DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

RESEARCH WORK

IN

ARCOMPRE
AR-5S1
“HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE”

ARHISTORY 2

SUBMITTED BY:

MEDALLA JUVITA S.

SUBMITTED TO:

AR. ROBERT SALONGA

ARHISTORY 2
ARCHITECTURAL MANIFESTATION OF CIVILIZATION AND THOUGHTS DURING THE ERA OF
WESTERN DOMINACE TOWARDS POST MODERNISM

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY:

• This art appeared during the Middle Age

• It is the first style that can be found all over Europe, even when regional differences
• The expansion of the style was linked to the pilgrimages, mainly to Santiago. Introduction
• Romanesque art developed thanks to a series of causes:
– The end of Barbarian invasions – The decomposition of Cordoba’s caliphate
– The establishment of peace in the Christian world, with the development of the cities, commerce and
industry. Expansion
• The factors of the expansion of Romanesque arte were:
– Development of feudal system, that demanded works (castles)
– The expansion of religious orders (Benedictines), expanded the monasteries
– The pilgrimage routes – The crusades

TYPOLOGIES
• There are three main architectonical typologies:

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:

CHURCH

• It was the main building

• It symbolized God’s kingdom
• The holiest part was the apse
• It had cross shape
• Symbolism was important:
– Circular parts reflect perfection so they were linked to God
– Squared parts are related to the human.
• Characteristics:
– Monumental, trying to imitate the Roman models in the Pilgrimage churches
– Small in country churches
– They were designed for advertising Catholic church
– They were lasting, made of stone
– Plans could be:
• Latin cross
• Polygonal
• Basilical

LATIN CROSS POLYGONAL BASILICAL

• ELEVATION: • Foundations are strong

• The church is covered by stoned vaults • Few windows
• Wall are thick • INTERIOR ELEVATION:
• They need strong buttresses it consists of three levels:
 • First floor with columns or cross-shaped pillars • Clerestory: area of windows opening to the
• Second floor with the tribune (corridor over outside.
looking the nave, over the aisles)

TYPE OF COVERS:

Barrel vault: it was used mainly to cover the central nave

Groin vault was common in aisles and ambulatory

Dome: spherical were used in apses. The central could stand on

pendentives or squinches
 ARCH
 DOMES
CASTLES:

Castles were defensive

constructions
• They were fortified for
providing shelter
• The wall was one of the
essential elements
• They tend to be build in
stepped areas, easier to
defend.

ROMANESQUE IN FRANCE:
• It was the original region of Romanesque art
• It appeared in Cluny’s abbey
• From there it expanded thanks to the pilgrimage routes, specially to Santiago in Spain.

• It is characterized by various vaulted styles

• Provence: pointed domes and façades decorated with arches
• Auvergne with long choir, side aisles around the semicircular sanctuary
forming the ambulatory in which radiating chapels open
 • BURGUNDY: barrelvaulted, three-aisled basilica
• NORMANDY: Lombard influences with groined vaults supported by
flying buttresses and façades with two flanking towers.

ROMANESQUE IN ITALY:

Italian provinces developed a great diversity of architectural styles

– Lombardy with groined vaults of heavy proportions
– Central Italy classical decorative elements: Corinthian capitals, coloured
marble, open arches, colonnades and galleries and façades with
sculptures
– South with Byzantine and Arabic influences, using mosaics, interlaced pointedarches.

• Three separate buildings:church, baptistery and bell tower.

Cefalu, Sicily Pisa Cathedral, in Tuscany, presents three separate buildings.

ROMANESQUE IN GERMANY:

• Churches were planned on a large scale

• They used to be very high
• They had an apse or sanctuary at each end.
• Numerous round or octagonal towers that conferred them a picturesque silhouette.
ROMANESQUE IN ENGLAND:

•Before the 10th century were made of wood

• Stone buildings were small and roughly constructed
• The Norman Romanesque style replace the Saxon in 11th century
• Long, narrow buildings were constructed with heavy walls and piers, rectangular apses, double
transepts and deeply recessed portals
• Naves were covered with flat roofs, later replaces by vaults, and side aisles were covered with
groined vaults.

ROMANESQUE IN SPAIN:
First Romanesque: Catalonia
• In the 11th century the region was almost assimilated to France
• Due to this they receive the art early
• The rest of the Spain would receive it with the pilgrimage

• Catalan churches present, in the outside, ordered volumes

• Wall are decorated with Lombard bands, and blind arches and galleries
• The plan has three naves, with a small narthex
• The head has triple apse

• Pilgrims route to Santiago was an important route for Romanesque Art expansion.

• Characteristics of pilgrimage churches:

– Plan with three to five aisles and a transept – In the transept there are radial chapels
– Inside there is a tribune
– The head has ambulatory and radial chapels

There are polygonal buildings too

• They are related to the Temple

• They are inspired in Jerusalem’s Holy Sepulchre
• Examples are Eunate, Torres del Rio (both in Navarre) and Veracruz
(Segovia).

• Castile and Leon:

• It is deeply influenced by the pilgrimage routes
• The churches are identified with the spirit of the Reconquist
 • Buildings are simple and small
• It created a contrast in relation to the refined Hispano Muslin architecture.
• They frequently have a covered area in the outside for the meetings of the
councils.

The best examples are:

– Santiago’s cathedral
– Fromista
– Sant Climent de Tahull
– San Pere de Roda
– San Juan de la Peña
• There are other buildings such as castles (Loarre, in
Huesca) or bridges, essential for pilgrims
(Puentelarreina, Navarre)

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY: The final phase of Medieval Architecture is considered

to be the Gothic Era. This term was first applied in the 17th
Century to denote architectural designs that was not based on
precedent forms from the Classical Period (Egyptian, Greek and
Roman Cultures)

A)Components of the Gothic 1) Pointed Arches and not 2) Ribbed Vaults

Style: circular ones as in Greek and 3) Flying Buttresses
Roman Cultures.
4) Rose and Stained Glass 9) Lightness versus darkness
windows 10) Vertical perception of
Space
5) Piers for structural stability 11) Huge and scale 3
6) Axiality 12) The Human body is
7) Symmetry
8) Structural based
architecture, a purely
structural style

1. Pointed arches with less exerted thrust, where steeper angles will generate less
thrust.

2.Ribbed vaults. The ribs were used as scaffoldings for erecting the vaults in the
site. The ribs also decreased the weight of the vault, thus ensuring more
verticality of the cathedral.

