TIME TO FLOAT

Art Through the Ages Research

For Art Appreciation

Members:
Abcede - Recording
Palacol - Slides
Sierra - Slides
Silvestre – Research and
Presentation
Quitlong - Research
Valdeavilla – Research
and Presentation
Prehistoric Art

Key Terms

 Prehistory- Before recorded history

 Paleolithic – Old Stone Age
 Neolithic – New Stone Age 
 Fertility Goddess – honoured Mother Earth like goddess to ensure survival of the human race
 Megalithic Stones – large standing stones
 Post and Lintel – construction using two vertical posts and a horizontal beam

Venus of Willendorf

 Date: 25,000 BCE

 Limestone carving
 Approx. 4 inches high 
 Believed to be one of many fertility goddess icons

Cave Paintings at Lascaux

  Located in France
 Date: 15,000 BCE
 Natural Pigments and engraving
 Believed to be created as part of a hunting ritual

Stonehenge
  Salsibury Plain, England
 2,000 BCE
 Cromlech - Post and Lintel
 Believed to be an astrological calendar with a mystical history

Stonehenge

Ancient Egyptian Art

 Historical Periods – The Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom. The New Kingdom, Ptolemaic Periods
 Invaded by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE and by Caesar in 30 BCE
 Divided into Upper and Lower Egypt which were sometimes united during different periods
  Society was hierarchically structured
 The Pharaoh was the living embodiment of Horus the son of Re, the sun god.
 Life after death was a major focus of the society

The Role of Art in Egyptian Society

 The art was generally created for religious and magical purposes
 The pyramids, tomb paintings and statues were designed to assist the pharaoh in the afterlife
 Hieroglyphics were the form of written communication
 People were depicted in a size and proportion related to their social status
 There were strict standard poses and styles for the depiction of royalty

The Role of the Gods

 The gods controlled all natural phenomena and offered protection, justice and truth
 The Egyptians performed elaborate rituals to appease the gods and win their favour
 Most of the gods/goddesses are depicted using a combination of animal and human attributes. 
 They are also designated by individual headdresses and hand held scepters
Life after Death

 Egyptians believed in the continuation of the earthly life after death if buried properly – a daily
cycle of rebirth

Three major components of the human being had to be preserved to ensure the eternal life

1.) the physical body – mummified

2.) the Ka – the life force –food offerings
3.) the Ba – individuality – family and events

The Great Pyramids at Giza

The Great Pyramids at Giza

Burial tombs for the Kings – Cheops (Khufu), Chephren (Khafre) and Mycerinus (Menkaure). It was the
height of the Old Kingdom.
Perfect unification of form and function – stable form to last eternity
The largest pyramid (Cheops) is almost 600 ft tall and 13 sq acres at the base – it contains over 2 million
blocks weighing 2 ½ tons each
Originally the surface was polished limestone

Menkaure and his Queen

 From the Old Kingdom 2500 BCE

 Depicts a life-sized likeness of the Pharaoh and his wife but with official proportions and style
 Carved from a solid block of slate and meant only to be viewed from the front
 Very static – foot forward but not realistic
 Once painted with bright colours and detail
Daughters of Akhenaten

Wall painting dating from the New Kingdom Akhenaten was a revolutionary and changed the religious
structure and the artistic style The daughters are shown relaxed and natural. After his death society
returned to the traditional way

Death Mask of King Tutankhamen

 King Tut is known as the Boy King as he was only 19 when he died 
 His father was Akhenaten who was married to Nefertiti
 His fame is related to the discovery of his untouched tomb in the Valley of the Kings by Howard
Carter in 1922
 Mystery surrounds his death
Ancient Greek Art

Divided into three main periods of history

Archaic Period (600 -480 BCE)

The Classical Period ( 450-400 BCE)
Helenistic Period (320-30 BCE)

Ancient Greek Art

 Greek culture valued reason and beauty

 The artists and architects sought harmony between proportions and ideal appearance
 The Greeks were masters in democracy, philosophy, athletics and the arts
 Much of what they created and valued is still used today…can you name some?
 Alexander the Great: Battle of Issus
 Alexander the Great

Greek Architecture Orders

Doric Ionic Corinthian
The Parthenon

447-432 BCE
Located in Athens
on the Acropolis

 Doric style
 Post and Lintel construction
 Built of marble -Originally painted red, white and blue
 Housed a statue of Athena and the city’s treasury
 Built to conform to the Golden Section

The Golden Section

Golden Section is a formula to gain perfect proportion and division of space within a rectangle.

