Aung San Suu Kyi

Aung San Suu Kyi (/aʊŋ ˌsɑːn suː ˈtʃiː/;[3]

Her Excellency
Burmese: ; MLCTS: aung
hcan: cu. krany Burmese pronunciation: [àʊɰ̃ sʰáɰ̃ sṵ Aung San Suu Kyi
tɕì]; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese politician,
diplomat, author, and a 1991 Nobel Peace Prize
laureate who served as State Counsellor of Myanmar
(equivalent to a prime minister) and Minister of
Foreign Affairs from 2016 to 2021. She has served as
the President of the National League for Democracy
(NLD) since 2011, having been the General Secretary
from 1988 to 2011. She played a vital role in
Myanmar's transition from military junta to partial
democracy in the 2010s.

The youngest daughter of Aung San, Father of the

Nation of modern-day Myanmar, and Khin Kyi, Aung
San Suu Kyi was born in Rangoon, British Burma.
After graduating from the University of Delhi in 1964
and the University of Oxford in 1968, she worked at
the United Nations for three years. She married
Michael Aris in 1972, with whom she had two
children.
State Counsellor of Myanmar
Aung San Suu Kyi rose to prominence in the 8888
Uprising of 8 August 1988 and became the General In office
Secretary of the NLD, which she had newly formed 6 April 2016 – 1 February 2021
with the help of several retired army officials who President Htin Kyaw
criticized the military junta. In the 1990 elections, Win Myint
NLD won 81% of the seats in Parliament, but the
Preceded by Thein Sein (as Prime
results were nullified, as the military government
(the State Peace and Development Council – SPDC) Minister)
refused to hand over power, resulting in an Succeeded by Min Aung Hlaing (as
international outcry. She had been detained before Chairman of the State
the elections and remained under house arrest for Administrative Council)
almost 15 of the 21 years from 1989 to 2010,
20th Minister of Foreign Affairs
becoming one of the world's most prominent political
prisoners. In 1999, Time Magazine named her one of In office
the "Children of Gandhi" and his spiritual heir to 30 March 2016 – 1 February 2021
nonviolence.[4] She survived an assassination President Htin Kyaw
attempt in the 2003 Depayin massacre when at least Win Myint
70 people associated with the NLD were killed.[5]
Preceded by Wunna Maung Lwin
Her party boycotted the 2010 elections, resulting in a Succeeded by Wunna Maung Lwin
decisive victory for the military-backed Union
President of the National League for
Solidarity and Development Party (USDP). Aung San Democracy
Suu Kyi became a Pyithu Hluttaw MP while her party
Incumbent

1 of 53
won 43 of the 45 vacant seats in the 2012 by- Assumed office
elections. In the 2015 elections, her party won a 18 November 2011
landslide victory, taking 86% of the seats in the
Preceded by Aung Shwe
Assembly of the Union – well more than the 67%
supermajority needed to ensure that its preferred Leader of the Opposition
candidates were elected president and second vice In office
president in the presidential electoral college. 2 May 2012 – 29 January 2016
Although she was prohibited from becoming the
President Thein Sein
president due to a clause in the constitution – her
late husband and children are foreign citizens – she Preceded by Sai Hla Kyaw
assumed the newly created role of state counsellor of Succeeded by Thein Sein
Myanmar, a role akin to a prime minister or a head of
government. Ministerial offices
2016–2021
When she ascended to the office of state counsellor,
Aung San Suu Kyi drew criticism from several Minister of the President's Office
countries, organisations and figures over Myanmar's In office
inaction in response to the genocide of the Rohingya 30 March 2016 – 1 February 2021
people in Rakhine State and refusal to acknowledge
President Htin Kyaw
that Myanmar's military has committed massacres.
[6][7][8][9][10] Under her leadership, Myanmar also Win Myint

drew criticism for prosecutions of journalists.[11] In Preceded by Aung Min

2019, Aung San Suu Kyi appeared in the Hla Tun
International Court of Justice where she defended Soe Maung
the Burmese military against allegations of genocide Soe Thein
against the Rohingya.[12] Thein Nyunt
Succeeded by Vacant
On 1 February 2021, Aung San Suu Kyi was arrested
by the military during the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état Minister of Education
after they declared the November 2020 Myanmar In office
general election results fraudulent.[13] 30 March 2016 – 5 April 2016
President Htin Kyaw
Preceded by Khin San Yi
Contents Succeeded by Myo Thein Gyi
Name Minister of Electricity and Energy
Personal life In office
Political career 30 March 2016 – 5 April 2016
Political beginning President Htin Kyaw
1990 general election and Nobel Peace Prize Preceded by Khin Maung Soe
1996 attack Zeya Aung
House arrest Succeeded by Pe Zin Tun
United Nations involvement General Secretary of the National League
Periods under detention for Democracy
2007 anti-government protests In office
2009 trespass incident 27 September 1988 – 18 November 2011
Late 2000s: International support for release Preceded by Position established
2010 release Succeeded by Position abolished
2012 by-elections

2 of 53
 2015 general election Member of the Burmese House of
Representatives
State Counsellor and Foreign Minister for Kawhmu
(2016–2021)
In office
Response to violence against Rohingya
2 May 2012 – 30 March 2016
Muslims and refugees
Arrests and prosecution of journalists Preceded by Soe Tint

2021 arrest Succeeded by Vacant

Majority 46,73 (71.38%)
Political beliefs
Personal details
Related organisations
Born 19 June 1945
In popular culture
Rangoon, British Burma
Health problems (now Yangon, Myanmar)
Books Political party National League for
Honours Democracy

See also Spouse(s) Michael Aris

(m. 1972; died 1999)
References
Children 2, including Alexander Aris
Bibliography
Parents Aung San (father)
Further reading
Khin Kyi (mother)
External links
Relatives Aung San Oo (brother)
Ba Win (uncle)
Sein Win (cousin)
Name
Residence 54 University Avenue
Aung San Suu Kyi, like other Burmese names, Alma mater University of Delhi (BA)
includes no surname, but is only a personal name, in University of Oxford (BA, MA)
her case derived from three relatives: "Aung San" SOAS University of London
from her father, "Suu" from her paternal (MPhil) [1]
grandmother, and "Kyi" from her mother Khin
Kyi.[14] Awards Rafto Prize
Sakharov Prize
The Burmese refer to her as Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Nobel Peace Prize
Daw, literally meaning "aunt", is not part of her Jawaharlal Nehru Award
name but is an honorific for any older and revered International Simón Bolívar
woman, akin to "Madam".[15] Burmese sometimes Prize
address her as Daw Suu or Amay Suu ("Mother
Olof Palme Prize
Suu").[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
Bhagwan Mahavir World
Peace
Personal life Congressional Gold Medal
Signature
Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19 June 1945 in
Rangoon (now Yangon), British Burma. According to Website Party website
Peter Popham, she was born in a small village outside (http://eng.nldchairperson.org)
Rangoon called Hmway Saung.[24] Her father, Aung
San, allied with the Japanese during World War II.
Aung San founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Burma's independence from the
United Kingdom in 1947; he was assassinated by his rivals in the same year. She grew up with her
mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo, in Rangoon. Aung San Lin

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died at the age of eight when he drowned in an ornamental
lake on the grounds of the house.[14] Her elder brother
emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a United States
citizen.[14] After Aung San Lin's death, the family moved to a
house by Inya Lake where Aung San Suu Kyi met people of
various backgrounds, political views, and religions.[25] She
was educated in Methodist English High School (now Basic
Education High School No. 1 Dagon) for much of her
childhood in Burma, where she was noted as having a talent
A family portrait, with Aung San Suu
for learning languages.[26] She speaks four languages:
Kyi (in white) as a toddler, taken
Burmese, English, French, and Japanese.[27] She is a
shortly before her father's
Theravada Buddhist.
assassination in 1947
Suu Kyi's mother, Khin Kyi, gained prominence as a political
figure in the newly formed Burmese government. She was
appointed Burmese ambassador to India and Nepal in 1960,
and Aung San Suu Kyi followed her there. She studied in the
Convent of Jesus and Mary School in New Delhi, and
graduated from Lady Shri Ram College, a constituent college
of the University of Delhi in New Delhi, with a degree in
politics in 1964.[28][29] Suu Kyi continued her education at St
Hugh's College, Oxford, obtaining a B.A. degree in Philosophy,
Politics and Economics in 1967,[30] graduating with a third-
class degree[31][32][33] and M.A. degree in politics in 1968.
After graduating, she lived in New York City with family friend
Ma Than E, who was once a popular Burmese pop singer.[34]
She worked at the United Nations for three years, primarily on
budget matters, writing daily to her future husband, Dr.
Michael Aris.[35] On 1 January 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi and
Aris, a scholar of Tibetan culture and literature, living abroad
A portrait of Khin Kyi and her family
in Bhutan, were married.[28][36] The following year, she gave in 1948. Aung San Suu Kyi is
birth to their first son, Alexander Aris, in London; their second seated on the floor.
son, Kim, was born in 1977. Between 1985 and 1987, Aung San
Suu Kyi was working toward an M.Phil. degree in Burmese
literature as a research student at SOAS, the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
London.[1][37] She was elected as an Honorary Fellow of St Hugh's in 1990.[28] For two years, she
was a Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies (IIAS) in Shimla, India. She also worked
for the government of the Union of Burma.

