Similar Syllables in English and Urdu

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Syllables in Urdu can serve as phonemic syllables in English language
By
Yasar Ikram
Roll No: BR 586562
Registration No: 03PLE6050
Supervisor Name
Zafar Iqbal Bhatti
Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics
Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (Lahore Campus)

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M.A TEFL Programme
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
YEAR 2018-2019
SYLLABLES IN URDU CAN SERVE AS PHONEMIC SYLLABLES IN ENGLISH

LANGUAGE
Submitted to:
Chairman Department of English Language and Linguistics
Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
Supervised by:
Zafar Iqbal Bhatti
Submitted by:
Yasar Ikram
Roll no: BR586562
Registration no: 03PLE6050
Address: Railway Colony, Raiwind
Email: yasarferozi@gmail.com
Cell no: 0333-4327460
Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics
Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (Lahore Campus)

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In the name of Allah the most Beneficent and the most Merciful
To my Mother
Who took care of me for twenty two years
But
When I grew up enough to serve her
She passed away.

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Contents
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………… vi
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………….vii
1. Introduction ………………………………………………………………..…. 1
1.1 Background ……………………………………………………………..… 1
1.2 Purpose of study …………………………………………………………... 2
1.3 Significance of the study ………………………………………………...... 3
1.4 Research questions ………………………………………………………... 3
2. Literature review ……………………………………………………………….4
3. Methodology …………………………………………………………………..15
3.1 Research design ……………………………………………………………15
3.2 Sample and demographics ………………………………………………...15
3.3 Data collection ……………………………………………………………..16
3.4 Research procedure ………………………………………………………..16
4. Data collection and analysis …………………………………………………...18
Tables and frequency charts …………………………………………………...18
4.1 Pronoun ……………………………………………………………………19
4.2 Preposition ………………………………………………………………....22
4.3 Conjunction ………………………………………………………………..29
4.4 Determiners ………………………………………………………………..32
4.5 Auxiliaries …………………………………………………………………34
4.6 Alphabet ……………………………………………………………………37
4.7 Counting ……………………………………………………………………40
4.8 Colours ……………………………………………………………………..44
4.9 Fruit …………………………………………………………………………47
4.10 Vegetables …………………………………………………………………51
4.11 Meats ………………………………………………………………………55
4.12 Animals …………………………………………………………………….57
4.13 Birds ………………………………………………………………………..62
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4.14 Suffixes ……………………………………………………………………..65

4.15 Human names ……………………………………………………………….69
4.16 Miscellaneous ……………………………………………………………….77
5. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………..104
References …………………………………………………………………………….106
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the first place, I am highly grateful to Allah, His Last Rasool Hazrat Muhammad
‫ ﷺ‬and my spiritual mentor. After that, I am using this opportunity to express my
gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout the thesis of my M.A. TEFL project.
Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Zafar Iqbal Bhatti for the
continuous support, encouragement and the messages that kept me active enough to continue my
work for my M.A. TEFL thesis. His in time motivation brought me back to attempt the thesis
from despair of leaving the project undone. I am grateful to him for his patience, encouragement,
and sharing helpful material which led me to complete my job. His guidance helped me a lot and
retained me on the road to my destination.
Secondly, I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my former advisor Prof.
Khalid Mehmood for his sincere, constructive and quick guidance during composing my
synopsis. In fact, his direction and instructions paved my way to the thesis. I am heartily grateful
to him.
I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my wife who has always been a
constant source of determination and perseverance for me. She not only proved a home
facilitator but an associate researcher also.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to my brother Burhan Uddin Ferozi whose approval led me
to join M.A. TEFL degree course. I also would like to thank my sister and colleague Mrs.
Samreen Waqas and my brother Sir Adeel Akhtar Masoom for their help and suggestions that
prove helpful in achieving the goal.
In the end, I cannot forget to say thanks to all my professors who had been teaching different
subjects during Diploma and M.A. TEFL course as well as in the thesis workshop at AIOU
Islamabad.