The ratio of a perfect rectangle’s dimensions are 8 to 13. To obtain a harmonious division of space
multiply the measurement of one side by 0.618. The use that measurment from the top and draw a Line,
repeat for all sides and a grid will be created that is pleasingly divided

The Parthenon
Greek Pottery and Vase Painting

 Not much painting survived so we can look at the painting on the pottery to learn about their art
and culture
 Depicted many stories and myths about heroes and gods/goddesses.

Red Figure Vase Painting

Black Figure Vase Painting

Dionysus in a Sailboat
540 BCE

 Black glaze on red clay

 Sail is depicted with form
 Illustrates a myth about Dionysus taking over a ship and turning the sailors into dolphin
Ancient Greek Sculpture

 Sculptors sought a formula for ideal proportion and beauty

 Males were depicted nude but females were clothed

Kroisos 525 BCE  Kore 530 BCE

Doryphorus 
(the Spear Bearer)

 450 BCE
 Classical period
 One of the first examples of contrapposto
 Originally cast in bronze
 This is a marble Roman replica

Nike
(Winged Victory)
  200 BCE
 Hellenistic Period
 Marble
 Represents the goddess of victory
 Reacts with the surrounding space
 Sheer fabric and drapery

Ancient Roman Art 

 Romans borrowed heavily from Ancient Greek art and other civilizations conquered by the
Roman Empire
 Their main contributions are in architecture and are responsible for introducing concrete and
the use of the arch as a support system
 HBO Rome
 Julius_Caesar

The Colosseum  72-80 CE, Rome

The Colosseum    72-80 CE, Rome

  This famous building shows the use of the arch as a support system to build multiple Levels
 The building functioned as a stadium for spectacles of all kinds…many very brutal.
 Believed to have a wooden and canvas shade system on the roof.

Pantheon,  118-125 CE, Rome

Pantheon,    118-125 CE, Rome

 The exterior shows the influence of the Greek Parthenon on the front. However the capitals are
Corinthian. The round drum on the back is a Roman contribution. It is extremely thick and is
filled with rubble and concrete. The thick base drum supports the very heavy dome. The ceiling
of the dome uses coffered concrete pieces to lessen the weight. There is an ocular opening at
the top to let in light.

Arch of Constantine 312-335 CE, Rome

Arch of Constantine  312-335 CE, Rome

 Triumphal Arches were common in the height of the Roman empire. 

 They illustrated the main battle scenes and the important people involved. 
 After the battle, the army would parade through the arch with the spoils and prisoners of war.
Laocoon Group 

125 BCE, Florence

 Much more dynamic than earlier Roman sculpture – shows struggle of Laocoon, a Roman priest
and his two sons with a serpent sent by the gods as punishment. 

Portrait of a Roman 80 BCE

  A typical example of a highly realistic portrait bust. Romans preferred realism to idealism. 
Used many busts like this to show Roman presence in the countries they conquered.

Villa of Mysteries, Pompei, 50 BCE

Villa of Mysteries,  Pompei, 50 BCE

  Not many examples of Roman painting have survived. They used encaustic paints which is wax
based. This survived because it was protected by layers of ash from the disasterous volcano
eruption that killed the town of Pompei.

The Age of Faith

The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages in Europe was a time period that lasted from the fall of the western Roman Empire

until AD 1400. The Age of Faith seems the best label for many reasons. The Church was very involved in

Europe's culture and economy, and a lot of unification in Europe came from their dictatorship. Though a

lot of positive things came from the church during this time period, it had a negative impact as well.

