TEACHING MATERIAL FOR CLASS VII

SCIENCE
Fact File 2

UNIT:1 Heating and Cooling

UNIT:2 Plants and their Systems
UNIT:3 The Periodic Table
UNIT: 6 Simple Chemical Reactions
UNIT: 7 Sound & Hearing
UNIT: 9 Acids & Alkalis
UNIT:10 Light
UNIT: 11 Transport In Humans

THE PUNJAB SCHOOL

 THE PUNJAB SCHOOL
Teaching material for Class VII
(Unit # 1)
Heating and Cooling
Pg # 3
Q.1 Explain why a spark from a firework will not hurt you as much as a cup of hot tea?
Ans. A firecracker may be very hot but it does not contain much heat energy. However, a cup
of hot tea would cause more damage due to more amount of heat energy .
Q. 2 What is heat? What are units of heat energy called? (N)
Ans Heat is the amount of energy that something has. It is measured in Joules (J) or
kilojoules (kJ).
Q. 3 What is temperature? How is temperature measured? (N)
Ans Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. It is measured with a
thermometer in degrees Celsius (oC).
Q. 4 Describe how the movement of its particles changes as the temperature of
substance changes?
Ans The particles of a substance move with respect to the amount of energy they have. At
higher temperatures, the particles move faster. As temperature falls, this energy is lost and
the particles move more slowly.
Q. 5 What is Absolute Zero? (N)
Ans The temperature at which the particles of a substance stop moving is called absolute
zero
(-273oC/ 0K).
Q. 6 What is Kelvin Scale? (N)
Ans The Kelvin scale is a temperature scale starting from absolute zero. It has degrees which
are the same size as the degrees on the Celsius scale.

Page # 4
Q. 1 What happens to the movement of particles in a liquid when it is heated?
Ans In a liquid, the particles move faster as the temperature rises. At the surface the faster
particles break free to form a gas above it.
Q. 2 What name is given to the change of the state from (N)
a) a liquid to a gas b) a solid to a liquid
c) a gas to a liquid d) a liquid to a solid
Ans a. evaporation b. melting
c. condensation d. freezing
Q. 3 Where does the heat energy come from to melt an ice cube which is left on kitchen
work surface ?
Ans . The heat energy that melts an ice cube comes from the surrounding atmosphere.

Page # 5
Q.1 Which material make the best conductor of heat ? (N)
Ans . Metals are the best conductors of heat because heat can travel through them easily. e.g
iron, copper etc.

Q. 2 What is an insulator ? Name three insulators. (N)

1
Ans Substances that do not allow heat to pass through them are called insulators. For
example, glass, plastic, and wood.
Q. 3 Explain how heat is conducted along a metal bar?
Ans .If one end of a metal bar is heated, the particles gain energy and vibrate faster. This
causes the particles next to them to vibrate faster as well. The increased vibration of particles
is passed along the bar until the whole bar is hot. (pg#5 diag.)
Q.4 Suggest why a) the base of saucepan is made of metal.
Ans Heat energy flows quickly through the metal base of the saucepan to reach the food item
that needs to be cooked or warmed.
b) the handle of saucepan is made of plastic.
Ans Plastic is a poor conductor of heat so it will not burn our hands.
c) polar bears have a thick coat of fur.
Ans. Fur traps air which is a very good insulator. Therefore, the fur helps them to stay warm.
d) birds fluff out their feathers in winter.
Ans. To trap air between their feathers forming an insulation layer.

Page # 6
Q. 1 Why can liquids and gases carry heat? (N)
Ans. Liquids and gases can carry heat because their particles are free to move.
Q. 2 Explain how a heater warms all the air in a room.
Ans. Warm air is less dense than cold air, so the warm air above the heater rises and is
replaced by the dense cold air. In this way, a convection current is set up and air circulates
around the room.
Q. 3 Why do you think it takes a long time to heat a room with a high ceiling?
Ans. In rooms with high ceilings, it takes longer time for the warm air to rise, and so more
time for the colder air to take its place.
Q. 4 Why do you think convection cannot happen in solid?
Ans. Convection cannot happen in solids because the particles are held in a framework and
they cannot move around as freely as they do in liquids and gases.

Page #8
Q. 1 Explain why
a) in hot countries houses are often painted white.
Ans White or silvery surfaces are poor absorbers because they reflect most of the radiation. It
helps to keep the houses cool inside.
b) on a hot summer's day, the inside of a white car is cooler than the inside of black car.
Ans. Black absorbs heat more quickly than white
c) aluminium foil helps keep food warm.
Ans. The silvery surface of aluminium reflects heat back into the food so the food remains
warm.
d) central heating radiators work better if they are painted black.
Ans. A dark surface radiates heat better than a shiny one.

Page #9
Q. 1 Suggest why a vacuum flask is commonly called a Thermos flask. (N)
Ans Vacuum flask is called Thermos flask because the Thermos company first introduced it.
Q. 2 Explain why a vacuum flask can keep drinks cold as well as hot. (N)
2
Ans. Heat from the surroundings is prevented from entering the flask in the same way it
prevents the heat from leaving.
Q.3 What is the function of silver lining in a vacuum flask? (N)
Ans It reduces heat loss by radiation.
Page: 10
Q.1 Describe what happen to particles in
Ans a) a solid when it melts.
Its particles move faster until some break free and become a part of a liquid.
b) a liquid when it evaporates.
The particles move faster. at the surface the fastest particles break free to form a gas
above it.
Q.2 What happens to ice at 0oC?
Ans . Ice starts melting at 0oC.The heat energy is being used to allow water molecules to
break away from their fixed positions in the ice. the solid is turning to a liquid.
Q. 3 What happens to water at 100oC
Ans . water boils at 100oC. The heat energy is being used to allow water molecules to break
free completely. the liquid is changing into a gas.
Q. 4 Explain why the temperature of boiling water does not change, no matter how
much it is heated. (N)
Ans The thermal energy is being used to convert liquid into steam.

Pg #11 (Exercise)
1 Multiple choice questions
i. c ii. b iii. c iv. b v.d
2 True or false
i. True ii. False iii. True iv. False v. True

Workbook
1 True or false
i. True ii. False iii. False iv. True v. False
2 Multiple choice questions
i. a ii. a iii. a iv. a v. a
Q 4 Which description matches the word?

3
ii. Conductors Insulators
steel cork
copper wood
aluminium plastic
iii. a. To hold hot pans or hot oven tray. b. An insulator. c. An insulator would not allow
heat to pass through it.

6 i. Cold water is denser than warm water so settles at the bottom of the tank.
ii. A Hot water is less dense and would rise to the top of the tank. Therefore, point A would
be best.
iii. Hot air rises pulling along with it dust particles from the floor.

7 i. a. Screw top made of plastic stops heat loss by conduction.

b. Vacuum between the inner and outer layers of the bottle stops heat loss by convection.
c. Silvery inside surface would prevent heat loss by radiation as the heat rays are reflected
back.
ii. It prevents heat loss to the outside and stops outside heat from coming in.

8 i. a. White reflects heat and is a poor absorber of heat. It helps to keep houses cool.
b. Black is a better emitter of thermal radiations than a shiny surface.
c. Hot air rises from the bonfire causing cool air to take its place. A convection current is set
up and the person can feel a draught.
d. Cold air being denser than hot air settles at the bottom of the refrigerator. This escapes as
the refrigerator door is kept open.
e. By fluffing up, birds trap air between their feathers forming an insulation layer.
f. A saucepan has a copper bottom (a conductor) to absorb heat from the cooker, but it has a
plastic handle (an insulator) so that our hands do not get burnt.
g. Air gets trapped between the holes of the string vest and the tight shirt preventing heat loss.
h. Ploughed fields are dark and absorb heat from the Sun. This warms the air above causing
convection currents which the glider pilot can use to gain height.
i. Black is a good absorber of heat. Heat is required for germination of seeds.
j. Convection currents of air are produced by the heater. As the warm air rises, it makes the
paper decorations flutter.
ii. a. Saucepan with a plastic handle, fluffed out feathers in birds, wearing a tight shirt over a
string vest.
b. Glider pilots, fluttering of paper decorations, cold air from refrigerator door.
c. Car radiators painted black, house painted white, soil covered with black plastic sheet.

