I

ANNEXU,RE I

17 Honors in Health and Medicine

Honor(s) Scientist
Father of Antisepsis/ Modem surgery• Joseph Lister
Father of Bacteriology• Robert Koch
Father of Biochemistry Cart Alexander Neuberg
Father of Biology/ Zoology Aristotle
Father of Computed Tomography (CT) Godfrey Hounsefield
Father of Endocrinology Thomas Addison
Father of Epidemiology/ Modem Epidemiology, Greatest doctor John Snow
Father of Evidence based Medicine DLSackett
Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel
Father of Gynecology J Marion Sims
Father of Histology Marie-Francois Xavier Bichat
Father of Homeopathy Samuel Hahnaman
Father of Indian Medicine Charaka
Father of Indian Pharmacology Ram Nath Chopra
Father of Indian Surgery/ Plastic & Cosmetic surgery Sushruta
Father of lnterventional Radiology 1 Chartes T Dotter

Father of Medical Ultrasound JohnJ Wild

Father of Medicine/ Modem medicine, First True Epidemiologist Hippocrates
Father of Microbiology Louis Pasteur
Father of Modem med,clne William Osler
Father of Modem/ Microscopic/ Cellular pathology Rudolf V1rchow
Father of Modem anatomy Andreas Vesalius
Father of Modem laparoscopy Camran Nezhat
Father of Modem microbiology Louis Pasteur
.
Father of Modem pharmacology Oswald Schmledeberg
Father of Modem toxicology Matheiu Orfila
.
Father of Nutrition Antoine Lavoisier
Father of Obstetric ultrasound Ian Donald
Father of Pediatrics Abraham Jocobi
Father of Physiology Claude Bernard
Father of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud
Father of Public health Cholera
Father of Rar.t!otogyl Olagnostlc radiology/ X-rays WC Aoen1gen
Father of Sociology· Kart Marx
Father of Surgery/ Modem surgery Ambrolse Pare
Father of Veterinary medicine Renetus Vegatlus
Hindu God of Medicine Dhanvantarl

('Multiple scientists have been given these honours)

Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

"
Tolerable sound level ror Factory wor1<ers 90 decibels
Severe mental retardation is IQ 21-34 IQ po1nts
Single drug treatment ror Trachoma control
,._ Azlthromycin
A child ls able to draw mangle by the age of 5 years
,-
Best time to do Brea.s t Self-examination screening One week after menstruabon
One ASHA worker is tor 1000 population
One Female Health Worker is ror
,._ 5000 population
MC Indirect cause of !Maternal mortality Anemia
Total population covered by CHC is 80,000 -120,000
>-
Pre-exposure i/m schedule of Rabies vaccine Day 0, 7, 28
Post-exposure I/d schedule or rabies vaccme 8-0-4-0-1-1
Xerophthalmia Is public health problem 11 Bitot spots >0.5%
Activation of Yellow lever vaccine arter 10 days
>-
Degrees of freedom illl Chi-square test (c-1 ) (r-1)
Psychotherapy Is level of prevention Secondary
>- -
Tracking or BP (Hypertension) Hypotensive remain hypotensive
Pink colour in IMNCI Immediate referral
Green colour In IMNCI Home based management
Father of Public health Cholera
Child age under ICDS covered Upto 6 years age
Iodine dose In pregnancy 250 mcg per day
Mild degree of malnutlntion Is 3.0-3.5 gm/di
First pnorIty In Stroke control program Control arterial hypertension
Relapse In Malaria is due to Merozoi tes
World poluation affected with trachoma 500 lllllhon
Functional unit if Implementation or NMHP District
1 Community development block comprise 100 villages (100,000 population)
1955 Hepatitis outbreak In Delhi Hepalltis E
ICD-10 is a Multiax,al system

l
Global burden of child mortality 6.6 millions
SetUe plate culture method is used ror Air quality In hospital wards/OTs

0 1,triot bo,do, cl"''" ,,..,'9'/ I, '"''"'"" by UNICEF

Eye donation rortnigh1 25th August - 6th September
'Anonymous group' Is a support group for Alcoholics
 Golden Points