In 1988, Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma, at first to tend for her ailing mother but later to
lead the pro-democracy movement. Aris' visit in Christmas 1995 turned out to be the last time that
he and Aung San Suu Kyi met, as Aung San Suu Kyi remained in Burma and the Burmese
dictatorship denied him any further entry visas.[28] Aris was diagnosed with prostate cancer in
1997 which was later found to be terminal. Despite appeals from prominent figures and
organizations, including the United States, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and Pope John Paul
II, the Burmese government would not grant Aris a visa, saying that they did not have the facilities
to care for him, and instead urged Aung San Suu Kyi to leave the country to visit him. She was at
that time temporarily free from house arrest but was unwilling to depart, fearing that she would be
refused re-entry if she left, as she did not trust the military junta's assurance that she could
return.[38]

Aris died on his 53rd birthday on 27 March 1999. Since 1989, when his wife was first placed under
house arrest, he had seen her only five times, the last of which was for Christmas in 1995. She was

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also separated from her children, who live in the United
Kingdom, but starting in 2011, they have visited her in
Burma.[39]

On 2 May 2008, after Cyclone Nargis hit Burma, Aung San

Suu Kyi's dilapidated lakeside bungalow lost its roof and
electricity, while the cyclone also left entire villages in the
Irrawaddy delta submerged.[40] Plans to renovate and repair
the house were announced in August 2009.[41] Suu Kyi was
released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[42]

Political career

Political beginning

Coincidentally, when Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma in

1988, the long-time military leader of Burma and head of the
ruling party, General Ne Win, stepped down. Mass Aung San Suu Kyi at the age of 6
demonstrations for democracy followed that event on 8
August 1988 (8–8–88, a day seen as auspicious), which were
violently suppressed in what came to be known as the 8888
Uprising. On 26 August 1988, she addressed half a million
people at a mass rally in front of the Shwedagon Pagoda in the
capital, calling for a democratic government.[28] However, in
September, a new military junta took power.

Influenced[43] by both Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-

violence[44][45] and more specifically by Buddhist concepts,[46]
Aung San Suu Kyi entered politics to work for
Aung San Suu Kyi arrives to give a
democratization, helped found the National League for
speech to the supporters during the
Democracy on 27 September 1988,[47] but was put under
2012 by-election campaign at her
house arrest on 20 July 1989. She was offered freedom if she
constituency Kawhmu township,
left the country, but she refused. Despite her philosophy of Myanmar on 22 March 2012.
non-violence, a group of ex-military commanders and senior
politicians who joined NLD during the crisis believed that she
was too confrontational and left NLD. However, she retained enormous popularity and support
among NLD youths with whom she spent most of her time.[48]

During her time under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi devoted herself to Buddhist meditation
practices and to studying Buddhist thought. This deeper interest in Buddhism is reflected in her
writings as more emphasis is put on love and compassion.[49] There also emerged more discussion
on the compatibility of democracy and Buddhism and the ability to gain freedom from an
authoritarian government through Buddhism.[50]

During the crisis, the previous democratically elected Prime Minister of Burma, U Nu, initiated to
form an interim government and invited opposition leaders to join him. Indian Prime Minister
Rajiv Gandhi had signaled his readiness to recognize the interim government. However, Aung San
Suu Kyi categorically rejected U Nu's plan by saying "the future of the opposition would be decided
by masses of the people". Ex-Brigadier General Aung Gyi, another influential politician at the time
of the 8888 crisis and the first chairman in the history of the NLD, followed the suit and rejected
the plan after Aung San Suu Kyi's refusal.[51] Aung Gyi later accused several NLD members of

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being communists and resigned from the party.[48]

1990 general election and Nobel Peace Prize

In 1990, the military junta called a general election, in which

the National League for Democracy (NLD) received 59% of the
votes, guaranteeing NLD 80% of the parliament seats. Some
claim that Aung San Suu Kyi would have assumed the office of
Prime Minister.[52] Instead, the results were nullified and the
military refused to hand over power, resulting in an Suu Kyi meets with Edgardo
international outcry. Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under Boeninger of the National
house arrest at her home on University Avenue Democratic Institute for International
(16°49′32″N 96°9′1″E) in Rangoon, during which time she Affairs in 1995.
was awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in
1990, and the Nobel Peace Prize one year later. Her sons
Alexander and Kim accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on her behalf. Aung San Suu Kyi used the
Nobel Peace Prize's US$1.3 million prize money to establish a health and education trust for the
Burmese people.[53] Around this time, Aung San Suu Kyi chose non-violence as an expedient
political tactic, stating in 2007, "I do not hold to non-violence for moral reasons, but for political
and practical reasons."[54]

The decision of the Nobel Committee mentions:[55]

The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991
to Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar (Burma) for her non-violent struggle for democracy
and human rights.

... Suu Kyi's struggle is one of the most extraordinary examples of civil courage in Asia
in recent decades. She has become an important symbol in the struggle against
oppression ...

... In awarding the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi, the Norwegian
Nobel Committee wishes to honour this woman for her unflagging efforts and to show
its support for the many people throughout the world who are striving to attain
democracy, human rights, and ethnic conciliation by peaceful means.

— Oslo, 14 October 1991

In 1995 Aung San Suu Kyi delivered the keynote address at the Fourth World Conference on
Women in Beijing.[56]

1996 attack

On 9 November 1996, the motorcade that Aung San Suu Kyi was traveling in with other National
League for Democracy leaders Tin Oo and Kyi Maung, was attacked in Yangon. About 200 men
swooped down on the motorcade, wielding metal chains, metal batons, stones and other weapons.
The car that Aung San Suu Kyi was in had its rear window smashed, and the car with Tin Oo and
Kyi Maung had its rear window and two backdoor windows shattered. It is believed the offenders
were members of the Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) who were allegedly
paid 500 kyats (@ USD $0.50) each to participate. The NLD lodged an official complaint with the
police, and according to reports the government launched an investigation, but no action was

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taken. (Amnesty International 120297)[57]

House arrest

Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest for a total of 15 years over a 21-year period, on
numerous occasions, since she began her political career,[58] during which time she was prevented
from meeting her party supporters and international visitors. In an interview, she said that while
under house arrest she spent her time reading philosophy, politics and biographies that her
husband had sent her.[59] She also passed the time playing the piano and was occasionally allowed
visits from foreign diplomats as well as from her personal physician.[60]

Although under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi was granted permission to leave Burma under the
condition that she never return, which she refused: "As a mother, the greater sacrifice was giving
up my sons, but I was always aware of the fact that others had given up more than me. I never
forget that my colleagues who are in prison suffer not only physically, but mentally for their
families who have no security outside- in the larger prison of Burma under authoritarian rule."[61]

The media were also prevented from visiting Aung San Suu Kyi, as occurred in 1998 when
journalist Maurizio Giuliano, after photographing her, was stopped by customs officials who then
confiscated all his films, tapes and some notes.[62] In contrast, Aung San Suu Kyi did have visits
from government representatives, such as during her autumn 1994 house arrest when she met the
leader of Burma, General Than Shwe and General Khin Nyunt on 20 September in the first
meeting since she had been placed in detention.[28] On several occasions during her house arrest,
she had periods of poor health and as a result was hospitalized.[63]

The Burmese government detained and kept Aung San Suu Kyi imprisoned because it viewed her
as someone "likely to undermine the community peace and stability" of the country, and used both
Article 10(a) and 10(b) of the 1975 State Protection Act (granting the government the power to
imprison people for up to five years without a trial),[64] and Section 22 of the "Law to Safeguard
the State Against the Dangers of Those Desiring to Cause Subversive Acts" as legal tools against
her.[65] She continuously appealed her detention,[66] and many nations and figures continued to
call for her release and that of 2,100 other political prisoners in the country.[67][68] On 12
November 2010, days after the junta-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) won
elections conducted after a gap of 20 years, the junta finally agreed to sign orders allowing Aung
San Suu Kyi's release,[69] and Suu Kyi's house arrest term came to an end on 13 November 2010.

