Singapore EV Guide 2021 - Singlelayout

SINGAPORE
ELECTRIC VEHICLE
GUIDE 2021
ELECTRIC MOBILITY FOR A SMART & SUSTAINABLE SINGAPORE
SINGAPORE EV GUIDE 2021
Electric
Mobility for
Smart &
Sustainable
Singapore
CONNECT WITH US
https://www.evas.org.sg/
contact@evas.org.sg
https://www.facebook.com/
EVAssociationSG/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/
evassociationsg/
©2021 EVAS All Rights Reserved.
EVAS was formally registered on

07/11/2017 under the Singapore
Societies Act by the Registration of
Societies (ROS).
This Association has been assigned

the Unique Entity Number (UEN)
T17SS0214F.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABOUT US 4
PRESIDENT’S WORDS 5
ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND CHARGING BASICS 6
AVAILABLE EV MODELS IN SINGAPORE 10

AVAILABLE REBATES AND INCENTIVES 17
EV CHARGING SAFETY 22
GENERAL FAQs 27
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 33
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ABOUT US
ELECTRIC MOBILITY FOR SMART & SUSTAINABLE SINGAPORE
The Electric Vehicle Association of Singapore (EVAS) is a non-profit organization committed

to promoting public awareness of the benefits of electric mobility and accelerating the
adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Singapore.
The Association provides representation to businesses in the EV & EV charging industry,

and also comprises EV owners & enthusiasts. Since 2018, EVAS has established itself as a
leader in the growing EV industry as well as a trusted and unbiased source of information
on EVs and charging stations
OUR MISSION
PROMOTE
To promote awareness of EVs to the
general public, and to encourage its
adoption amongst private vehicle owners
and business communities in Singapore.
PLATFORM
To create a platform for knowledge
exchange and/or collaboration between
individuals, businesses and institutions for
all EV-related issues like standardisation,
research & development, manufacturing
and business capabilities.
PARTNERSHIP
To partner with government agencies in
the creation, implementation and review of
legislations, policies and/or roadmaps that
will promote the use of EVs in Singapore.
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PRESIDENT’S WORDS
FOREWORD
In 2015, at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21)
in Paris, a total of 196 nations - including Singapore -
adopted a new climate agreement which aims to hold the
increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C
and pursue efforts to limit temperature increase to 1.5°C.
Being a small low-lying island state with an open economy,
Singapore is particularly vulnerable to the consequence of
climate change and we must take drastic steps to start
decarbonising our economy.
Since road transportation contributes about 15% of our

national CO2 comissions, vehicle electrification is one
of the lowest hanging fruits to achieve decarbonisation.
Singapore is also the perfect place for EVs because it is a modern and urbanized city with
a very reliable power grid infrastructure. The average daily driving distance of passenger
vehicles is only about 50km, which is very much within the capability of most EVs.
However, we do have a long way to reach our vision of electrification. As of June 2020, there
are only about 1,900 registered plug-in EVs out of a total of 940,000 registered vehicles in
Singapore. This makes EVs only about 0.2 per cent of the total vehicle population. Getting
from 0.2 percent to 100 percent would require a large degree of coordination between the
government agencies, industry groups and businesses to reach our electrification goals.
This free-to-download guide is meant to help the user understand about EVs and the
benefits of electric mobility with the most updated information relevant to Singapore. The
topics covered in this guide: the basics of EV technology, available EV models, charging
infrastructure, EV rebates & incentives and Frequently Asked Questions. As much as
possible, contents of this guide will be updated regularly so that all EV-related information
can be easily accessible and reader-friendly. I trust that this guide can help individuals
and businesses can make informed decisions about going electric.
Let’s journey together towards an electrified future!
Regards,
Terence Siew
President, EVAS
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ELECTRIC VEHICLE
AND CHARGING BASICS
EV BASICS
To have a good understanding of the benefits and limitations of EV's relative to Internal
Combustion Engine (ICE) cars, it will be good to be familiar with the different types available.
BEV PHEV
Battery Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
PETROL
ENGINE
PETROL
TANK
There are two types of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs): Battery Electrics (BEVs) which
run on electricity only, and plug-in hyrid electrics (PHEVs) which can first run entirely on
electricity from the battery for a shorter range (often the distance of a daily commute, or
more), then seamlessly switch to a full tank of fuel to recharge the battery when it gets
low.
Regenerative Braking
One key feature of EVs is the ability to recover energy during braking. When braking, the EV
automatically converts unwanted kinetic energy from the wheels to recharge the battery.
Regenerative braking helps to preserve EV range (especially in city driving) and reduces
the maintenance required for EV disc brakes.
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In some EV models, the regenerative braking effect can be

