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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
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Evaluation of safety profile of DOI:

10.4103/0974-7168.135640

homoeopathic mother tinctures Quick Response Code:

Surender Singh, Rohit Kumar, Ritu Karwasra, Prerna Kalra, Shalu Rani,
Debadatta Nayak1, Y. K. Gupta

ABSTRACT Department of Pharmacology, All

India Institute of Medical Sciences,
1
Central Council for Research in
Background: Mother tinctures are commonly prescribed in day to day practice as
Homoeopathy, New Delhi, India
therapeutic agents by homoeopathic practitioners. However, being the base preparation
Address for correspondence:
of medicines, safety of mother tinctures still remains a challenge because of the high Dr. Surender Singh,
variability of chemical components involved.The present study investigated the acute Department of Pharmacology,
and sub-acute oral toxicity of different homoeopathic mother tinctures (Bellis perennis, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, Ansari Nagar ‑ 110 029,
Curcuma longa, Rauwolfia serpentina, Ricinnus communis, Tribulus terrestris and New Delhi, India.
Terminalia arjuna) in experimental models. E‑mail: surenderaiims@gmail.com

Methods: Toxicity studies were conducted to assess the level to which substances are Received: 30‑05‑2013
Accepted: 16-05-2014
toxic for humans and animals. In acute oral toxicity study, different homoeopathic mother
tinctures were administered orally (a single dose of 4 ml/kg)and animals were observed
for toxic symptoms till 14 days as per OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development) - 423 guidelines. For sub-acute toxicity study, 28 day oral toxicity
of mother tinctures (4 ml/kg daily) was carried out according to the OECD guidelines
for testing of chemicals - 407. At the end of 28 days, the animals were sacrificed and
toxicity was assessed on parameters such as blood, biochemistry and histopathology.
Results: Results indicate that there were no toxic symptoms observed in tested
animals. Results of sub-acute toxicity study did not show any change in body
weight, haematological and biochemical parameters as compared to control. The
histopathological examination of kidney and liver also did not reveal any organ toxicities.

Keywords: Acute toxicity, Histopathology, Homoeopathic mother tinctures,

Sub‑acute toxicity

INTRODUCTION claimed for homoeopathic medicine in various

ailments are that they are economical, effective and
Homoeopathy is one of the most frequently used accessible.[1] About 70-80% of the world population,
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), particularly in the developing countries, relies on non-
which uses highly diluted preparations prepared in a conventional medicine in their primary health care as
specific way unique to Homoeopathy. Plants are major reported by the World Health Organisation.[2] It was
sources of homoeopathic medicines. The medicinal believed that homoeopathic products are free from
plants are rich in secondary metabolites (which are side effects,[3] but it has been reported that many
potential sources of drugs) and essential oils which of the plants used in Homoeopathy with approved
are of therapeutic importance. The important criteria pharmacological activity have been rejected as their
Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy / Vol. 8 / Issue 2 / Apr-Jun 2014 81
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Singh, et al.: Safety studies of homoeopathic mother tinctures