United Nations involvement

The United Nations (UN) has attempted to facilitate dialogue between the junta and Aung San Suu
Kyi.[28] On 6 May 2002, following secret confidence-building negotiations led by the UN, the
government released her; a government spokesman said that she was free to move "because we are
confident that we can trust each other". Aung San Suu Kyi proclaimed "a new dawn for the
country". However, on 30 May 2003 in an incident similar to the 1996 attack on her, a
government-sponsored mob attacked her caravan in the northern village of Depayin, murdering
and wounding many of her supporters.[70] Aung San Suu Kyi fled the scene with the help of her
driver, Kyaw Soe Lin, but was arrested upon reaching Ye-U. The government imprisoned her at
Insein Prison in Rangoon. After she underwent a hysterectomy in September 2003,[71] the
government again placed her under house arrest in Rangoon.

The results from the UN facilitation have been mixed; Razali Ismail, UN special envoy to Burma,
met with Aung San Suu Kyi. Ismail resigned from his post the following year, partly because he

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was denied re-entry to Burma on several occasions.[72] Several years later in 2006, Ibrahim
Gambari, UN Undersecretary-General (USG) of Department of Political Affairs, met with Aung
San Suu Kyi, the first visit by a foreign official since 2004.[73] He also met with Suu Kyi later the
same year.[74] On 2 October 2007 Gambari returned to talk to her again after seeing Than Shwe
and other members of the senior leadership in Naypyidaw.[75] State television broadcast Aung San
Suu Kyi with Gambari, stating that they had met twice. This was Aung San Suu Kyi's first
appearance in state media in the four years since her current detention began.[76]

The United Nations Working Group for Arbitrary Detention published an Opinion that Aung San
Suu Kyi's deprivation of liberty was arbitrary and in contravention of Article 9 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights 1948, and requested that the authorities in Burma set her free, but
the authorities ignored the request at that time.[77] The U.N. report said that according to the
Burmese Government's reply, "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi has not been arrested, but has only been
taken into protective custody, for her own safety", and while "it could have instituted legal action
against her under the country's domestic legislation ... it has preferred to adopt a magnanimous
attitude, and is providing her with protection in her own interests".[77]

Such claims were rejected by Brig-General Khin Yi, Chief of Myanmar Police Force (MPF). On 18
January 2007, the state-run paper New Light of Myanmar accused Suu Kyi of tax evasion for
spending her Nobel Prize money outside the country. The accusation followed the defeat of a US-
sponsored United Nations Security Council resolution condemning Burma as a threat to
international security; the resolution was defeated because of strong opposition from China, which
has strong ties with the military junta (China later voted against the resolution, along with Russia
and South Africa).[78]

In November 2007, it was reported that Aung San Suu Kyi would meet her political allies National
League for Democracy along with a government minister. The ruling junta made the official
announcement on state TV and radio just hours after UN special envoy Ibrahim Gambari ended
his second visit to Burma. The NLD confirmed that it had received the invitation to hold talks with
Suu Kyi.[79] However, the process delivered few concrete results.

On 3 July 2009, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon went to Burma to pressure the junta into
releasing Aung San Suu Kyi and to institute democratic reform. However, on departing from
Burma, Ban Ki-moon said he was "disappointed" with the visit after junta leader Than Shwe
refused permission for him to visit Aung San Suu Kyi, citing her ongoing trial. Ban said he was
"deeply disappointed that they have missed a very important opportunity".[80]

Periods under detention

20 July 1989: Placed under house arrest in Rangoon under martial law that allows for
detention without charge or trial for three years.[28]
10 July 1995: Released from house arrest.[14]
23 September 2000: Placed under house arrest.[58]
6 May 2002: Released after 19 months.[58]
30 May 2003: Arrested following the Depayin massacre, she was held in secret detention for
more than three months before being returned to house arrest.[81]
25 May 2007: House arrest extended by one year despite a direct appeal from U.N. Secretary-
General Kofi Annan to General Than Shwe.[82]
24 October 2007: Reached 12 years under house arrest, solidarity protests held at 12 cities
around the world.[83]
27 May 2008: House arrest extended for another year, which is illegal under both international

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 law and Burma's own law.[84]
11 August 2009: House arrest extended for 18 more months because of "violation" arising from
the May 2009 trespass incident.
13 November 2010: Released from house arrest.[85]

2007 anti-government protests

Protests led by Buddhist monks began on 19 August 2007 following steep fuel price increases, and
continued each day, despite the threat of a crackdown by the military.[86]

On 22 September 2007, although still under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi made a brief public
appearance at the gate of her residence in Yangon to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks who
were marching in support of human rights.[87] It was reported that she had been moved the
following day to Insein Prison (where she had been detained in 2003),[88][89][90][91] but meetings
with UN envoy Ibrahim Gambari near her Rangoon home on 30 September and 2 October
established that she remained under house arrest.[92][93]

2009 trespass incident

On 3 May 2009, an American man, identified as John Yettaw,

swam across Inya Lake to her house uninvited and was
arrested when he made his return trip three days later.[94] He
had attempted to make a similar trip two years earlier, but for
unknown reasons was turned away.[95] He later claimed at
trial that he was motivated by a divine vision requiring him to
notify her of an impending terrorist assassination attempt.[96]
On 13 May, Aung San Suu Kyi was arrested for violating the
terms of her house arrest because the swimmer, who pleaded US Senator Jim Webb visiting Aung
exhaustion, was allowed to stay in her house for two days San Suu Kyi in 2009. Webb
before he attempted the swim back. Aung San Suu Kyi was negotiated the release of John
later taken to Insein Prison, where she could have faced up to Yettaw, the man who trespassed in
five years confinement for the intrusion.[97] The trial of Aung Suu Kyi's home, resulting in her
San Suu Kyi and her two maids began on 18 May and a small arrest and conviction with three
number of protesters gathered outside.[98][99] Diplomats and years' hard labour.
journalists were barred from attending the trial; however, on
one occasion, several diplomats from Russia, Thailand and
Singapore and journalists were allowed to meet Aung San Suu Kyi.[100] The prosecution had
originally planned to call 22 witnesses.[101] It also accused John Yettaw of embarrassing the
country.[102] During the ongoing defence case, Aung San Suu Kyi said she was innocent. The
defence was allowed to call only one witness (out of four), while the prosecution was permitted to
call 14 witnesses. The court rejected two character witnesses, NLD members Tin Oo and Win Tin,
and permitted the defence to call only a legal expert.[103] According to one unconfirmed report, the
junta was planning to, once again, place her in detention, this time in a military base outside the
city.[104] In a separate trial, Yettaw said he swam to Suu Kyi's house to warn her that her life was
"in danger".[105] The national police chief later confirmed that Yettaw was the "main culprit" in the
case filed against Aung San Suu Kyi.[106] According to aides, Aung San Suu Kyi spent her 64th
birthday in jail sharing biryani rice and chocolate cake with her guards.[107]

Her arrest and subsequent trial received worldwide condemnation by the UN Secretary General
Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations Security Council,[108] Western governments,[109] South

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Africa,[110] Japan[111] and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, of which Burma is a
member.[112] The Burmese government strongly condemned the statement, as it created an
"unsound tradition"[113] and criticised Thailand for meddling in its internal affairs.[114] The
Burmese Foreign Minister Nyan Win was quoted in the state-run newspaper New Light of
Myanmar as saying that the incident "was trumped up to intensify international pressure on
Burma by internal and external anti-government elements who do not wish to see the positive
changes in those countries' policies toward Burma".[102] Ban responded to an international
campaign[115] by flying to Burma to negotiate, but Than Shwe rejected all of his requests.[116]