configured to avoid the use of the mechanical brakes in most driving
circumstances and such driving style is sometimes referred to as
“one-pedal driving”.
BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Basics
A battery electric vehicle has a large battery which runs solely on electricity and have zero
tailpipe emissions. Typically, a battery EV has a single motor either in front or in the back
but two-motor configuration for four-wheel drive is also common.
BEV
Battery Electric Vehicle
EV Battery
The EV battery uses Direct Current (DC) voltage and is usually a lithium-based technology.
Most passenger EVs have between 30-100kWh batteries1. As a general guide, the larger
the size of an EV battery, the further the range and the more power the EV motor can
provide to drive its wheels.
1 EV Battery: Engineering: What-You-Need- to-Know-About-EV-Batteries
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The time required to fully charge the EV battery can range from less than 30 minutes to 8
hours, depending on the size of the battery capacity and the type of charging station used.
Learn more about charging in "EV CHARGING" ON PAGE 22.
The capacity of EV batteries is commonly calculated in kilowatt-

hours (kWh). This is the unit measure of energy stored, which is a
product of power supplied (measured in kilowatts) and total time
that the power was supplied for (measured in hours).
EV Efficiency
A majority of commercially available EV models are able to attain an energy efficiency
of 5km per kWh of energy stored 2 . On average, EVs convert about 80% of the electrical
energy from the grid to power at the wheels3. This is about 4 times more efficient than
ICE vehicles which only convert about 20% of the energy stored in petrol to power at the
wheels
2 EV efficiency: https://ev-database.org/compare/efficiency-electric-vehicle-most-efficient
3 EV Efficiency: https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtml
PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (PHEV)
Basics
A plug-in hybrid is a hybrid with a battery (typically 7-10kWh) that can be charged with
electricity. It has electric motors which make it possible to drive the vehicle in pure-electric
mode for a typical distance of 20-50km. The PHEV has a small ICE used to drive the
wheels when the EV battery is depleted or when more power is required. It is technically
possible for the PHEV to run solely on electricity if the vehicle is always driven in pure-
electric mode.
PHEV Battery
A PHEV battery has a smaller capacity and a shorter range than an EV battery. The time
required to fully charge the PHEV battery is usually about 2 -3 hours. For PHEVs, only AC
charging can be used to charge the battery and DC fast charging is not possible. Learn
more about charging in "EV CHARGING" ON PAGE 22.
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PHEV Efficiency
The energy efficiency of PHEVs can vary widely between about 25 - 75% depending on
the frequency that the EV is charged using electricity and the frequency of the ICE being
activated. The more often that the PHEV is charged and used in pure-electric mode, the
better the fuel efficiency that the PHEV is able to attain.
PHEV
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
PETROL
ENGINE
PETROL
TANK
HYBRID VEHICLE
Unlike PHEVs, a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) does not have an external plug. It derives
some of its driving power from a conventional petrol engine and some from an electric
motor and small battery pack. All of its energy is generated from petrol combustion.
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AVAILABLE EV MODELS
IN SINGAPORE
“EVOLVE MOBILITY - EV REVIEWS”
Evolve Mobility is a channel dedicated to advancing the evolution of mobility in Singapore.
EVs are naturally the next evolution in transportation as Singapore is promoting EVs in a
move to phase out petrol and diesel vehicles by 2040. An ambitious target that we hope
to facilitate by sharing current and localised content that is most relevant in our island
nation.
If you would like to stay updated and in the know, subscribe to the channel and set your
bell alert to notify you of all new videos.
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SEDANS
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HATCHBACKS
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SPORTS UTILITY VEHICLES
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PEOPLE CARRIER
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LIGHT GOODS VEHICLE
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AVAILABLE REBATES
AND INCENTIVES
GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES
Vehicles: Budget 2020 outlined Singapore’s ambition to phase out ICE vehicles by 2040.
Charging Stations: Plans are in the works to deploy up to 28,000 chargers at public car
parks island-wide by 2030. Currently there are 1,600 charging stations in Singapore.
PRIVATE VEHICLES
Early EV
An additional registration fee (ARF) rebate for BEVs of up to 45%, capped at
Adoption
S$20,000. It takes effect from January 2021 and will last for three years. This is
Incentive
only applicable to new electric cars & taxis (not any other kind of EVs).
(EEVAI)
To further promote the adoption of cleaner vehicles and to discourage purchases