safety profile is not evaluated[4] or they have toxic were manufactured according to the Homoeopathic
effects, e.g. Ricin a constituent from Ricinus communis is Pharmacopeia of India.[6]
the most poisonous naturally occurring substance, one
Dose calculation
seed of which can cause even death.[5] Hence plants
Recommended dose given for rats is 40 µl/100 g
can prove to be a major boon to pharmaceuticals, if
body weight (400 µl/kg body weight), per orally
their safety profiles are properly assessed.
with de‑ionised water (360 µl) as vehicle for
However, safety still remains a challenge because administration.
of the high variability of chemical components
involved. Various homoeopathic mother tinctures Acute toxicity Study
were selected based on the earlier provings of Acute oral toxicity test was performed as per
Ricinus communis, Rauwolfia serpentina, Bellis perennis, OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‑operation
Curcuma longa, Terminalia arjuna and Tribulus and Development) ‑423 guidelines. Twelve groups
terresteris conducted by Central Council for Research of male Wistar albino rats (n = 10) were used in
in Homoeopathy. this study (test drugs along with their respective
control). All the animals were randomly
The aim of the present study was therefore to distributed into six control group and six treated
evaluate the toxicity of the mother tinctures viz. groups. Group I received Bellis perennis mother
Ricinus communis, Rauwolfia serpentina, Bellis perennis, tincture (BPMT), Group II received same percentage
Curcuma longa, Terminalia arjuna and Tribulus terresteris of alcoholic solution as of mother tincture (65% v/v)
so as to develop the preliminary safety profile of the which served as control for BPMT, Group III received
mother tinctures. Curcuma longa mother tincture (CLMT), Group IV
received same percentage of alcoholic solution
MATERIAL AND METHODS
as of mother tincture (60% v/v) which served as
Animals control for CLMT, Group V received Rauwolfia
The study was carried out in the Department of serpentina mother tincture (RSMT), Group VI
Pharmacology with the approval of the Institutional received same percentage of alcoholic solution as
Animal Ethics Committee, All India Institute of of mother tincture (77% v/v) which served as control
Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi (673/IAEC/12). for RSMT, Group VII received Ricinus communis
Adult male Wistar albino rats (150-200 g) from the mother tincture (RCMT), Group VIII received same
Central Animal Facility, AIIMS, were used in the study. percentage of alcoholic solution as of mother
Animals were housed under standard laboratory tincture (94% v/v) which served as control for
conditions at 25 ± 20C in groups with free access RCMT, Group IX received Tribulus terresteris mother
to food and water ad libitum. They were acclimatised tincture (TTMT), Group X received same percentage
to the laboratory conditions for a period of 5 days of alcoholic solution as of mother tincture (62% v/v)
before the study. which served as control for TTMT, Group XI
received Terminalia arjuna mother tincture (TAMT),
Drugs and chemicals Group XII received same percentage of alcoholic
The homoeopathic drugs in the form of mother solution as of mother tincture (82% v/v) which
tinctures, on the request of Central Council for served as control for TAMT. Following the fasting
Research in Homoeopathy, Department of AYUSH, period, the rats were weighed and the dose was
New Delhi were supplied by Dr. Willmar Schwabe calculated in reference to the body weight. For the
India Pvt. Ltd., Noida, India. main test, a single dose of 4 ml/kg body weight of
Selection of homoeopathic mother tinctures each mother tincture was administered to rats in
Homoeopathic mother tinctures that were selected the treatment groups, whereas the control groups
for evaluating the safety profile were Ricinus communis received vehicle (the respective percentage of
(containing 94% v/v alcohol), Rauwolfia serpentina alcohol) at dose of 4 ml/kg body weight by oral
(containing 77% v/v alcohol), Bellis perennis (containing route. Food was provided to the rats approximately
65% v/v alcohol), Curcuma longa (containing 60% v/v an hour after treatment. The animals were observed
alcohol), Terminalia arjuna (containing 82%v/v alcohol) 30 min after dosing followed by hourly observation
and Tribulus terresteris (containing 62% v/v alcohol) for 8 h till 14 days.[7]

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Singh, et al.: Safety studies of homoeopathic mother tinctures

Sub‑acute toxicity study compared to control. No histopathological changes

Evaluation of 28 day oral toxicity of mother tinctures [Figures 2 and 3] were observed in the tested animals.
was carried out according to the OECD guidelines

for testing of chemicals‑407.[8,9] Seven groups of QRRIDQLPDOVDOLYH
male Wistar albino rats (n = 6) were used in this 

study (six test drugs and one control). Group I 

1XPEHURIDQLPDOVDOLYH
received normal saline (0.1 ml/10g body weight p.o) 
and served as control. Group II received BPMT), 
Group III received CLMT, Group IV received RSMT, 
Group V received RCMT, Group VI received TTMT

and Group VII received TAMT. Body weight was
recorded on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. At the end 

of 28 days (sub‑acute toxicity), after an overnight 

fasting, the rats were sacrificed under anaesthesia 
using diethyl ether. Blood was collected for
haematological and biochemical analysis through
the retro‑orbital sinus. The liver, kidney and heart *URXSV

were harvested immediately and organ weights were Figure 1: Effect of administering different mother tinctures on acute oral
measured. The liver and kidney were then fixed in toxicity study for observation period of 14 days

10% formalin for histopathological examination.