GOLDEN POINTS 5
---,
Prevalence of suicides In India 36 per 1 Lac population
MDG related to water supply 20 litres/ day < 1km radius
1
Number of vaccine vials in Day carrier box 6-8 vials
Number of vaccine vials in Vaccine carrier 16-20 vtals
Gender developmental index Is r Corrected development index as per gender inequalities
Darwinism fails to explain Presence of vestigial organs
Coo0ng curve of body follows Sigmoid shape
Drug resistance in retreatment of TB 13-1 7%
Fluorosis is not seen in Free flowing surface waters
Number of scabies mites per person body HHS
Blosafety cabinets are d1s1nfected by 40% Fonnaldehyde
Jal Vigyan Mission Is for control of Rheumatic lever/ AHO
Ufiwala scheme Is related to Child trafficking
Preterm birth takes place before 37weeksPOG
Denominator of Stlllbl rth rate Live births+ Still births (>1000 gms)
Halts disease in Incipient stage & prevent complications Secondary level or prevention

. ADA of proteins for adult Indian male

MC blood group In Indian population
0.83 gm/ kg/ day
Blood group 'O'
Chandler's Index major public health problem if More than 300
Chandler's Index is No. of hookworm eggs per gram stool
ICDS covered under Ministry Women and Child Development
Anganwadi worker covered under Minislly Women and Child Development
Integrated Child protection Scheme covered under Ministry
- Women and Child Development
-
Integrated Child Development Services (!CDS) launched in
- 1975
National Aural Health Mission (!CDS) launched In 2005
National Mental Health Program (NMHP) launched in 1982
National Mental Heallh Act passed in year 1987
Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) launched in 1991
Child Survival Sale Motherhood (CSSM) launched In 1992
First Disability Census in India 1881
State with highest Solar radiation received Ra1asthan
Not a bridging population in HIV transmission Male homosexuals
The Great Demographic Divide In India 1921
First Distinguished EpldemIologis1 Syndenham
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) died in France
Edward Jenner died in 1823
White death is Tuberculosis
White plague Is Tuberculosis
White leprosy is I Leishmaniasis
Halibut liver oil rich in Vitamin A, D
Combined OCPs contain f Ethinyt estradiol + Norgestrel
Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

-a -fever Is caused by
..Exclusive breast feeding is recommended upto CoXJeUa bumettl
6 months age
Cause of Fulminant hepatitis In pregnancy Hepatitis E
Couple with wife 15-49 years is Eligible couple
To achieve NRA = 1, CPR must be raised above 60%
Uppermost curve In !CDS growth chart is 50th percentile for boys
Leamed behaviour which ls socially acquired Culture
Watching with attention. authonty, suspicion IS Survelllance
Ability to Identify true negatives In screening Specificity
Amino acid deficient in wheat Lysme
Highest content or saturated fatty acids is in Coconut oil
Cholesterol with high-risk of CHO LDL cholesterol
Minimum duration or PEP ror HIV 4 weeks
Food poisoning In less than 6 hours of food Staphylococcal FP
Health promotion Is prevention level Pnmary level

.. First referral level Is Secondary level of care

.. Lepromln test Is strongly positive In Tuberculoid leprosy

Vector of Scrub typhus Trombiculld mite
MC carcinoma In World Lung cancer
Clostrid1um perfirengens cause pollution Water poUuUon
MIik reduces absorption of Iron
DDT mechanism of action Contact poison
Unole1c acid
.. Most essential ratty acid ls
Single drug treatment of trachoma Azithromycin

....Phase IV clinical trial is done Alter marketing drug

.. Chandler's Index Is Hookworm eggs/ gm stool

A child draws triangle by age 5 years
Acrodermaliils enieropaihica is due lo Zinc derlClency
Methionine Is limiting amino acid Is Pulses
BFHI was launched in 1991
IQ level In Severe mental retardation 21--34
Best treatment for diarrhoea ORS
Leptospirosis is transmitted by Infected rat's urine
Validity or YF vaccine 10 days - 10 years
Sharp wast.a Is disposed In White bag
Dully negative antigen gives protection against Plasmod1um vivax
DOC for Fllarlasis DEC
ASHA is located at Village level
Female MPW is for 5000 population
CSSM Program was started in 1992
Toxoids are prepared from Exotoxins
In Indian laws, Child age is 0-18 years
POU lies between 0-100
Stram of Varicella vaccine OKA strain
 Golden Points

. MC type of Vlbrio cholerae in India Hybrid form

-

-.. Wasted sharps biomedical waste category

SSPE is seen In
Four
Measles
. Weight of a newborn triples in
-
1 year
. TT doses for a primlgravlda 2 doses
. OPV vaccine doses in immunization programme 5