of more pollutive models, the current Vehicular Emissions Scheme (VES) for new
cars taxis and imported used cars, will be enhanced with increased rebates and
higher surcharges. The enhanced scheme will take effect on 1 January 2021,
when the current VES expires at the end of this year, and last till 31 December
2022.
Vehicle From 1 January 2021, the rebates for vehicles in both Bands A1 and A2 will be
Emissions increased by $5,000 for cars, and $7,500 for taxis. This means a car in Band A1
Scheme will enjoy a $25,000 rebate instead of $20,000, and a car in Band A2 will enjoy a
(VES) $15,000 rebate instead of $10,000.
With the enhanced VES, coupled with the Electric Vehicle Early Adoption Incentive
(EEAI), commencing on 1 Jan 2021, buyers will be able to enjoy combined cost
savings of up to $45,000 when they purchase a new fully electric car, and up
to $57,500 for a new fully electric taxi. The higher savings will encourage EV
adoption by further narrowing the upfront cost gap between electric cars and
their ICE equivalents.
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Current Rebate/ Current Rebate/

Increased Rebate/ Increased Rebate/
Band Surcharge (+/-) for Surcharge (+/-) for
Surcharge Surcharge
Cars Taxis
A1 -20,000 -25,000* -37,500*
A2 -10,000* -15,000* -22,500*
B 0 0 0
C1 +10,000 +15,000^ +22,500^
C2 +20,000 +25,000^ +30,000 +37,500C^
*Increased rebate with effect from 1 Jan 2021

^Increased surcharge with effect from 1 July 2021
Link: Enhanced VES via NEA press release
From January 2021 onwards, lower taxes will apply for BEVs and hybrids.
However, the Government will also adjust the road tax payable for such vehicles
and introduce a ‘lump-sum tax that will be built into the road tax schedule for
Revised
EVs’, since they do not contribute to fuel excise duties. This is applicable for all
Road Taxes
types of electric vehicles.
Link: Revised road tax schedule for BEVs
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COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
LGVs are classified into Bands A, B or C by their worst-performing pollutants

among CO 2, CO, HC, NOx and PM. Band A vehicle owners receive a $30,000
incentive disbursed annually in equal payments over three years. Band B vehicle
owners will receive an upfront $10,000 incentive upon vehicle registration. Band C
Commercial
vehicle owners will pay a $10,000 surcharge upon vehicle registration. To account
Vehicle
for the CO 2 emissions produced by electricity generation from fossil fuels, an
Emissions
emission factor of 0.4g CO 2/Wh will be applied to the electricity consumption of
Scheme
EVs as measured under UNECE Regulation No.101 test procedures. This policy
(CVES)
will be effective on 1 April 2021.
Links: Introduction of CVES via LTA press release, Calculating the benefits from
the CVES
Existing Euro 2/3/4 Cat C diesel vehicle owners will receive both the ETS and
CVES incentives if they replace their vehicles with a Euro 6 (or equivalent) LGV
classified in Band A or B of the CVES. A BEV-based LGV classified in Band A or
Enhanced
B of the CVES will qualify for both the ETS and CVES incentives.
Early
Turnover
To encourage the turnover to cleaner alternatives, owners of HGVs can enjoy the
Scheme
highest incentives if they turn over their existing Cat C diesel vehicle to an HGV
(ETS)
that has zero tailpipe emissions.
Link: Eligibility criteria for Enhanced ETS
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TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP OF EVs
One of the most compelling reasons why you should consider EV ownership is on the
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). While both private EV owners and business fleets are able
to extract long-term economic benefits from switching to electric, the cost savings of an
EV becomes more apparent the longer distance that the EV is being driven.
This is exemplified by a comparison of the TCO ($) per kilometres driven of an SUV-sized
BEV vs ICE :
Operation Cost Per Year Comparison Passenger BEV/ICE Ownership Cost Example At Different Yearly Distance Passenger BEV/ICE
Total Ownership cost after 10 years