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ABSTRACT
It is a report of research on similar syllables in English and Urdu languages. Many of the
researchers have carried out comparative and contrastive studies between English and Urdu
languages but they focused on the morphology of these languages. They threw light on the
processes of word formation, change of gender and change of number, etc. But, none has studied
the phenomenon that languages use similar syllables. This study tells that speakers of both the
languages produce similar syllables. This report throws light on the fact that because of
possessing identical speech organs humans produce same speech sounds. Resultantly, they
produce similar combinations of sounds in the shape of syllables. It discusses the words at
syllable level and tells that mostly syllables exist in both the languages without having any
change in them. Some of the syllables have slight changes only of an allophone, a vowel or only
of a consonant sound. To justify the stance, one thousand twenty thre words are collected from
close and open word classes both. For example, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions,
determiners, auxiliaries, human, animal, bird, fruit, vegetable and colour names, etc. These one
thousand twenty three words are divided into one thousand three hundred and twenty eight
syllables. Each item is given with its phonetic transcription. After that, it is compared with the
Urdu syllable. Urdu syllable is presented in its roman, phonetic and Urdu transcriptions. Its
English meaning is also given. Through this paper, it is learned that all the one thousand three
hundred twenty eight syllables exist in both the languages without any change or with the change
only of a vowel or a consonant sound. It will pave the way for teachers and students of
linguistics to explore the same similarity between other human languages and try to explore and
testify that all languages possess near about similar syllables with different references.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Having identical speech organs, all humans can produce same and specific sounds. It is their
mother tongue that restricts them to produce a specific number of sounds and makes them unable
to produce some other specific sounds. They articulate nearly similar syllables. It is the reference
of the word which makes the word different in different languages. For example, banana
/bənɑ:nə/ in English is a fruit name whereas in Urdu /bənɑ:nə/ is a verb which means to make.
Mono syllabic morpheme bee /bi:/ in English refers to an insect, like honey bee but the same
mono syllabic morpheme bee /bi:/ in Urdu is an addressing term used to address ladies, like bee
amman (bi: - ʌmma:ŋ). Mono syllabic orpheme see /si:/, a verb in English, in Urdu language
see /si:/ is also a verb used as an imperative term which means stitch or sew.
A syllable is a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound with or without surrounding
consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word, for example water has two syllables /wɔ:/ and
/tə/ or /tər/ and ‘internal’ has three syllables /ɪn-tɜ:-nəl/. A syllable is a sound unit not
grammatical unit. It may not necessarily have meaning. For example, ‘pigeon’ /pɪdʒɪn, pɪdʒən/
consists of two syllables and both of the syllables separately have no meaning. But when both
are joined, they make a word or a morpheme which has a specific meaning in itself, that is the
name of a bird. A syllable normally has two parts, onset and rhyme i.e. chat /tʃæt/, ‘tʃ’ is an onset
and ‘æt’ a rhyme. A syllable may exist without an onset like at /æt/. A rhyme further consists of
two parts; nucleus and coda. No syllable exists without a nucleus but it may consist only of a
nucleus i.e. a.
A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit which cannot be further divided. It must be
meaningful. For example, it may give meaning in itself alone i.e. ‘like’, as a prefix like ‘un’ in
un-like, as a suffix like ‘ly’ in un-like-ly, and as an infix like ‘e’ while making plural of man. A
morpheme may or may not stand alone contrary to a word which can always stand alone. A
morpheme can be a word, a prefix, a suffix or an infix. There are two types of morphemes; free
morpheme and bound morpheme. A free morpheme can stand alone i.e. ‘like’ whereas a bound
morpheme cannot stand alone i.e. ‘ly’. Bound morphemes are further divided into inflectional
bound morpheme and derivative bound morpheme. An inflectional morpheme does not change
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the class of a word, like ‘ed’ in ‘liked’. On contrary to it, a derivative morpheme changes the
class of a word, like ‘en’ in ‘sharpen’. Sharp is an adjective but addition of ‘en’ converts it into a
verb.
A great number of similar syllables and morphemes are found in English and Urdu languages. A
syllable in Urdu may be a morpheme in English, for example, roti /rɔ: - ti:/ in Urdu consists of
two syllables /rɔ:/ and /ti:/, both of these two Urdu syllables are morphemes in English language
row /rəʊ/ and tea /ti:/.
A syllable in English may be a morpheme in Urdu, for example, able /eɪ-bəl/ in English
consists of two syllables. These two syllables are two morphemes in Urdu, /eɪ/ is an addressing
term and /bəl/ means a twist.
A morpheme in English may be a syllable in Urdu, for example, she /ʃɪ:/ a morpheme in
English is a syllable in Urdu word sheera /ʃɪ: - ra:/. A large number of English language syllables
and morphemes are used as syllables and morphemes also in Urdu language. For example, a
morpheme such /sʌtʃ/ in English is also a morpheme in Urdu /sʌtʃ/ means truth.
Many syllables and morphemes of both the languages have the difference only of one
single consonant sound or only of a single vowel sound. For example, eat /i:t/. If the path of out
coming breath is slightly shifted to nose it becomes /i:ŋt/ eent, originally a Hindi word in Urdu
which means a brick, with a slight change of a monophthong into a diphthong English word
‘pity’ /pɪ-ti/ is used as /peɪ-ti/, a Hindi word in Urdu used for a medium size box, and for a
leather belt also.