...•
....
---
In Polio sensory loss
Father of Modern Microbiology
Absent
Louis Pasteur

...• Least priority color in triage Black

.
.... rIn DOTS, diagnosis based on. Sputum smears

- Maximujm tolerable sound level to human ears. 85dB

GOLDEN POINTS 4
" India Is passing through stage of Demographic cycle Ill (Late expanding) stage
Normal level of 10 Is 90-109 IQ points
Recommended air changes/ hour in a living room 2-3
First priority In Stroke Control Program Control hypertension
Isolation In Tuberculosis Not beneficial
Hospice is for Old & terminally Ill patients
Standard deviation is a measure of Dispersion
,-
Most virulent Plasmodlum species Plasmodium falclparum
IP of Influenza Is ' 18-72 hours

- Stage of Plasmodium responsible for relapses

...Pneumoconioses causing Mesothelioma

Merozoites
Asbestosis

.. Maize-eaters are prone to Pellagra

Early Ill week
....Intestinal perforation in typhoid occurs in
Extremely low birth weight is <1000 grams
Congenital rubella syndrome triad is Cataract, Deafness, PDA
....
Minimum number of Beds at CHC 30 beds
A subcentre in backward area is for 3000 population
Best dengue di agnosis in first week NS1 antigen
Population covered by PHC in tribal areas 20,000
Mosquito transmitting Dengue hemorrhagic fever Aedes aegyptl
Low vision is <6/18 in better eye
Colour coding for dead persons In triage Black colour
Functional unit of implementation in NMHP District
lntradermal schedule for Rabies vaccine 8-0-4-0-1-1 (Thai Cross Regimen 2-2-2-0-2)
Breateau index is used for Aedes aegypti
Highest content of Vitamin D is in Vitamin D
In a Normal distribution, central tendency Mean = Median = Mode
Amount of cereals In Mid-day meal program 100 grams
Community development bock equals 100 Villages (100,000 population)
Cyclopropagative transmission is shown by Plasmodium (malaria)
Virus used to prepare Rabies vaccine Fixed virus
Babesiosis is transmitted via Ticks
Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

. In ORS, Na• absorption is due to Glucose

. Ideal contraceptive for newly married couple Combined OCPs
•.
Legal cutoH age for employment in India 14 years
.
.... Pellagra occurs due to V1tam1n B3 deficiency
Father of Modem Anatomy Andreas Vesalius
. Blas due to different hospital admission rates Ber1<eson,an bias
. Random In Random sampllng means Equal and known chance
. Diagnosis of Severe Pneumonia In PHC Is based on Chest lndrawing
Longest path in Network analysis (PERT) Cnucal path
I•
. GATHER approach Is used In ContracepUve counseling
. Denominator or Incidence 1000 total population at risk

•.
. Measure of kllllng power of a disease Case fatality rate
IQ formula Mental age/ Chronological age X 100

•.
. Marc Koska discovered K1 auto-disable syringes
Combined OCPs Increase risk of carcinoma of Breasts
. Juvenile dellniUon In Juvenile Justice Act 1986 Boy< 16, Glr1 < 18 years
. Plasmodlum discovered by Laveran
. Life cycle of Plasmodlum Ronald Ross

.... Human genome has 22,000 - 23,000 genes

.... Disablllly llmilallon Is a type of Tertiary level of prevention

...• Father of Obstetnc Ultrasound Ian Donald

I-
. Hardy Weinberg law Is associated with Population genetlcS
• Pyrldoxlne Is Vitamm B6
I-
. Vaccine given at 9 months age Is Measles vaccine
I-
.
-. Sufficiency of Pasteurisation Is tested by
MDRTB Is
Phosphatase test
Resistance to INH and R1famplcln
. Quarantine period for Yellow fever 6days
. Ocular disease not seen In India Onchocerciasis
. Most frequently occurring value in a data distribution Mode
. Strength of association In Case control study Odds ratio
. 1 female health worker is for total population 5000
.
... Census Stop of India 1stMarch2011
.
... Phase I clinical trial Health volunteers
. MC cancer of females In India Cervlco-uterine cancer
. Growth rate proportional to functions' current value Exponential growth
Sex ratio of India (Census 2011) 940
• Denominator or GFR Women In reproductive age group (15--49 years)
Most abundant lg in breast milk lgA
• Most Important step alter disaster Chlorinatlon of water
•
• __________________
Area around airports kepi free of Aedes
Human anatomical waste goes in Bag
400 m
_, Yellow