Cost Per Year
Maintenance Insurance Road Tax Fuel/Electricity 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
BEV ICE BEV ICE
Comparison mid-segment 100kW BEV and 1.5L ICE driving 17500km/year Average yearly distance driven (km)
Since the maintenance & operating costs of EVs are much lower than ICE, fleet owners
like buses, taxi companies, private-hire and logistics companies will typically be the first
movers to adopt EVs. The lowered fleet operating costs will become more apparent since
they are seeing greater usage as compared to private EV owners.
The interest in passenger EVs has always been high, but it is a smaller market as EVs
are perceived to be premium and accessible to residents of landed properties and
condominiums. For mass market adoption, upfront costs will remain an important
consideration. The other consideration is accessibility to EV charging infrastructure and
affordability of the different charging services. As such, adoption by private owners is
expected to lag behind the fleet.
However, the upside is that the EV infrastructure is expected to mature and proliferate
along with business fleets expansion, so these private owners will get to reap the benefits
of more charging options by the time they decide to switch.
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EV CHARGING
EV CHARGING
EVs have battery packs that recharge by plugging into the electricity grid. EV charging is
simple, convenient, and cost-effective. You can recharge EVs using a charging station,
also known as Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). The EVSE communicates with
the EV to ensure that the maximum charging power is within safe limits of both the EV and
the EVSE. During charging operation, the EV plug is automatically secured by the EV and
may not be removed until charging has ended or if the EV owner unlocks the EV.
AC Charging DC Charging
TYPE 2 CCS COMBO 2 CHADEMO
AC vs DC Charging
Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)
DC
Charging
On-board Station
Charger
AC BMS
Charging Li-ion
Station Battery
While every EV needs an onboard charger, High voltage DC chargers can take a lot of power
size constraints reduce charge. and feed directly to the battery.
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The EV battery is monitored by a Battery Management System

(BMS) which provides safety features to protect the battery from
overheating. The BMS helps to ensure the health of the EV battery
and minimises battery degradation. It also controls a cooling system
to keep the battery in its optimal temperature range during operation
and charging.
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) CHARGING
There are several output levels of AC charging shown below. When connected via an AC
charging station, an on-board converter on the EV is required to convert the AC supply
into DC so that the EV battery can be charged. This charging method will typically take a
few hours depending on the power output, the rating of the on-board EV charger and the
original state-of-charge of the battery.
Estimated Range*
Single Phase Three Phase
Type Power Rating (kW) added per hour of
(230V) Supply (400V) Supply
charging
3.7 18.5 km 16 A -
7.4 37 km 32 A -
AC 11 55 km - 16 A
22 110 km - 32 A
43 215 km - 63 A
* Assumption is done using an EV efficiency factor of 5km range per kWh of energy stored.
During charging, the actual charging power is always the lower of the
EVSE rated power and the rated power of the on-board EV charger.
E.g., if the power rating of the EVSE is 22kW output and the power
rating of an on-board EV charger is 7.4kW, the charging power will
be limited to 7.4kW.
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DIRECT CURRENT FAST CHARGING (DCFC)
When connected via a DCFC station, the EV battery can be charged directly using DC
charging without going through and being limited the on-board EV converter. This charging
method is much faster than AC charging because of the higher power involved. While
most EV charging is expected to involve AC charging, DC charging provides a convenient
and faster alternative when EV owners need a quicker turnaround time.
Estimated Range* Estimated time

Three Phase
Type Power Rating (kW) added per hour of charge from
(415V) Supply
charging 0% to 80%
25 125km 2 hours 40 A
50 250km 1 hour 80 A
DC
100 55 km 30 mins 160 A
175 215 km 15 mins 200 A
* Assumption is done using an EV efficiency factor of 5km range per kWh of energy stored.
** Assumption is done for EV with a 60kWh battery capacity
PUBLIC CHARGING NETWORK
As of December 2020, there are over 1,800 public EVSEs offered by major EV charging
service providers in Singapore (i.e., BlueSG, Greenlots/Shell and SP Group). These EVSEs
can be found in a variety of places, such as HDB car parks, petrol stations, shopping malls,
office towers and other buildings.
Public EVSEs are either pay-per-use or free-to-use. Several locations are even going
over and beyond for EV owners by offering complimentary EV charging services and
do not require payment for usage. However, do note that these services are sometimes
available to select customers and/or can only be used for a set amount of time. Users
are recommended to check their mobile apps to find out details about charging services
before travelling there.
Do note that some of these EVSEs are located in car parks that
have associated parking fees, so there will be a parking fee on top
of the EV charging fee.
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EV CHARGING SAFETY
An EVSE will provide an electrical supply with a safety earthing connection to the vehicle
for charging. There should be several layers of safety features to protect the user from
potential electrical and fire hazards while connecting, disconnecting, and charging the
vehicle.
Once connected to the vehicle, the charging station informs the vehicle that power is
available and at what level. The vehicle then takes over, initiates, and takes full control of
the power transfer. During charging, the plug connector is locked to the vehicle socket
until the user stops charging, or if charging is completed. If any electrical fault occurs, the
station will also stop the power transfer immediately by de-energising the cable.
Charging is only safe with the right equipment
The good news is, charging an EV is actually very safe and easy when done with properly
with safety certified EVSE. The challenge is that not ALL charging stations on the market
are independently safety tested and certified. To address this issue, a nationwide electric
vehicle (EV) charging standard TR25:2016 has been established for the EV charging
system in Singapore.
More information about the EV charging standard can be found here:

https://www.ema.gov.sg/Electric_Vehicle_Charging_Systems.aspx
For publicly accessible EVSE installations, the following should also be included:
• An endorsement provided by a Licensed Electrical Worker (LEW);

• An emergency stop push-button included for each charging station;
• An upstream energy meter to monitor the energy consumption, inclusive of standby
power consumed (for any energy audit purposes)
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TYPE OF CHARGING
AUTHENTICATION &
NETWORK MOBILE APP LINK STATIONS AND RATED TYPICAL LOCATIONS PRICING SCHEME PARKING
TOP-UP METHOD
POWER
Google Play Store

HDB carparks, open-air Subscription with time- EZ-link card Billed separately by carpark
AC 3.7kW
URA and LTA car parks based pricing Via BlueSG App operator
iOS App Store
AC 7.4kW;
Google Play Store AC 60kW Commercial, Industrial
Billed separately by carpark
buildings and Residential Per kWh Via Charge+ App
operator
iOS App Store (Check charger details on properties
Charge+ App)
AC 7.4kW / 22kW;
Commercial buildings,
Google Play Store AC 43kW / DC 50kW; Billed separately by
Shopping Malls, Offices, Mix of Time-based Greenlots RFID card or
carpark operator; free
Hotels, selected Shell and per kWh Via Greenlots App
iOS App Store (Check charger details on parking at Shell Stations
Stations
Greenlots App)
AC 7.4kW/ 11kW / 22kW

Commercial, retail,
Google Play Store AC 43kW / DC 50kW; Per kWh Billed separately by
industrial, residential,
(Subscription at certain Via SP Utilities App carpark operator; free at
tourism and hospitality
iOS App Store (Check charger details on sites) some locations
properties
SP Utilities App)
Note: PlugShare is a community-sourced platform for users to upload charging locations from multiple networks. Interoperation between the different charging networks to improve EV charging
usability is potentially possible, and will be under-development.
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GENERAL FAQs
GENERAL QUESTIONS ON EVs
1. Are EVs better for the environment since Singapore’s power grid is mainly fossil fuel
based?
Yes. Singapore uses the cleanest form of fossil fuel by burning Natural Gas in highly
efficient power plants. Published studies have shown that any power grid with emissions
factor below 800g CO 2/kWh an EV is better for the environment compared to ICE vehicles.
As per Energy Market Authority 2019 the Singapore grid emissions factor is 419g CO2/
kWh.
Using the grid factor, it is estimated that an EV emits less than half of CO2 per km compared
to an ICE vehicle here. It should also be noted that the above calculation is based on tail-
pipe emissions which disregards secondary emissions such as distribution and transport
of the fuel for ICE vehicles. When those emissions are included, the reductions are even
more apparent.
Unlike ICE vehicles, EVs can also be powered by renewable energy and as Singapore looks
to increase the sourcing of solar energy locally and abroad, Singapore’s grid emissions
will decrease even further thus making EVs even better for the environment.
2. Are EV batteries safe?
Yes. EVs have a Battery Monitoring System (BMS) which ensures optimal operation of the
battery cells and constantly monitors the battery temperature. The BMS is able to limit
both the EV charging and discharging current to keep within safe limits. Generally, an EV
is safer than an ICE vehicle as there are multiple fail-safe mechanisms designed to cut off
power to the EV in the event of a collision or damage to the battery. It is well documented
that per unit comparison, EV-related incidents occur far less frequently than ICE-related
incidents.
3. Can the batteries be reused and recycled?
Yes. After their automotive lifespan, used EV batteries can also be re-purposed to for grid
storage solutions to provide electricity backup or auxiliary services. These batteries will
have an additional 5 – 10 years of usable storage before having to be recycled. The global
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Lithium-ion battery recycling industry is also constantly developing, and is expected to be