Table 1: Effect of administering different
Statistical analysis mother tinctures on body weight of rat over a
Statistical analysis was performed using graph period of 28 days
pad Instat software. All values are Mean ± SE. Body weight
Statistical analysis was performed by one‑way Drug Change in Body weight (gms)
analysis of variance followed by Dunnette’s Mutliple treatment 7th Day 14th Day 21st Day 28th Day
Comparison. Control 10.66±0.33 22.83±1.18 34.33±1.74 46.66±1.62
BPMT 9.83±0.91 20.30±1.36 31.50±1.80 43.52±1.54
RESULTS CLMT 9.51±0.67 20.66±1.40 33.00±1.36 45.66±1.33
RSMT 10.16±0.88 21.00±1.18 30.83±1.25 42.66±1.43
The objective of the present study was to evaluate RCMT 10.50±0.76 21.66±1.52 33.50±1.66 44.33±1.76
the safety profile of homoeopathic mother tinctures TTMT 11.66±0.88 21.83±1.49 31.16±2.15 43.33±2.10
in Wistar rats. TAMT 12.00±0.85 21.50±1.20 32.83±1.53 43.83±1.72
Values are mean±SEM; n=6 in each group, BPMT: Bellis perennis mother
Acute oral toxicity study tincture; CLMT: Curcuma longa mother tincture; RSMT: Rauwolfia serpentina
mother tincture; RCMT: Ricinus communis mother tincture; TTMT: Tribulus
Oral LD50 of mother tinctures in rats was found to terresteris mother tincture; TAMT: Terminalia arjuna mother tincture
be >4ml/kg body weight. Administration of mother
tinctures at a dose of 4 ml/kg body weight showed Table 2: Effect of administering different
survival of more than 50% of animals in tested mother tinctures on the organ weight of Wistar
groups. Ten percent mortality was found in four rat for period of 28 days
groups viz. Rauwolfia serpentina mother tincture, Organ weight
Curcuma longa control, Rauwolfia serpentina control Drug Change in Organ weight
and Ricinus communis mother tinctures [Figure 1]. treatment Liver Kidney Heart
Thus, results demonstrated that the mother tinctures Control 3.56±0.06 0.72±0.01 0.36±0.007
at a dose of 4 ml/kg can be considered safe in rats. BPMT 3.29±0.08 0.69±0.01 0.33±0.01
CLMT 3.23±0.15 0.69±0.004 0.32±0.008
Sub‑acute oral toxicity study RSMT 3.28±0.14 0.69±0.006 0.31±0.01
All the animals survived on chronic administration RCMT 3.05±0.02 0.71±0.008 0.32±0.01
of mother tinctures at a dose of 4ml/kg body weight TTMT 3.39±0.08 0.71±0.012 0.32±0.01
for 28 days. The results indicated that no significant TAMT 3.54±0.14 0.69±0.007 0.31±0.01
changes were observed in body weight [Table 1], Values are mean±SEM; n=6 in each group, BPMT: Bellis perennis mother
tincture; CLMT: Curcuma longa mother tincture; RSMT: Rauwolfia serpentina
organ weight [Table 2], biochemical parameters mother tincture; RCMT: Ricinus communis mother tincture; TTMT: Tribulus
[Table 3] and haematological parameters [Table 4] as terresteris mother tincture; TAMT: Terminalia arjuna mother tincture

