METU Chem. Eng. Dept. Ch.E. 410 Chem. Eng. Lab II Experiment 1.1. (Fluid) Fluidization
METU Chem. Eng. Dept. Ch.E. 410 Chem. Eng. Lab II Experiment 1.1. (Fluid) Fluidization
METU Chem. Eng. Dept. Ch.E. 410 Chem. Eng. Lab II Experiment 1.1. (Fluid) Fluidization
Chem. Eng. Dept. Experiment 1.1
Ch.E. 410 Chem. Eng. Lab II Fluidization
METU Chem. Eng. Dept.
Ch.E. 410 Chem. Eng. Lab II
EXPERIMENT 1.1. (FLUID)
FLUIDIZATION
This is a SHORT‐REPORT experiment. You are expected to carry out the experiment and
complete the report by the end of your lab session, or 17:30.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the phenomenon of fluidization in a gas‐solid
system.
PREPARATION
1. Review the fundamental concepts of fluidization (see Suggested Reading).
2. Familiarize yourself with the force distribution on single particles of the bed during the
fluidization.
3. Familiarize yourself with the operation of the set‐up.
4. Sketch the expected trend of ∆P (bed pressure drop) with respect to the uo (superficial
velocity). Indicate the minimum fluidization velocity on this sketch.
5. Write down the Ergun Equation and discuss which term(s) would dominate at very low and
very high velocities.
6. Prepare a data sheet to record the measurements, record flow rates and velocities before
coming to the experiment.
7. Bring blank paper, several graph papers and a ruler to plot graphs and enter data. A laptop
is also recommended for faster calculation, but not essential or mandatory.
8. Answer the following questions in your lab notebooks:
What is the difference between superficial velocity and average velocity?
Perform a force balance on a spherical particle at fluidization.
Estimate the minimum fluidization velocity if this experiment is performed with air
with density 1.19 x 10‐3 g/cm3 and viscosity 1.80 x 10‐4 g/(cms).
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METU Chem. Eng. Dept. Experiment 1.1
Ch.E. 410 Chem. Eng. Lab II Fluidization
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Fluidization is the phenomenon of solid particles exhibiting fluid‐like properties under certain
conditions. Fluidized beds, which are based on this phenomenon, are widely used in the
chemical industry, where improved heat and mass transfer rates by virtue of the increased
contact area are always desirable. However, there are a few disadvantages of fluidized beds as
well. They are restricted to certain flow rate intervals, and attrition of the solid particles (and
possibly of the container by the solids) is a concern. Scale‐up is also difficult due to the complex
nature of the flow and transport patterns involved
When a gas or liquid is forced through a bed of solid particles, the observed height of the bed
and the pressure difference across the bed follow distinct trends depending on the ranges of
flow rate. At low superficial velocities, the solid particles remain stationary. In this range of flow
rate, the system is described as a fixed bed and the drag force exerted by the fluid on the
particles results in a pressure drop across the bed. There is limited contact between the fluid
and granular particles.
As the superficial velocity is increased, the pressure drop also increases. When the flow rate is
high enough such that the drag force equals the gravitational force, the solid particles start to
separate from each other and are eventually lifted off by the fluid. The bed is then said to be
fluidized, in which solids behave as if they are a fluid body. The lowest superficial velocity at
which this phenomenon occurs is defined as the minimum fluidization velocity, which can be
either observed by experiment or calculated theoretically using equations such as those
proposed by Ergun, Wen and Yu or Richardson and Grace.
Further increase in the flow rate of the fluid will result in bubble formation throughout the bed,
and this is called as bubbling fluidization. At even higher velocities bubbles can combine with
each other and when the diameter of the bubble reaches to that of the column, slugging
occurs. Finally, at very high fluid velocities, entrainment takes place, which means that the fine
particles are carried out of the bed.