9 i. C ii. D iii. A iv. B

10 Temperature and heat are not the same thing. Temperature is a measure of how hot or
cold something is. It is measured in degrees Celsius using a thermometer. Heat is the
transfer of energy from a high temperature to a low temperature. It is measured in joules.

___________________________________
(Unit # 2)
4
 Plants and Their Systems
Plant Tissues and Organs: p15
Q 1. List two jobs carried out by the roots of plants.
Ans. i) They hold the plant in place in the ground.
ii) They take in water and minerals needed by the plants.
Q 2. In many plants, leaves and flowers are held above the ground by the stem. Suggest
a reason for this.
Ans. In many plants leaves are held above the ground to trap light energy for photosynthesis.
Whereas, flowers are held above the ground to attract insects for pollination.
Q 3. What do we call the group of cells that do the same job? (N)
Ans. A group of cells that do the same job are called tissues.
For example: Xylem tissue.
Q 4. Name four kinds of plant tissue. (N)
Ans. i) Xylem tissues.
ii) Phloem tissues.
iii) Photosynthetic tissues.
iv) Protective tissues.
Q 5. What are buds? (N)
Ans. Buds are knob- like structures where growth starts.
Q 6. Where does growth take place in pants? (N)
Ans. In plants growth takes place at the tip of roots and shoots.

Plant Tissues and Organs : p 16

Q 1. What is an organ? (N)
Ans. Different tissues combine to make an organ. e.g leaf is an organ
Q 2. Name three plant organ and say what each one does?
Ans. i) roots:
• They hold the plant in the ground.
• They also take in water and minerals from the soil.
ii) Stem
• They keeps the plant upright.
• Holds the leaves so they can get sunlight and exchange gases .
iii) Reproductive organs:
• They are in flowers which are brightly coloured and scented to attract insects.
• They help in pollination.
iv) Leaves:
• They are food factories of the plant.
• They help in pollination.
Transport in Plants: p 17
Q 1. What is a transport system? (N)
Ans. The thin tubes (xylem & phloem) in the roots and stem carry liquids up and down
the plant form a transport system.
Q 2. What is a vascular bundle? (N)
Ans. In plants xylem and phloem tissues are bundled together called vascular bundles.
5
Q 3. How are xylem and phloem tissue i) the same? ii) different?
Ans. i) both are composed of more than one type of cells and play a role of transport in
plants.
ii)
Xylem Phloem
• They carry water and minerals from • They carry sugar solution from the leaves
the soil up to the other parts of plant. to every other part of the plant.
• Transportation through them is in one • Transportation through these tubes is in
direction. two directions.
• They have thick, strong walls. • They have thin walls.
• Can provide mechanical support. • Cannot provide mechanical support.
• Xylem cells are dead. • Phloem cells are alive.

Q 4. Explain how xylem tubes help support a plant.

Ans. Xylem tissues have thickened, strong walls which helps in providing support to the
plants.
Q 5. What happens at the root tip. (N)
Ans. At the root tip new cells are formed resulting in the growth of a root.
Q 6. What is the job of the root cap? (N)
Ans. The job of root cap is to protect the growing root tip.

Leaves p:19
Q 1. What do leaves do? (N)
Ans. Leaves are the ‘food factories’ of plants. They are the structures where a plant makes
food during photosynthesis.
Q 2. Why are leaves able to
a) absorb lots of light?
Ans. Leaves are broad and flat ,that’s why they are able to absorb lots of light.
b) get gases to the cells easily?
Ans. As leaves are thin so, gases can get to all the cells easily.
c) get gases in and out?
Ans. Leaves have holes called stomata to let gases get in and out from the surrounding
air.
d) get water in and sugar out?
Ans. Leaves have lots of veins made from vascular bundles to carry water to
photosynthesizing cells and carry sugar away.
Q 3 (a). What are leaf veins? (N)
Ans. Leaf veins act as a skeleton which support the leaf as well as the transport system. It is
made up of vascular bundle.
(b). What are Leaf veins for? (N)
Ans. i) They carry water to photosynthesizing cells and carry sugar away.
ii) They support the leaf as well a transport system.
Q 4. Explain why narrow leaves still do their job well?

6
Ans. Plants with narrow leaves like grass can still do their job well because they are very
thin and gases can get to every cell easily.
Q 5. What makes a leaf waterproof? (N)
Ans. The upper skin of the leaf is covered by a layer of wax. This is called cuticle. It makes
the leaf waterproof.
Q 6. Explain why the upper skin of a leaf is transparent. (N)
Ans. The upper skin of the leaf is transparent to allow light to pass to the cells below.
Q 7. Why do the cells in the middle of a leaf have lots of chloroplasts?
Ans. The middle layer of the leaf has thick cells where most of photosynthesis occurs. That is
why it has lots of chloroplasts.

Transporting food: p 21
Q 1. Why do growing shoots need sugar?
Ans. Shoots are the rapid growing structures of the plants particularly in spring season. That
is why they need a lot of sugar.
Q 2. Why do fruits taste sweet? (N)
Ans. Fruits taste sweet as a lot of sugar is stored in them.
Q 3. Why are there holes in the ends of phloem tubes? (N)
Ans. The holes in the ends let the sugar solution moves from cell to cell along the phloem
tube.
Q 4. Explain why the speed and direction of sugar solution moving in the phloem
change.
Ans. The speed and the direction of the sugar solution moving in the phloem changes as it
depends on how much sugar is needed by the parts of the plant and when.
Q 5. Suggest and explain what happens to the movement of sugar in winter when a tree
has no leaves.
Ans. As the winter approaches , the plants transfer their nutrients from the leaves to the
branches where it is stored in the bark.
Q 6. In Spring, sugar solution rises quickly up to the phloem in plants stem. Give a
reason for this.
Ans. In the spring season the plants growth is much more rapid, therefore the sugar solution
rises quickly up to the growing shoot tips in plants stem.

Osmosis :p22 (INCLUDED IN 3rd TERM)

Q 1. What is osmosis? (N)
Ans. The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to a
region of lower water concentration across a partially permeable membrane is called
osmosis.
Q 2. Explain why osmosis is a special kind of diffusion?
Ans. Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion because the diffusion can describe the movement
of any kind of molecule, osmosis is only about the movement of water molecules.

Q 3. What is a partially permeable membrane? (N)

7
Ans. Partially permeable membrane has very tiny holes in it which only allow some
molecules to pass through.
Q 4. Explain why the liquid rises up the tubing in the experiment on page#22?
• In the experiment shown below water can pass both ways across the membrane.
• But because there are more water molecules in the weak sugar solution than in the
strong sugar solution,
• water molecules will move mainly across the membrane into the strong sugar
solution.
• Soon the liquid begin to rise up the tube.
• This goes on until both sides has the same concentration.

Transpiration : p24 (INCLUDED IN 3rd TERM)

Q 1. What is transpiration? (N)
Ans. Transpiration is the process by which plant loses water from its leaves into the
surrounding air.
Q 2. What are stomata? (N)
Ans. A tiny hole in the bottom skin of the leaf is called stoma. Lots of holes are called
stomata. Water vapours and gases pass out of the leaves usually through these holes.
Q 3. Describe how the guard cells change the shape of the stomata.
Ans. Each stoma is surrounded by two sausage shaped guard cells which control the size of
the hole. When a plant has plenty of water, the pressure inside the guard cells rises and the
stoma will open. Open stoma allows more transpiration.
However, when guard cells lose water, he pressure inside falls and the stoma will
close. Closed stomata slow down transpiration.
Q 4. List four things that affect the rate of transpiration.
i) Temperature- as the temperature increases the transpiration increases.
ii) Wind – as the wind increases the transpiration increases.
iii) Humidity – as the humidity increases the transpiration decreases.
iv) Time of day – during the day , the transpiration increases.
Q 5. Explain why a pot plant will soon begin to wilt when it is kept on a sunny window
sill.
Ans. When the temperature increases, transpiration speeds up. More water evaporates
resulting in the wilting of plant in the pot.