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Singh, et al.: Safety studies of homoeopathic mother tinctures

Table 3: Effect of administering different mother tinctures on Biochemical Parameters (Triglycerides,
HDL, Serum creatinine, AST, ALT and blood glucose) of Wistar rats for period of 28 days
Biochemical parameters
Drug Triglycerides HDL Serum AST (Aspartate ALT (Alanine Blood
treatment level (TG) value creatinine aminotransfrase) transaminase) glucose
(mg/dl) (mg/dl) level (mg/dl) (U/L) (U/L) level (mg/dl)
Control 56.91±2.16 33.02±0.60 0.99±0.11 97.77±2.73 41.81±1.36 116.66±4.01
BPMT 59.34±2.88 37.77±1.29 1.18±0.11 118.00±2.67 48.52±0.61 99.60±4.48
CLMT 53.69±2.89 36.84±1.1 1.32±0.11 108.99±5.13 47.15±1.35 100.50±2.90
RSMT 55.65±4.93 35.95±1.53 1.35±0.12 111.35±2.91 45.22±2.16 100.50±5.69
RCMT 61.22±4.58 35.00±1.34 1.11±0.18 109.45±2.82 45.1±2.02 103.66±4.20
TTMT 59.82±2.62 32.95±1.7 0.94±0.12 112.07±6.71 44.19±1.50 101.50±4.77
TAMT 55.01±3.30 35.89±1.08 1.16±0.12 105.97±5.10 46.72±1.61 100.83±5.28
Values are mean±SEM; n=6 in each group, BPMT: Bellis perennis mother tincture; CLMT: Curcuma longa mother tincture; RSMT: Rauwolfia serpentina mother
tincture; RCMT: Ricinus communis mother tincture; TTMT: Tribulus terresteris mother tincture; TAMT: Terminalia arjuna mother tincture; HDL: High density
lipoprotein; AST: Aspartate aminotransfrase; ALT: Alanine transaminase

Table 4: Effect of administering different mother tinctures on the blood parameters (RBC, WBC,
platelet count, haemoglobin, bleeding time and clotting time) of Wistar rat for period of 28 days
Haematological parameters
Drug Blood parameters
treatment RBC WBC Platelets Hemoglobin Bleeding Clotting
(milliom/mm3) (thousand/mm3) (lacs/mm3) (g/dl) time (sec) time (sec)
Control 7.78±0.11 17.20±0.17 37.99±0.57 12.53±0.54 834.83±4.23 232.6±3.12
BPMT 7.13±0.22 16.39±0.34 34.81±1.10 11.86±0.31 864.66±5.76 253.4±4.50
CLMT 7.23±0.30 16.89±0.19 35.77±1.47 12.50±0.46 833.66±8.38 245.4±3.75
RSMT 7.22±0.26 16.44±0.19 35.27±1.28 12.42±0.37 859.16±8.20 240.2±3.10
RCMT 7.38±0.28 16.91±0.19 36.07±1.38 12.26±0.65 868.33±11.56 243.5±4.18
TTMT 7.27±0.22 16.52±0.17 35.50±1.11 13.26±0.51 820.16±4.88 238.7±4.20
TAMT 7.43±0.28 17.07±0.22 36.29±1.37 12.90±0.24 836.66±13.94 244.2±3.24
Values are mean±SEM; n=6 in each group, BPMT: Bellis perennis mother tincture; CLMT: Curcuma longa mother tincture; RSMT: Rauwolfia serpentina mother
tincture; RCMT: Ricinus communis mother tincture; TTMT: Tribulus terresteris mother tincture; TAMT: Terminalia arjuna mother tincture; RBC: Red blood cell;
WBC: White blood cell

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION of these homoeopathic mother tinctures is needed.