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METU Chem. Eng. Dept. Experiment 1.1
Ch.E. 410 Chem. Eng. Lab II Fluidization
EXPERIMENTAL SET‐UP
A schematic diagram of the set‐up is shown in Figure below. The set‐up consists of a vertical
Plexiglass cylinder of internal diameter 44 mm containing glass beads of 375 µm average
particle diameter as bed material, through which air flows. The bed bulk density is 1.5 g/cm3. At
the lower end of the cylinder there is a distributor chamber and a stainless steel sintered plate
distributor which supports the bed. This system ensures uniform fluid flow into the bed without
causing excessive pressure drop.
Upon leaving the bed, the air passes through a stainless steel sintered plate; then, air escapes
to the atmosphere.
An air compressor (P1) with pressure reservoir (D2) is fitted to the unit for the air supply.
The air flow rate can be measured with a variable‐area flowmeter (FI2). Air flow rate can be
adjusted by using the air bypass valve (V2) and flowmeter (FI2). A U‐tube manometer (PdI2) is
used to measure the pressure drop across the fluidized bed.
If the pressure in the air distribution chamber rises above 0.5 bar above atmospheric, a
pressure safety valve (PSV) will discharge air into the atmosphere.
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METU Chem. Eng. Dept. Experiment 1.1
Ch.E. 410 Chem. Eng. Lab II Fluidization
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Be sure that the unit is connected to the electrical supply.
2. Open completely the air by‐pass valve, V2 and close completely the valve of the air
flowmeter, Fl2.
3. Start the compressor, P1
4. Adjust the air flow rate through the flowmeter to 200 nL/h (what does n stand for?) and
wait till pressure drop stabilizes. When stabilized make a note of the pressure drop in
mm H2O and the bed height.
5. Increase the air flow rate with increments of 100 nL/h up to 500 nL/h and following the
stabilization period record pressure drop and bed height for each flow rate.
6. From 500 nL/h onwards increase the flow rate through the flowmeter with increments
of 20 nL/h up to 900 nL/h by decreasing the flow through the by‐pass valve and repeat
the recording in step 5.
7. From 900 nL/h to 1400 nL/h increase the air flow rate with increments of 100 nL/h and
repeat the recordings in step 5.
8. During the steps given above observe the first movement of particles, first formation of
bubbles and growing bubbles.
9. Decrease the air flow rate to 200 nL/h with the same increments suggested above and
keep on recording the two parameters.
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METU Chem. Eng. Dept. Experiment 1.1
Ch.E. 410 Chem. Eng. Lab II Fluidization
REPORTING THE RESULTS
On your data‐sheet, tabulate the superficial velocity, pressure drop and bed height measured at
each air flow rate. Follow the template given in the Appendix.
SUGGESTED READING
1. McCabe, W.L.,.Smith, J.C and Harriott P., "Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering", 7th
ed., McGraw Hill, N.Y., 2005, Ch.7.
2. Kunii, D. and Levenspiel, O.,”Fluidization Engineering”, 2nd ed., Butterworth‐Heinemann,
1991, Ch.3.
3. Geankoplis C. J., “Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles”, 4th ed.,
Prentice Hall PTR, 2003, Ch.3.
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METU Chem. Eng. Dept. Experiment 1.1
Ch.E. 410 Chem. Eng. Lab II Fluidization
APPENDIX: Template for the Laboratory Report
ChE410 – FLUIDIZATION SHORT REPORT
Date:
Group no:
Group members:
1. Objective of the experiment (one or two sentences)
2. Procedure (half a page maximum)
3. Results and Discussion (four pages maximum, including plots)
a. For a flow rate within the fixed bed region, calculate the superficial velocity and
the theoretical pressure drop per unit length. Compare with your experimental
P/L.
b. Plot the pressure drop (mm H2O) versus superficial velocity (cm/s) curve for both
increasing and decreasing air flow rates by using the recorded data.
c. Plot the variation of bed height against the superficial velocity and comment on
the variation.
d. Determine the minimum fluidization velocity using the experimental data.
e. Calculate the theoretical minimum fluidization velocity and compare it with the
experimental one. Briefly (under half a page) discuss your findings.
4. Data Sheet
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