3. Flying buttresses for load distribution. They were used to transfer the loads
from the arches to the piers.

THE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE CLASSIFICATIONS AND STYLES :

1) Early Gothic architecture. St Denis, Notre Dame Cathedral Paris

2) High Gothic architecture. Charters Cathedral in France
3) English Gothic architecture. Salisbury and Kings College Cathedral
4) German Gothic architecture. Strasburg Cathedral
5) Italian Gothic architecture. Milan Cathedral.
5 1) Early Gothic Architecture. The Twel
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:

 TREFOIL- is a graphic form composed of the outline of three

overlapping rings used in architecture and Christian symbolism. The term
is also applied to other symbols of three-fold shape. A similar shape with
four rings is called a quatrefoil.

 SPIRES- is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof or

tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may
have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or
pyramidal shape.

 CROCKETS- is a hook-shaped decorative element common in

Gothic architecture. The name derives from the diminutive of the French
croc, meaning "hook", due to the resemblance of crockets to a bishop's
crosier.

GOTHIC IN FRANCE:

 NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL- Suger’s triad–

ornamentation, technical accomplishment, and,
above all, light–would come to define Gothic as it
spread and developed. Here, in Notre Dame in Paris
Suger expressed the correspondence between the
physical space of the church and its spiritual aim–to
conduct the soul towards the contemplation of the
divine. As Gothic architecture was mainly connected
 to Virgin Mary who suffered great sorrow, many of the great and influential cathedrals were
dedicated to her soul. 11 Early Gothic qualities are still in Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. It
remains an important monument of this period. It is a double height cathedral. The power of the
wall and wall bearing structure systems that commands its attention. It has a 3 portal entry doors
with 28 sculptured biblical kings over the doors representing the Old Testament. Also Radiant
rose windows form a halo backdrop for the sculptured of Virgin Mary and the Christ.

REIMS CATHEDRAL- sometimes known in English as Rheims

Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the French city of
the same name. The cathedral was dedicated to the Virgin
Mary and is famous for being the traditional location for the
coronation of the kings of France.

RIBBBED VAULT IN GOTHIC CATHEDRAL:

 FOUR PARTITE VAULT
 SIX PARTITE VAULT
 FAN SHAPED VAULT
 MULTI PARTITE VAULT

ENGLISH GOTHIC STYLE

Although the style originated in France, it spread to other parts in Europe like England, Germany
and Italy. It became the predominant style of all Europe by the 15th Century. The English people
started to form their own their own language and vocabulary that was completely different from
the French Gothic Style. Historian Categorized the English style:
1) Early English Style.
2) Decorated Style
3) Perpendicular Style.

GOTHIC IN ENGLAND:
EARLY ENGLISH STYLE
* From 1175-1265
* Corresponds to High Gothic Style in France 15
* Four partite vaulting System
* Large Window panels and a Lancet shaped windows.
* Canterbury Cathedral
 * Salisbury Cathedral 2) Decorated

 SALISBURY CATHEDRAL- known as the Cathedral

Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is an Anglican cathedral in
Salisbury, England. The cathedral is regarded as one of the
leading examples of Early English architecture.

GOTHIC IN GERMANY:

 ULMS CATHEDRAL- is a Lutheran church located in Ulm, State of

Baden-Württemberg. Until the eventual completion of Sagrada Familia in
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, it will remain the tallest church in the world, and
the 5th tallest structure built before the 20th century, with a steeple measuring
161.5 metres.

GOTHIC IN ITALY:

 MILAN CATHEDRAL- is the cathedral church of Milan,

Lombardy, Italy. Dedicated to the Nativity of St Mary, it is the
seat of the Archbishop of Milan, currently Archbishop Mario
Delpini. The cathedral took nearly six centuries to complete:
construction began in 1386, and the final details were completed
in 1965.

GOTHIC IN SPAIN:
  SEVILLE CATHEDRAL- The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the
See, better known as Seville Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in
Seville, Andalusia, Spain. It was registered in 1987 by UNESCO as a
World Heritage Site, along with the adjoining Alcázar palace complex
and the General Archive of the Indies.

RENNAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
HISTORY:
The Renaissance (Italian: Rinascimento, from ri- "again" and nascere "be born") was a cultural movement
that spanned roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages
and later spreading to the rest of Europe.

 App 1400 – 1700AD

 Italy - In the middle ages, was composed of different city-states and fiefdoms eg Florence, Venice,
Milan, Mantua.
Florence – is considered as the birthplace of the Renaissance

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:

VITRUVIUS- In 1487 the ancient text of Vitruvius was one of the first books printed. The impact of
printing was tremendous. The architectural theorists of the revived antique style –Alberti, Serlio,
Francesco de Giorgio, Palladio, Vignola, Guilio Romano – all wrote treatises that owed something to
Vitruvius. These men were no longer master masons, however brilliant, they were scholars. Architecture
was no longer the continuation of a practical tradition, handed on through mason’s lodges; it was a
literary idea. The architect was not just putting up a building; he was following a theory.

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c. 80–70 BC, died after c. 15 BC)

was a Roman writer, architect and engineer, active in the 1st
century BC. He is best known as the author of the multi-volume
work De Architectura ("On Architecture").
Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his book De architectura that
a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas,
venustas – that is, it must be solid, useful, beautiful. These are
sometimes termed the Vitruvian virtues or the Vitruvian Triad.
 The Vitruvian Man by Leonardo daVinci
 Rather than using the complex, geometric transformations of medieval
master masons, Renaissance architects favoured simple forms such as the
square and the circle.

Different Periods of Renaissance Architecture

First Phase: Learning and copying from the antiquity. (Housing Projects)
Second Phase: Renaissance became an independent style of its own. (Civic
buildings, palaces, and gardens.)
Third Phase: The purist school headed by Andrea Palladio. It is characterized by being logical, serene and
symmetrical architecture.
Fourth Phase:
Proto Baroque. It was headed by Michel Angelo and characterized by:
* Stucco as a plastering medium
* Large ornamentations instead of brick works.
* Vivid architecture.
* Intense and heavy architecture.
* Restless architecture.
* Human proportions and scale.
Fifth Phase: The Mannerist school in architecture.