Christ the Saviour in the Tree of Life (Page from Gospel Book, early 11th century, Staatsbibliothek,

Munich.)
Evidence
Why the Age of Faith is the Best Label

The Age of Faith is the best label for the Middle Ages because the Church had one of the biggest impacts

on Europe as a whole during this time period. For example, in a time of invasions and inconsistent

structure in Europe, the Roman Catholic Church stepped in and began to unify the structure. It did not

discriminate wealthiness or social class, and it gave people hope in a time where hope was not easily

visible. The Crucifixion ( from the Sacramentary of Saint-Amand)

Also, during the Middle Ages, the pope had a lot of power and influence within the government. The

Church played a strong role in the laws that were created for the people during this time period. For

example, the pope often appointed the kings.

Lamentation, Giotto di Bondone, 1305

(More Evidence)

During the Middle Ages, people's lives were often in turmoil. For many, looking towards the church gave

them spiritual support. Priests were often there for them to help them through the tough times, and a

new hope arose from the ideas of the church. The idea of the afterlife gave them something to look

forward to while they endured their hard lives. As more and more people began to follow the church, it

began to have an influential, central role in both government and the personal lives of the people....the

Roman Catholic Church... touched everyone's life, no matter what their rank or class or where they lived.

Crucifixion by Hans Memling

Crusades

The Crusades had both a positive and negative impact on Europe as a whole. It's negative impact was
that it left a long-lasting legacy of religious hatred of the church and between the Christians and the
Muslims. It created a perennial split between the East and the West. Also, Christians often took out their
anger on many innocent Jews, resulting in large persecutions of the Jewish people.

This series of about 7 wars lasted for about 200 years. In the end, after killing thousands of people, the
Christian warriors took back the Holy Land. Despite this victory, they did a lot of damage to the Catholic
Church, because they went against their original plan during these 200 years.
Though the Crusades were mostly negative, they also left a positive impact. The knights who had fought
returned to their lands with many foreign goods that were traded, such as silk, cotton, melon, etc. Trade
began to flourish after these brutal wars, especially in the Italian city-states, the home of many popular
trading centers.

The Crusades were a series of wars fought between the Christians and the Muslims, to take control over
the Holy Land (Jerusalem). Pope Urban II asked the Christians of the Byzantine Empire to fight against
the Muslims of the West, who currently had control of this land.

The Roman Catholic Church During the Middle Ages

The Age of Faith vs. The Golden Ages

Many may argue that the best label for the
Middle Ages is Golden Ages. This in fact is not true, because the entire time period simply cannot be
described as "golden". For example, there were times of great suffering and darkness, such as the Black
Death and the years during the Crusades. These were not times of greatness, but times of sorrow and
hardship. The Age of Faith fits as an overall label for the Middle Ages because the church was always
present through both the anguish and prosperity.

The Age of Faith vs. The Dark Ages

Another label that many may argue for is the Dark Ages. Like the Golden Ages, the Dark Ages is not the
best label because despite the "darkness" that was scattered throughout the Middle Ages, there were
also times of great success and "golden" prosperity. For example, there were a lot of advances in
technology and education. Scholars were involved in more literature, poetry, art, and music. Because of
these advancements, the Dark Ages cannot specifically label this time period, thus, the Age of Faith is a
better label for the Middle Ages.

Conclusion

Of all of the labels that are commonly debated on, the Age of Faith is the most fitting label for this
ambiguous time period called the Middle Ages. The church played an important role in the economy,
and had a large, spiritual role in the lives of people during this era. It unified Europe despite the political
disorder, and it gave people a new sense of hopefulness in their lives. Despite the oppression that was
commonly present, the church always stood firm.

Renaissance and Baroque Art

Baroque

 Boroco=Unusually shaped pearl (Gardner 670).

 Embraced dynamism, theatrics, and elaborate ornamentation (Gardner 670).
 Exaggerated naturalism
 Incorporation of movement (waves, swirls, and swoops) ("Pozzo, Glorification" n.p.).

Renaissance

 Majestic depiction of classical architecture (Gardner 636).