1.2. Purpose of the study
Apparently, human languages look radically different from one another whereas, in fact they
have many similarities. Although, they have alphabets consist of quite distinct symbols but even
then they have a large number of similar sounds. For example, Greek alphabet begins with ‘alpha
beta’, English with ‘a b’ and Urdu with ‘aliph bey’, all three have same beginning.
Consequently, these sets of sounds produce a large number of similar syllables. In different
languages, syllables are same but their references and combinations are different, due to which
languages seem to be quite dissimilar. This study is to find out the similar syllables in English
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and Urdu languages and to bring out the slight changes of onset or nucleus or coda with which
both the languages use same syllables. For the purpose, it is not possible to cover whole
vocabulary of English or Urdu language because of a continuous process of borrowing and
coinage of words in each language but a segment of each above mentioned language.
1.3. Significance of the study
This comparative study will help the students, teachers and researchers of linguistics in
understanding the nature of English and Urdu languages in particular. And in general, it will
inspire the students, teachers and researchers to study the other languages with this aspect as,
English and Urdu both languages have a large part of their vocabularies from many other
languages. English has a large number of French, Latin and Spanish words. In the same way,
Urdu evolved from Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit and many other local languages. It will lead the
linguists to find out further similarities among the other different human languages of the world.
It will also lead to find out further universals in languages other than structure dependence,
phrase head parameter and word projection rule. As all humans possess identical speech organs,
they can articulate nearly similar syllables. Moreover, it will also be useful for the students and
teachers of psycholinguistics to understand the natural language learning phenomenon of a child.
How does it happen that a child born in one language setting, shifted to another language setting,
learns that language like a native speaker.
1.4. Research questions
This study will answer the following research questions:
1.4.1. How syllables in Urdu can serve as phonemic syllables in English language?
1.4.2. How far syllables and morphemes in Urdu are helpful in teaching English
pronunciation?
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
To compare and contrast two languages is not only a very useful and informative task but also a
very interesting and delightful job. Being lingua franca, English is compared with almost every
standard language found all over the world. So, many comparative and contrastive studies
between English and other languages, including Urdu, have been carried out during last few
decades. A few of them are briefly discussed as under.
Berko (2015) discussed the child’s learning English morphology. The purpose of this study was
to bring forth what the children learn being exposed to English morphology. If a child tells that
plural of bench is benches, he may have memorized it. But if also tells the plural of other words
of same ending like witch to witches, it shows that the child knows the morphological rule for
making plural of such words. But, if he has learnt the morphological rules, the question is how?
Cain (2011) produced a paper which was about the study of puns with respect to their underlying
linguistic features which produced the parenthetic feature of meaning. It brought forth the system
of syllables and morphemes in producing humorous puns. Traditionally, humorous pun making
was focused on the sound, word, or syntactic levels.
Carlisle (2011), in his paper, threw light on importance of morphology in learning to read. On
the basis of an opinion that teachers were not appropriately equipped with the knowledge of
morphology, children's progress about morphemic structure of words was discussed. This study
advised to incorporate more word study into reading and spelling programmes.
David, Ann et al (2009) put forward a report with the title of Urdu Morphology. This report can
simply be read as a linguistic description of Urdu morphology as it discussed the construction of
words and other aspects of morphology in detail. And everything is presented with examples.
This study mainly focused on the grammar of standard spoken and written morphology. It drew
special attention to inflectional morphology. This study throws light on the mistakes usually
made by native Urdu speakers in writing. It asserted that the native Urdu speakers err in their
choice among homophonous letters but these mistakes were not documented in literature. Such
errors were discussed in detail and examples of such errors were also provided. Urdu
morphology was discussed in great detail with examples under the separate headings of noun,
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pronoun, propositions, adjective and miscellaneous, one by one. Then, each heading was
elaborated in many subheadings. For example, noun was discussed in subheadings of inflection,
derivational suffixes and borrowed nouns in Urdu. Each subheading was further explained under
many sub-sub-headings. Inflection was discussed with respect to gender first then marked and
unmarked. In short this report discussed every aspect of Urdu morphology very minutely. Next,
it brought to light the variation in Urdu language. It said that there was an extreme variation in
registers of Urdu which ranges from the language of the poets and writers to a common
uneducated man. It varies with respect to the level of education, nature of job, gender, gathering,
region, schooling, social status, etc. It threw light on one more cause of the variation that is local
languages. Local languages not only affect dialect but grammar also, especially gender variation.