The Periods of the Renaissance

 Early Renaissance ca. 1400-1500 Brunelleschi, Alberti
 High Renaissance ca. 1500-1525 Bramante
 Late Renaissance ca. 1525-1600 Palladio

Renaissance Architecture could be classified into four eras:

(A) The Early Renaissance Era. (Filippo Brunelleschi)
Filippo Brinelleschi - A Florentine goldsmith, Brunelleschi moved to
Rome and visited the ancient ruins. Brunelleschi codified the principles
of geometrically accurate linear perspective, making possible the exact
representation of a 3-dimensional object on a 2- dimensional surface.
(B) The High Renaissance Era. (Michel Angelo, Bram ante, Palladio,
Leonardo Da Vinci))
(C) The Baroque era. (Bernini)
(D) The Rococo Era. (Fransco Boromini)
CHARACTERISTICS
 Inspired by Roman buildings, orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use
of semicircular arches hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex
proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings.
 Plans - square, symmetrical appearance in which proportions are usually based on a module
 Facades - symmetrical around their vertical axis, domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice
 Columns and pilasters - the Roman orders of columns are used: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and
Composite
 Arches – semi circular
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELEMENTS
 Ceilings - roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings, frequently painted or decorated
 Doors - usually have square lintels, set within an arch or surmounted by a triangular or segmental
pediment, in the Mannerist period the ―Palladian‖ arch was employed
 Walls - external walls are generally of highly finished ashlar masonry, laid in straight courses, the
corners of buildings are often emphasised by rusticated quoins, basements and ground floors were often
rusticated
 Details -courses, mouldings and all decorative details are carved with great precision. Studying and
mastering the details of the ancient Romans was one of the important aspects of Renaissance theory,
mouldings stand out around doors and windows rather than being recessed, as in Gothic Architecture,
sculptured figures may be set in niches or placed on plinths.
 Vaults – do not have ribs
 Domes - the dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the
exterior

RUSTICATION- A popular decorative treatment of the Renaissance palazzo

GIORGIO VASARI 30 JULY 1511 – 27 June 1574)was an Italian painter, writer, historian, and architect, who
is famous today for his biographies of Renaissance artists, considered the ideological foundation of
arthistorical writing

THE ARCHITECTS OF THE RENAISSANCE

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 –1446)
Michelozzo di Bartolomeo (1396-1472)
Leon Battista Alberti( 1404-1472)
Donato Bramante (1444 –1514)
Andrea Palladio (1508 –1580)
Giacomo daVignola (1507 –1573)
Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475 – 1564)

12 ARCHITECTS OF ST. PETER’S BASILICA:

• The Saint Peter’s Church, also called St. Peter’s Basilica is a late Renaissance church within Vatican City.
It is Europe’s largest Christian church.
• It is the second church to stand above the crypt (tomb) believed to hold the body of Saint Peter, the first
pope.
• St. Peter’s is built in the shape of a cross.

ARCHITECTS

1. Donato Bramante - Bramante proposed a Greek Cross plan, the centre of

which would be surmounted by a dome slightly larger than that of the Pantheon.

2. Giuliano Da Sangallo – He strengthened and

extended the peristyle of Bramante into a series of arched
and ordered openings around the base. In his hands, the
rather delicate form of the lantern, based closely on that in
Florence, became a massive structure, surrounded by a projecting base, a
peristyle and surmounted by a spire of conic form, but the plan was simply
too eclectic to be considered.

3. Raffaello Sanzio - The main change in Raphael's plan is the nave of five
bays, with a row of complex apsidal chapels off the aisles on either side.

4. Baldassare Peruzzi - Maintained changes that Raphael had proposed

to the internal arrangement of the three main apses, but otherwise
reverted to the Greek Cross plan and
other features of Bramante.

5. Antonio Da Sangallo The

Younger - Main practical contribution was to
strengthen Bramante's piers which had begun
to crack.
 6. Michelangelo – He reverted to Bramante’s original design, the Greek Cross and converted its
snowflake complexity into massive, cohesive unity.

7. Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola Appointed by Pope Pius V as a

watchdog to make sure that Michelangelo's plans were carried out
exactly after his death.

8. Giacomo Della Porta - He subsequently altered Michelangelo’s design by

adding of lion's masks over the swags on the drum in honor of Pope
Sixtus and adding a circlet of finials around the spire at the top of the
lantern, as proposed by Sangallo. Also proposed to raise the outer dome
higher above the inner one.

9. Carlo Maderno He made the most significant contribution since

Michelangelo, because he pulled down the remaining parts of Old St.
Peter's and proceeded to transform Michelangelo's centralized Greek-cross
design into a Latin cross with a long nave.

10. Gian Lorenzo Bernini He was regarded as the greatest architect and sculptor
of the Baroque period. Bernini's works at St. Peter's include the baldacchino, the
Chapel of the Sacrament, the plan for the niches and loggias in the piers of the
dome and the chair of St. Peter.

RENAISSANCE IN ITALY:
BIRTHPLACE:

The dawn of the Italian Renaissance marked the end of the Middle Ages in
Europe. The word ‘renaissance’ means re-birth. It was a period when people re-
discovered learning and looked back to the classical civilizations of Rome and
 Greece for their inspiration. It was an exciting time of new inventions and amazing discoveries,
magnificent buildings and beautiful art. People were changing their attitudes towards themselves
and the world around them. The development of printing in Germany meant that this new
Renaissance culture spread quickly throughout Europe.

 BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE- is a style that emerged in Italy in the late-16th century. It was a
more theatrical version of Renaissance architecture, with dramatic lighting and colour, illusory
effects such as trompe l'oeil, and designs that played games with architectural features,
sometimes leaving them incomplete.

RENAISSANCE IN FRANCE:
The French Renaissance was the cultural and artistic movement in France between the 15th and early
17th centuries. The period is associated with the pan-European Renaissance, a word first used by the
French historian Jules Michelet to define the artistic and cultural "rebirth" of Europe.
Notable developments during the French Renaissance include the spread of humanism,
early exploration of the "New World" (as New France by Giovanni da Verrazzano and Jacques Cartier);
the development of new techniques and artistic forms in the fields of printing, architecture, painting,
sculpture, music, the sciences and literature; and the elaboration of new codes of sociability, etiquette
and discourse.

 ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE: also known as 'late Baroque', was an extreme, decorative

development of Baroque architecture that emerged in the 18th century as a reaction against
grandeur and symmetry. It was a more fluid and florid elaborate style, comprising ornate,
asymmetric designs and pastel shades.
 RENAISSANCE IN ENGLAND: The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in
England dating from the late 15th century to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-
European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century.

 INIGO JONES- was the first significant English architect in the early
modern period, and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and
symmetry in his buildings.

 CHRISTOPHER WREN- was one of the most highly acclaimed English

architects in history, as well as an anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and
mathematician-physicist.

RENAISSANCE IN SPAIN:
The beginning of the Renaissance in Spain is closely linked to the historical-political life of the
monarchy of the Catholic Monarchs. Its figures are the first to leave the medieval approaches that
secured a feudal scheme of weak monarch over a powerful and restless nobility. The Catholic Monarchs
unite the forces of the incipient state and ally with the principal families of the nobility to maintain their
power. One of these families, the Mendoza, use the new style like distinction of its clan and, by
extension, of the protection of the monarchy.
Little by little, the novel esthetic was introduced into the rest of the court and the clergy, mixing with
purely Iberian styles, like the Nasrid art of the dying kingdom of Granada, the exalted and personal
Gothic Castilian queen, and the Flemish tendencies in the official painting of the court and the Church.
The assimilation of elements gave way to a personal interpretation of the orthodox Renaissance, which
came to be called Plateresque. Therefore, secondary artists were brought in from Italy, apprentices
were sent to the Italian shops, they brought designs, architectural plans, books and engravings,
paintings, etc., of which portraits, themes and composition were copied.

 BAROQUE-CHURRIGUERESQUE
in a lesser extent it was also called "Ultra Baroque", refers to
a Spanish Baroque style of elaborate sculptural architectural
ornament which emerged as a manner of stucco decoration
in Spain in the late 17th century and was used up to about
1750, marked by extreme, expressive and florid decorative
detailing, normally found above the entrance on the main facade of a building.

INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE
HISTORY:
Industrial architecture has always had two main goals: efficiency and safety. Improved economy in
turning raw goods into manufactured items and in the construction of the buildings themselves, as well
as the prevention of fire with the resulting loss of life and materials shaped the design of warehouses
and factories. The history of industrial architecture is beyond the scope of this paper; however, a short
review will be given.

Early developments – pre-WWI development of industrial architecture

The germ of the industrial aesthetic is seen in the simple mill buildings from late 1700, precursors of
the modern factory, were straightforward wooden or masonry buildings with repetitive forms and
rhythmic openings. As long buildings, these mills fit into the landscape, their scale and materials
making little impact on their surroundings. The conglomeration of these mills monopolized and blocked
the rivers and canals that fed the millwheels that provided power for their machines.

Contribution of Albert Kahn to development of industrial architecture

New ways of producing energy enhanced the growth of both buildings and machinery, necessitating
structures that could support more weight, span greater distances. In addition, the manufacturing
process was expanding beyond textiles, demanding more flexible and adaptable layouts. The answer
would come from a material that had been known centuries before but needed enhancement:
concrete and iron.

ARCHITECTURAL WORKS:

 EIFFEL TOWER- The Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the

Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose
company designed and built the tower.
  CRYSTAL PALACE- Crystal Palace Football Club is a professional football club based in Selhurst,
South London, England, who currently compete in the Premier League, the highest level of English
football.

ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT:

Many Arts and Crafts homes share these traits:

 Structural “authenticity”: exposed beams, strong posts, rafters that extend past the roof line

 Simplicity: open floor plans with built-ins, smooth surfaces, lack of intricate carving

 Native materials: wood (especially oak), locally sourced stone, stucco, brick

 Natural influences: earth tones, attention to wood grain, decorative items made of shell or bone

 The hand of the artist: hand hammered metals, handmade tile, embracing of imperfections

 Emphasis on home life: dim, homey, glowing interiors, prominent fireplaces, art glass to soften light

In the 1910s, around the outbreak of World War I, the style’s popularity faded dramatically.

ARCHITECTS:

Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid DBE RA was a British Iraqi architect. She was
the first woman to receive the Pritzker Architecture Prize, in 2004. She
received the UK's most prestigious architectural award, the Stirling Prize, in
2010 and 2011.
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French
architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of
what is now regarded as modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and
became a French citizen in 1930.

Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator.
He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years.
Wright believed in designing in harmony with humanity and its environment, a
philosophy he called organic architecture.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a German-American architect. He was

commonly referred to as Mies, his surname. Along with Alvar Aalto, Le
Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is regarded as one of the
pioneers of modernist architecture.

Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank, Kt, OM, RA, is an
English architect whose company, Foster + Partners, maintains an international
design practice. He is the President of the Norman Foster Foundation.
 Renzo Piano OMRI OMCA is an Italian architect. His notable buildings
Renzo Piano OMRI OMCA is an Italian architect. His notable buildings include
the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, The Shard in London, the Whitney
Museum of American Art in New York City and Stavros Niarchos Foundation
Cultural Center in Athens. He won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1998.

Walter Adolph Georg Gropius was a German architect and founder of the Bauhaus
School, who, along with Alvar Aalto, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and
Frank Lloyd Wright, is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of
modernist architecture. He is a founder of Bauhaus in Weimar.

Louis Henry Sullivan was an American architect, and has been called the "father of
skyscrapers" and "father of modernism".

Albert Kahn was the foremost American industrial architect of his day. He is
sometimes called the "architect of Detroit". In 1943, the Franklin Institute
awarded him the Frank P. Brown Medal posthumously.
REVIVALIST ARCHITECTURE
HISTORY:
Many buildings constructed in Manitoba during the 19th and 20th centuries bear the imprint, or at least
the influence, of certain architectural styles or traditions. Some are faithful to a single style. Many more
have elements from several different styles and are referred to as eclectic. Even more only hint at the
basic architectural style from which they are derived; we might refer to them as vernacular versions of the
style. Understanding the basic characteristics of architectural styles is a useful way to begin seeing
buildings more critically. Such an understanding also helps in describing a building, in determining its age,
or in assessing its architectural value when compared with other buildings of the same style. This guide is
an introduction to some of the most significant architectural styles employed during the past 150 years of
Manitoba’s history. There are two other sections—building traditions and types, and a glossary of
architectural terms—that constitute a complete set for reference.