On 11 August 2009, the trial concluded with Suu Kyi being sentenced to imprisonment for three
years with hard labour. This sentence was commuted by the military rulers to further house arrest
of 18 months.[117] On 14 August, US Senator Jim Webb visited Burma, visiting with junta leader
Gen. Than Shwe and later with Suu Kyi. During the visit, Webb negotiated Yettaw's release and
deportation from Burma.[118] Following the verdict of the trial, lawyers of Aung San Suu Kyi said
they would appeal against the 18-month sentence.[119] On 18 August, United States President
Barack Obama asked the country's military leadership to set free all political prisoners, including
Aung San Suu Kyi.[120] In her appeal, Aung San Suu Kyi had argued that the conviction was
unwarranted. However, her appeal against the August sentence was rejected by a Burmese court
on 2 October 2009. Although the court accepted the argument that the 1974 constitution, under
which she had been charged, was null and void, it also said the provisions of the 1975 security law,
under which she has been kept under house arrest, remained in force. The verdict effectively
meant that she would be unable to participate in the elections scheduled to take place in 2010 –
the first in Burma in two decades. Her lawyer stated that her legal team would pursue a new
appeal within 60 days.[121]

Late 2000s: International support for release

Aung San Suu Kyi has received vocal support from Western
nations in Europe,[122] Australia[122] and North[123] and South
America, as well as India,[21] Israel,[124] Japan[125] the
Philippines and South Korea.[126] In December 2007, the US
House of Representatives voted unanimously 400–0 to award
Aung San Suu Kyi the Congressional Gold Medal; the Senate
concurred on 25 April 2008.[127] On 6 May 2008, President
George W. Bush signed legislation awarding Aung San Suu Kyi Daw Aung San Suu Kyi at a
the Congressional Gold Medal.[128] She is the first recipient in conference in London, during 5
American history to receive the prize while imprisoned. More countries tour of Europe, 2012
recently, there has been growing criticism of her detention by
Burma's neighbours in the Association of Southeast Asian
Nations, particularly from Indonesia,[129] Thailand,[130] the Philippines[131][132] and
Singapore.[133] At one point Malaysia warned Burma that it faced expulsion from ASEAN as a
result of the detention of Aung San Suu Kyi.[134] Other nations including South Africa,[135]
Bangladesh[136] and the Maldives[137] also called for her release. The United Nations has urged the
country to move towards inclusive national reconciliation, the restoration of democracy, and full
respect for human rights.[138] In December 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a
resolution condemning the human rights situation in Burma and calling for Aung San Suu Kyi's
release—80 countries voting for the resolution, 25 against and 45 abstentions.[139] Other nations,
such as China and Russia, are less critical of the regime and prefer to cooperate only on economic
matters.[140] Indonesia has urged China to push Burma for reforms.[141] However, Samak
Sundaravej, former Prime Minister of Thailand, criticised the amount of support for Aung San Suu
Kyi, saying that "Europe uses Aung San Suu Kyi as a tool. If it's not related to Aung San Suu Kyi,

10 of 53
you can have deeper discussions with Myanmar."[142]

Vietnam, however, did not support calls by other ASEAN

member states for Myanmar to free Aung San Suu Kyi, state
media reported Friday, 14 August 2009.[143] The state-run Việt
Nam News said Vietnam had no criticism of Myanmar's
decision 11 August 2009 to place Aung San Suu Kyi under
house arrest for the next 18 months, effectively barring her
from elections scheduled for 2010. "It is our view that the
The ceremony of the Sakharov
Aung San Suu Kyi trial is an internal affair of Myanmar",
Prize awarded to Aung San Suu Kyi
Vietnamese government spokesman Le Dung stated on the
by Martin Schulz, inside the
website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In contrast with European Parliament's Strasbourg
other ASEAN member states, Dung said Vietnam has always
supported Myanmar and hopes it will continue to implement hemicycle, in 2013
the "roadmap to democracy" outlined by its government.[144]

Nobel Peace Prize winners (Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the

Dalai Lama, Shirin Ebadi, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Mairead
Corrigan, Rigoberta Menchú, Prof. Elie Wiesel, US President
Barack Obama, Betty Williams, Jody Williams and former US
President Jimmy Carter) called for the rulers of Burma to
release Aung San Suu Kyi to "create the necessary conditions
for a genuine dialogue with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and all
concerned parties and ethnic groups to achieve an inclusive
national reconciliation with the direct support of the United
Nations".[28] Some of the money she received as part of the The 2009 celebration of Aung San
award helps fund London-based charity Prospect Burma, Suu Kyi's birthday in Dublin, Ireland
which provides higher education grants to Burmese
students.[145]

It was announced prior to the 2010 Burmese general election

that Aung San Suu Kyi may be released "so she can organize
her party",[146] However, Aung San Suu Kyi was not allowed to
run.[147] On 1 October 2010 the government announced that
she would be released on 13 November 2010.[148]

US President Barack Obama personally advocated the release

of all political prisoners, especially Aung San Suu Kyi, during Aung San Suu Kyi greeting
the US-ASEAN Summit of 2009.[149] supporters from Bago State in 2011

The US Government hoped that successful general elections

would be an optimistic indicator of the Burmese government's
sincerity towards eventual democracy.[150] The Hatoyama government which spent 2.82 billion
yen in 2008, has promised more Japanese foreign aid to encourage Burma to release Aung San
Suu Kyi in time for the elections; and to continue moving towards democracy and the rule of
law.[150][151]

In a personal letter to Aung San Suu Kyi, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown cautioned the
Burmese government of the potential consequences of rigging elections as "condemning Burma to
more years of diplomatic isolation and economic stagnation".[152]

Suu Kyi has met with many heads of state and opened a dialog with the Minister of Labor Aung Kyi
(not to be confused with Aung San Suu Kyi).[153] She was allowed to meet with senior members of

11 of 53
her NLD party at the State House,[154] however these meetings took place under close supervision.

2010 release

On the evening of 13 November 2010, Aung San Suu Kyi was

released from house arrest.[155] This was the date her
detention had been set to expire according to a court ruling in
August 2009[156] and came six days after a widely criticised
general election. She appeared in front of a crowd of her
supporters, who rushed to her house in Rangoon when nearby
barricades were removed by the security forces. Aung San Suu
Kyi had been detained for 15 of the past 21 years.[157] The
Aung San Suu Kyi addresses
government newspaper New Light of Myanmar reported the
crowds at the NLD headquarters
release positively,[158] saying she had been granted a pardon shortly after her release.
after serving her sentence "in good conduct".[159] The New
York Times suggested that the military government may have
released Suu Kyi because it felt it was in a confident position
to control her supporters after the election.[158] Her son Kim
Aris was granted a visa in November 2010 to see his mother
shortly after her release, for the first time in 10 years.[160] He
visited again on 5 July 2011, to accompany her on a trip to
Bagan, her first trip outside Yangon since 2003.[161] Her son
visited again on 8 August 2011, to accompany her on a trip to
Pegu, her second trip.[162]
Aung San Suu Kyi meets with US
Discussions were held between Suu Kyi and the Burmese Secretary of State Hillary Rodham
government during 2011, which led to a number of official Clinton in Yangon (1 December
gestures to meet her demands. In October, around a tenth of 2011)
Burma's political prisoners were freed in an amnesty and trade
unions were legalised.[163][164]

In November 2011, following a meeting of its leaders, the NLD announced its intention to re-
register as a political party to contend 48 by-elections necessitated by the promotion of
parliamentarians to ministerial rank.[165] Following the decision, Aung San Suu Kyi held a
telephone conference with US President Barack Obama, in which it was agreed that Secretary of
State Hillary Clinton would make a visit to Burma, a move received with caution by Burma's ally
China.[166] On 1 December 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi met with Hillary Clinton at the residence of the
top-ranking US diplomat in Yangon.[167]

On 21 December 2011, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra met Aung San Suu Kyi in
Yangoon, marking Aung San Suu Kyi's "first-ever meeting with the leader of a foreign
country".[168]

On 5 January 2012, British Foreign Minister William Hague met Aung San Suu Kyi and his
Burmese counterpart. This represented a significant visit for Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma. Aung
San Suu Kyi studied in the UK and maintains many ties there, whilst Britain is Burma's largest
bilateral donor. During Aung San Suu Kyi's visit to Europe, she visited the Swiss parliament,
collected her 1991 Nobel Prize in Oslo and her honorary degree from the University of Oxford.[169]
[170][171]