Support in plants: p 25 (INCLUDED IN 3rd TERM)

Q 1. Why do leaves and flowers need support?
Ans. Leaves of a plant need support to get as much light as they can for photosynthesis.
Flowers must be held up in the air so they can be pollinated by the wind or passing
insects.
Q 2. Explain how vascular bundles support a plant.
Ans. Xylem tubes in vascular bundles have thick, strong walls which make them ideal for
supporting a plant. They are like the ‘skeleton’ running all through a plant from the ends of
the roots to the tips of the leaves.
Q 3. Give one place where vascular bundles are a) close together b) spread out
8
Ans. a) vascular bundles are close together to squeeze through narrow parts like the leaf
stalk.
b) In the stem, veins spread out as they are arranged in the ring around outside. Veins
also spread out across leaves to hold them flat.
Q 4. Explain how a plant cell becomes turgid.
Ans. When a plant has plenty of water, the water will enter in the vacuole of each of its cells
by osmosis causing the cells to expand. The cell content will push out against the cellulose
cell wall making the cell turgid.
Q 5. What is wilting and what causes it? (N)
Ans. I f a plant does not get a good supply of water, water leaves the cells, causing them to
go floppy or flaccid. Flaccid cells give no support and the plant wilts.

Flowers :p27
Q 1. Why are flowers important to a plant?
Ans. Flowers are the important part of a plant because they contain the male and female
reproductive organs. Their bright colours, sweet smell attract insects, birds, and even bats.
Thus, supports pollination.
Q 2. What is the name of the female reproductive organ in a flowering plant? (N)
Ans. The female reproductive organ in a flowering plant is called carpel.
Q 3. What is the name of the male reproductive organ in a flowering plant? (N)
Ans. The male reproductive organ in a flowering plant is called stamen.
Q 4. How are flowers adapted to attract insects? (N)
Ans. Flowers’ petals are brightly coloured and have a scent to attract insects.
Q 5. What is nectar? (N)
Ans. Nectar is a sweet liquid that attracts insects. It is made at the base of the petals.
Q 6. What do sepals do? (N)
Ans. Sepals protect the flower when it is in bud.

Page 28
1 Multiple choice questions
i. c ii. d iii. b iv. c v. a

2 True or false
i. True ii. False iii. False iv. True v. True

Workbook

Page 12
1 True or false
i. True ii. False iii. False iv. True v. False

2 Multiple choice questions

i. c ii. b iii. c iv. d v. a

9
ii. flower: to attract insects for pollination
leaf: to make food by photosynthesis
roots: to absorb water and to anchor the plant to the soil
stem: to hold the leaves and flowers above the ground.

Page 14
4 i. A waxy cuticle B leaf tissue C stoma D upper skin E chloroplast F guard
cell
ii. B iii. A iv. C v. E

Page 15
5 Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion. Osmosis is defined as the movement of water
molecules from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
across a partially permeable membrane. This membrane has very tiny holes in it which
only allow some molecules to pass through. Water molecules will fit through these holes
because they are very small. Molecules such as sugar, are too large to get through the holes.

6 i. Mainly on the underside of leaves.

ii. Allow the exchange of gases between the air and air spaces in the leaf.
iii. 1 Guard cells have chloroplasts, leaf skin cells don’t.
2 The walls of guard cells are irregularly thickened. The walls of leaf skin cells are the
same thickness all over.
iv. Control the opening and closing of stomata.
v. Guard cells have chloroplasts which is where photosynthesis takes place.

Page 16
7 i. Tissue is a collection of similar cells doing the same job.
ii. a. Both tissues form tubes
b. The walls of xylem are thickened, the walls of phloem are not. Phloem has sieves
plates, xylem doesn’t.
iii. a. In one the thickening is arranged as a spiral. In the other it is in rings.
b. To strengthen the walls of the tubes.
iv. To allow/control the flow of sugar solution through the tubes.

Page 17
8 i. Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the leaves of a plant into the surrounding
air.
ii. If air gets into the tube, water cannot be taken up by the leafy shoot.
iii. So that air doesn’t get into the xylem of the plant and break the water supply.
iv. Place the apparatus in different places where the shoot will be exposed to different
conditions.

_________________________________________

(Unit# 3)
10
 The Periodic Table
Pg#34
Q.1 What do scientists currently believe an atom consists of? (diag. pg# 32)
Ans. A tiny positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of rapidly moving electrons.
Q.2 What gave Dalton the idea that everything is made of atoms?
Ans. Water could only evaporate into the air if water and air were made of particles which
could not be broken down into anything smaller.
Q.3 What are subatomic particles? (N)
Ans. Particles which are smaller than an atom.
1. Electrons
2. Protons
3. Neutrons.
Q.4 Describe Thompson’s atomic model. (diag. pg# 33)
Ans. In Thompson’s atomic model (called the ‘Plum pudding’ model),, most of the space in
an atom is made up of positively charged material with lots of tiny negatively charged
electrons scattered through it.
Q.5 Describe what happened when Rutherford fired positively charged particles at thin
gold foil. What did this prove? (diag. pg# 33)
Ans. Some particles were repelled instead of passing straight through. It proved there must be
a very small positive bit in the centre of each atom.
Pg#35

Q. 1(a) Name three tiny particles which make up atoms.(b) Write the charge alongside
each one. (N)
Ans. Proton positive charge (+)
Electron negative charge (-)
Neutron neutral
Q.2 What does the nucleus contains? (N)
Ans. Nucleus contains electrons and protons.
Q.3 a) Where are electrons found in an atom? (N)
Ans. The electrons are arranged in layers around the nucleus. Each layer or shell can hold a
certain number of electrons.
Q.3 b) Explain why electrons take up most of the atoms space. (N)
Ans. Electrons take up most of the space in an atom because they are moving rapidly in orbits
and orbits build up in layers as they become full.
Q.4 Suggest why scientists use chemical symbols. (N)
Ans. Symbols are a kind of chemical shorthand, recognized all over the world and it is also
difficult to always use complete names of elements. e.g C for Carbon.
Q. 5 Explain these terms:
a) Atomic Number:
The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number. e.g atomic number of O is 8
that of carbon is 6.
b) Mass number:
The mass of an atom depends on how many protons and neutrons it has: e.g mass number of
O is 16 that of C is 12 . It can be calculated by the formula:
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons

11
Pg#36
Q.1 What is an ion? (N)
Ans. An atom with a charge is known as ion. e.g Na+, Cl-
Q.2 Gold has atomic number 79 and mass number 197.what would you find inside an
atom of gold??
Ans. There will be 79 protons and 79 electrons. Also there is 118 neutrons present in its
nucleus.
Q.3 Oxygen has atomic number 8 and mass number 16. Draw a labelled diagram to
show the structure of oxygen atom.
Ans.

Q.4 All carbon atoms have atomic number 6, but some have mass number 12, and
others have mass number 14.what is:
a) The same:
Ans. Number of protons and number of electrons are same.
b) Different, about the structure of these two types of carbon atom?
Ans. Number of neutrons is different in both types of carbon atoms.

