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    Unit 6: Programmability Issues

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    Unit 6 discusses types and levels of parallelism including instruction, loop, procedure, subprogram, and job levels. It also covers operating systems for parallel processing including master-slave, separate supervisor, and floating supervisor configurations. The master-slave model has one master processor managing slave processors, while separate supervisor uses shared memory and each processor runs its own kernel copy. Floating supervisor allows the supervisor routine to move between processors for better load balancing.

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    Unit 6: Programmability Issues

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    98 views18 pages
    Unit 6 discusses types and levels of parallelism including instruction, loop, procedure, subprogram, and job levels. It also covers operating systems for parallel processing including master-slave, separate supervisor, and floating supervisor configurations. The master-slave model has one master processor managing slave processors, while separate supervisor uses shared memory and each processor runs its own kernel copy. Floating supervisor allows the supervisor routine to move between processors for better load balancing.

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    Unit 6 discusses types and levels of parallelism including instruction, loop, procedure, subprogram, and job levels. It also covers operating systems for parallel processing including master-slave, separate supervisor, and floating supervisor configurations. The master-slave model has one master processor managing slave processors, while separate supervisor uses shared memory and each processor runs its own kernel copy. Floating supervisor allows the supervisor routine to move between processors for better load balancing.

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    98 views18 pages

    Unit 6: Programmability Issues

    Uploaded by

    sushil@ird
    Unit 6 discusses types and levels of parallelism including instruction, loop, procedure, subprogram, and job levels. It also covers operating systems for parallel processing including master-slave, separate supervisor, and floating supervisor configurations. The master-slave model has one master processor managing slave processors, while separate supervisor uses shared memory and each processor runs its own kernel copy. Floating supervisor allows the supervisor routine to move between processors for better load balancing.

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    Unit 6

    Programmability Issues
    Points to be covered
     Types and levels of parallelism
     Operating systems for parallel processing, Models of
    parallel operating systems-Master-slave configuration,
    Separate supervisor configuration, Floating supervisor
    control
    Types and Levels Of Parallelism
    1) Instruction Level Parallelism
    2) Loop-level Parallelism
    3) Procedure-level Parallelism
    4) Subprogram-level Parallelism
    5) Job or Program-Level Parallelism
    Instruction Level Parallelism
     This fine-grained, or smallest granularity level typically
    involves less than 20 instructions per grain.
     The number of candidates for parallel execution varies
    from 2 to thousands, with about five instructions or
    statements (on the average) being the average level of
    parallelism.
    Advantages:
     There are usually many candidates for parallel execution
     Compilers can usually do a reasonable job of finding this
    parallelism
    Loop-level Parallelism
     Typical loop has less than 500 instructions. If a loop
    operation is independent between iterations, it can be
    handled by a pipeline, or by a SIMD machine.
     Most optimized program construct to execute on a
    parallel or vector machine. Some loops (e.g. recursive) are
    difficult to handle.
     Loop-level parallelism is still considered fine grain
    computation.
    Procedure-level Parallelism
     Medium-sized grain; usually less than 2000 instructions.
     Detection of parallelism is more difficult than with
    smaller grains; interprocedural dependence analysis is
    difficult.
     Communication requirement less than instruction level
    SPMD (single procedure multiple data) is a special case
     Multitasking belongs to this level.
    Subprogram-level Parallelism
     Grain typically has thousands of instructions.
     Multi programming conducted at this level
     No compilers available to exploit medium- or coarse-
    grain parallelism at present
    Job Level
     Corresponds to execution of essentially independent jobs
    or programs on a parallel computer.
     This is practical for a machine with a small number of
    powerful processors, but impractical for a machine with a
    large number of simple processors (since each processor
    would take too long to process a single job).
    Hardware and software parallelism
     Hardware parallelism is defined by machine architecture.
     It can be characterized by the number of instructions that
    can be issued per machine cycle. If a processor issues k
    instructions per machine cycle, it is called a k-issue
    processor.
     Conventional processors are one-issue machines.
    Software Parallelism
     Software parallelism is defined by the control and data
    dependence of programs, and is revealed in the program’s
    flow graph i.e., it is defined by dependencies with in the
    code and is a function of algorithm, programming style,
    and compiler optimization.
    The Role of Compilers
     Compilers used to exploit hardware features to improve
    performance.
     Interaction between compiler and architecture design is a
    necessity in modern computer development. It is not
    necessarily the case that more software parallelism will
    improve performance in conventional scalar processors.
     The hardware and compiler should be designed at the
    same time.
    Operating System For Parallel Processing
     There are basically 3 organizations that have been
    employed in the design of operating system for
    multiprocessors. They are :-

     1)Master Slave Configuration


     2)Separate Supervisor Configuration
     3)Floating Supervisor Configuration

     This classification applies not only to operating system,


    but in general, to all the parallel programmming strategies.
    Master Slave Configuration
     In the master slave mode, one processor, called master,
    maintains the status of all the other processors in the
    system and distributes the works to all the slave
    processors.
     The operating system runs only on master processor and
    all other processor are treated as schedulable resources.
     Other processors needing executive service must request
    the master that acknowledges the request and performs
    the services.
     This scheme is a simple extension of uniprocessor
    operating system and is fairly easy to implement.
     The scheme, however makes the system extremely
    susceptible to failures.(What if the master fails?)
     Many of the slaves have to wait for master’s work to get
    over, before they can get their request served.
    Separate Supervisor System
     Here in this approach each processor contains the copy
    of kernal.
     Resource sharing occurs via shared memory blocks.
     Each processor services its own needs.
     If the processor access the shared kernal code,then the
    code must be reentrant.
     Separate supervisor system is less susceptible to failures.
     This scheme however demands excess resources for
    maintaining copies of tables describing resource allocation
    etc for each of the processors.
    Floating Supervisor Control
     The supervisor routine floats from one supervisor to
    another although several of the processor may be
    executing supervisory service routines simultaneously.
     Better Load balancing
     Several amount of code sharing.
     Generally one sees a combination of above schemes to
    obtain a useful solution.
    End Of Module 6

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