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    Snowflake Schema: The Snowflake Schema Is An Extension of Star Schema. in A Snowflake

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    Deepu Gorai
    The document discusses different data warehouse schemas and OLAP models. It begins by explaining star schema, snowflake schema, and fact constellation schema with examples. It then discusses the ROLAP, MOLAP, and HOLAP models. ROLAP uses relational databases and SQL queries, MOLAP uses pre-computed multidimensional cubes for faster retrieval, and HOLAP is a hybrid that uses both ROLAP and MOLAP. The document also defines knowledge discovery in databases as the process of discovering useful knowledge from data through techniques like data mining, and explains that data mining is the core technique used in knowledge discovery to analyze data, develop models, and find patterns.

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    Snowflake Schema: The Snowflake Schema Is An Extension of Star Schema. in A Snowflake

    Uploaded by

    Deepu Gorai
    206 views4 pages
    The document discusses different data warehouse schemas and OLAP models. It begins by explaining star schema, snowflake schema, and fact constellation schema with examples. It then discusses the ROLAP, MOLAP, and HOLAP models. ROLAP uses relational databases and SQL queries, MOLAP uses pre-computed multidimensional cubes for faster retrieval, and HOLAP is a hybrid that uses both ROLAP and MOLAP. The document also defines knowledge discovery in databases as the process of discovering useful knowledge from data through techniques like data mining, and explains that data mining is the core technique used in knowledge discovery to analyze data, develop models, and find patterns.

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    The document discusses different data warehouse schemas and OLAP models. It begins by explaining star schema, snowflake schema, and fact constellation schema with examples. It then discusses the ROLAP, MOLAP, and HOLAP models. ROLAP uses relational databases and SQL queries, MOLAP uses pre-computed multidimensional cubes for faster retrieval, and HOLAP is a hybrid that uses both ROLAP and MOLAP. The document also defines knowledge discovery in databases as the process of discovering useful knowledge from data through techniques like data mining, and explains that data mining is the core technique used in knowledge discovery to analyze data, develop models, and find patterns.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    206 views4 pages

    Snowflake Schema: The Snowflake Schema Is An Extension of Star Schema. in A Snowflake

    Uploaded by

    Deepu Gorai
    The document discusses different data warehouse schemas and OLAP models. It begins by explaining star schema, snowflake schema, and fact constellation schema with examples. It then discusses the ROLAP, MOLAP, and HOLAP models. ROLAP uses relational databases and SQL queries, MOLAP uses pre-computed multidimensional cubes for faster retrieval, and HOLAP is a hybrid that uses both ROLAP and MOLAP. The document also defines knowledge discovery in databases as the process of discovering useful knowledge from data through techniques like data mining, and explains that data mining is the core technique used in knowledge discovery to analyze data, develop models, and find patterns.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Q1) Explain the star schema, snowflake schema and fact constellation schema with examples

    Ans: Star Schema: The star schema architecture is easy to design. It is called a star schema because
    diagram resembles a star,with points radiating from a center. The center of the star consists of the
    fact table, and the points of the star is dimension tables.
    The fact tables in a star schema which is third normal form whereas dimensional tables are de-
    normalized.

    In the following Star Schema example, the fact table is at the center which contains keys to
    every dimension table like Dealer_ID, Model ID, Date_ID, Product_ID, Branch_ID & other
    attributes like Units sold and revenue.

    Snowflake Schema: The snowflake schema is an extension of star schema. In a snowflake


    schema, each dimension are normalized and connected to more dimension tables.
    In the following Snowflake Schema example, Country is further normalized into an
    individual table.

    Fact Constellation Schema: Fact Constellation is a schema for representing


    multidimensional model. It is a collection of multiple fact tables having some common
    dimension tables. It can be viewed as a collection of several star schemas and hence, also
    known as Galaxy schema. It is one of the widely used schema for Data warehouse
    designing and it is much more complex than star and snowflake schema. For complex
    systems, we require fact constellations.
    Q2) Discuss the models ROLAP, MOLAP and HOLAP. (6)

    Ans: ROLAP: ROLAP stands for Relational Online Analytical Processing. ROLAP stores
    data in columns and rows (also known as relational tables) and retrieves the information on
    demand through user submitted queries. A ROLAP database can be accessed through
    complex SQL queries to calculate information. ROLAP can handle large data volumes, but
    the larger the data, the slower the processing times. 
    Because queries are made on-demand, ROLAP does not require the storage and pre-
    computation of information. However, the disadvantage of ROLAP implementations are the
    potential performance constraints and scalability limitations that result from large and
    inefficient join operations between large tables. Examples of popular ROLAP products
    include Metacube by Stanford Technology Group, Red Brick Warehouse by Red Brick
    Systems, and AXSYS Suite by Information Advantage.

    MOLAP: MOLAP stands for Multidimensional Online Analytical Processing. MOLAP uses
    a multidimensional cube that accesses stored data through various combinations. Data is pre-
    computed, pre-summarized, and stored (a difference from ROLAP, where queries are served
    on-demand).
    A multicube approach has proved successful in MOLAP products. In this approach, a series
    of dense, small, precalculated cubes make up a hypercube. Tools that incorporate MOLAP
    include Oracle Essbase, IBM Cognos, and Apache Kylin.
    Its simple interface makes MOLAP easy to use, even for inexperienced users.  Its speedy data
    retrieval makes it the best for “slicing and dicing” operations. One major disadvantage of
    MOLAP is that it is less scalable than ROLAP, as it can handle a limited amount of data.

    HOLAP: HOLAP stands for Hybrid Online Analytical Processing. As the name suggests,
    the HOLAP storage mode connects attributes of both MOLAP and ROLAP. Since HOLAP
    involves storing part of your data in a ROLAP store and another part in a MOLAP store,
    developers get the benefits of both. 
    With this use of the two OLAPs, the data is stored in both multidimensional databases and
    relational databases. The decision to access one of the databases depends on which is most
    appropriate for the requested processing application or type. This setup allows much more
    flexibility for handling data. For theoretical processing, the data is stored in a
    multidimensional database. For heavy processing, the data is stored in a relational database. 
    Microsoft Analysis Services and SAP AG BI Accelerator are products that run off HOLAP. 

    Q3) What is Knowledge discovery in database? How it is related to data mining? (2+3=5)

    Knowledge discovery in database: Knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) is the process


    of discovering useful knowledge from a collection of data. This widely used data mining
    technique is a process that includes data preparation and selection, data cleansing,
    incorporating prior knowledge on data sets and interpreting accurate solutions from the
    observed results.
    Major KDD application areas include marketing, fraud detection, telecommunication and
    manufacturing.
    The main objective of the KDD process is to extract information from data in the context of
    large databases. It does this by using Data Mining algorithms to identify what is deemed
    knowledge.
    The Knowledge Discovery in Databases is considered as a programmed, exploratory analysis
    and modeling of vast data repositories.KDD is the organized procedure of recognizing valid,
    useful, and understandable patterns from huge and complex data sets. Data Mining is the root
    of the KDD procedure, including the inferring of algorithms that investigate the data, develop
    the model, and find previously unknown patterns. The model is used for extracting the
    knowledge from the data, analyze the data, and predict the data.

    Q4) a)Given the Following measurement for the variable age: 18,22,25,42,28,43,33,35,56,28
    Standardize the variable by the following
    1. Computer the mean absolute deviation of age
    2. Computer the Z-score for the first four measurements. (6)
    b) Explain K- Mediods. (2)

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