Pg#39
Q.1 Write down the group numbers for Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur (N)
Ans.
Carbon IV
Oxygen VI
Nitrogen V
Sulphur VI
Q.2 Where in the periodic table do you find the precious metals gold silver and
platinum? (N)
Ans. They are found in the middle of the periodic table.
Q.3 Write down the names of the elements having these symbols:
Ans
Pb Lead
Sn Tin
W Tungsten
K Potassium
P Phosphorous
Hg Mercury
Q.4(a) How many electrons do these elements have in their outer shell (N)
Ans.
Nitrogen 5
Chlorine 7
Calcium 2

12
Q.4(b) Explain how you got your answer?
Ans. By looking at their group number in the periodic table.
Q.5 What do the elements in these groups have in common?
a) Alkali metals b)Halogens c)noble gases
Ans a) Alkali metals
The elements in group I are sometimes called alkali metals.
i. These are reactive because they have one electron in their outer shell.
ii. They react violently with water.
b) Halogens
i. Group VII of periodic table contains the halogens.
ii. These are reactive elements because their atoms have one empty space in their
outer shell.
iii. Halogens are coloured gases and very poisonous.
c) Noble gases
The most famous group in the periodic table is group VIII (group 0), the noble gases.
i. They are famous because they do not react.
ii. Their outer electron shells are completely full.
Pg#41
Q.1 When an atom loses an electron, what charge does the ion have? (N)
Ans. The ion have positive (+) charge.
Q.2 When an atom gains an electron, what charge does the ion have? (N)
Ans. The ion have negative (-) charge.
Q.3 Describe the changes in appearances of the substances when sodium and chlorine
combine to form sodium chloride. (diag. pg# 3)
Ans. Sodium is a solid metal, whereas chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas. When both of them
combine, they form sodium chloride which is a white crystalline salt.
Q.4 Give one way in which the formation of magnesium oxide differs from the
formation of sodium chloride.
Ans. In case of magnesium oxide 2 electrons are lost by magnesium and 2 electrons are
gained by oxygen. Whereas in case of sodium chloride one electron is lost b sodium and one
electron is gained by chlorine.
Q.5 Explain, using diagram, how potassium forms the compound potassium fluoride
(KF) when it reacts with fluorine.
Ans. Potassium atom loses one electron and fluorine atom gains that one electron to form an
ionic compound potassium fluoride(KF).

Pg#43
Q.1 Which particle in an atom is involved in a covalent bond? (N)
Ans. Electrons are involved in covalent bond.

13
 Q.2 Describe how a covalent bond is formed? (N)
Ans. A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. e.g H-H
Q.3 What particle is made in covalent bond? (N)
Ans. A molecule is formed in a covalent bond. H2
Q.4 Explain the difference between a covalent bond and ionic bond.
Ans
Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
The bond formed by the loss or gain of The bond formed by the sharing of electrons
electrons is known as ionic bond. is known as covalent bond.
e.g Na loses 1 electron and Cl gains 1 e.g chlorine gas (Cl2) is formed when two
electron to form NaCl. chlorine atom share electron with each other.

Q.5 A Carbon Dioxide molecule has the formula CO2

a) What elements are in carbon dioxide?
Ans. Carbon and Oxygen.
b) How many atoms of each element are there in one molecule of carbon dioxide?
Ans. There are 2 Oxygen atoms and 1 carbon atom.
c) Draw a diagram to show how two covalent bonds are formed by sharing
electrons in carbon dioxide.
Ans. Formation of CO2

Bonding O=C=O
Page 44
Exercise
1. Multiple choice questions
i. a ii. b iii. a iv. d v. b
2. True or false
a. True b. False c. False d. False e. False
ThPeriodic Table

Workbook
Page 18
1 True or false
i. True ii. False iii. True iv. False v. True
2 Multiple choice questions
i. c ii. b iii. b iv. c v. d

Page 19
3 Some atoms lose or gain electrons easily to become charged ions. Positive and negative
ions can be held together by electrostatic attraction. Positive sodium ions are attracted to
negative chloride ions. They bond to produce sodium chloride. This is called ionic bonding.
When two non-metallic elements react they do not form ions. Instead their atoms overlap so
they can share electrons. This is called covalent bonding.
14
4 i. A ii. a. D b. –1 iii. a. C b. +1

5 bromine Br carbon C
calcium Ca copper Cu
hydrogen H iron Fe
magnesium Mg mercury Hg
silver Ag zinc Zn

Page 20 5i

ii. It is only a theoretical way of describing an atom because an atom is so small that no one
has seen its actual form.
iii. 3 iv. 4
Page 21
7 (A) H2O (B) CH4 (C) CO2 (D) HCl (E) NH3 (F) N2
i. (C) ii (D) iii. (A) iv. (F)
Page 22
8

i. Elements are arranged in order of their atomic numbers.

ii. a. left v. Hydrogen

Page 23
9.

Nitrogen Atom N(2,5)

________________________________________________
15
 (Unit # 6)
Simple Chemical Reactions
Page# 73
Q 1. Give three differences between a physical and a chemical change?
Physical Change Chemical Change
i. One or more new substances are
i. No new substances are made.
formed.
ii. Energy is not always given out ii. Energy is always given out or
or taken in. taken in.
iii. It is usually very difficult to
iii. It can be reversed.
reverse
iv. Example : iv. Example :
Crushed can, Fuel burning,
Melting of ice Cooking of food

Q 2. Which of the photographs (pg #72) are examples of physical change and which
ones are chemical changes? Explain your answer
Physical change:
Crushed can, chopped food, ice melting are examples of physical change. No new
substance is made.
Chemical change:
Fuel burning, toast burning, food cooking are examples of chemical change. New
substances are formed which cannot be reversed.
Q 3. When do chemical changes happen?
Chemical changes occur when the atoms in the molecules separate and join up with
other atoms, forming new molecules. e.g
Iron + sulphur Iron sulphide

Page # 74
Q 1. What is the easiest way of writing a chemical reaction?
Word equation is the easiest way of writing down what is happening during a
chemical reaction .
(heating)
Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
Q 2. What name is given to the chemicals involved in a chemical reaction? (N)
The chemicals involved in the chemical reaction are called reactants.
Iron + sulphur Iron sulphide

Reactants
Q 3. What name is given to the chemicals produced in a chemical reaction? (N)
The chemicals produced during a chemical reaction are called products.
Iron + sulphur Iron sulphide

Product

16
Q 4. Explain the difference between an endothermic reaction and an exothermic
reaction?
Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
i. Endothermic reactions
i. Chemical reactions which give out
need heat to get them
heat are exothermic reactions.
started.
ii. Example : ii. Example :
Respiration Photosynthesis

Page #76
Q 1. i) What type of chemical reaction is magnesium burning in air?
Magnesium burning in air is a synthesis (combination) reaction.
ii) Is this endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer.
Magnesium burning in air is an exothermic reaction as it gives out heat.
Q 2. Lime (calcium oxide) is produced by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) in a
hot kiln. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product.
i) Is this chemical reaction endothermic or exothermic? (N)
Production of lime is an Endothermic reaction as it is produced by the thermal
decomposition of limestone.
ii) Write the word equation for the production of lime.
Calcium carbonate (heating) Calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
Q 3. Explain why the reaction between iron and copper sulphate is an example of a
displacement reaction.
During a displacement reaction, one substance pushes out another substance to take
its place. In the reaction between iron and copper sulphate, the iron displaces copper
from the copper sulphate solution.

Iron + Copper sulphate è Copper + Iron sulphate

Page # 78
Q 5. Is burning endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer. (N)
Heat energy is given off during burning so, it is an exothermic reaction.
Q 6. What is an oxide? Which oxide is produced when carbon is burnt in the air? (N)
An oxide is produced when a fuel reacts with oxygen. Carbon dioxide is produced
when carbon is burnt in air.
Q 7. Name three fuels that burn well in the air. (N)
Wood, coal, oil.
Q 8. What is a hydrocarbon? What happens to a hydrocarbon when it burns? (N)
Hydrocarbons are fuels containing elements hydrogen and carbon. During burning
these elements combine with oxygen to form water, and carbon dioxide.
Q 1. Why do our bodies need fuel? Where does this fuel come from?
Our body needs fuel:
i. to produce energy,
ii. to keep the body working properly.