able to recycle the used batteries and to extract the valuable metals for other purposes.
4. How long does the battery last?
Most EVs comes with at least 8-years of battery warranty that guarantees above 80%
capacity. There are some EV manufacturers that provide 10-years of warranty which is
the same duration as a new Certificate of Entitlement (COE). The rate of degradation
depends on vehicle, battery type and usage but in general EV owners can expect a typical
degradation of 1.5% per year. EV battery technology is constantly improving and owners
can expect greater
5. Will it cost more to operate the EV as the battery gets older?
No. While there is some capacity degradation occurring, this is not the same as efficiency
degradation. The capacity degradation causes slightly less energy to be stored in the
battery cells, and slight less energy to be available for the EV motors. However, it does
not mean that it takes more energy to drive the EV. As such, the efficiency degradation is
negligible and even if the battery capacity would degrade naturally over time, the overall
efficiency of the vehicle will not be impacted.
6. Is the hot weather in Singapore bad for the batteries?
No. The EV battery cooling system is highly advanced and will ensure that battery cells
are operating at optimal temperature. EVs are more suitable for warm climates than cold
climates because battery performance and range decrease drastically in low temperatures.
There are also limitations in both the EV power output and charging speeds in colder
weather. As such, EVs are well-suited to operate in Singapore’s climate and weather
conditions
7. What is the difference between kW and kWh?
Both units have their origins from the electric utility industry and can often be confusing.
The standard measurement unit for Energy is Joules(J) and Power is Watts(W) where a W
is the same as Joules per second. So power is a measure of the rate of energy consumed
or generated. In order to make it quick and easy to calculate energy consumed the unit kWh
became widely adopted. It should be read as how much energy is consumed/generated
over one hour if the power is the same. Example if a battery is being charged at 50kW for
half an hour, the energy charged is 0.5*50=25kWh.
8. Is there enough electricity in Singapore to charge all electric cars?
Yes. The power grid in Singapore has been operating at a comfortable excess capacity
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and is regarded to be one of the best managed and most reliable networks in the world.
That will be expected to be true for the foreseeable future. A transition to a full EV fleet
is expected to take several decades. Fortunately, due to the flexibility of use, not all EVs
are expected to charge at the same time and smart charging technologies may be used to
spread out the charging load e.g. via overnight EV charging or demand response. Certain
neighbourhoods or districts may require upgrading to increase the overall grid availability,
especially to allow for more chargers or higher-powered chargers. On the whole, Singapore
is well poised to adopt EV en-mass due to our world-class power grid network.
9. Will the battery run out if I get stuck in a jam?
An EV is much more efficient than ICE vehicle when idling or driving at low speed. An ICE
vehicle needs to keep the engine running at all times while driving low speed or standing
still to run the air-conditioning. An EV only needs to power the air-conditioning when
needed. In fact, an EV can stay in idle mode for hours and only utilize a small percent of
the battery charge. When assuming similar range remaining in both an EV and an ICE, an
EV is better suited to handle a traffic jam than an ICE vehicle.
10. Do I have to stay in landed property to own an EV?
While it is ideal to be able to charge at home overnight or at a place of work, it is also fully
feasible to rely solely on fast charging. A long-range BEV with a range over 350km typically
only needs to be charged once per week if driving average distances. As EV adoption
increases, more owners will be able to charge cost-effectively overnight at public car
parks where EV chargers will be deployed. There are also some concierge services that
offer to collect an EV, bring it to get fully charged and return the EV for a fee.
11. What can I do while the EV is charging?
Most EVs have all electronics and air conditioning available while charging. It is possible
therefore to spend time in the car while charging. However, the charging time will be
extended if the air-conditioning and electronics are engaged during the charging process.
As EV chargers are increasingly deployed at convenient locations such as retail malls,
offices and eateries, the owners may use the EV charging time for their own meals or
running errands. Most EVs are also connected so charging status can be updated via
smartphone app. Do note that an EV should only be parked at a public EV charger while
charging and should be moved once charging is completed.
12. What about Hydrogen vehicles?
It is not expected for passenger Fuel Cell EVs (FCEV) to be sold in Singapore for the
foreseeable future. As of December 2020, no publicly-available hydrogen fuelling stations
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are available or planned. There is some potential applications for heavy-duty trucks and
buses, but those will depend on having a reliable and extensive hydrogen infrastructure to
support these vehicles.
13. What about range anxiety in Singapore?
As of 2019 statistics, the average daily mileage of a private vehicle in Singapore is less
than 50km, while most EVs have a range greater than 200km. As such, most fully-charged
EV may be used 2 – 3 days before needing to be recharged. For most parts of Singapore,
there is at least 1 EV charger located within 8km and only at the most remote parts of
Singapore, that number may go up to about 15km which is relatively manageable. As more
charging stations become available for public use, EV owners may charge more frequently
and such that their range anxieties are put to ease.
14. Is it safe to charge an EV in the rain? What if I drive through a flood?
Yes, it is safe to charge an EV in the rain. Electric car chargers are weatherproof and there
are many layers of safety to ensure that it is safe to charge an EV in the rain for both the user
and the vehicle. As a general guide, it is never completely safe to drive any kind of vehicle
in a flood as the depth and rate of flow usually cannot be properly determined. However,
modern EVs have sealed electrical components and automatic safety mechanisms to
disconnect the high voltage systems in the event of any damage or detection of faults in
the electrical system. ICE vehicles are more likely to suffer extensive engine damage from
the ingestion of water during a flood.
ON EV CHARGING
15. Where can I find charging?
The main EV charging service providers are listed in Page 21. For a more complete overview
to locate EV chargers to your home, workplace or preferred locations, PlugShare may be
considered to locate the most convenient locations for charging. This is a community-
sourced platform for users to upload charging locations from multiple networks, and is
frequently updated by users in the Singapore community.
16. Why was my charging session interrupted?
You can restart your charging session by repeating the steps to start a charging session.
The most common reasons for an interrupted charging session are:
• Accidental stoppages. This may have been triggered by accidental interactions with
30
the app, charging station or charging cable.