For example, yogurt in Urdu is taken as masculine but it becomes feminine in Punjabi and
Sindhi, aeroplane is masculine in Urdu but feminine in Pashto.
Dell (1995) presented his study on consonant distribution in French words. In his article, he
presented an overall view of consonant distribution in French words. He described two types of
rime, simple and compound. Then, he described the difference between simple and compound
rime. He said that the syllables with a simple rhyme cannot occur in the end of a word but it can
occur anywhere else. At most, only one consonant can follow their vowels. On the other hand,
syllables having compound rhyme can only occur at the end of words. He discussed syllable
structure mainly in relation with phonological alternation. He paid less attention to the role of
syllable in accounting phonotactic restrictions. He also presented some reflecting properties of
the French syllables. He coined two terms S-IN for syllable initial consonant cluster and S-FI for
syllable final consonant cluster. In conclusion, he said that rhyme might end in one consonant
mostly and that word-final clusters are coda plus onset sequence commonly.
Duncan (2018) wrote a paper to explore the relation of reading to phoneme awareness and
morpheme awareness. He explored different levels of meta-linguistic awareness that work in
several relationships to learning reading. He said that spoken words could be broken into further
smaller parts as phonemes and morphemes which are units of sound and units of meaning
respectively. Further, he defined phonemes as the smallest unit of sound to make a word
meaningfully different and morphemes as the smallest units of meaning within a word. He also
discussed free and bound morphemes. He mainly talked about general meta-linguistic awareness.
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He said that the children who did not reach the school going age, with the general language
development could still require time before showing meta-linguistic awareness. He said that at
different points of age different aspects of language such as phonemes, morphemes, syllables,
rhymes, words, etc. are revealed. To explain phoneme awareness, first he talked about its
development, then links between phoneme awareness and reading and then cross-language
variation. After that, he discussed morpheme awareness with its development and then its link
with reading. Further, he discussed cross language variation with respect to morpheme
awareness. He concluded that for reading development it is necessary to realize the influence of
phoneme and morpheme awareness on the development of word reading.
Goldberg (2013) described the strong interrelation between morphological and phonological
processes. He said that during the process morphological process must be in step with the
phonological content of individual morphemes to produce a suitable phonological representation
for driving phonological process. He also said that many times the morpheme construction
caused changes in word's well-constructed phonology.
Hall (2011) presented an English Urdu language comparison and began with the directions of
writing the languages from left to right and from right to left. In key language differences, he
compared SVO and SOV structures of English and Urdu respectively. He found out the contrast
in the position of preposition that a preposition comes first in English and in the last in Urdu. He
also compared transitive and intransitive verbs, gender and singular plurals in English and Urdu.
Hasenacker and Schroeder (2016) compared the use of syllables and morphemes. The students of
grade two, four and adults were given a task on multimorphemic and monomorphemic words
and pseudowords that were incongruent. The study favoured the opinion that children depend
more on fine-gained processing, whereas adults utilize more coarse-grained processing.
Hayat (2009) studied similar and dissimilar sounds in English and Urdu languages. His aim was
to achieve native like proficiency in foreign or second language. He defined sound with
reference to the Oxford Dictionary as something we can hear. Then he discussed vowel and
consonant sounds. After that he compared English and Urdu language sounds. Next, he talked
about partially similar sounds and then analyzed the sounds used only in English and the sounds
used only in Urdu. His focus, throughout the paper, was only sounds.
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Herrero (2020) in his research, tried to find out if the position of the morpheme of plurality had
shifted from ending of the word to its beginning in Eastern Andalusian Spanish. He performed
two experiments to test his hypothesis.
Hurley (2015) said that while start teaching the difference between written and spoken language
to the beginning readers, we should start with the meaning of the word despite the syllabic
breakdown of the word. Syllabic division can hide the morphological boundaries and
consequently mask the meaningful structure of words. She meant to say that syllables have no or
little effect on writing system. The primary aim of all written languages is to convey meaning,
not only to represent phonemes with graphemes. So, the syllables which are pronounced in
spoken language would be different in many ways from they were represented in the written
language. That is why teaching reading and spelling through teaching syllables could mask the
morphological meaning of the word. We should teach the students to ponder upon the meaning
of the word and recognize the morphemes. He presented many words as examples like very,
sparkle, and president to support her point of view.
Islam (2011) studied the morphology of Loan words in Urdu: Persian, Arabic and English
strands. He says that his study focuses on the Persian, Arabic and English loanwords morphology
in Urdu. It was a descriptive study which primarily focused on gender, number and case
morphology. He threw light on derivation by affixation and compounding. Although Urdu is a
great language itself but even then it is a recipient language, he claimed. Then he discussed the
effects of English, Arabic and Persian on Urdu. Mainly, he talked about structure of words and
techniques of their formation.