17
 Fuel mainly in the form of carbohydrate comes from the food that we eat.
Q 6. Give one way that combustion and respiration are
i. the same
In both reactions, energy is produced by combining a fuel with oxygen.
ii. different
Combustion is a fast reaction whereas, respiration is a much slower reaction.
Page # 79
Q 1. In the candle experiment, the test tube had a volume of 10 cm3 and it took just 2
seconds for the candle to go out. Suggest how this time might change if test tubes of
i) 20 cm3 ii) 50 cm3
i) The candle would take 4 seconds to go out.
ii) The candle would take 10 seconds to go out.
Q 2. What happens to the carbon dioxide produced in the experiment?
Stays in the test tube and dissolves in the water
Q 3. How did Priestly know he had discovered ‘oxygen’?
Things burned more brightly in ‘oxygen’.
Q 4. Give one way in which the candle experiment and the Lavoisier’s experiment are
i) same ii) different.
i) 1.In both experiments things reacted with oxygen in an enclosed space.
2. 1/5th of the air is used .
ii)In candle experiment, candle burnt whereas in Lavoisier’s experiment mercury was
just heated.
Q 5. Write down three things needed to keep the fire burning.
i) air/oxygen, ii) fuel, iii)heat
Q 6. Explain why water can be used to put out a bonfire.
Water removes heat from the fire.

Page # 80
Exercise
1. Multiple choice questions
i. d ii. b iii.b iv. c v. a
2. True or false
i. True ii. False iii. True iv. True v. True
Answers (Workbook)
Page 36
1 True or false
i. False ii. False iii. False iv. False v. True
2 Multiple choice questions
i. c ii. c iii. a iv. d v. a
Page 37
3 i. mixture ii. element iii. compound iv. molecule
4i. a. C b. D c. A ii. a. E b. The atoms have not combined completely.
Page 38
5. ii. HCl iii. MgCl2 iv. NH3 v. CH4 vi. CO2

18
6i. C ii.B iii.a. A b. magnesium oxide
iv. a. B b. It has lost weight after heating.
Page 39
7i. Physical changes Chemical changes
boiling water frying an egg
breaking a match stick acid dissolving limestone
crushing a can rusting nail
tearing clothes striking a match
ii. Any two except acid dissolving limestone and rusting nail.
iii. 1 Dissolving limestone 2 Rusting iron

8Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions

a burning match plants using sunlight to make food
a firework exploding sucking a mint to cool your mouth
respiration in animal and plant frying an egg
cells
Page 40
9i. 1 air/oxygen 2 heat 3 fuel
ii. Three things are needs for combustion
iii. burning
iv. carbon dioxide/water
v. A blanket prevents air/oxygen from getting to the fire.
vi. Electrical fire
vii. There will be little oxygen and a lot of carbon dioxide.
___________________________________

19
 Unit #7
Sound and Hearing

Page 85
Q 1. How do humans and other animals detect sound energy? (N)
Ans. Their ears can detect sound energy.
Q 2. How are sounds made? (N)
Ans. Sounds are made when something vibrates.
Q 3. Name two musical instruments (N)
a) That have vibrating strings.
Guitar and violin
b) That you blow into.
Clarinet and flute
c) That you hit.
Drum and tambourine
Q 4. Explain how humans produce speech sounds.
Humans produce speech sounds by the vibration of their vocal cords and the rolling of
their tongue..

Page 86
Q 1. Describe how we hear the sound when a drum is hit. (diag.)
i) When the drummer hits the drum, the drum skin vibrates rapidly up and down.
ii) The vibrating drum skin makes air molecules vibrate backwards and forwards.
iii) These molecules affect the molecules next to them. The sound spreads out.
iv) Within a split second, all the air molecules will be vibrating.
v) We hear the sound when the air inside our ears starts vibrating our eardrums.
Q 2. What evidence is there that sound travels through
a) Gases?
We can hear sounds all around us.
b) Liquids?
Dolphins communicate by sending out high pitched squeaks and clicks which
travel through the water.
c) Solids?
We can hear someone knocking on the door and the sound of a beating drum.
Q 3. Explain why sounds cannot travel in a vacuum.
Sound can only move when there is something to move through. It means that sound
can pass anywhere if there are particles, and the more tightly packed the particles are,
the further the sound travels.
Sound cannot travel in a vacuum because there are no particles in it.
Page 87
Q 1. What are sound waves? (N)
Sound waves are stretches and squashes of the air spread out from the source of the
sound.

20
Q 2. In sound waves what is the distance between compressions called? (N)
The distance between two compressions is called a wavelength.
Q 3. What is longitudinal wave? (N)
In a longitudinal wave the vibrations move backwards and forwards. E.g. the waves
on the spring and sound waves.
Q 4. How are sound waves different from the waves in the sea or the ripples on
water?
The waves in a sea or the ripples on water move up and down, whereas sound waves
are longitudinal waves move backwards and forwards.

Page 88
Q 1. What is the approximate speed of sound? (N)
In air, the speed of sound is about 330 meters per second.
Q 2. Does sound travels at the same speed through all materials? (N)
No. In general, sound travels faster in liquids than in gases. It travels fastest of all in
solids.
Q 3. In the thunderstorm the thunder is made at the same time as the lightening.
Explain why a person 1600 meters away hears thunder about 5 seconds after
seeing the lightening.
Light travels faster than sound so we see the lightening first and hear the sound of
thunder after some time. A person standing 1600 m away will hear the thunder after
five seconds because:
The speed of sound = distance/ time
= 1600/5 = 320 m/s
Whereas, speed of light is 300 000 km/s which is about 1 million times more than
speed of sound.
Q 4. What is an echo? (N)
An echo is the reflected sound from walls and other hard surfaces. It is heard a short
time after the original sound.
Q 5. What is an echo time? (N)
Echo time is the time for a sound to travel from its source to a hard surface and back
again.
Q 6. Calculate the speed of sound in the example of echoes. Use the formula
Speed=distance / time
Given:
Speed = 80 x 2 = 160 m Time = 0.5 s
Solution :
Speed = distance/time = 160/0.5 = 320 m/s

Page 90
Q 1. What is meant by
a) Pitch?
The pitch of a sound means how high or low the sound is. It depends on how rapidly
the sound produced vibrates.

21
 b) The frequency of sound?
The frequency of sound is the number of vibrations set up in one second. It is
measured in Hertz (Hz).
Q 2. The frequency of a drum note is 20 Hz. What does this tell you about the drum
skin movement? (N)
The skin of the drum vibrates 20 times in a second.
Q 3. A drum is hit hard and then softly.
a) How does the volume change?
When the drum is hit hard, a loud sound (high volume)is produced. When it is hit
softly a quiet sound (low volume)is produced.
b) How does the amplitude change?
When the drum is hit hard the skin of the drum vibrates with a high amplitude. When
it is hit softly the amplitude of the vibrations is small.
Q 4. What is the wavelength of a sound with a frequency of 330Hz?(take the speed of
sound in air to be 330 m/s.)
Given :
Frequency = 330 Hz Speed = 330 m/s
Solution:
Wavelength = speed / frequency = 330/330 =1m
Page 92
Q 1. a) What is noise pollution? (N)
Too much noise is called noise pollution.
b) Give three sources of noise pollution? (N)
Traffic, noise from radios, TVs, and machinery.
Q 2. a) How can noise levels be measured?
Noise levels can be measured with a sound meter. A sound meter converts sound
energy into electrical energy which can be displayed on a scale.
b) What units is sound measured in?
decibels (dB)
Q 3. How much louder is (N)
a) A motor car than a washing machine?
30 dB
b) An aeroplane taking off than a baby crying?
20dB
Q 4. Explain why you hear echoes when you speak in an empty room.
The walls, floor, and ceiling are hard, flat solid surfaces and reflect the smallest
sound.
Q 5. a) Name three good sound proofing materials. (N)
Soft foams, wadding and fabric
b) Explain how good sound proof materials work.
They contain lots of air which absorbs sound energy. Sound travels much quicker
through solids than through air.