ARCHITECTS:

- CHARLES BARRY- was a British architect, best known for his role in the
rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster (also known as the Houses of
Parliament) in London during the mid-19th century, but also responsible
for numerous other buildings and gardens. He is known for his major
contribution to the use of Italianate architecture in Britain, [1] especially
the use of the Palazzo as basis for the design of country houses, city
mansions and public buildings. He also developed the Italian Renaissance
garden style for the many gardens he designed around country houses.

Arwed Roßbach- In Leipzig he built a Gothic Revival styled facade for the
Paulinerkirche in 1897. He designed a new building for the University of Leipzig,
the so-called Rotes Kolleg in 1891/1892. In 1898/1901 he built the new building
for the Deutsche Bank and later the Romanesque Revival styled Taborkirche,
which was completed posthumously in 1904. - Roßbach built the municipal
theater in his birthplace Plauen (1889/1899), the court building for the
Amtsgericht in Dresden (1888/189
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE:
AMERICAN

 COLONIAL
is an architectural style from a mother country that has been
incorporated into the buildings of settlements or colonies in distant
locations. Colonists frequently built settlements that synthesized
the architecture of their countries of origin with the design
characteristics of their new lands, creating hybrid designs.

 GOTHIC REVIVAL
The Gothic Revival was one of the most enduring and influential
architectural movements of the 19th century. Based upon a
revival of medieval architecture, especially that of England and
France, it passed through successive phases and influenced most
building types. Coming to Canada from Great Britain in the early
19th century, in its earliest phase it was largely a picturesque style
characterized by applied delicate ornament. The English author and architect A. W. Pugin (1812-
1852) was very influential in giving both a sense of moral purpose to the Gothic Revival and a
better understanding of Gothic detailing and structural systems. The English writer John Ruskin
(1819-1900) encouraged a widened range of sources for the style, such as Venetian Gothic
architecture. The style as used towards the end of the century is frequently referred to as High
Victorian Gothic. Its evolution into the 20th century is described in the section on Late Gothic
Revival.

Characteristics - the style is characterized by the pointed arch, which

can be in a number of forms, as well as buttresses, spires, pinnacles and
carved ornaments
- it often has a complex arrangement of steeply pitched roofs
highlighted with intricate details
- details such as mouldings, tracery and carved ornament are heavy and
sometimes purposely coarse
- polychromy is common as are the combination of different materials
or varying proportions of
details and openings
- houses are either symmetrical with a centre gable or asymmetrical and in the shape of an L -
heavy bargeboards and corbel tables are common
  NEOCLASSICISM
Revival of Classical architecture during the 18th
and early 19th centuries. The movement
concerned itself with the logic of entire Classical
volumes, unlike Classical revivalism, which
tended to reuse Classical parts. Neoclassical
architecture is characterized by grandeur of scale,
simplicity of geometric forms, Greek—especially
Doric or Roman detail, dramatic use of columns, and a preference for blank walls. The new taste
for antique simplicity represented a general reaction to the excesses of the Rococo style.

 VICTORIAN ARCHITECTURE
Victorian design consisted of adapting the decorative details and rich colour combinations of
Italian, and especially Venetian, Gothic. Though ornamentation could be elaborate, it was usually
not superficially applied but grew rationally out of the form and material used.

 EXOTICISM
Non-western cultures during the 19th and early 20th
centuries inspire several Exotic revivals, including Egyptian
Revival, Turkish, and Moorish Revival. Each is an assemblage
of motifs applied to contemporary forms. - Inspired by
revivalism, eclecticism, and a quest for novelty in the second
half of the 19th century, Exoticism looks to non-Western
cultures for inspiration and borrows their forms, colors, and
motifs.

 ELECTICISM
is an architectural style that flourished in the 19th and 20th-
centuries. It refers to any design that incorporates elements
of traditional motifs and styles, decorative aesthetics and
ornaments, structural features, and so on, that originated
from other cultures or architectural periods.

MODERN ARCHITECTURE
HISTORY:
was an architectural style based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the
use of glass, steel, and reinforced concrete; the idea that form should follow function (functionalism); an
embrace of minimalism; and a rejection of ornament. It emerged in the first half of the 20th century and
became dominant after World War II until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the principal style
for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture.

CHARACTERISTICS :
•the notion that "form follows function", meaning that the result
of design should derive directly from its purpose
•simplicity and clarity of forms and elimination of "unnecessary
detail"
•materials at 90 degrees to each other
•visual expression of structure (as opposed to the hiding of
structural elements.
•the related concept of "truth to materials", meaning that the
true nature or natural appearance of a material ought to be seen.
•use of industrially-produced materials.
•a visual emphasis on horizontal and vertical lines.
•use of new technologies and new materials.
•implementation of ―skin and bone architecture‖.
•minimum wastage of materials, materials generaly consists of glass and steel.
•fully utilization of spaces externally and internally

ARCHITECTS:
1. Zaha Hadid - The most famous modern female architect in the world. She was a pioneer
who transformed architecture in the 21st Century. Some of her buildings include the
Serpentine Galleries, the London Aquatics Centre, the Bridge Pavilion in Zaragoza, and
the Guangzhou Opera House.
2. Frank Gehry - Gehry is one of the most famous architects in the world today. Some of
his buildings include the Guggenheim Museum in Spain, the Walt Disney Hall in Los
Angeles, and the Dancing House in Prague.
3. Frank Lloyd Wright - Wright was the creator of the Prairie House architectural style and
one of the most celebrated architects in the world. Some of his most famous works
include the Falling Water House, the Robbie House, and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo.
4. Le Corbusier - Corbusier was one of the pioneers of modern architecture. Some of his
buildings include Villa Savoye, Notre Dame Du Haut, and the United Nations
Headquarters in New York, paved the way for the modern architecture we know today.
5. Antoni Gaudi - Gaudi had a unique style that made him stand out from his peers. He also
took a different approach to designing his buildings, preferring to work in 3D models as
opposed to drawing the plans of the buildings he intended to build. Some of his work
includes the Segrada Familia, Casa Mila, Park Guell, and Casa Battlo.
6. Walter Gropius - Gropius was one of the founding fathers of modernism, and the mind
behind the Bauhaus. Some of his buildings include the Fagus Factory, the MetLife
building, the Gropius House, and the US Embassy in Athens.
 7. Renzo Piano - Piano is an architect without a signature style. However, his buildings are
all as masterful as they a re diverse. Some of them include the Shard in London, the
Whitney Museum in New York, and the Menil Collection in Texas.
8. Daniel Libeskind - Libeskind is a master of deconstructivism and distortion. Some o f his
most striking works include London’s Imperial War Museum, Denver Art Museum, Bord
Gais Energy Theatre in Dublin, and the Contemporary Jewish Museum in San Fransisco.
9. Rem Koolhaas - Koolhaas is Pritzker prize winning architect, he is known for his
innovative creations. Some of them include the CCTV Center in Beijing, the De
Rotterdam Complex, the Garage Museum of Contemporary Art in Moscow, and the
Shenzhen Stock Exchange in China.
10. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - Mies together with Corbusier was one of the pioneers of
modern architecture, and one of the most important architects of our time. Some of his
buildings include the Barcelona Pavilion, Farnsworth House, Seagram Building, and the
330 North Wabash.

