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    4.sir Syed Ahmed Khan

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    Tariq Rehman
    Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's work was instrumental in the development of the Pakistan movement in the 19th century. He believed that Muslims should befriend the British rulers, acquire a modern education, and stay out of politics. To this end, he improved relations between Muslims and the British through writings defending Muslim loyalty. He also founded schools to provide modern and Islamic education to Muslims, most notably establishing the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, now Aligarh Muslim University. Additionally, he opposed proposals from the Indian National Congress that would disadvantage Muslims and predicted the future separation of Hindus and Muslims, laying the foundation for the two-nation theory and the eventual establishment of Pakistan.

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    4.sir Syed Ahmed Khan

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    Tariq Rehman
    145 views4 pages
    Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's work was instrumental in the development of the Pakistan movement in the 19th century. He believed that Muslims should befriend the British rulers, acquire a modern education, and stay out of politics. To this end, he improved relations between Muslims and the British through writings defending Muslim loyalty. He also founded schools to provide modern and Islamic education to Muslims, most notably establishing the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, now Aligarh Muslim University. Additionally, he opposed proposals from the Indian National Congress that would disadvantage Muslims and predicted the future separation of Hindus and Muslims, laying the foundation for the two-nation theory and the eventual establishment of Pakistan.

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    Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's work was instrumental in the development of the Pakistan movement in the 19th century. He believed that Muslims should befriend the British rulers, acquire a modern education, and stay out of politics. To this end, he improved relations between Muslims and the British through writings defending Muslim loyalty. He also founded schools to provide modern and Islamic education to Muslims, most notably establishing the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, now Aligarh Muslim University. Additionally, he opposed proposals from the Indian National Congress that would disadvantage Muslims and predicted the future separation of Hindus and Muslims, laying the foundation for the two-nation theory and the eventual establishment of Pakistan.

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    145 views4 pages

    4.sir Syed Ahmed Khan

    Uploaded by

    Tariq Rehman
    Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's work was instrumental in the development of the Pakistan movement in the 19th century. He believed that Muslims should befriend the British rulers, acquire a modern education, and stay out of politics. To this end, he improved relations between Muslims and the British through writings defending Muslim loyalty. He also founded schools to provide modern and Islamic education to Muslims, most notably establishing the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, now Aligarh Muslim University. Additionally, he opposed proposals from the Indian National Congress that would disadvantage Muslims and predicted the future separation of Hindus and Muslims, laying the foundation for the two-nation theory and the eventual establishment of Pakistan.

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    HOW IMPORTANT WAS THE WORK OF SIR SYED AHMAD KHAN IN

    THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAKSITAN MOVEMENT IN 19TH CENTURY

    Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817 – 1898)


    INTRODUCTION:

    • Respectable family, Delhi.


    • Career in the legal system, 1838; by hard work, became a judge, 1846.
    • Wrote “Athar – al – Sanadeed”, 1846.
    • 1857, Chief Judge, Bijnaur; saved lives of some European families; refused to take reward
    for that.
    • Unpopular among some Muslims for loyalty towards British.
    • Chief justice in Muradabad, Ghazipur.
    • 1864, Aligarh, retired on 1876.
    • Dedicated to Aligarh movement / Muslim ‘renaissance’, till his death, 1898.

    HIS BELIEFS:

    • Worried on poor condition of Muslims.


    • Weakening since the days of Mughal decline; worsened with time
    • Punished by the British after the 1857, as most blame was put on Muslims; were denied
    respectable jobs, other tough measures also taken against Muslims.
    • Muslims also distanced themselves from the Brit, considering them no more than
    invaders.
    • Sir Syed Believed that the Muslims:

    1. Should befriend the Brit, as they were the established rulers of India.
    2. Should acquire modern education in order to compete with Hindus, and improve
    their socio-economic and political conditions by getting better jobs.
    3. Should not join politics.

    SERVICES / WORK OF SIR SYED:


    Improving relations b/w Muslims and Brit:
    Why:

    • To improve socio-economic condition of Muslims; it was vital to make friends with Brit.
    • British put all the blame of the war on Muslims; considered other Indian communities
    loyal to them; British had replaced Muslims rulers and so, thought it justified to punish
    Muslims.
    • Muslims generally resented Brit; took them as invaders trying to replace Islam with
    Christianity; many rejected the Western culture values considering them as un-Islamic;
    showed hostile attitude towards the British.

    Details: how Sir Syed did that.

    1. Convinced the British by:

    • Writing books, articles, pamphlets e.g., “the Loyal Muhammadens of India “(Defended
    the loyalty of Muslims); “Essays on the cause of the Indian Revolt” (analyzed the munity;
    insufficient Indian share in govt, forcible conversion of Indians, poor management of
    army, British failure to understand Indians mindset); senior British circles read all this;
    explained the meaning of “Nazareth” to clarify its use.
    Muslims didn’t use it to insult the Brits; it was derived from the Arabic word “Nasir”
    (helper); Muslims used the word in a positive, not an insulting way.