• Charging station issues. In rare instances, there may be connection issues at the
charging stations.
17. Why does DC charging automatically slow down before my battery is full?
DC charging typically takes place at full rated power when the EV battery is depleted. In
order to prolong EV battery life, some EVs are designed to automatically slow down DC
charging after their batteries have reached around 80% charge. You will start to observe
a noticeable increase in charging time as the charging power is reduced when the battery
is reaching full capacity. For best use of time, EV users may consider ending their DC
charging session at around 80% to avoid waiting for the final 20% to be charged.
18. Can I continue parking in the EV charging lot after my charging session?
EV lots are for meant for EVs to get charged. If EV charging has ended, it is good etiquette
to remove your EV so that other users may use the chargers
19. Are charging stations that are located outdoors safe to use during rain, lightning and
adverse weather conditions?
Public EV charging stations must comply with all relevant safety standards, and EV
charging operation that is on-going during heavy rain is perfectly safe and may continue
without any problems. However, there are other risks involved with slippery surfaces and
lightning exposure to the user, as such please refrain starting a new charging session or
ending a session at an unsheltered areas in the event of heavy rain and/or lightning. It
will be more prudent to wait till the weather conditions are improved before plugging or
unplugging your EV.
20. How do power ratings affect my charging time?
The power rating of a charging point is measured in kilowatts (kW) and is the maximum rate
at which a charging point can transfer electricity to an EV's battery. Actual charging time
depends on the EV’s design (e.g. battery size, capacity of on-board charger, compatibility
with AC and/or DC chargers). DC charging (also known as fast charging) occurs at a
higher power rating compared to AC charging. This allows EV batteries to be charged
faster. To use DC charging, your EV must be compatible. To check if your EV can support
DC charging, please consult your EV manufacturer.
21. How are my fees calculated?
Depending on your charging provider, your fees will be calculated either on a time basis
(i.e. per hour) or a per kilowatt-hour (kWh) basis. The kWh is a unit of measurement for
31
electricity consumption. For example, an EV charging at a rate of 43kW for one hour will
consume 43kWh. Your fees are equal to the electricity consumed during your charging
session (kWh) multiplied by the applicable rate ($/kWh).
22. How do I view my bill after charging my EV?
A record of your charging sessions will be available via the mobile app of your charging
provider.
23. Who can I contact in case of an emergency?
For emergency incidents, please dial 995 to report the incident, and also inform the
premise owners. You may subsequently report the incident to your charging provider via
their customer support channels, which should be listed on their mobile app and website.
24. What can I do if I would like to report a safety issue?
You may report the incident to your charging provider via their customer support channels,
which should be listed on their mobile app and website.
25. Can I charge on your network if I’m driving a plug-in hybrid EV (“PHEV”)?
Yes, you can. However, the charging rate for PHEVs at DC Fast Chargers will not go above
the limit of the on-board EV charger. In such cases, please consider using AC charging
instead.
26. Are all EVs compatible with public EV Charging Points in Singapore?
All public charging points in Singapore should be compliant with the nationwide EV
charging standard (TR25:2016), which supports Type 2 and Combo 2 connector types. All
EVs that have homologated in Singapore must also be compatible with Type 2 and Combo
2 connector types. In 2020, CHAdeMo was accepted as a public EV charging standard
in Singapore, as long as it is provided alongside Type 2 and Combo 2 connector types.
Please ensure that your selected charging service provider has the appropriate connector
type prior to purchasing/leasing an EV.
32
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Our team of authors includes Terence Siew, Paul