2012 by-elections

12 of 53
In December 2011, there was speculation that Aung San Suu Kyi would run in the 2012 national
by-elections to fill vacant seats.[172] On 18 January 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi formally registered to
contest a Pyithu Hluttaw (lower house) seat in the Kawhmu Township constituency in special
parliamentary elections to be held on 1 April 2012.[173][174] The seat was previously held by Soe
Tint, who vacated it after being appointed Construction Deputy Minister, in the 2010 election.[175]
She ran against Union Solidarity and Development Party candidate Soe Min, a retired army
physician and native of Twante Township.[176]

On 3 March 2012, at a large campaign rally in Mandalay, Aung

San Suu Kyi unexpectedly left after 15 minutes, because of
exhaustion and airsickness.[177]

In an official campaign speech broadcast on Burmese state

television's MRTV on 14 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi
publicly campaigned for reform of the 2008 Constitution,
removal of restrictive laws, more adequate protections for
people's democratic rights, and establishment of an
Aung San Suu Kyi (Center) gives a
independent judiciary.[178] The speech was leaked online a day
speech to the supporters during the
before it was broadcast.[179] A paragraph in the speech, 2012 by-election campaign at her
focusing on the Tatmadaw's repression by means of law, was constituency Kawhmu township,
censored by authorities.[180] Myanmar on 22 March 2012.

Suu Kyi has also called for international media to monitor the
upcoming by-elections, while publicly pointing out irregularities in official voter lists, which
include deceased individuals and exclude other eligible voters in the contested constituencies.
[181][182] On 21 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are

continuing and we can even say they are increasing."[183]

When asked whether she would assume a ministerial post if given the opportunity, she said the
following:[184]

I can tell you one thing – that under the present constitution, if you become a member
of the government you have to vacate your seat in the national assembly. And I am not
working so hard to get into parliament simply to vacate my seat.

On 26 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi suspended her nationwide campaign tour early, after a
campaign rally in Myeik (Mergui), a coastal town in the south, citing health problems due to
exhaustion and hot weather.[185]

On 1 April 2012, the NLD announced that Aung San Suu Kyi had won the vote for a seat in
Parliament.[186] A news broadcast on state-run MRTV, reading the announcements of the Union
Election Commission, confirmed her victory, as well as her party's victory in 43 of the 45 contested
seats, officially making Aung San Suu Kyi the Leader of the Opposition in the Pyidaungsu
Hluttaw.[187]

Although she and other MP-elects were expected to take office on 23 April when the Hluttaws
resumed session, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Aung San Suu Kyi, said
they might not take their oaths because of its wording; in its present form, parliamentarians must
vow to "safeguard" the constitution.[188][189] In an address on Radio Free Asia, she said "We don't
mean we will not attend the parliament, we mean we will attend only after taking the oath ...
Changing that wording in the oath is also in conformity with the Constitution. I don't expect there
will be any difficulty in doing it."[190]

13 of 53
On 2 May 2012, National League for Democracy MP-elects,
including Aung San Suu Kyi, took their oaths and took office,
though the wording of the oath was not changed.[191]
According to the Los Angeles Times, "Suu Kyi and her
colleagues decided they could do more by joining as
lawmakers than maintaining their boycott on principle."[191]
On 9 July 2012, she attended the Parliament for the first time
as a lawmaker.[192] [193]
US President Barack Obama and
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
2015 general election with Suu Kyi and her staff at her
home in Yangon, 2012
On 16 June 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was finally able to deliver
her Nobel acceptance speech (Nobel lecture) at Oslo's City
Hall, two decades after being awarded the peace prize.[194][195] In September 2012, Aung San Suu
Kyi received in person the United States Congressional Gold Medal, which is the highest
Congressional award. Although she was awarded this medal in 2008, at the time she was under
house arrest, and was unable to receive the medal. Aung San Suu Kyi was greeted with bipartisan
support at Congress, as part of a coast-to-coast tour in the United States. In addition, Aung San
Suu Kyi met President Barack Obama at the White House. The experience was described by Aung
San Suu Kyi as "one of the most moving days of my life."[196][197] In 2014, she was listed as the 61st
most powerful woman in the world by Forbes.[198][199][200][201][202]

On 6 July 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi announced on the World

Economic Forum's website that she wanted to run for the
presidency in Myanmar's 2015 elections.[203] The current
Constitution, which came into effect in 2008, bars her from
the presidency because she is the widow and mother of
foreigners – provisions that appeared to be written specifically
to prevent her from being eligible.[204]

The NLD won a sweeping victory in those elections, winning at

Suu Kyi meeting Barack Obama at
least 255 seats in the House of Representatives and 135 seats
the White House in September 2012
in the House of Nationalities. In addition, Aung San Suu Kyi
won re-election to the House of Representatives. Under the
2008 constitution, the NLD needed to win at least a two-thirds
majority in both houses to ensure that its candidate would
become president. Before the elections, Aung San Suu Kyi
announced that even though she is constitutionally barred
from the presidency, she would hold the real power in any
NLD-led government.[205] On 30 March 2016 she became
Minister for the President's Office, for Foreign Affairs, for
Education and for Electric Power and Energy in President
Htin Kyaw's government; later she relinquished the latter two Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson
ministries and President Htin Kyaw appointed her State meeting Aung San Suu Kyi in
Counsellor, a position akin to a Prime Minister created London, 12 September 2016
especially for her.[206][207][208][209][210][211] The position of
State Counsellor was approved by the House of Nationalities
on 1 April 2016 and the House of Representatives on 5 April 2016. The next day, her role as State
Counsellor was established.

State Counsellor and Foreign Minister (2016–2021)

14 of 53
As soon as she became foreign minister, she invited Chinese
Foreign Minister Wang Yi, Canadian Foreign Minister
Stephane Dion and Italian Foreign Minister Paolo Gentiloni in
April and Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida in May
and discussed to have good diplomatic relationships with
these countries.[212][213][214]

Initially, upon accepting the State Counsellor position, she

granted amnesty to the students who were arrested for
opposing the National Education Bill, and announced the
creation of the commission on Rakhine state, which had a long
record of persecution of the Muslim Rohingya minority.
However, soon Aung San Suu Kyi's government did not
manage with the ethnic conflicts in Shan and Kachin states,
where thousands of refugees fled to China, and by 2017 the
Indian Prime Minister Narendra
persecution of the Rohingya by the government forces
Modi meeting Aung San Suu Kyi in
escalated to the point that it is not uncommonly called a
New Delhi, 24 January 2018
genocide. Aung San Suu Kyi, when interviewed, has denied the
allegations of ethnic cleansing.[215][216] She has also refused to
grant citizenship to the Rohingya, instead taking steps to issue
ID cards for residency but no guarantees of citizenship.[217]

Her tenure as State Counsellor of Myanmar has drawn

international criticism for her failure to address her country's
economic and ethnic problems, particularly the plight of the
Rohingya following the 25 August 2017 ARSA attacks
(described as "certainly one of the biggest refugee crises and
cases of ethnic cleansing since the Second World War"), for
Aung San Suu Kyi with Philippine
the weakening of freedom of the press and for her style of
President Rodrigo Duterte and Thai
leadership, described as imperious and "distracted and out of
Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha,
touch".[218][219]
25 January 2018

Response to violence against Rohingya Muslims and

refugees

In 2017, critics called for Aung San Suu Kyi's Nobel prize to be
revoked, citing her silence over the persecution of Rohingya
people in Myanmar.[220][221] Some activists criticised Aung
San Suu Kyi for her silence on the 2012 Rakhine State riots
(later repeated during the 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis), and
her indifference to the plight of the Rohingya, Myanmar's
persecuted Muslim minority.[222][223] In 2012, she told Aung San Suu Kyi with U.S. Vice
reporters she did not know if the Rohingya could be regarded President Mike Pence, 14
November 2018
as Burmese citizens.[224] In a 2013 interview with the BBC's
Mishal Husain, Aung San Suu Kyi did not condemn violence
against the Rohingya and denied that Muslims in Myanmar
have been subject to ethnic cleansing, insisting that the tensions were due to a "climate of fear"
caused by "a worldwide perception that global Muslim power is 'very great' ". She did condemn
"hate of any kind" in the interview.[225] According to Peter Popham, in the aftermath of the
interview, she expressed anger at being interviewed by a Muslim.[226] Husain had challenged Suu
Kyi that almost all of the impact of violence was against the Rohingya, in response to Aung San
Suu Kyi's claim that violence was happening on both sides, and Peter Popham described her