Therefore, the objective of present study was to
In this study, the safety profile of six homoeopathic examine the homoeopathic mother tinctures of Bellis
mother tinctures viz. Ricinus communis (RCMT), perennis, Curcuma longa, Rauwolfia serpentina, Ricinus
Rauwolfia serpentina (RSMT), Bellis perennis (BPMT), communis, Tribulus terresteris and Terminalia arjuna for
Curcuma longa (CLMT), Terminalia arjuna (TAMT) and their safety profile using acute and sub‑acute oral
Tribulus terresteris (TTMT) were investigated. The toxicity studies.
major findings of study suggest that these mother
tinctures are safe at a dose of 4 ml/kg as no Acute toxicity study was performed according to
significant changes were observed on biochemical, OECD guidelines, which gives the range of doses
haematological and histological parameters even for that could be toxic to the animals. It can be used
long term administration (28 days toxicity study). to estimate the therapeutic index (LD50/ED50) of
mother tinctures. These mother tinctures were
Homoeopathic mother tinctures are used throughout
well tolerated and there were no observed adverse
in developed and developing countries and represent
effects at a dose of 4 ml/kg. The mortality found in
a substanstial proportion of the global drug market.
acute oral toxicity study may be due to high alcohol
Homoeopathic mother tinctures are often mistakenly
content present in mother tinctures.
regarded as safe because they are “natural.”
Nevertheless, those homoeopathic products also In sub‑acute toxicity study, mother tincture treated
contain some bioactive principles with potential to groups did not show any significant changes in body
cause adverse effects, so validation of safety profile weight increment as compared to control, indicating

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Singh, et al.: Safety studies of homoeopathic mother tinctures

Figure 2: Photomicrographs were taken at magnification (10X). Pictomicrographs demonstrate no degeneration of the glomerular structure
or interstitium in any of the groups. Thus, no histopathological changes were observed in kidney tissues of treated group when compared with
control group. Group I: Control Group, Group II: BPMT, Group III: CLMT, Group IV: RSMT, Group V: RCMT, Group VI: TTMT, Group VII: TAMT
BPMT: Bellis perennis mother tincture, CLMT: Curcuma longa mother tincture, RSMT: Rauwolfia serpentina mother tincture, RCMT: Ricinus communis mother
tincture, TTMT: Tribulus terresteris mother tincture, TAMT: Terminalia arjuna mother tincture

Figure 3: Photomicrographs were taken at magnification (10X). Pictomicrographs demonstrate well-organised lobular structure, normal hepatic cells with
clear nucleus, well preserved central vein and portal triad in all the treated groups. Thus, appears normal with no changes in liver tissues of treated groups
as compared to control. Group I: Control Group, Group II: BPMT, Group III: CLMT, Group IV: RSMT, Group V: RCMT, Group VI: TTMT, Group VII: TAMT
BPMT: Bellis perennis mother tincture, CLMT: Curcuma longa mother tincture, RSMT: Rauwolfia serpentina mother tincture, RCMT: Ricinus communis mother
tincture, TTMT: Tribulus terresteris mother tincture, TAMT: Terminalia arjuna mother tincture

that these mother tinctures did not have any adverse of the mother tincture treated groups remained
effects on body weight. The organ weights and normal. It reveals that these mother tinctures did not
histopathological examination (liver, kidney, heart) produce any toxic symptoms to these vital organs.

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Singh, et al.: Safety studies of homoeopathic mother tinctures

There were no significant changes in any liver function of India for providing financial assistance in the form of
parameters such as aspartate aminotransfrase (AST) collaborative research project.
and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels as compared to
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT How to cite this article: Singh S, Kumar R, Karwasra R, Kalra P,

Rani S, Nayak D, et al. Evaluation of safety profile of homoeopathic
mother tinctures. Indian J Res Homoeopathy 2014;8:81-6.
The authors are thankful to Central Council for Research
in Homoeopathy (CCRH), Department of AYUSH, Govt. Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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86 Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy / Vol. 8 / Issue 2 / Apr-Jun 2014