on ceilings with only small in this modular LED light engine
Efficacy 120 lm/W
wire holes, a useful convenience and cost manufactured by ERG Lighting.
(depends on LEDs
chosen) reduction. Large-scale versions of these cir-
cuits have been designed that are suitable The circuits described in this article are
Input voltage range 108–132V, 60Hz
for high-bay lights, street lights, and other patent pending. Licenses may be obtained
*Versions are being designed for 230V, 50 Hz powerful applications. from Photalume.
UV curable epoxy meets

NASA low outgassing requirements
Outstanding Nanosilica
optical clarity reinforced
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last word
Custom vs. commodity: Factors for

thought about LED light engines
Depending on fixture design, MADE freelance writer ED SULLIVAN asserts that off-
the-shelf light engines for SSL product developments may be inefficient and create
a production bottleneck.
A
s LED lighting products continue to tures. Such a result is accomplished by the LE occurrence might result in adaptations such
proliferate, some LED lighting man- design engineers interacting directly with fix- as trying an increased drive current, which
ufacturers compromise the perfor- ture manufacturers on each product: under- then may not achieve the efficacy goal.
mance of their fixtures due to industry-wide standing their goals, what the fixture looks Cost is usually a dominant consideration
efforts aimed at the development of standard like, and light output targets. These engineers when a light fixture manufacturer selects a
specifications for LED light engines (LEs). also determine how many LEDs are optimum, standard LE. But module costs can be mis-
Ramifications of an off-the-shelf modular LE or if a bigger panel is required. leading. Many manufacturers assume that
selection could include unsatisfactory light Lighting manufacturers may be better they couldn’t possibly buy a custom board
output, poor efficacy (lm/w), increased assem- off evaluating the use of custom- for a competitive price. Yet it is
bly time and costs, as well as delivery delays ized LEs for their fixtures. Light entirely possible for a custom
and other problems that can be avoided. Such engine manufacturers, like MADE light engine company to produce
commodity LEs can be perceived to be a stan- (Manufacturing And Design Elec- a board for a highly competitive
dardized product that provides ready avail- tronics), will take the conceptual price, or perhaps for even less.
ability and cost savings, but product devel- product information, lay out an LE Still, the bigger issue may be
opers should scrutinize the LE specification board, build it, and then deliver system design and manufacturing
decision to ensure optimum end products. samples to the lighting company costs. One of the major advantages
The fact that many LEs are produced in for them to test in their fixture. All of a custom LE is that it is easier
high volume doesn’t necessarily make them of this is done efficiently — often satisfying to integrate into the light fixture, requir-
the best value. Nor should they necessarily be the customer’s true requirements with the ing fewer connections during assembly and
the standard approach to an LE for lighting first samples. resulting in time and labor savings. More-
companies. In many instances, lighting man- When lighting companies simply adopt an over, there are other cost options that the
ufacturers need design latitude in terms of available commodity LE, in many instances custom LE manufacturer can recommend,
sizes, shapes, mounting hole locations, as well that equates to ignoring the lighting objec- such as matching the best LEDs to an appli-
as light output and color temperature that tives and design targets for the conceived cation. The right choices can reduce power
comprise their product’s value proposition. fixture. Lighting companies should have consumption and improve performance even
Flexibility in fixture dimensions can be efficacy targets and light output targets for if more-expensive or greater numbers of LEDs
problematic when using commodity LEs. If a the fixtures they are creating. Once these are are used.
lighting manufacturer has a market for LED determined, the LE manufacturer can make LE availability is another significant
fixtures that are longer or wider than usual, some pretty good assumptions on the effi- consideration. Lighting manufacturers
they may have to improvise multiple LE mod- ciency of the light output and the light trans- may run into supply problems when a com-
ules in order to power the fixture, and that fer from the light source to the fixture level. modity LE manufacturer can’t meet deliv-
usually means more costly, time-consum- The experience of the LE specialists enables ery requirements because a very large cus-
ing assembly. The finished fixture’s efficacy them to develop the right solution so fixture tomer has just taken the entire inventory.
or light quality may suffer including unifor- makers hit their design targets and get the Smaller custom LE makers are usually able
mity issues that may dissatisfy end users. required certifications more easily. to minimize delivery problems because
Conversely, custom LEs are expressly Settling for a commodity module can they design and plan with their customers
designed and manufactured to fit the lighting often result in discovery that a project did ahead of time, which results in consistent,
output and size requirements of specific fix- not quite hit the identified targets. Such an dependable deliveries.

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MARCH 2016

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Bluetooth Mesh — What’s that noise about?

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G&H Instruments’ MANTIS Imaging

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How the mesh works

The Bluetooth difference

With Future Lighting Solutionsí Philips Lighting

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