15 of 53
position on the issue as one of purposeful ambiguity for political gain.[227]

However, she said that she wanted to work towards reconciliation and she cannot take sides as
violence has been committed by both sides.[228] According to The Economist, her "halo has even
slipped among foreign human-rights lobbyists, disappointed at her failure to make a clear stand on
behalf of the Rohingya minority". However, she has spoken out "against a ban on Rohingya
families near the Bangladeshi border having more than two children".[229]

In a 2015 BBC News article, reporter Jonah Fisher suggested that Aung San Suu Kyi's silence over
the Rohingya issue is due to a need to obtain support from the majority Bamar ethnicity as she is
in "the middle of a general election campaign".[230] In May 2015, the Dalai Lama publicly called
upon her to do more to help the Rohingya in Myanmar, claiming that he had previously urged her
to address the plight of the Rohingya in private during two separate meetings and that she had
resisted his urging.[231] In May 2016, Aung San Suu Kyi asked the newly appointed United States
Ambassador to Myanmar, Scot Marciel, not to refer to the Rohingya by that name as they "are not
recognized as among the 135 official ethnic groups" in Myanmar.[232] This followed Bamar
protests at Marciel's use of the word "Rohingya".[233]

In 2016, Aung San Suu Kyi was accused of failing to protect Myanmar's Rohingya Muslims during
the 2016–17 persecution.[234] State crime experts from Queen Mary University of London warned
that Aung San Suu Kyi is "legitimising genocide" in Myanmar.[235] Despite continued persecution
of the Rohingya well into 2017, Aung San Suu Kyi was "not even admitting, let alone trying to stop,
the army's well-documented campaign of rape, murder and destruction against Rohingya
villages".[236] On 4 September 2017, Yanghee Lee, the UN's special rapporteur on human rights in
Myanmar, criticised Suu Kyi's response to the "really grave" situation in Rakhine, saying: "The de
facto leader needs to step in – that is what we would expect from any government, to protect
everybody within their own jurisdiction."[237] The BBC reported that "Her comments came as the
number of Rohingya fleeing to Bangladesh reached 87,000, according to UN estimates", adding
that "her sentiments were echoed by Nobel Peace laureate Malala Yousafzai, who said she was
waiting to hear from Ms Suu Kyi – who has not commented on the crisis since it erupted".[237] The
next day George Monbiot, writing in The Guardian, called on readers to sign a change.org petition
to have the Nobel peace prize revoked, criticising her silence on the matter and asserting "whether
out of prejudice or out of fear, she denies to others the freedoms she rightly claimed for herself.
Her regime excludes – and in some cases seeks to silence – the very activists who helped to ensure
her own rights were recognised."[238] The Nobel Foundation replied that there existed no
provision for revoking a Nobel Prize.[239] Archbishop Desmond Tutu, a fellow peace prize holder,
also criticised Suu Kyi's silence: in an open letter published on social media, he said: "If the
political price of your ascension to the highest office in Myanmar is your silence, the price is surely
too steep ... It is incongruous for a symbol of righteousness to lead such a country."[240] On 13
September it was revealed that Aung San Suu Kyi would not be attending a UN General Assembly
debate being held the following week to discuss the humanitarian crisis, with a Myanmar
government spokesman stating "perhaps she has more pressing matters to deal with".[241]

In October 2017, Oxford City Council announced that, following a unanimous cross-party
vote,[242] the honour of Freedom of the City, granted in 1997 in recognition of her "long struggle
for democracy", was to be withdrawn following evidence emerging from the United Nations which
meant that she was "no longer worthy of the honour".[243] A few days later, Munsur Ali, a
councillor for City of London Corporation, tabled a motion to rescind the Freedom of the City of
London: the motion was supported by Catherine McGuinness, chair of the corporation's policy and
resources committee, who expressed "distress ... at the situation in Burma and the atrocities
committed by the Burmese military".[242] On 13 November 2017, Bob Geldof returned his
Freedom of the City of Dublin award in protest over Aung San Suu Kyi also holding the accolade,
stating that he does not "wish to be associated in any way with an individual currently engaged in

16 of 53
the mass ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya people of north-west Burma". Calling Aung San Suu Kyi
a "handmaiden to genocide",[244] Geldof added that he would take pride in his award being
restored if it is first stripped from her.[245] The Dublin City Council voted 59–2 (with one
abstention) to revoke Aung San Suu Kyi's Freedom of the City award over Myanmar's treatment of
the Rohingya people in December 2017, though Lord Mayor of Dublin Mícheál Mac Donncha
denied the decision was influenced by protests by Geldof and members of U2.[246][247] At the same
meeting, the Councillors voted 37–7 (with 5 abstentions) to remove Geldof's name from the Roll of
Honorary Freemen.[246][248]

In March 2018, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum revoked Suu Kyi's Elie Wiesel
Award, awarded in 2012, citing her failure "to condemn and stop the military's brutal campaign"
against Rohingya Muslims.[249][250][251]

In May 2018, Aung San Suu Kyi was considered complicit in the crimes against Rohingyas in a
report by Britain's International Development Committee.[252]

In August 2018, it was revealed that Aung San Suu Kyi would
be stripped of her Freedom of Edinburgh award over her
refusal to speak out against the crimes committed against the
Rohingya. She had received the award in 2005 for promoting
peace and democracy in Burma.[253] This will be only the
second time that anyone has ever been stripped of the award,
[254][255] after Charles Stewart Parnell lost it in 1890 due to a

salacious affair.[255] Also in August, a UN report, while

describing the violence as genocide, added that Aung San Suu
Kyi did as little as possible to prevent it.[256]
Aung San Suu Kyi with Indonesian
President Joko Widodo, 22 June
In early October 2018, both the Canadian Senate and its
2019
House of Commons voted unanimously to strip Aung San Suu
Kyi of her honorary citizenship. This decision was caused by
the Government of Canada's determination that the treatment
of the Rohingya by Myanmar's government amounts to Genocide.[257]

On 11 November 2018, Amnesty International announced it was revoking her Ambassador of

Conscience award.[258] In December 2019, Suu Kyi appeared in the International Court of Justice
at The Hague where she defended the Burmese military against allegations of genocide against the
Rohingya.[12] In a speech of over 3,000 words, Suu Kyi did not use the term "Rohingya" in
describing the ethnic group.[259] She stated that the allegations of genocide were "incomplete and
misleading",[12] claiming that the situation was actually a Burmese military response to attacks by
the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army.[259] She also questioned how there could be "genocidal
intent" when the Burmese government had opened investigations and also encouraged Rohingya
to return after being displaced.[260][261] However, experts have largely criticized the Burmese
investigations as insincere, with the military declaring itself innocent and the government
preventing a visit from investigators from the United Nations.[261] Many Rohingya have also not
returned due to perceiving danger and a lack of rights in Myanmar.[260]

In January 2020, the International Court of Justice decided that there was a "real and imminent
risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights" of the Rohingya. The court also took the view that the
Burmese government's efforts to remedy the situation "do not appear sufficient" enough to protect
the Rohingya. Therefore, the court ordered the Burmese government to take "all measures within
its power" to protect the Rohingya from genocidal actions. The court also instructed the Burmese
government to preserve evidence and report back to the court at timely intervals about the
situation.[262][263]

17 of 53
Arrests and prosecution of journalists

In December 2017, two Reuters journalists, Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo, were arrested while
investigating the Inn Din massacre of Rohingyas alleged to have been carried out by Myanmar's
security forces.[264][265] Suu Kyi publicly commented in June 2018 that the journalists "weren't
arrested for covering the Rakhine issue", but because they had broken Myanmar's Official Secrets
Act.[265][266] As the journalists were then on trial for violating the Official Secrets Act, Aung San
Suu Kyi's presumption of their guilt were criticized by rights groups for potentially influencing the
verdict.[265][267] American diplomat Bill Richardson said that he had privately discussed the arrest
with Suu Kyi, and he alleged that Aung San Suu Kyi reacted angrily and labelled the journalists
"traitors".[268] A police officer testified that he was ordered by superiors to use entrapment to
frame and arrest the journalists; he was later jailed and his family evicted from their home in the
police camp.[269] The judge found the journalists guilty in September 2018 and to be jailed for
seven years.[265] Aung San Suu Kyi reacted to widespread international criticism of the verdict by
stating: "I don't think anyone has bothered to read" the judgement as it had "nothing to do with
freedom of expression at all", but the Official Secrets Act. She also challenged critics to "point out
where there has been a miscarriage of justice", and told the two Reuters journalists that they could
appeal their case to a higher court.[270]