22
Page 93
Exercise
1. Multiple choice questions
i. d ii. d iii.d iv. a v. a
2. True or false
i. True ii. False iii. True iv. False v. True
Answers (Workbook)
Page 42
1 True or false
i. False ii. True iii. True iv False v. True
2 Multiple choice questions
i. b ii. d iii. b iv. a v. b
Page 43
3 i. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
mouth organ harp tambourine
saxophone guitar drum
flute cello xylophone
trumpet tubular bells
ii. a. flute - the air column vibrates b. guitar - the strings vibrate c. drum - the skin
vibrates
iii. It plays a higher note by tightening the skin.
iv. a. By tightening the strings. b. By slackening the strings.
v. The sound waves produced by the piano travel through the open lid instead of being
reflected and absorbed inside the closed piano.
Page 44
4 C, E, A, D, B
Page 45

23
 Page 46
6i. To get an average and therefore a more accurate result
ii. 1.2 + 1.1 + 1.3 = 3.6
Average time = 3.6 / 3
= 1.2 seconds
iii. Speed of sound = 400/1.2
= 333.33 m/s approximately.
Page 47
7i. decibel ii. Because of the vibrations caused by the metal banging against each other.
iii. A rock concert.
iv. a. By wearing earmuffs.
b It would stop loud noise vibrations from entering the ear and hitting against the eardrum.
v. They amplify the sound waves according to the hearing capacity of the deaf person.
Page 48
8i. C ii.D iii. B iv. D v. a. B b. C
Page 49
9i.

ii. Ear flap → canal → eardrum → hammer, anvil, stirrup → cochlea → nerve to the brain.
iii. a. Too much noise.
b. Examples such as machinery, aircraft, traffic, firing range etc.

_________________________________

24
 Unit#9
Acids &Alkalis
Page no.111
Q1.How does the acid in food affect their taste? (N)
Acids in food give them a slightly sour or sharp taste
Q2.Describe how fizzy drinks are made. (N)
Fizzy drinks are made by adding carbon dioxide gas to the drink under pressure.
Q3.Give two uses for
a)sulphuric acid b) nitric acid.
a) Sulphuric acid is used in car batteries and as a raw material for making many other
chemicals such as plastics, paints and soap.
b)Nitric acid is used to make fertilizers and explosives.
Q4.Describe how acids rain is produced, and how it affects the environment.
Ans. When coal and oil burn, sulphur dioxide is produced and released into the atmosphere.
It dissolves in rain water to form sulphuric acid. This is a strong acid and it makes the rain
very acidic.
Effects:
i) When acid rain falls, it harms plants and water life.
ii) It also eats into stonework, especially limestone.

Page no.113
Q1.By what is the strength of an acid measured?
The strength of an acid is measured by its pH. The lower the pH number, the stronger the
acid. The higher the pH number, the weaker the acid.
Q2.How is the strength of an acid affected by the number of hydrogen ion it contain?
The stronger the acid the more hydrogen ions there are.
Q3.What is the pH of (N)
a) A neutral solution?
b) An acid?
c) An alkali?
Ans. a). 7 b). less than 7 c). more than 7
Q4.Explain the difference b/w the strength and the concentration of an acid.

Concentration of an acid Strength of an acid

The concentration of an acid depends on The strength of an acid refers to the number
the amount of water present in it. If there of hydrogen ions in it. The higher the
is more water, the concentration will be number of hydrogen ions the stronger the
low and vice versa. acid.

Q5.Name three indicators and say what colour they are in (N)
a)acid b)alkali
Indicator Colour in acid Colour in alkali
litmus red Blue
phenolphthalein Colourless Pink
methyl orange orange Yellow

25
Page no.114
a)Explain why the indicator changes colour during the neutralizing reaction shown on
page 114. (N)
The indicator changes colour as the pH of the solution gradually changes to neutral.
b)Explain the values at stages 1,2,3,and 4. (N)
i. strong alkali pH14
ii. weak alkali pH10
iii. neutral pH7
iv. weak acid pH3

Page no.116
Q1.What is neutralization reaction? (N)
When an acid and an alkali are mixed together, they cancel each other out or neutralize each
other. e.g HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Q2. Copy and complete this equation for a neutralization reaction (N)
Acid + alkali→______+_______
Ans. acid + alkali → salt + water
Q3.20 drops of hydrochloric acid are needed to neutralize 10 drops of sodium hydroxide
solution. What does this tell you about the strength of the solution? (N)
The alkali is twice as concentrated as the acid.
Q4.Which acids produce the following salts? (N)
a) Chlorides b) sulphates c) nitrates
b) a. hydrochloric acid b. sulphuric acid c. nitric acid

Page no.117
Q1.a)Where does the acid that causes tooth decay come from?
Our teeth get coated with sugar as we eat food during the day. Bacteria feed on the sugar and
produce acid as waste. This acid causes tooth decay
b)Explain how toothpaste prevent tooth decay.
Most toothpastes that we use are slightly alkaline. They remove the bacteria and also
neutralize the acid.
Q2.a)Explain how indigestion is caused.
Hydrochloric acid is produced in our stomachs to help in the digestion of food. Sometimes,
during a big meal, too much acid is produced and this causes indigestion
b)How do indigestion tablets work?
Indigestion tablets or antacids contain metal carbonates or hydroxides which neutralize the
excess acid.
Q3.Explain why sodium hydrogen carbonates (bicarbonates of soda) could be used to
remove the painful effects of a bee sting.
Bee stings contain acid. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is alkaline, so it can be used to
neutralize the acid, thereby relieving the painful effects of a bee sting.
Q4.Explain why vinegar could be used to relieve the painful effects of a wasp sting.
Wasp stings are alkaline, so vinegar, a weak acid, will take away the painful effect of a wasp
sting.

Exercise page# 118

1. Multiple choice questions
i. c ii. a iii. d iv. c v. b
2. True or false

26
i. True ii.False iii.True iv. False v. True

Workbook
Page#58
1 True or False i. True ii.False iii.False iv. False v. False

2 Multiple choice questions

i. a ii. c iii. civ. bv. c

Pg# 59
lemonade Acid

water Neutral

washing powder Alkali

lime Alkali

bleach Alkali

apple Acid

Page 60
4.Rain dissolves carbon dioxide from the air, making carbonic acid. Other gases produced
by industry cause rain to be more acidic. These gases are sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide. When they dissolve in water they form sulphuric acid and nitrous acid. Burning
fossil fuels such as coal and oil give off these gases causing acid rain. Acid rain damages
buildings and plants. It also pollutes water, killing fish.

Q#5i.litmus ii. a. red b. blue

iii. It gives an indication of the strength of the acid or alkali.
iv. a. Refer to the coloured diagram on Page112 of the student’s book.
b. strong acid, weak acid, neutral, weak alkali, strong alkali.

Page 61
Q#6
Colour of
Household Acid, alkali
pH universal
item or neutral
indicator
oven cleaner 13 purple strong alkali
tap water 7 green Neutral
vinegar 3 orange weak acid
lemon juice 1 red strong acid
baking powder 9 blue weak alkali

7 hydrochloric acid chloride, nitric acid nitrate, sulphuric acid sulphate, phosphoric acid
phosphate, ethanoic (acetic) acid ethanoate (acetate)
27
8i. alkali
ii. To cancel the affect of an acid or alkali when they are mixed together.
iii. salt and water
iv. sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid →sodium chloride + water

Page# 62
9 i.So that the tablets would dissolve quickly
ii. To make it a fair test and therefore get accurate results
iii. when the indicator used changed colour
iv. To get more accurate results.
v. Ono 12 +12+ 14= 38 / 3 = 12 .67
Burpo 18 + 19 + 22 = 59 / 3 = 19.67
Relievo 22+ 21+ 24 = 67 / 3 = 22.33

Indigestion Number of drops of acid needed to

tablet neutralize tablet
1stExp 2nd Exp 3rdExp Average
Ono 12 12 14 12.67
Burpo 18 19 22 19.67
Relievo 22 21 24 22.33
vi.

vii. Ono, because it took the least number of acid drops for neutralization. This means that it
will take the shortest time to relieve indigestion.