• Category 9 biomedical waste is Inaneration ash

Burtonian Line Is seen in Lead poisoning
• Rural Health Scheme was recommended by
-----
Srivaslava Committee
[• MCC cancer death among males in India Lu ngcancer
 Golden Points

• J1 Community Development Block population 100,000

. Exclusive breast feeding till 6months age
-
-
. Older name of Jananl Suraksha Yojana National Maternity Benefit Scheme
• Order In Nalgonda technique for delluoridallon Lime +Alum
-.
-• Numerator Of Peart Index No. ol accidental gestations
Richest source of Vitamin D Halibut liver oil
-. Average incubation period for HIV 10 years
-. Incubation period for Measles 10days
-. First outbreak of Hepatitis E in Delhi 1955
-
-•• MC food poisoning
True positive indicate
Staphylococcus
SenslbV1ty
-
-•• Best method to prevent Nosocomlal Infection Hand washing

-. Hardy Weinberg law failure In

Hepatitis B vaccine Is a type of
Mutations, Linkage dlsequ1hbnum
Killedvaccme
-. Prophylactic treatment of Rheumatic heart disease Benzathalne penicillin
-
• Vector of Yellow fever Aedes aegypti
. 1994 epidemic in India was. Plague

-.• DOC for Crimean Congo Fever

Effectiveness of MCH services ls given by
RibaV1rin
IMR
-• Klt B Is kept at. Subcentres
-. Richest source of Iron among nuts. Pistachio
-
• Vaccine strain for Swine flu vaccine in India A7/Califomia/2009
-
-•
Web of causation proposed by McMohan and Pugh
. Father of Modem Toxicology Mathieu Orfila
.
- Condom failure occurs due to Incorrect use
. BMI of Normal Asian Men 18.5-22.99
. Infective stage of Plasmodium to man Sporozoite
. Spot map was used for study of Cholera
• Normal IQ is 90-109
-
• Koplik spots are seen in Measles
-. Acrodermalitis enteropalhica is due to deficiency of Z.inc
-• HIV mainly affects cell type Helper T-cells (CD4}
-• ESI Act cam ein yaar 1948
-• Amplifier host of Japanese encepahlibs Pigs
-• Sodium ion content in ORS 75 mmoVL
-. Hydalid cyst is seen MC in Liver
-. Main aim of Vision 2020 Eliminate avoidable blindness
-. Shelf life of CuT 380 A 10 years
-• Recommended frequency of school health examination Once every 6 months
-• Human DNA consist of 3 billion base pairs
-. Doors+ windows area in a school class > 25% of floor area
-• Normal IQ level 90-109 IQ points
-
-
. Highest case fatality rate Rabies

-•
AdVlce to couple with both HIV+ Use condoms
I I I

• Total osmolarity of WHO Reduced Osmolarlty ORS

PSM: GOLDEN POINTS 3
- 245 mmol/L
. Routine surveillance is supplemented by Sentinel surveillance

..
. Traditional lllestyles for CHO prevention. Primordial level
Softening of water is recommended above hardness >150 mg/litre
.. • ..
Degrees of freedom for 3X6 table (Chi-square) Is
...• .. 10
• Word 'Random' means Equal and known chance
I--, ...
...• DOTS Plus refers to
.. MOR TB treatment (Cat IV)
.. • Low birth weight incidence in India is 28%

.. • One Urban-PHC Is for population

.. 50,000
.
-
..
.
•
A group of health experts discuss a health topic & audience
Ambulatory patients In triage
Mite transmits rickellsiaJ diseases
.. Panel discussion
I·
Cat Ill (GREEN)

>- .. Scrub typhus, A. pox

• Drug of choice for scabies 5% Permethrin
• Statistical tes1 to compare means between 2 groups Unpaired students t-test
• . Exposure period required for Anlhracosls 12 years
• 1 PHC in tribal area for a population of 20,000
• Dose of ORS for a child wllh weight 12 kg
,- ....900ml
• ICD-1 0 classification Is revised every
.. 10 years
.. • Main disinfection In chlorlnallon of water Is by
I·
Hypochlorous acid
-
• 3 divisions of Planning Commission General secretariat, Technical divisions,
Program advisors
>-