In September 2018, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued
a report that since Aung San Suu Kyi's party, the NLD, came to power, the arrests and criminal
prosecutions of journalists in Myanmar by the government and military, under laws which are too
vague and broad, have "made it impossible for journalists to do their job without fear or
favour."[11]

2021 arrest

On 1 February 2021, Aung San Suu Kyi was arrested and deposed by the Myanmar military, along
with other leaders of her National League for Democracy (NLD) party, after the Myanmar military
declared the November 2020 general election results fraudulent.[271][13]

US President Joe Biden raised the threat of new sanctions as a result of the Myanmar military
coup.[272] In a statement, the UN Secretary-General António Guterres believes “These
developments represent a serious blow to democratic reforms in Myanmar.” Volkan Bozkir,
President of the UN General Assembly, also voiced his concerns, having tweeted “Attempts to
undermine democracy and rule of law are unacceptable”, and called for the “immediate release” of
the detained NLD party leaders.[273]

Political beliefs
It is not power that Asked what democratic models Myanmar could look to, she said: "We
corrupts, but fear. Fear have many, many lessons to learn from various places, not just the
of losing power corrupts Asian countries like South Korea, Taiwan, Mongolia, and Indonesia."
those who wield it and She also cited "the eastern European countries, which made the
fear of the scourge of transition from communist autocracy to democracy in the 1980s and
power corrupts those 1990s, and the Latin American countries, which made the transition
who are subject to it.
from military governments. "And we cannot of course forget South
—Freedom From Africa, because although it wasn't a military regime, it was certainly an
authoritarian regime." She added: "We wish to learn from everybody
Fear[274]
who has achieved a transition to democracy, and also ... our great
strong point is that, because we are so far behind everybody else, we

18 of 53
can also learn which mistakes we should avoid."[275]

In a nod to the deep US political divide between Republicans led by Mitt Romney and the
Democrats of Obama—then battling to win the 2012 Presidential election—she stressed, "Those of
you who are familiar with American politics I'm sure understand the need for negotiated
compromise."[275]

Related organisations
Freedom Now, a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit
organisation, was retained in 2006 by a member of her
family to help secure Aung San Suu Kyi's release from
house arrest. The organisation secured several opinions
from the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention that her
detention was in violation of international law; engaged in
political advocacy such as spearheading a letter from 112
former presidents and Prime Ministers to UN Secretary-
General Ban Ki-moon urging him to go to Burma to seek
her release, which he did six weeks later; and published
numerous opeds and spoke widely to the media about her Suu Kyi with French Ambassador
ongoing detention. Its representation of her ended when for Human Rights, Francois Zimeray
she was released from house arrest on 13 November
2010.[276]
Aung San Suu Kyi has been an honorary board member of International IDEA and ARTICLE
19 since her detention, and has received support from these organisations.
The Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the University of Louvain (UCLouvain), both located in
Belgium, granted her the title of Doctor Honoris Causa.[277]
In 2003, the Freedom Forum recognised Suu Kyi's efforts to promote democracy peacefully
with the Al Neuharth Free Spirit of the Year Award, in which she was presented over satellite
because she was under house arrest. She was awarded one million dollars.[278]
In June of each year, the U.S. Campaign for Burma organises hundreds of "Arrest Yourself"
house parties around the world in support of Aung San Suu Kyi. At these parties, the
organisers keep themselves under house arrest for 24 hours, invite their friends, and learn
more about Burma and Aung San Suu Kyi.[279]
The Freedom Campaign, a joint effort between the Human Rights Action Center and US
Campaign for Burma, looks to raise worldwide attention to the struggles of Aung San Suu Kyi
and the people of Burma.
The Burma Campaign UK is a UK-based NGO (Non Governmental Organisation) that aims to
raise awareness of Burma's struggles and follow the guidelines established by the NLD and
Aung San Suu Kyi.
St. Hugh's College, Oxford, where she studied, had a Burmese theme for their annual ball in
support of her in 2006.[280] The University later awarded her an honorary doctorate in civil law
on 20 June 2012 during her visitation on her alma mater.[281]
Aung San Suu Kyi is the official patron of The Rafto Human Rights House in Bergen, Norway.
She received the Thorolf Rafto Memorial Prize in 1990.
She was made an honorary free person of the City of Dublin, Ireland in November 1999,
although a space had been left on the roll of signatures to symbolize her continued detention.
This was subsequently revoked on 13 December 2017.[282]
In November 2005 the human rights group Equality Now proposed Aung Sun Suu Kyi as a
potential candidate, among other qualifying women, for the position of U.N. Secretary

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General.[20] In the proposed list of qualified women Suu Kyi is recognised by Equality Now as
the Prime Minister-Elect of Burma.[20]
The UN' special envoy to Myanmar, Ibrahim Gambari, met Aung San Suu Kyi on 10 March
2008 before wrapping up his trip to the military-ruled country.[283]
Aung San Suu Kyi was an honorary member of The Elders, a group of eminent global leaders
brought together by Nelson Mandela.[284] Her ongoing detention meant that she was unable to
take an active role in the group, so The Elders placed an empty chair for her at their
meetings.[285] The Elders have consistently called for the release of all political prisoners in
Burma.[286] Upon her election to parliament, she stepped down from her post.[287]
In 2010, Aung San Suu Kyi was given an honorary doctorate from the University of
Johannesburg.[288]
In 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi was named the Guest Director of the 45th Brighton Festival.[289]
She was part of the international jury of Human Rights Defenders and Personalities who
helped to choose a universal Logo for Human Rights in 2011.[290]
In June 2011, the BBC announced that Aung San Suu Kyi was to deliver the 2011 Reith
Lectures. The BBC covertly recorded two lectures with Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma, which
were then smuggled out of the country and brought back to London.[291] The lectures were
broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service on 28 June 2011 and 5 July 2011.
In November 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi received Francois Zimeray, France's Ambassador for
Human Rights.
8 March 2012, Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird presented Aung San Suu Kyi a
certificate of honorary Canadian citizenship and an informal invitation to visit Canada. The
honorary citizenship was revoked in September 2018 due to the Rohingya conflict.[292]
In April 2012, British Prime Minister David Cameron became the first leader of a major world
power to visit Aung San Suu Kyi and the first British prime minister to visit Burma since the
1950s. In his visit, Cameron invited San Suu Kyi to Britain where she would be able to visit her
'beloved' Oxford, an invitation which she later accepted. She visited Britain on 19 June 2012.
In 2012 she received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law from the University of
Oxford.[293]
In May 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi received the inaugural Václav Havel Prize for Creative
Dissent of the Human Rights Foundation.[294]
29 May 2012 PM Manmohan Singh of India visited Aung San Suu Kyi. In his visit, PM invited
Aung San Suu Kyi to India as well. She started her 6-day visit to India on 16 November 2012
where among the places she visited was her alma mater Lady Shri Ram College in New Delhi.
In 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi set up the charity Daw Khin Kyi Foundation to improve health,
education and living standards in underdeveloped parts of Myanmar.[295] The charity was
named after Aung San Suu Kyi's mother. Htin Kyaw played a leadership role in the charity
before his election as President of Myanmar.[296] The charity runs a Hospitality and Catering
Training Academy in Kawhmu Township, in Yangon Region,[297] and runs a mobile library
service which in 2014 had 8000 members.[298]
Seoul National University in South Korea conferred an honorary doctorate degree to Aung San
Suu Kyi in February 2013.[299]
University of Bologna, Italy conferred an honorary doctorate degree in philosophy to Aung San
Suu Kyi in October 2013.
Monash University, The Australian National University, University of Sydney and University of
Technology, Sydney conferred an honorary degree to Aung San Suu Kyi in November 2013.