    2. Convinced the Muslims:

    • Improved his image as a sincere Muslim by correcting errors in the book of Sir William
    Muir about the holy prophet.
    • Highlighted similarities b/w Islam and Christianity to bridge the gap b/w Muslims and
    Brits; wrote “Tabayin al Kalam” (commentary on the Bible); convinced that dining
    together with Christians was not un-Islamic.
    • Founded the “British Indian Association” to Improve Anglo-Muslim relations.

    Results / Importance:

    • Efforts of Sir Syed would bear fruits later


    • Success of Simla delegation; Separate electorates for Muslims, 1909 Act.

    EDUCATIONAL SERVICES:

    Why / Reasons:

    • Muslims were not interested in modern British education.


    • Hindus began to excel by acquiring modern education; got better jobs, and improve their
    image before the Brit, who started using them to counter Muslims; by 1871, 711 Hindus
    against only 92 Muslims in the Govt service.
    • Growth of Hindu revivalism (Hindu Movement) with increasing number of educated
    Hindus; they showed little respect towards Muslims.

    Details:
    • Told Muslims about the Quranic commands to acquire knowledge.
    • Issued “Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq” that publish articles of Sir Syed and other influential Muslims
    to bring about the positive intellectual change among Muslims.
    • 1863, Scientific Society, Ghazipur; translation of modern scientific writings in Urdu; 1866,
    a school in Muradabad; 1864, another school in Ghazipur.
    • 1869, visited England, observed Oxford and Cambridge – dreamed similar institutes for
    Indian Muslims.
    • On return started fund raising campaign: May 1875, MAO (Muhammad Anglo Oriental)
    School, Aligarh; became MAO Collage, 1876, and University, 1920; offered modern and
    Islamic education.
    • MAO College acted as nursery for many important future leaders.
    • 1886, Muhammaden Educational Conference (MEF), to improve educational standard of
    Muslims.

    Results / Importance:

    • Gradual improvement of educational, social and economic status of Muslims.


    • MAO collage becomes a breeding ground for Muslim leaders and MEF served as platform
    for political activity of Muslims.
    • AIML was founded in its 20th session, 1906.

    3. POLITICAL SERVICES:

    INC politics:

    • 1885, Indian National Congress formed (INC) , aimed to convey views of Indians to Brit
    • INC claimed to represent all Indians, regardless of religion; in reality it was Hindu-
    dominated party working for raj in India
    • Sir Syed’s advice to Muslims to stay away from politics of INC.
    • It could engage Muslims in oppositional politics and damage their relation with Brit.

    INC Demanded:
    o Joint electorates for the council elections, along democratic pattern of England, Sir Syed
    opposed this because of numerical majority and better political organization of Hindus.

    o Competitive examinations for the civil services in India; Sir Syed opposed this because of
    visible educational difference b/w Hindus and Muslims; Hindus might sweep all seats
    causing further problems for Muslims.

    o 1867, Hindus demanded Hindi to be the official language replacing Urdu; Sir Syed opposed
    this because of Arabic / Persian script of Urdu and its association with Muslims; Hindi
    reflected Hindu aim of ruling India in future. To counter the Indian National Congress
    politics, he founded the United Patriotic Alliance – in 1893, it became the Muhammaden
    Defence Alliance.

    Importance / Results:

    • Founder of the Two Nation Theory


    • Predicted the separation of Hindus and Muslims in future, after the 1867 language
    controversy and other demands of INC.
    • Two Nation Theory would gradually become valid and lay basis of the struggle for
    separate Muslims homeland – the Pakistan Movement.

    Q: What is Two Nation Theory? 4 Marks

    • In 1867, Hindi-Urdu controversy


    • Hindus demanded Hindi to replace Urdu as the official language
    • Sir Syed was shocked to know this because
    • Sir Syed also Predicted the separation of India in future

    Q: What was Aligarh Movement 4 Marks?

    Aligarh Movement was started for Muslims, this movement gives a respectable position
    to Muslims in society. This movement introduced a unique trend in Urdu literature.
    ... Aligarh movement was creating a new educational system for the Muslim community
    during the late 19th century, main objective was to educate Muslims.

    Q: Why did Sir Syed Ahmed khan write “the causes of Indian revolt” 7 Marks

    Convinced the British by Writing books, articles, pamphlets e.g., “the Loyal
    Muhammadens of India “(Defended the loyalty of Muslims); “Essays on the cause
    of the Indian Revolt” (analyzed the munity; insufficient Indian share in govt so
    Indians felt them excluded, forcible conversion of Indians towards Christianity
    which threatened Indians that their religion was under threat , poor management
    of army which was a cause of resentment among Indian soldiers, British failure to
    understand Indians mindset which was a cause of hatred); senior British circles read
    all this; explained the meaning of “Nazareth” to clarify its use by Muslims. Muslims
    didn’t use it to insult the Brits; it was derived from the Arabic word “Nasir” (helper);
    Muslims used the word in a positive, not an insulting way.

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