..
. ROME scheme recommended by
.. Srivastava committee
-

.. • O-fever Is caused by Coxiella bumettl

...• O-tever Is transmitted by Inhalation of Infected dust

• Midday meal programme provides ---1/3 calories and 1/2 proteins
• . Unmet need tor Family planning in India is highest for Adolescents

...• Number of holes per sq. inch in mosquito net 150

...
. MCC of neonatal mortality In India LBW and prematurity

...
. MC side elleot of Depot contraceptives Irregular menstrual bleeding

.... Mortality Is Included In NRA (Net reproduction rate)

...• MDG Goal 4 Is to Reduce child mortality by Two-thirds by 2015

• Health worker In Malaria control must visit all houses every Fortnight
,-

-• Carcinoma protected by OCPs Ovarian carcinoma

 Golden Points

Best marker of HIV progression CD4 : CDS ratio

MC Opportunistic Infection in HIV Pneumocystis carinli Pneumonia (TB-lndia)
Blood screening before transfusion HIV/ HBV/ HCV/ Malaria/ Syphilis
_Epidemic typhus main mammalian reservoir Human beings
Soft Tick is vector of O fever, Relapsing Fever, KFO (not India)
>- -
Avian Influenza DOC Oseltamivir 150 mg BD x 5 days
Last outbreak of Plague Dangud, Uttrakashl (2004)
Indicator of operational efficiency in Malaria ABER (Annual Blood Examination Rate)
Body Mass Index (BMI) Weight (kg)/ Height (metre.l)
Highest Growth Rate in India (Census 2001) Nagaland (64%. 1991·2001) (D & N Haven in 2001-11)
India Is ln Demographic cycle Stage 3 (Declining BR and declining DR)
Highest Life Expectancy Japan (M. 79y; F: 86y)
Life expectancy India M: 64 years and F: 67 years
NPP 2000, Bring 'TFR to replacement level' by 2010
% Geriatric population In India 8.1 0/o
>-
Infant Mortallty rate No. of Infant deaths per 1000 Llve binhs
IMR ol Japan 3 per 1000 LB (MMR: 7 per 1,00,000 LB)

,_Normal respiratory rate in a newbom 4 ~ breaths per minute

Pearl Index {Failure rate per HWY) Contraceptive Efficacy
Fallure rate of condoms 2-14 per HWY
WHO Ollgospermla Sperm Count <20 mlllton/HPF
World Health Day 07 Apnl
National Malemlty Benefit Scheme 500/· per birth to poor women (first 2 births)
Short stature In High Risk Pregnancy < 140 ems
Ment.a l retardation If 10 Level <70
Golden Rice Is rich in B-catotene (and Iron)
MIik is poor In Vitamin C and Iron
Pulse with highest protein content Soyabean (43%)
>-
Reference protein Egg (NPU 96)
Toxin in Lathyrlsm BOAA
Pellagra N1aon deficiency
No plant source for v itamins B12and D
Tests ol pasteurization Phosphatase test (MC), Collform Count, S1d plate count
>- -
Horrocks Apparatus (Starch Iodide indicator) Chlorine demand estimation
>-
Level of residual level of chlorine In water 0.5 ppm (mg/litre) for contact period 1hr

-... Maximum tolerable level of nitrates In water

Anopheles larvae rest
50 mg/litre
Parallel to under surface water

,Aedes
_ larvae breed in Artificial collection of water
Kata thermometer measures Cooling power of air
Maximum allowable sweat rate 4.5 litres per 4 hours
>-
Vit-D resistant rickels Inheritance Sex-linked dominant
Burtonian Line (Blue Line on Gums) Lead poisoning (Plumbism)
Group addressed and lecture on specific topic
I

Symposium I
The Factory Acl and ESI Act were passed in 1948
Recommended per capita space in Factory Acl 500 Cubic feet
 Golden Points

"
Adult Pregnant females are Anemic if Hb < 11 gm%
>--
Optimum Level of Fluorine intake 0.5---0.8 ppm (mg/L)
>--