 Large scale art (Gardner 636).
 Monumental, dramatic, depth, perspective (Gardner 636).
 Structured compositions (Gardner 636).
 Symmetrical and balanced (Gardner 636).
 -Ordered architectonics (strict and orderly) (Gardner 636).

Veronese-Christ in the House of Levi

Veronese-Christ in the House of Levi

-Mannerism: The Style or Manner, the character or representative mode of and artist or time period

-This painting was Stylish, cultured, and elegant (Gardner 632).

-It included cultural elements of Venice, Varied perspective, and a tedious focus on accuracy toward the
human form. (Gardner 601).

-The Mannerist style was what challenged the concept of Renaissance Naturalism (Gardner 601).

Reflection of the Renaissance Period

-This painting was originally supposed to be a depiction of th elast supper. The chaotic business of the
rest of the painting, as well as the grand architecture causes the lost supper to become lost (Paolo
Veronese. Feast in the House of Levi).

- Veronese seems more interested in the other entertainments and distraction of the painting than the
actual reason for gathering (Paolo Veronese. Feast in the House of Levi).

- "I paint to compose figures"-Veronese

-His reasoning as to why so many detaied figures filled the space (Paolo Veronese. Feast in the House of
Levi).

- This incorporated the "actions of real people" and was a reflection on the Renaissance idea of the ideal
Renaissance Man, and fascination with the human form, with intellect, and success (Paolo Veronese.
Feast in the House of Levi).

- The three arches connect to the common composition of other Renaissance triptychs found on many
altarpieces (Paolo Veronese. Feast in the House of Levi).

- The lack of meditation on the spiritual aspects and the exaggeration on the banquet and enjoyment
mood of the painting was concerning, especially for the inquisition (Paolo Veronese. Feast in the House
of Levi).

-Because this painting was done during post reformation, adn pre counter reformation, it was created in
a time where the Catholic Chruch was trying to re energize teh weakened church. (Paolo Veronese.
Feast in the House of Levi).

-Although the church taht commissioned Veronese was okay with the paintings subjects, the inquisition
was uncomfortable with the "ridiculous extravagance" of it all. (Paolo Veronese. Feast in the House of
Levi).
-This piece is a complete contrast to Da'Vinci's painting, Veronese took the evet of the last super and
exploded it into a grand feast, taking it out of it's biblical context. (Paolo Veronese. Feast in the House of
Levi).

-This revealed the consumerist ideals of Venice in the renaissance time period, as trade routes
emerged,and cultures began to mesh together. (Paolo Veronese. Feast in the House of Levi).

Enduring Questions: What is the nature of reality?

This piece reflects the human centered focus of the time period. The chaos, and craziness that has been
painted into the foreground of the work has successfully mask the spiritual happenings in the
background. This piece is direct reflection of where the Catholic church stood at this time, as it was
attempting to gain momentum after the Reformation, and aiming to keep it's structure, and to maintain
distance from the protestants. Connecting this piece to our culture, the sad reality is revealed. Christ has
been pushed to the background of the daily life, and the frivolous, whimsical happenings of of daily lives
has pushed themselves obnoxiously to the forefront. We often find ourselves at this similar point in our
own lives that we have become distracted and distanced from Christ and the work o the spirit in our
lives, so we must swim through teh sea of crazy happenings in the foreground to reach a point of
solitude and communion with the Father.

"The Feast in the Houses of Levi."

Apostles are depicted as doing the regular, everyday things

Apostles are distracted by the other things happening at the banquet feast which was supposed to be
The Lord's Supper

The inquisition was uncomfortable with the incorporation of animals such as the dog, and the cat under
the table.
This portion of the painting encompass the influence taht the trade route had on Renaissance work such
as this. There are various men from different cultures, as well as some objects that could have been
obtained from the expansion and trade.
Triumph of St. Ignatius of Loyola

-Use of the Quadratura method, to trick the eye into believing that the arches and columns extend into
the heavens, when it is actually a fresco painting on a lowered ceiling (Benton 361).

- This ceiling fresco also depicts the well known Baroque artistic dexterity of balancing the dramatics of
exaggerated color, and movement throughout the painting (Benton 361).