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE:
 ORGANIC
-refers to designing and building structures and
spaces that are balanced with their natural
surroundings and tailored to the function they serve
for their inhabitants. Organically designed structures
seem to meld with the landscape or rise from it as if
the surrounding spaces gave birth to them.

 ART DECO
The distinguishing features of the style are simple, clean
shapes, often with a “streamlined” look; ornament that is
geometric or stylized from representational forms; and
unusually varied, often expensive materials, which frequently
include man-made substances (plastics, especially Bakelite;
vita-glass; and ferroconcrete) in addition to natural ones (jade,
silver, ivory, obsidian, chrome, and rock crystal). Though Art
Deco objects were rarely mass-produced, the characteristic
features of the style reflected admiration for the modernity of
the machine and for the inherent design qualities of machine-made objects (e.g., relative
simplicity, planarity, symmetry, and unvaried repetition of elements).
-Jazz-age style of "decoration" first applied to jewelry and interior design, Art Deco was most
popular in the 1920s and 30s. It was closely associated with the Art Moderne style. Both were
part of the Modern movement which rejected historical eclecticism. The style originated in post-
1918 Europe but it was in the United States where the Art Deco skyscraper was born. In New York
zoning regulations of the 1920s encouraged a distinctive silhouette, created as the upper storeys
of tall buildings were stepped back from lower storeys.

Characteristics :
-the emphasis of the style is on the smooth cube with hard
-edged, low-relief ornament
- geometric form is often emphasized by setbacks at the roof line
- straight-headed windows are arranged in bays to give a vertical emphasis
– exotic and geometric carved decoration is found around doors and windows, belt courses and at
the roof line

 ART NOUVEU
ornamental style of art that flourished between about 1890
and 1910 throughout Europe and the United States. Art
Nouveau is characterized by its use of a long, sinuous,
organic line and was employed most often in architecture,
interior design, jewelry and glass design, posters, and
illustration. It was a deliberate attempt to create a new
style, free of the imitative historicism that dominated much
of 19th-century art and design. About this time the term
Art Nouveau was coined, in Belgium by the periodical L’Art Moderne to describe the work of the
artist group Les Vingt and in Paris by S. Bing, who named his gallery L’Art Nouveau. The style was
called Jugendstil in Germany, Sezessionstil in Austria, Stile Floreale (or Stile Liberty) in Italy, and
Modernismo (or Modernista) in Spain.

 EXPRESSIONISM
as an early 20th-century movement in art and architecture. It
developed between 1910 and 1924 among a group of
architects from European countries including Germany,
Austria, and Denmark. It was a time of great turmoil and
upheaval in Europe and many of the architects had fought on
the battlefields of World War I. Their experiences greatly
impacted their work and what they created looked like
nothing that had come before it. - Describing Expressionist
architecture is a challenge because each structure is so different and is an individual statement by
its creator. In fact, Expressionism is often defined by what is it not. It's not often symmetrical. The
architects who designed Expressionist buildings avoided traditional box shapes and resisted
basing their designs on past historical styles. They tended toward abstraction, which means the
designs weren't based on objects or structures seen in the real world. - Expressionist architecture
was designed to evoke inner feelings and extreme emotions. Buildings created in this style made a
statement and stood out from the structures around them. Architects often used distorted
unusual forms and incorporated innovative building techniques using materials like brick, steel,
and glass.

 DE STIJL
De Stijl architecture offers dynamic
conceptions of spatial relationships in
reaction to conventionally static, grounded
architecture from the beginning of the 20th
century. Spatial innovation, based on
principles developed by the De Stijl painter
and writer Piet Mondrian from the philosophical-mathematical writings of M.H.Schoenmaekers, is
clearly evident in three iconic De Stijl projects from the mid-1920s: Theo van Doesburg and
Cornelis van Eesteren’s Maison d’Artiste and Maison Particuliére and Gerrit Rietveld’s Schröder
House in Utrecht, the Netherlands. These modernist touchstones represent the synthesis of ideal
universal projections of space and everyday manipulations of life embedded within art.
Architecture proved to be the ideal art form to represent De Stijl through its ability to transform
space, surface, universal ideas, particular situations, exterior, and interior.

 CONSTRUCTIVISM
was a constructivist style of modern architecture that flourished in
the soviet union in the 1920s and early 1930s. abstract and austere, the
movement aimed to reflect modern industrial society and urban space,
while rejecting decorative stylization in favor of the industrial assemblage
of materials. [1] designs combined advanced technology and engineering
with an avowedly communist social purpose. although it was divided into
several competing factions, the movement produced many pioneering
projects and finished buildings, before falling out of favour around 1932.
it has left marked effects on later developments in architecture.

 INTERNATIONAL
-In architecture, the term "International Style"
describes a type of design that developed mainly in
Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s,
before spreading to America in the 1930s, where it
became the dominant tendency in American
architecture during the middle decades of the 20th
 century. Although it never became fashionable for single-family residential buildings in the United
States - despite the efforts of William Lescaze (1896-1969), Edward Durrell Stone (1902- 78),
Richard Neutra (1892-1970) - the International Style was especially suited to skyscraper
architecture, where its sleek "modern" look, absence of decoration and use of steel and glass,
became synonymous with corporate modernism during the period 1955-70. It also became the
dominant style of 20th century architecture for institutional and commercial buildings, and even
superseded the traditional historical styles for schools and churches.

