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Types of Point Defects

There are three main types of point defects in materials: (1) stoichiometric defects which involve vacancies, interstitials, Frenkel defects, and Schottky defects, (2) impurity defects caused by substituting different elements, and (3) non-stoichiometric defects such as metal excess or deficiency defects from anionic vacancies, interstitial cations, or changing the stoichiometry. Defects impact properties and certain radius ratio ranges favor specific coordination numbers.

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83 views

Types of Point Defects

There are three main types of point defects in materials: (1) stoichiometric defects which involve vacancies, interstitials, Frenkel defects, and Schottky defects, (2) impurity defects caused by substituting different elements, and (3) non-stoichiometric defects such as metal excess or deficiency defects from anionic vacancies, interstitial cations, or changing the stoichiometry. Defects impact properties and certain radius ratio ranges favor specific coordination numbers.

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Animation World
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Types of Point Defects

Point defects can be classified into three types : (i) stoichiometric defects
(ii) impurity defects and (iii) non-stoichiometric defects.
(a) Stoichiometric Defects (b) Impurity Defects: (c) Non- stoichiometric
defects
(i) Vacancy Defects (i) Metal excess defect
(ii) Interstitial Defect  Metal Excess Defect due
to anionic vacancies:
(iii) Frenkel Defect  Metal excess defect due to
the presence of extra
cations at interstitial
sites:
(iv) Schottky Defect (ii) Metal Deficiency Defect
(a) Stoichiometric Defects

(i) Vacancy Defects :

Vacancy defects
(ii) Interstitial Defect :

Interstitial defects
(iii) Frenkel Defect :

Frenkel defects
(iv) Schottky Defect :

Schottky defects

AgBr shows both, Frenkel as well as Schottky defects.


(b) Impurity Defects : Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl-

Cl- Sr+2 Cl- Na+

Na+ Cl-
Cl-

Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+

Introduction of cation vacancy in


NaCl by substitution of Na+ by Sr2+
(c) Non - stoichiometric defects

e-
(i) Metal excess defect

 Metal Excess Defect due to anionic vacancies :


An F–centre in a crystal

LiCl : pink
NaCl : yellow
KCl : violet or

 Metal excess defect due to the presence of extra cations at interstitial sites :

ZnO + HEAT Zn+2 + ½ O2 ↑ + 2e-


(ii) Metal Deficiency Defect

Ni0.98O

Fe0.96O

Fe0.93O
Radius Ratio
for C.N. = 6

for C.N. = 4
for C.N. = 3 (triangular void)

for C.N. = 8
RANGE OF RADIUS RATIO

C.N. = 3 0.155 < r+/r- < 0.225

C.N. = 4 0.225 < r+/r- < 0.414

C.N. = 6 0.414 < r+/r- < 0.732

C.N. = 8 0.732 < r+/r- < 1.000

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