___________________________________________________

28
 Unit#10
(light)
Page no.123
Q 1:How fast does light travel?
Ans. Light travels at the speed of 300 000 km/s in air. It travels one million times faster than
sound
Q2.Why can we represent light rays using a ruler?
Ans. Because light travels in straight lines, we can represent them using lines drawn with a
ruler.
Q 3. Explain the difference b/w transparent and a translucent material.
Ans.
Transparent material Translucent material
Rays of light pass through these materials They let some but not all light through
them.
Example. Example.
Glass, acetate sheet frosted glass, greaseproof paper.

Q 4.Which of the following material are

a)transparent b)translucent c)opaque
a)transparent
acetate sheet glass
b)translucent
frosted glass, greaseproof paper
c)opaque
metal wood

Page no.124
Q1.What is a plane mirror? (N)
A plane mirror is a flat mirror.
Q2.Explain why you cannot see an image in a piece of paper.
Ans A piece of paper has a rough surface so reflected light is diffused in all directions. (diag
pg#123)
Q 3.Explain the difference b/w incident ray and a reflected ray. (diag # Pg 124)
Ans.
Incident ray Reflected ray
It is the incoming ray which strikes the It is the outgoing ray which is reflected as
material at an angle. the same angle as the incident ray.

Q4.What is a normal? (N)

A normal is a line drawn between the incident ray and the reflected ray at 90 degrees to the
mirror
Q5.What is the rule of reflection of light? (N)
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
Q 6. Explain these terms:
a) Virtual image b) Laterally inverted image
Ans. a)When light rays from an object strike a plane mirror, an image can be seen in the
mirror. The image appears to be same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front. This
is virtual image because no rays of light actually pass through it. (draw diag pg#124)
b) The image in the mirror is laterally inverted which means it appears changed from left to
right.
MIRROR 29
Page.126
Q 1.a)What is refraction? (N)
Ans When a ray of light passes from air into a material such as glass or water, it slows down
and bends towards the normal. This bending of light is called refraction.
b)Describe how a ray of light is refracted when it passes through a glass block.
Ans Light entering the glass block slows down and bends towards the normal. As it leaves
the glass, it speeds up again and bends away from the normal. The ray emerging from the
rectangular block is parallel to the ray going in. (diag pg# 125)
Q2.Explain why light bends more when it passes through diamond than it does through
glass.
Ans Diamond is more dense, so the refraction is greater. (diag pg 125)
Q 3.Explain why things look as if they are in a different position when seen through
water.
Ans. Things appear at different position when seen through water due to refraction. Light
bends when it enters from one medium to another but our brain judges that the light from an
object came to us straight. (diag.)

Page.127
Q 1.Describe the shape of
a) A concave lens.
A concave lens is thinner in the middle than at the edges.
b) A convex lens
A convex lens is thicker in the middle than at the edges. (diag. of lenses)
Q 2. What kind of lens would you use as a magnifying glass? (N)
A convex lens.
Q3 a)What is the focal point of lens? (N)
The focal point of a lens is the point at which all the rays passing through a lens seem to
meet.
b)What is the focal length of a lens? (N)
The focal length is the distance between the focal point and the middle of the lens.
Q4.Explain why it is easier to find the focal point of a convex lens than that of a concave
lens.
Ans. A convex lens focuses the light rays to a point, whereas a concave lens spreads the light
rays. To find the focal point of a concave lens the refracted rays have to be traced back
through the lens.( diag W.B Pg 67,Q7)

Page.128
Q 1. What is a spectrum? (N)
When a ray of white light is passed through a triangular prism it splits into different colours.
The continuous spread of colour is called as spectrum.
Q2.a)Which is refracted most by a prism, red light or blue light?
Blue light is refracted more than red light.
b)Explain your answer.
Ans Red light has a longer wavelength than blue light. Red light is not refracted as much as
blue light.
Q3.a)Write down the seven colour of visible spectrum in order, starting with red.
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.
b)Make up an easy way of remembering the colours of the spectrum. Write it down.
’Rest of you go back in van’ or ‘Roy G. Biv’

30
Q 4.Explain why white light is refracted by a prism into the colours of the spectrum.
Ans The different colours of the spectrum are produced because different wavelengths of
light are refracted at slightly different angles. This is called dispersion.
Q5 a)Explain how .a) rainbow is formed.
Ans. A rainbow is an example of a spectrum that occurs naturally. It is caused when sunlight
from behind you is refracted through raindrops in front of you. Rain drops act like tiny prisms
splitting sunlight into different colours of the spectrum.
b)if you were facing a rainbow, where would your shadow be? (N)
Ans. In front.

Page. 129

Q 1.What are the primary colours of light? (N)

The primary colours of light are red, blue, and green.
Q2 a) What are the secondary colours of light? (N)
The secondary colours of light are cyan, yellow and magenta.
b)Describe how the secondary colours of light are made.
• Red light mixed with blue light gives magenta
• Red light mixed with green light gives yellow;
• Green light mixed with blue light gives cyan. (diag pg# 128)
Q3Explain the difference between absorption and transmission of light.

Absorption Transmission
If a ray of light is passed through a coloured If a ray of light is passed through a coloured
filter, some colours are blocked, it is called filter, some colours are allowed to pass
absorption. through, it is called transmission.
Q4.Whatcolours of light will a blue filter
a) Absorb?
A blue filter will absorb the colours red and green colours of light.
b) transmit?
c) It will transmit blue light.
Q5. Draw a diagram showing what happens when you look at white light through a
red and green filter together.
Ans. Diapg# 129

Page. 130
Q1.a) What are pigments? (N)
Pigments are chemicals which cause colours. e.g ink
b)Name six things that contain pigments. (N)
Paints, inks, coloured crayons, petals of flowers, leaves of plants, and skins of animals.
Q2.What are the primary pigments colours? (N)
The primary pigment colours are red, blue, and yellow.
Q3a)Name the secondary pigment colours (N)
The secondary pigment colours are magenta, green, and orange.
b)How are secondary pigment colours produced?
• Red mixed with blue gives magenta;
• blue mixed with yellow gives green;
• yellow mixed with red gives orange. (diapg# 129)
Q4.Explain why, in white light,
a)red paint appears red.
31
 A red surface absorbs blue and green, and reflects red light.
b)plants leave appears green
A green surface absorbs red and blue light ,and reflects green light.
c)blue ink appears blue
A blue surface absorbs red and green, and reflects blue light.
Q5.Explain why
a) White objects are white
White surfaces reflect all the colours of the spectrum
b) Black objects are black
Surfaces that absorb all the colours of the spectrum appear black.

Page. 131
Q 1.Which two primary colours absorb red light? (N)
Blue and yellow
Q2Which two secondary colours reflect red light? (N)
Magenta and orange
Q3.The picture alongside shows an actor wearing a yellow shirt and blue trousers
standing in a cyan light (N)
a)Which primary colours make cyan light?
Green and blue
b)What colour do the actor’s shirt and trousers appear under the cyan light?
The shirt will look green; the trousers will look blue.
Q4 Green plants use light energy to grow. What would happen to plants in a dark
greenhouse if they were lit only by green light?
They will not be able to make their food as green light is reflected from the leaves.