Welsford, Pang Cheong Yan, Valdric Lim, Sujay
Ravikumar, Tobias Eriksson, Alvin Seet, Bernard Sim
and Nur Aqilah who are part of the EVAS Committee.
We also would like to thank the distributors who

contributed with latest information on electric vehicles
in Singapore.
Please reach out to us with any feedback on this guide.
https://www.evas.org.sg/
contact@evas.org.sg
https://www.facebook.com/EVAs-
sociationSG/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/evas-
sociationsg/
33

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SINGAPORE

©2021 EVAS All Rights Reserved.

EVAS was formally registered on

This Association has been assigned

ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND CHARGING BASICS 6

AVAILABLE EV MODELS IN SINGAPORE 10

ELECTRIC MOBILITY FOR SMART & SUSTAINABLE SINGAPORE

The Electric Vehicle Association of Singapore (EVAS) is a non-profit organization committed

The Association provides representation to businesses in the EV & EV charging industry,

Since road transportation contributes about 15% of our

Let’s journey together towards an electrified future!

In some EV models, the regenerative braking effect can be

BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE

1 EV Battery: Engineering: What-You-Need- to-Know-About-EV-Batteries

The capacity of EV batteries is commonly calculated in kilowatt-

PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (PHEV)

“EVOLVE MOBILITY - EV REVIEWS”

Evolve Mobility is a channel dedicated to advancing the evolution of mobility in Singapore.

SPORTS UTILITY VEHICLES

LIGHT GOODS VEHICLE

To further promote the adoption of cleaner vehicles and to discourage purchases

Current Rebate/ Current Rebate/

A1 -20,000 -25,000* -37,500*

A2 -10,000* -15,000* -22,500*

C1 +10,000 +15,000^ +22,500^

C2 +20,000 +25,000^ +30,000 +37,500C^

*Increased rebate with effect from 1 Jan 2021

Link: Enhanced VES via NEA press release

Link: Revised road tax schedule for BEVs

LGVs are classified into Bands A, B or C by their worst-performing pollutants

Link: Eligibility criteria for Enhanced ETS

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP OF EVs

Total Ownership cost after 10 years

Maintenance Insurance Road Tax Fuel/Electricity 0 10000 20000 30000 40000

BEV ICE BEV ICE

TYPE 2 CCS COMBO 2 CHADEMO

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC)

The EV battery is monitored by a Battery Management System

ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) CHARGING

DIRECT CURRENT FAST CHARGING (DCFC)

Estimated Range* Estimated time

PUBLIC CHARGING NETWORK

Charging is only safe with the right equipment

More information about the EV charging standard can be found here:

• An endorsement provided by a Licensed Electrical Worker (LEW);

Google Play Store

AC 7.4kW/ 11kW / 22kW

GENERAL QUESTIONS ON EVs

2. Are EV batteries safe?

3. Can the batteries be reused and recycled?

Lithium-ion battery recycling industry is also constantly developing, and is expected to be

4. How long does the battery last?

5. Will it cost more to operate the EV as the battery gets older?

6. Is the hot weather in Singapore bad for the batteries?

7. What is the difference between kW and kWh?

8. Is there enough electricity in Singapore to charge all electric cars?

9. Will the battery run out if I get stuck in a jam?

10. Do I have to stay in landed property to own an EV?

11. What can I do while the EV is charging?