POST-MODERN ARCHITECTURE
HISTORY:
Aim
–modern architecture had few limitations, therefore post modern architecture emerged.
--modern architecture had monotony in the buildings.
--basically post-modernism addresses the limitations of the modern period architecture

 postmodern architecture began as an international style, the first examples of which are generally cited
as being from the 1950s, but did not become a movement until the late 1970sand continues to influence
present-day architecture.
 post-modernity in architecture is said to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to
architecture in response to the formalism of the international style of modernism.
 the functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist style are replaced by diverse
aesthetics: styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles a nd
space abound.
perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered the expressive and symbolic value of architectural
elements and forms that had evolved through centuries of building which had been abandoned by the
modern style.

CHARACTERISTICS :
 the use of sculptural forms, ornamets, anthropomorphism and materials which perform trompe dóeil-
(technique that uses realistic imagery to create optical illusion, the portland building (1980) has pillars
represented but they are not real.
 pluralism, double coding (buildings convey many meanings simultaneously-the sony building in new
york, it brings the connotations of modern technology yet at top section conveys elements of classical
antiquity), flying buttresses and high ceilings, irony and paradox, and contextualism.
 the forms are not reduced to an absolute minimum; they are built and shaped for their own sake.
postmodernism follows- communicating a meaning and the characteristic of symbolism.
the characteristics of postmodernism were rather unified given their diverse appearances-playfully
extravagant forms and the humour of the meanings the buildings conveyed.

ARCHITECTS:
 Charles-édouard jeanneret-gris, better known as le corbusier (october 6, 1887 –
august 27, 1965), was an architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and
one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. he was born in
switzerland and became a french citizen in 1930. his career spanned five decades,
with his buildings constructed throughout europe, india, and america. he was a
pioneer in studies of modern high design and was dedicated to providing better
living conditions for the residents of crowded cities. he was awarded the frank p.
brown medal and aia gold medal in 1961. le corbusier adopted his pseudonym in
the 1920s, allegedly deriving it in part from the name of an ancestor, lecorbésier.

Style of architecture:
use of pilotis i.e. reinforced concrete stilts.
– free façade i.e non-supporting walls that could be designed as the architect wished.
– open floor plan , meaning that the floor space was free to be configured into rooms without concern for
supporting walls.
– long horizontal ribbon windows that allow unencumbered views of the large surrounding.
– roof garden to compensate for the green area consumed by the building and replacing it on the roof.

Villa savoye is a modernist villa in poissy, in the outskirts of paris,

france. it was designed by swiss architects le corbusier and his
cousin, pierre jeanneret, and built between 1928 and 1931 using
reinforced concrete. a manifesto of le corbusier's "five points" of
new architecture, the villa is representative of the bases of
modern architecture. the house was originally built as a country
retreat on behest of the savoye family. during world war ii the jewish savoye family was sent to
concentration camps by the nazis who took over the house and used it for storage. after being purchased
by the neighbouring school it passed on to be property of the french state in 1958, and after surviving
several plans of demolition, it was designated as an official french historical monument in 1965 it was
thoroughly renovated from 1985 to 1997, and under the care of the centre des monuments nationaux,
the refurbished house is now open to visitors year-round.
 WALTER ADOLPH GEORG GROPIUS (MAY 18, 1883 – JULY 5, 1969) was a german
architect born in berlin and founder of the bauhaus school, who, along with ludwig
mies van der rohe, le corbusier and frank lloyd wright is widely regarded as one of
the pioneering masters of modern architecture. walter adolph georg gropius (may
18, 1883 – july 5, 1969) early career •walter gropius, like his father and his great-
uncle martin gropius before him, became an architect. gropius could not draw, and
was dependent on collaborators and partner-interpreters throughout his career.
•in 1910 gropius left the firm of behrens and together with fellow employee adolf
miyer established a practice in berlin. • together they share credit for one of the
seminal modernist buildings created during this period: the faguswerk in alfeld an der leine , germany , a
shoe last factory. •although gropius and meyer only designed the facade, the glass curtain walls of this
building demonstrated both the modernist principle that form reflect function and gropius's concern with
providing healthful conditions for the working class. •other works of this early period include the office
and factory building for the werkburn exhibition (1914) in cologne .

PHILIP CORTELYOU JOHNSON (JULY 8, 1906 – JANUARY 25, 2005)

was an influentialamerican architect. early career
•in 1930, he founded the department of architecture and design at the
museum of modern art in new york city.
•produced the landmark show ―the international style: architecture since
1922‖ as an introduction of modern architecture to the american public.
•in 1978 he was awarded an american institute of architects gold medal and in
1979 the first pritzker architecture prize.
•he was a student at the harvard graduate school of design.
•johnson died in his sleep while at the glass house retreat.
•he lived with his life partner of 45 years, david whitney ,who died later that year at age 66.

Philip johnson‘s style was ever-changing stylistic adherences, which passed from modernity to
deconstruction through abstract classicism and historicist postmodernity: in 1932, with an exhibition in
the new york moma, he introduced in the united states what he and henry-russell hitchcock named
―international style‖;

CHARACTERISTICS:
1. emphasis on architectural volume over mass (planes over solidity).
2. rejection of symmetry.
3. rejection of applied decoration.

 THE GLASS HOUSE or johnson house, built in 1949 in new canaan,

connecticut, was designed by philip johnson as his own residence.  it
was an important and influential project for johnson and for modern
architecture.  the building is an essay in minimal structure, geometry,
proportion, and the effects of transparency and reflection.  the house
is an example of early use of industrial materials such as glass and steel
in home design.  inspired by mies van der rohe‘s farnsworth house, the glass house by philip johnson,
with its perfect proportions and its simplicity, is considered one of the first most brilliant works of modern
architecture.  johnson built the 47-acre estate for himself in new canaan, connecticut.  the house was
the first of fourteen structures that the architect built on the property over a span of fifty years.

ROBERT CHARLES VENTURI, JR. (born june 25, 1925) is an american architect,
founding principal of the firm venturi, scott brown and associates, and one of
the major architectural figures in the twentieth century. their buildings,
planning, theoretical writings and teaching have contributed to the expansion
of discourse about architecture. venturi was awarded the pritzker prize in
architecture in 1991 he is also known for coining the maxim "less is a bore" a
postmodern antidote to mies van der rohe's famous modernist dictum "less is
more".
he wrote the book ―complexity and contradiction in architecture‖ which
changed people‘s view about architecture.