Exercise pg#132
1. Multiple choice questions
i. a ii. c iii. b iv. c v. a
2. True or false 1.False 2.True 3. True 4. True 5.False
Workbook pg#64.
1. True 2. True 3.True 4.True 5. False
2 Multiple choice questions
i.cii. b iii. c iv. c v. a
3. Rays of light are transmitted through materials such as glass. Opaque materials such as
wood absorb light. When a piece of wood is placed in a beam of light, a shadow is formed.
This is because the light is absorbed by the wood. There are other materials, such as grease
proof paper which let some light through. These are called translucent
Page 65
4i. Light from the window reflects light from the pages into her eyes.
ii. The pages of the book absorb light and donot reflect light.
iii. opaque

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Page66

i) Draw a straight line representing the mirror in a position that will give you a good
view of the road to your right.
ii) a. Draw a line representing a light ray from car B to the mirror.
b. Draw a line representing a light ray from the mirror to a car A.

iii) Label the incident ray and reflected ray.

iv) Label the angle of incidence and angle of reflection.
v) 30o

6. Pg#67

ii.They are travelling in the same direction and at the same angle.
7. The diagrams shows two lenses.

ii. a. magnifed b. diminished

iii. As a corrective lens for short-sightedness.

Page 68
iv. a) The image is smaller than the object.
b)The image is inverted or upside down.
8

i. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,violet.

ii. a. red b. violet.

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9i. A colour filter absorbs some colours and transmits others

10i. The car appears red.

a. Magenta light shines on a blue car.
The car appears blue.

b. Cyan light shines on a red car.

The car appears black.

c. Yellow light shines on a green car.

The car appears green.

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 (Chapter # 11)
Transport in Humans
Page 140
Q 1. How much blood is there in your body? (N)
About 5.5 litres
Q 2. Name four things that make up blood? (N)
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.
Q 3. Name four things that are transported in the blood plasma? (N)
Digested food, carbon dioxide, urea (waste)and hormones.
Q 4. What do red blood cells do? (N)
Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Q 5. Describe how the blood transports oxygen round the body?
Red blood cells contain a chemical called haemoglobin. At the lungs, haemoglobin
joins with oxygen to make oxyhaemoglobin which is bright red. As it travels round
the body, the oxyhaemoglobin changes back to haemoglobin, releasing the oxygen to
the cells.
Q 6. Give two differences between red and white blood cells?
Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells
Red blood cells do not have a nucleus. White blood cells have a nucleus.
Red blood cells can not change their White blood cells can change their shape.
shape.

Q 7. What are antibodies? (N)

Chemicals that destroy microorganisms by dissolving them are called antibodies.
Q 8. What is the difference between antibody and antitoxin?
Antibodies Antitoxins
Antibodies destroy microorganisms by Antitoxins break down the toxins
dissolving them. (poisons) that microorganisms produce.

Q 9. Describe how platelets form a blood clot?

Platelets cause tiny fibres to form a net across the cut. Red cells get caught in the net
forming a blood clot. The surface of the clot hardens to form a scab. This keeps the
cut clean while new skin grows.

Page 141
Q 1. What is tissue fluid? (N)
Tissue fluid is mainly water. It forms a continuous link between the water in the blood
plasma and the water in the cell cytoplasm
Q 2. Why does tissue fluid leak out of blood capillaries?
The walls of the smallest blood vessels i.e. capillaries are very thin with tiny holes for
the fluid to leak out.
Q 3. Explain why fresh meat is wet?
It is covered with tissue fluid coming from the meat (muscle) tissue.
Q 4. Urea gets from body cells to plasma by diffusion through the tissue fluid. Explain
what this means.
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 Diffusion is the movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low
concentration. In the body cells there is more urea than in the blood, so it moves from
the cells to the blood through the tissue fluid.

Page 143
Q 1. What does the circulatory system do? (N)
It carries blood around the body.
Q 2. What does the circulatory system consists of ? (N)
Circulatory system consists of tubes called arteries, veins and capillaries.
Q 3. Explain what is meant by ‘double circulation’. (diag pg 141) (N)
It means that blood passes through the heart twice as it goes once around the body.
Q 4. Give two differences between artery and a vein.
Arteries Veins
i. Arteries have thick, muscular i. Veins have thinner walls
walls
ii. Arteries are narrow tubes. ii. Veins are wider than arteries.
iii. Arteries carry blood from the iii. Veins carry blood to the heart.
heart

Q 5. Explain why the walls of capillaries are so thin.

Capillary walls are very thin so that tissue fluid carrying things such as oxygen, and
carbon dioxide can pass between the blood and the cells.
Q 6. Suggest why the blood pressure is high in arteries and low in veins.
Arteries carry blood coming from the heart that is why the pressure inside them is
higher than veins.

Page 145
Q 1. Name the blood vessel through which blood enters the heart. (N)
Blood enters the heart through Vena Cava.
Q 2. The heart is part of the living body. How does it get its blood supply?
The heart gets its blood supply through the coronary artery and coronary vein.
Q 3. Describe the pumping cycle of the heart. (diag 1 Pg #144)
i) Blood from the body enters the right atrium through the vena cava.
ii) Blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein.
iii) The atria contract together pushing blood into the ventricles.
iv) From the left ventricle, blood is pumped to the body through the aorta.
v) From the right ventricle to the lungs along the pulmonary artery.
vi) Both ventricles contract at the same time.
( flow chart on next page)

Q 4. If you listen carefully to someone’s heartbeat through a stethoscope you can hear
a double beat-a faint one followed by a louder one. Suggest a reason for this. (N)
There is a double beat since the atria contract just before the ventricles.

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Page 146
Exercise
1. Multiple choice questions
i. b ii. b iii. a iv. b v. d
2. True or false
i. True ii. False iii. True iv. False v. False

Answers (workbook)
Page 70
1 True or false
i. True ii. True iii. True iv. False v. True
2 Multiple choice questions
i. a ii. b iii. c iv.b v. a
Page 71

3 Blood from the body enters the right atrium through a large blood vessel called the vena
cava. Blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. The atria
contract together pushing blood into the ventricles. From the left ventricle, blood is pumped
to the body through the aorta, and from the right ventricle to the lungs along the pulmonary
artery. Both ventricles contract at the same time .Every contraction of the atria and ventricles
is called a heartbeat. This can be
measured by taking your pulse.

37
Page 72
ii. Blood passes through the heart twice as it goes once around the body.
iii. It has more muscle because it has to pump blood all around the body.
5. i. a. artery b. capillary ii. a. vein b. capillary
iii. due to the higher pressure caused by the stronger right ventricle. Also they are
narrower than veins.
iv. To allow more time for the exchange of substances between blood and the
tissues.
Page 73
6 i. Circular with a hollow on both sides . ii. Red blood cells have no nucleus
iii. They have differently shaped nuclei. One has an irregular shape the other has a
regular shape.
iv. They have a nucleus. The nucleus controls all of the cells activities.

Page74

Page 75
8 i. Platelets cause tiny fibres to form a net across the cut. Red cells get caught in the net
forming a blood clot.
ii. a. Platelets are bits of cells broken off from larger cells in the bone marrow.
b. Platelets cause tiny fibres to form a net across the cut. Red cells get caught in the net
forming a blood clot.
iii. Platelets cause tiny fibres to form a net across the cut. Red cells get caught in the net
forming a blood clot.
iv. a. a scab.
b. Keeps the wound clean while new skin grows.

Page 76
v. When red cells die they lose their colour and become dull red. The liver removes lots of
red cell so it takes on the dull red colour from the dead red cells.
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9 i. a. 110 beats/min b. 65 beats/min
ii. 15 seconds
iii. The exercise causes the student’s pulse rate to rise.
iv. a. A pulse is a surge of blood produced every time the ventricles contract.
b. Place your fingers (not thumb) over the wrist where an artery passes between a
bone and the surface of the skin.
_________________________________

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