,_ Soyabean contains 43.2°~ proteins

Best among food proteins Egg
>-
An Indian Reference Man weighs 60kg
Best Indicator of Protein Quality NPU
Flrst Indicator of PEM Under-Weight for Age
Two-In-One salt contains lron+lodlne
>-
Toxin in Lathyrism BOAA
>-
Phosphatase Test Is done lor EHlclency of pasteurization
Acculturation Is Cultural Contact
10 Mental Age/Chronological Age x 100
Disinfecting Action of chlorine Is due to Hypochlorous Acid
>-
Residual Level of Chlorine In Water 0.5 mg x Contact period 1 Hr
Temporary Hardness of Water Is due to ca-- and Mg·· Bicarbonates
,_ Anemometer measures Air Velocity
Most satisfactory method of Refuse disposal Sanitary LandfllVControlled Tipping
>-
Water Seal in Sanitary latrine is 2cms
...
Best approach for arthropod control Environmental Control
Tiger Mosquito Aedes
,-
,_ Paris green Is a Stomach Poison
Pyrethrum Is a
,__ Space Spray
Yellow bag Is used for disposal of BMW Cat 1,2,3 and 6 (Cal 1, 2. 5, 6 in New Guidl,nes)

>-
Plumbism Is I Lead poisoning
MC Occupational Cancer Skin Cancer
Preplacement Examination is a part of Ergonomics
>-
Indian Factories Act, 1948 recommends per capita space
-- Min.500 cu.IL
,__ --
Sickness Benefit under ESI Act.1948 91 days
>-
Census takes place every 10 years
>-

...1,3,6,7,8, 9,11 Median Is 7

Normal Distribution Curve is Bell Shaped Symmetric
To test significance of Difference between two proportions Chi-Squar e test
>--
Focus group Discussion should have EH2 members
>-
NHP 2002 says, Eliminate Lymphatic Fllariasis by 2015
,-.
Bhore committee was established In 1943
,_MPW was given by Kartar Singh Committee

-
>-
1 PHC Is for a population of
International Conference at Alma-Ala (1978) gave concept of
MDGs have to be achieved by
- 30.000
Primary Health Care
2015

,_MPW is located at Subcentre level

Greatest risk of Cold Chain failure is at Subcentte and village level
World Health Day
,__ 7 April
'O' in GOBI Campaign (UNICEF) stands for Oral Rehydration therapy
Diseases under International Health Regulations I Cholera, Plague and Yellow fever (and Smallpox, Wild Polio,
Human Influenza and SAAS)
1
Review of Preventive and Social Medicine

MC cause of heart disease In 5-30 yr old Is Rheumatic fever

WHO Criteria for diagnosis of RF/RHO are based on Revised Jones Cnteria
MC Cancer In lndla Is Lung cancer (Males); Cervico-utenne cancer (Females)
Pap Smear should be done At beginning of sexual actMty and then every 3 yrs
BMlls Weight (Kgs)/Helght• (m')
Waist Hip Ratio Indicates Obesity In Women when >0.85
WHO Blindness Is <3160 in better eye
MCC of Blindness Cataract
Modified Plan O~ration (1977) was based on API
In Malaria program, MPW does Active Surveillance every 14 days (Fortnightly)
NHP 2002 envisages Kala Azar Elimination by 2010
Elimination Level of Leprosy <1 /10,000
Under RNTCP, Case finding Is Passive
Prevalence of Blindness In India 1.05,o
.-- .--
Under RCH Program, Kit A, B are kept at Subcentre Level
lndla was certlfled free of dracuncullasis on Feb 2001
Annual growth rate for India 1.64%
Sex ratio No. of femaJes/1000 males (940 in 2011)
Completed family Size represents TFR (Total Fertility Rate}
I2 child norm means NRR=1
No. of Eligible Couples in India 1~180 ECs/1000 population
Conventional Contraceptives
.._ Condoms/Spermicides
Progestasert (3rd gen IUD) releases 65 mcg.tday Progesterone
MC complaint of IUD insertion is Bleeding
Only Non-steroidal OCP Cenlchroman (Saheli)
MTP Act, 1971 was passed In April 1972
For sterilization, age of Husband should be < 60 years
Contraceptive Efficacy/failure Is measured by Peart Index (__/HWY)
3 most important MCH problems Malnutrition, lnfecbon and Unregulated fer111ity
MC disorder to be screened In neonates Neonatal Hypothyroidism
Low Birth Weight is Birth Weight <2.5 Kg
Most sensitive lndlcator of growth among children Weight
World's greatest Public Health Tool is Immunization
Denominator for MMR Live Births
MCCof MMR is Hemorrhage
Juvenile Is age < 18 yrs (Boys), <18 yrs (Girts)
Alcohol yields energy or 7 KcaVgram
Protein requirement 0.83 gnv'kg/day
Most Important Essential fatty Acid Is Llnolelc Acid
Richest Source or Vrtamln-A/D Is HahbU1 Liver oil
First Cllnlcal Sign of Xerophthalmla Conjunctiva! Xerosls
Tocopherols are Vitamin -E ---------------
Amino acid converted In body to Nlac,n Tryptophan
Richest Source or Vitamin-C Amla (Indian Gooseberry)
 Golden Points