CHARACTERISTICS :
 venturi's buildings typically juxtapose architectural systems, elements and aims, to acknowledge the
conflicts often inherent in a project or site
robert venturi is known for incorporating stylized cultural icons into his buildings. however, venturi is
recognized for much more than postmodernist designs.
the firm has completed more than 400 projects, each uniquely suited to the special needs of the clients.

THE VANNA VENTURI HOUSE, one of the first prominent works

of the postmodern architecture movement, is located in the
neighborhood of chestnut hill in philadelphia, pennsylvania.  it
was designed by architect robert venturi for his mother vanna
venturi, and constructed between 1962 -1964.
 the house was sold in 1973 and remains a private residence.

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE:

 BRUTALISM-
Powerful, imposing structures with an unpretentious and unapologetic
aesthetic, yet standing out for their bold individuality, brutalist
buildings are difficult to fall in love with at first sight. - An architectural
style that was quite popular in mid 20th century from the 1950s up
until the 1980s, especially in civic projects and institutional buildings
and in the form of sculpture-, brutalist architecture establishes the right of building materials and
structural features to be seen, admired and even celebrated. It even found its way into inetrior
design. - Featuring visually heavy edifices with geometric lines, solid concrete frames, exaggerated
slabs, double height ceilings, massive forbidding walls, exposed concrete and a predominantly
monochrome palette, brutalist buildings prioritised function over form, and stripped-back
minimalism over flashy design.

 HIGH TECH-
HIGH-TECH- also known as Structural Expressionism, is a
type of Late Modern architectural style that emerged in
the 1970s, incorporating elements of high tech industry
and technology into building design. Hightech architecture
grew from the modernist style, utilizing new advances in
technology and building materials. It emphasizes
transparency in design and construction, seeking to
communicate the underlying structure and function of a building throughout its interior and
exterior. High-tech architecture makes extensive use of steel, glass, and concrete, as these
materials were becoming more advanced and available in a wider variety of forms at the time the
style was developing.

 DECONSTRUCTIVISM-
Deconstructivism is a Postmodern architectural style characterised by the idea of fragmentation
and the manipulation of a structure’s surface. Buildings adopting the style are often formed of
components that have been disassembled and reassembled in a new and unorthodox way, giving
the impression of a chaotic design devoid of precise logic. - It attempts to move away from the
conventions of modernism that can be viewed as ‘constricting rules’, such as the notions that
‘form follows function’, ‘purity of form’, and ‘truth to materials’. - Deconstructivism in
architecture was influenced by the deconstructivist theories of the French philosopher Jacques
Derrida, who said that ‘architecture is nothing but one of many ways of communication’. It was
also influenced by early-20th century constructivist architecture developed in Soviet Russia. •
Other defining stylistic features include: - Unrelated forms. - Abstract nature. - Smooth exterior
surfaces. - Contrast of shapes and forms. - Large expanses of a single material (glass, metals,
masonry, etc.). - Window frames often hidden in the walls. - Simple metal frame doors. - Exposed
materials.

EVOLUTION :
 deconstructivism came to public notice with the 1982 parc de la villette architectural design
competition (especially the entry from jacques derrida and peter eisenman and bernard tschumi's
winning entry).
the museum of modern art‘s 1988 deconstructivist architecture exhibition in new york,
organized by philip johnson and mark wigley.
and the 1989 opening of the wexner center for the arts in columbus, designed by peter
eisenman.

architects practicing deconstructivism are Frank Gehry, Daniel Libeskind, Rem Koolhaas, Peter
Eisenman, Zaha Hadid, Coop Himmelb(l)au, and Bernard Tschumi.

deconstructivism is a development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s.

 it is influenced by the theory of "deconstruction‖ , which is a form of semiotic analysis.

CHRACTERISTICS:
 it is characterized by fragmentation, an interest in manipulating a structure's surface or skin,
non-rectilinear shapes which appear to distort and dislocate elements of architecture, such as
structure and envelope.
the finished visual appearance of buildings that exhibit deconstructivist "styles" is characterized
by unpredictability and controlled chaos.

FRANK OWEN GEHRY, (born february 28, 1929) is a canadian-

american pritzker prizewinning architect based in los angeles.
• his buildings, including his private residence, have become tourist
attractions.
• his works are cited as being among the most important works of contemporary architecture in
the 2010 world architecture survey, which led vanity fair to label him as "the most important
architect of our age".
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE:
 deconstructivism is followed in his buildings.
 the structures does not reflects social or universal ideas like speed or universality of form.
post-structuralism as his designs has ability to go beyond curent modalities of structural
definition.
 gehry‘s style at times seems unfinished or even crude.
but his work is consistent with the california "funk" art movement in the 1960s and early 1970s.
the movement featured the use of inexpensive found objects and non-traditional media such as
clay to make serious art.

 BLOBISM-

- Blobitecture', also known as 'blobism', is a term given to a

post-modern architectural style characterised by curved and
rounded building shapes, or 'blob architecture'. Blobitecture
buildings appear to have an organic form that is soft and free-
flowing, yet comes together to produce a complex whole. The
design of buildings has historically been limited by the performance of materials found in nature
or easily manufactured from available materials. With the modern capability of technology to
supply entirely 'artificial' complex substances, with unique performance characteristics the range
of possible design forms has grown considerably. Architecture radicals, such as Archigram in the
1960s, Buckminster Fuller and the deconstructivists, began to design unusual, inflatable and
'plastic' buildings that exploited this potential, and sometimes were even beyond the structural
possibilities of the time. However, it was in the 1990s, with the wide-spread adoption of
computer-aided design (CAD) that buildings adopting unconventional geometric shapes, free of
right-angles, became practical. The architect Greg Lynn coined the term 'blobitecture', which he
based on the software feature that created Binary Large Objects.

 SUSTAINABILITY-
Sustainable architecture is architecture that
seeks to minimize the negative environmental
impact of buildings by efficiency and
moderation in the use of materials, energy, and
development space and the ecosystem at large.
Sustainable architecture uses a conscious
approach to energy and ecological conservation in the design of the built environment.[1] - The
idea of sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that our use of presently available
resources does not end up having detrimental effects to our collective well-being or making it
impossible to obtain resources for other applications in the long run