-It is extremely difficult to distinguish between the architecture and the painted imitation of the actual
columns (Benton 361).

-The Jesuits played a major role in enhancing Catholic education, and for sending missionaries. This
particular Church was dedicated to the founder of the Jesuit order (Gardner 686).

Reflections on the Baroque Period

-This painting successfully encapsulates the drama, theatrics, and interaction between the fused physical
architecture and the immitation painted architecture (Gardner 686).

-This piece also juxtaposes the concepts of heaven of earth, by adding an acoustic effect to heighten the
intensity of emotions, as it combines image with implied sounds (Gardner 686).

-Baroque art had a way of promoting movement: Just as St Ignatius is being raised toward heaven, the
viewer feels a great sense of upward lift from this bottom up view ("Pozzo, Glorification of Saint Ignatius,
Sant'Ignazio." n.p.)

- This piece shows how Baroque art borrowed from the naturalism of Renaissance, but accellarated the
movement and depth of the subject matter ("Pozzo, Glorification of Saint Ignatius, Sant'Ignazio." n.p.) .

-This fresco was a large statement of the Catholic church's attempt at reaffirming the faith of those
belonging to the Catholic faith, and attacking those who were against the ways of the church ("Pozzo,
Glorification of Saint Ignatius, Sant'Ignazio." n.p.) .

Enduring Questions: Does God Exist?

Triumph of St. Ignatius seems to successfully depict some possible answers to the enduring questions
like "Does God exist?" and "Where did God come from?" This particular piece seems to provide an
answer according to the worldview of the Renaissance time, and that is that God did exist, and that
interaction with Him was made possible through the intercession of the various saints of the Catholic
church. This is illustrated through the transition from the "temporal world" to the "heavenly realm".
Viewers look upward to see various human forms crawling their way to ward the heavens, and celestial
figures hovering over all of humanity that stands below. The varied angles, and incredibly accurate
perspective effectively conveys this transition. This piece breaks the barrier between teh heavenly world
and the earthly word, and provides mankind with the opportunity to enter into the heavenly realm. This
fresco seems to convey the message that although a connection with God and the heavens is possible, it
is something that will require a great deal of effort and work to reach the proximity of accessibility to
God. This also seems to answer a bit of the questions; "What happens when I die?". The viewer gets teh
impression from this painting that death leads to a life in a place eternal and beyond human
comprehension. It also provides an incredibly detailed image as to what heaven could possibly be like.

“Triumph of St. Ignatius of Loyola”

Conclusion

The Renaissance period an be identified by it's mannerist style, and great attention to detail, especially
regarding the human form. The artwork of the Renaissance included a reinvention of the earlier Greek
and Roman ideals of beauty, and much of the Renaissance work focused on minute, everyday details.

The Baroque period, although it adopted much of the previous characteristics of the Renaissance,
Baroque style magnified the Renaissance characteristics and added heightened dramatics, and intense
emotion and movement to each painting sculpture, and architectural feat.
Works cited:

Benton, Janetta Rebold, and Robert DiYanni. Arts and Culture: An Introduction to the Humanities. 4th
ed. Vol. Combined. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. Print.

Gardner, Helen, Richard G. Tansey, and Fred S. Kleiner. Gardner's Art through the Ages. 14 Backpack
Edition ed. Vol. Renaissance and Baroque. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College, 1996. Print. Gardner's Art
Through the Ages A Global History.

"Paolo Veronese. Feast in the House of Levi." Khan Academy. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2015.

"Pozzo, Glorification of Saint Ignatius, Sant'Ignazio." Khan Academy. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2015.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/24364447@N05/6230285527/

"The Feast in the House of Levi." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

"Feast+at+levi - Google Search." Feast+at+levi - Google Search. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

"Olga's Gallery." Paolo Veronese. Feast in the House of Levi. Detail -. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

"Paolo Veronese. Feast in the House of Levi, 1573." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web.
"20140222 Cagnolino Cena Di Levi Paolo Veronese." DisMappa Verona per Tutti. N.p., 22 Feb. 2014.
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