-Advantage gained by screening

Sensitivity Identifies
Leadllme
True Poslllves
Usefulness of a screening test Is given by Sens111vity
Small Pox was declared Eradicated on 8 May, 1980
t--
Rash in Chickenpox is Pleomorphic and Dew-drop like
Koplik Spots are diagnosbc of Measles (upper 2nd molar)
Incubation Period for !Measles Is 10-14 days
Straln for Measles Vaccine Is Edmonston Zagreb
Straln for Rubella Vaccine RA27/3
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Is by Type A (HSN1 straln) virus
,-
Hundred Day Cough is Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
DOC for Chemoprophytaxis of Menlngococcal Meningitis Rtlampicm
Positive Schick Test indicates Susceptible to Diphtheria
Inability to drink Is a sign of Very Severe Disease
SAAS Is caused by Corona Virus
Overall Prevalence of TB Infection 30 - 40 °.
Sputum Smear +ve at or after 5 months ATT Failure
-Only Bacteriostalic drug In Primary ATT Drugs Elhambu1ol
Category II treatment (RNTCP) duration ls 8 Months (3m IP + Sm CP)
WHO has recommended 'DANISH 1331 ' straln for BCG Vaccine
Failure in RNTCP Sputum +ve at/after 5 months treatment
Case findlng Tool of choice In RNTCP ls Sputum Smear (ZN Staining)
DOTS ls Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course Chemotherapy
-
Relapse/Oefaulter/Fallure In RNTCP Is classified es category II (8 Months treatment)
-
For every 1 clinical case of Poliomyelitls, there are 1000 subclinical Cases
Polio stool samples are transported in Reverse Cold Chain (+ 2° to+ 8° C)
t----
HBeAg Is Marker of lnfectlvrtyNiral Repllcatlon
ORS Solution should be used within 24 Hours
Enteric Fever Includes Typhoid and Para-typhoid Fevers
Chandler's Index for Hookworms Is Av. No. of Eggs/gm of stool
MC arbovlral disease Is Dengue
Presumptive Treatment in Malaria Chloroquine
Only communicable disease of man that is always fatal Rabies

-Main Vector for Yellow Fever is

Pigs in Japanese Encephalitis are
Aedes aegypli
Amplifier Hosts
KFD is transmitted in India by Haemaphysalis (Hard tick)
-
Main reservoir of Plague in India Taters indica {WIid Rodent)

...Scrub typhus Is caused by R1ckettsla tsustsugamushl

Sandfly transmits Leishman1as1s (Kala Azar)
Bimination Level for leprosy <1110,000
MDT for PBL is given for 6 months
Yaws is caused by Treponema pertenue
Slims' Disease Is AIDS
-Rule of Halves Is seen in Hypertension
 ANNE .XU ,RE

14 Golden Points

PSM: GOLDEN POINTS 1

Father of Medlclne/Flrst True Epidemiologist Hippocrates

Father of Public Health Cholera

Rrst Country to Socialise Medicine completely Russia I
Health as a •state of complete physical, social and mental WHO
wellbeing• was defined by I
HDl(Human Development Index) comprises Knowledge (Literacy and Mean years of schooling), Income and
..,__ Longevity (Life Expectancy at Birth)
bile E.xpectancy is a Mortalrty Indicator (PositJve Health Indicator)
"Epidemiological Triad" comprises of Agent, Host and Environment
Extermination of organism Is
.._ I Eradication
Action taken prior to onset of disease Is Primary Prevention
Early Diagnosis and Treatment are I Secondary Prevention
Ivory Towers of Disease Large Hospitals
f- --
ICD-1O Classification is for Diseases
Prevalence is a
,___ Proportion (Total=New + Old Cases)
Total no. of deaths/Total no. of cases ls Case Fatality Rate I
Observed Deaths/Expected Deaths is Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)
Prevalence/Duration Is Incidence
f-

Both exposure and outcome have occurred before study starts in Case Control Study
Cohort Study is Forward Looking/Prospecbve Study

...Matching Removes confounding, Ensures Comparabilrty

-
Relative Risk ls Incidence among Exposed/ Incidence among non-exposed
-
Framingham Heart Study Is a ICohort Study
Heart of a Control Trial is Randomization