20 of 53
In popular culture
The life of Aung San Suu Kyi and her husband Michael Aris is
portrayed in Luc Besson's 2011 film The Lady, in which they are
played by Michelle Yeoh and David Thewlis. Yeoh visited Suu Kyi in
2011 before the film's release in November.[300] In the John
Boorman's 1995 film Beyond Rangoon, Aung San Suu Kyi was played
by Adelle Lutz.[301]

Since 2009,[302] Indian actress and Bharathanatyam dancer Rukmini

Vijayakumar has been portraying Aung San Suu Kyi in a one-act play
titled The Lady of Burma directed by Prakash Belawadi,[303][304]
which also happens to be an eponymous play written by Richard
Shannon.[305]
Suu Kyi on the cover of Ms.
in 2012 Irish songwriters Damien Rice and Lisa Hannigan released in 2005
the single "Unplayed Piano", in support of the Free Aung San Suu Kyi
60th Birthday Campaign that was happening at the time.[306] U2's
Bono wrote the song "Walk On" in tribute to Aung San Suu Kyi, and publicized her plight during
the U2 360° Tour, 2009–2011. Saxophonist Wayne Shorter composed a song titled "Aung San Suu
Kyi". It appears on his albums 1+1 (with pianist Herbie Hancock) and Footprints Live!.[307]

Health problems
Suu Kyi underwent surgery for a gynecological condition in September 2003 at Asia Royal
Hospital during her house arrest.[308] She also underwent minor foot surgery in December 2013
and eye surgery in April 2016.[309] Tin Myo Win, her doctor, said that she had no serious health
problems but weighed only 48 kg, had low blood pressure, and could become weak easily.[310]

Books
Freedom from Fear (1991)
Letters from Burma (1991)

Honours
Honours of Aung San Suu Kyi

See also
List of civil rights leaders
List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Kyoto University
State Counsellor of Myanmar
List of foreign ministers in 2017
List of current foreign ministers

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original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
307. "Aung San Suu Kyi and Bono discuss U2's song Walk On – 2012-06-18" (https://www.bbc.com
/news/world-europe-18497408). BBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151112021616
/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18497408) from the original on 12 November 2015.
Retrieved 12 November 2015.
308. "Aung San Suu Kyi Recovering from Surgery in Rangoon – 2003-09-19"
(http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-a-2003-09-19-3-aung/290812.html). Voice of America.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000615/http://www.voanews.com/content
/a-13-a-2003-09-19-3-aung/290812.html) from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved
29 December 2013.
309. "Suu Kyi cancels trips after foot surgery – ANN" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131223220826
/http://asianewsnet.net/Suu-Kyi-cancels-trips-after-foot-surgery-55308.html). Asianewsnet.net.
23 December 2013. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December
2013.
310. Associated Press in Rangoon (15 June 2012). "Aung San Suu Kyi doctor fears for her health
after illness on Europe tour" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/15/aung-san-suu-
kyi-illness). The Guardian. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000911/http:
//www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/15/aung-san-suu-kyi-illness) from the original on 31
December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.

Bibliography
Miller, J. E. (2001). Who's Who in Contemporary Women's Writing. Routledge.
Reid, R., Grosberg, M. (2005). Myanmar (Burma). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-695-4.
Stewart, Whitney (1997). Aung San Suu Kyi: Fearless Voice of Burma. Twenty-First Century
Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-4931-4.

Further reading

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 Aung Zaw (2014). The Face of Resistance: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Fight for Freedom.
Chiang Mai: Mekong Press.
Aung San Suu Kyi (Modern Peacemakers) (2007) by Judy L. Hasday,
ISBN 978-0-7910-9435-8
The Lady: Aung San Suu Kyi: Nobel Laureate and Burma's Prisoner (2002) by Barbara Victor,
ISBN 978-0-571-21177-7, or 1998 hardcover: ISBN 978-0-571-19944-0
The Lady and the Peacock: The Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2012) by Peter Popham,
ISBN 978-1-61519-064-5
Perfect Hostage: A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi (2007) by Justin Wintle, ISBN 978-0-09-179681-5
Tyrants: The World's 20 Worst Living Dictators (2006) by David Wallechinsky,
ISBN 978-0-06-059004-8
Aung San Suu Kyi (Trailblazers of the Modern World) (2004) by William Thomas,
ISBN 978-0-8368-5263-9
No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs (2002) by Naomi Klein ISBN 978-0-312-42143-4
Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for
Democracy (https://books.google.com/books?id=bV3shLzx0B4C&printsec=frontcover) (ILCAA
Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series) (1999) by Gustaaf
Houtman, ISBN 978-4-87297-748-6
Aung San Suu Kyi: Standing Up for Democracy in Burma (Women Changing the World) (1998)
by Bettina Ling ISBN 978-1-55861-197-9
Prisoner for Peace: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy (Champions of
Freedom Series) (1994) by John Parenteau, ISBN 978-1-883846-05-3
Des femmes prix Nobel de Marie Curie à Aung San Suu Kyi, 1903–1991 (1992) by Charlotte
Kerner, Nicole Casanova, Gidske Anderson, ISBN 978-2-7210-0427-7
Aung San Suu Kyi, towards a new freedom (1998) by Chin Geok Ang
ISBN 978-981-4024-30-3
Aung San Suu Kyi's struggle: Its principles and strategy (1997) by Mikio Oishi
ISBN 978-983-9861-06-8
Finding George Orwell in Burma (2004) by Emma Larkin ISBN 0-14-303711-0
Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult
Should Remember (2005) by John McCain, Mark Salter. Random House
ISBN 978-1-4000-6412-0
Silverstein, Josef (Summer 1996). "The Idea of Freedom in Burma and the Political Thought of
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi" (http://charlesesalazar.pbworks.com
/f/The+idea+of+freedom+in+burma+and+the+pol+thought+of+aung+sang+suu+kyi.pdf) (PDF).
Pacific Affairs. 69 (2): 211–228. doi:10.2307/2760725 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2760725).
JSTOR 2760725 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2760725).
Under the Dragon: A Journey Through Burma (1998/2010) by Rory MacLean
ISBN 978-1-84511-622-4
Richard, Shannon (8 January 2007). The Lady of Burma (https://books.google.com
/books?id=WZpLPzsvIBUC). London: OBERON Books Ltd. ISBN 9781849438919. Retrieved
5 October 2016.

External links
Aung San Suu Kyi's website (https://web.archive.org/web/20110125034340/http:
//www.dassk.org/) (Site appears to be inactive. Last posting was in July 2014)
Aung San Suu Kyi (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/553) on Nobelprize.org

50 of 53
Works by Aung San Suu Kyi (https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL106595A) at Open Library
Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary (https://www.theguardian.com/world/aung-
san-suu-kyi) at The Guardian
"Aung San Suu Kyi collected news and commentary" (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference
/timestopics/people/a/daw_aung_san_suu_kyi/index.html). The New York Times.
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?sanaung) on C-SPAN

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 Party political offices

General Secretary of the National

New office League for Democracy Position abolished
1988–2011

President of the National League

Preceded by
for Democracy Incumbent
Aung Shwe
2011–present

Assembly seats

Member of the House of

Preceded by Representatives
Vacant
Soe Tint for Kawhmu
2012–2016

Political offices

Preceded by Leader of the Opposition Succeeded by

Sai Hla Kyaw 2012–2016 Khin Aung Myint

Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs Succeeded by

Wunna Maung Lwin 2016–2021 Wunna Maung Lwin

Preceded by
Aung Min
Hla Tun Minister of the President's Office Succeeded by
Soe Maung 2016–2021 TBA
Soe Thein
Thein Nyunt

Vacant
Succeeded by
Title last held by State Counsellor of Myanmar
Min Aung Hlaing
Thein Sein 2016–2021
as SAC chairman
as Prime Minister of Myanmar

Awards and achievements

Preceded by Recipient of the Sakharov Prize Succeeded by

Alexander Dubček 1990 Adem Demaçi

Preceded by
Doina Cornea Recipient of the Thorolf Rafto
Succeeded by
Memorial Prize
Preceded by Yelena Bonner
1990
Péter Molnár

Preceded by Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize Succeeded by

Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Rigoberta Menchú

Recipient of the Jawaharlal Nehru

Preceded by Succeeded by
Award
Maurice Strong Mahathir Mohamad
1993

Preceded by Recipient of the Gwangju Prize for

Succeeded by
Dandeniya Gamage Human Rights
Wardah Hafidz
Jayanthi 2004

52 of 53
 Preceded by Recipient of the Wallenberg Medal Succeeded by
Denis Mukwege 2011 Maria Gunnoe

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