...Occurrence of a Disease Clearly in excess of normal expectancy Epidemic

Disease imported in a country where it doesn't occur Exottc
Iatrogenic Disease is Physician-induced
Rrst case to come to notice of Investigator Index case
>-
Pseudo-Carriers are
--
Carriers of avlrulent Organisms
Malaria parasite In Mosquito Is Cyclo-propagative Transmission
Gap between Primary case and Secondary case Is Serial Interval
Yellow Fever/BCG/Measles are Live Vaoc,nes/ Lyophihsed vaccines
First Vaccine to be discovered Smallpox Vaccine (Edward Jenner)
Risk of Cold Chain fa ilure Is greatest at Sub-centre and VIiiage level
Ouaran~ne Is for Healthy Contacts
Most effective sterlllzi ng agent Autoclaving (Steam under pressure)
Beaching Powder contains J33% avallable chlorine
 ANNEX ,U RE ' Vectors and
7 Diseases Transmitted
Vector Disease(•) transmitted

Housefly (Musca domest1ca) Diarrhoeal and dysentncal diseases, Poliomyelttis, Yaws, Anthrax, Trachoma
-
Sandfly (Phlebotamus Kala azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis), Oriental sore (Cutaneous leishmanlasis), Sandfly fever, Oroya
argentipes) fever

Tse-Tse lly (Glosslna palpalls) Sleeping sickness or Africa (African Trypanosomlasls)

-
Reduviid bug (Triatominae) Chagas Disease (Sleeping sickness of America- Amencan Trypanosomlasls)
-
Black fly (Simulum) Onchocerclasis (River Blindness)

Soft tick Relapsing fever, 0 fever, KFD (outside India)

Hard tick Tularemia, Babesios1s, KFD (India), Tick paralysis, Tick encephalitis, Tick hemorrhagic lever, Indian
Tick Typhus, RMSF
-
Louse Epidemic typhus, Trench lever, Relapsing fever

~- a

Anopheles mosquito
Scrub typhus, Rlckettsial pox

Plague, Murine typhus

Malana, Fllarla (outside India)

Culex mosquito Bancroftian Filariasls, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile fever, Viral arthribs

Aedes mosquito Yellow fever, Dengue, DHF, Chlkungunya. Rift Valley fever, Fllanasis (Outside India)

Mansonoldes mosquito
-- Malayan (Bruglan) filariasis, Chlkungunya
 Mode(s) of
'

ANNEXURE
4 Transmission of Diseases
-Disease
Chicken Pox
Mode(s) of transmission
Droplet Infection, droplet nuclei.
Remarks
Face to lace transmission
..
Measles Droplet Infection, droplet nuclei, through conjunctiva l 4 days before rash to 5 days later
Rubella Droplet Infection, droplet nuclei, vertical 1 week before rash to 1 week later
Mumps Droplet infection, direct contact
Influenza Droplet infectJon, droplet nuclei
.I
,-
Diphtheria Droplet Infection, dlrect contact. fomite borne 95% transmission from carriers
>-----
Whooping Cough
-- Droplet infection, direct contact. fomite

- Menlngococcal

TB
Poliomyelitis
Droplet Infection

Droplet infection, droplet nuclei.

Faeco-oral, droplet inlection
Carriers most Important source or inlectlon

Not Fomite borne

-

....
Hepatitis A Faeco-oral, parenteral, sexual
,-
Hepatitis B Perinatal, parenteral, sexual, horizontal
Hepatitis C Perinatal, parenteral, sexual
Hepatitis D Perinatal, parenteral, sexual Super-lnlectlon/co-lnlect10n t·o HBV

.. Hepatrtis E Feco-oral

.. Cholera Feco-oral, contaminated foods/dnnks, direct contact

Typhoid Feco-oral, urine-oral

- Amoeblasls
Ascariasls
Feco-oral
Feco-oral
Ancy1ostomlasls Direct penetratlon(skln), oral Transmission may be perennial
Water based disease
.. Dracuncullasls Consumption of water containing cyclops
Dengue Aedes bite Water breeding disease
Urine, feces, tissues or rats
...Leptosplrosls Direct skin contact

.. Nipah virus Consumption or bats-eaten fruits Person-to-person 1n India

Ebola virus Body fluids (blood, semen, urine, feces. vomit, tears, -
sweat, saliva) I