Jit et al (2012) presented their work on Manipuri language morphemes. Manipuri language used
two scripts a borrowed Bengali script and the original Manipuri script. This work was
implemented in the original Manipuri words because both the scripts had different syllable
formation. They told that Manipuri language was one of the highly agglutinative languages. A
highly inflicted word may have ten or more affixes attached one after another. These affixes are
morphemes which can change the semantic and grammatical structure of the word. They
analyzed the words to the syllables and examined them to extract a morpheme among the
syllables. They declared morpheme the smallest conceptual meaningful part of a word which has
semantic meaning. In their work first they identified the syllables then they found out
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morphemes among those syllables. They said that all the syllables were not necessarily
morphemes. Consequently, they designed a system that was a morpheme identifier. It did not
analyze the word morphologically but it identified the morpheme from the set of syllables. They
designed an algorithm which segregated syllables and the resultant syllables were verified if that
was a morpheme or not.
Khan (2011) carried out a contrastive study of rhythm and intonation patterns in English and
Urdu languages. He put forward the view that rhythm and intonation play an important role in
production of statement and interrogative sentences in all languages. He classified rhythm into
stress-timed and syllable-timed patterns. In his paper, he aimed at a contrastive analysis of
rhythm and intonation patterns in English and Urdu. He declared that Urdu speakers face much
difficulty in learning rhythm and intonation in English. To him, Rise-fall, and fall-rise tones are
very complicated features for a foreign student to learn. His work revolved around rhythm and
intonation.
Kooij (1980), in this paper, told that a lot of phonological rules of Dutch referred to syllable
boundaries rather than to morphological boundaries. In favour of his clai, discussed the role of
syllabic boundaries in one specific rule of Dutch morphology. He argued on the basis of Natural
Generative Phonology and advised to separate phonology and morphology.
Labov (2015) put forward his research about social motivation of sound change. This report is
about the first hand observation of a sound change in context of a specific community life. The
change observed was a shift of the first element of a diphthong for exampal /aI/ and /au/. It
discussed the reasons as well as the solutions to the said change.
Lane et al (2019), in there paper, said that morpheme awareness plays an important role in word
reading skills, increasing vocabulary and to comprehend the text. The purpose of this study was
to point out frequently used morphemes occur in academic words. In the end morpheme
frequency lists were produced and associative means for teachers were also devised.
Manzoor (2015) presented a contrast and comparison of English and Urdu morphology. The
study starts with a brief introduction to English and Urdu languages. After that throughout the
paper it is concentrated on Morphology. This study discussed English and Urdu morphology in a
different way and presented a detailed account of word formation, inflection, affixation, different
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morphological forms of verb, and components of a word. It defined morpheme as minimal unit
of grammatical structure and further told that morphemes are the minimal units of meaning out
of which meaningful words are formed in different ways. According to this study, each morph
represents a particular morpheme, but each morpheme does not have a morph. It analyzed free
and bound morphemes, derivational and inflectional morphemes, morphs and allomorphs, gender
morpheme, past morpheme, and irregular inflections. This study also throws light on suffixes,
prefixes, infixes and zero suffixes. She brought out the similarities and differences between
English and Urdu morphology not the similar morphemes.
Mutaka and Hyman (1990) said that in the word-formation process, reduplication drawn interest
of many researchers. Their research examined detail reduplication in Kinande, a language,
spoken in Zaire, a Bantu language. They tell that Bantu languages are the languages which are
typologically similar in their syntax and morphology. In this paper, they saw the need for two
constraints of some interest. First, they demonstrated that lexical syllabification is limited to the
construction of CV1 syllables only, the syllables that have an onset. Second, they told that if a
morpheme is to survive in the reduplicative affix, it must be copied in its entirety. They analyzed
reduplication process in nouns and verbs. They considered some of the implications of Kinande
analysis for the study of reduplication in general. They told that commonly Kinande noun
consisted of an augment, a class of noun having prefix and a stem. Most noun stems are
bisyllabic. These stems may be shorter as well as longer. Twenty noun classes are found in
Kinande language. You can predict most of the augments from the shape of the noun class
prefix. Then they discussed reduplication in verbs and said that in Kinande bisyllabic stems are
the most numerous. Then they concluded that verb and noun reduplication share some basic
properties though they have some differences too. They believe that syllable is the basic thing in
word-formation process and it is necessary for the concept of morpheme integrity.
Van (2011) presented a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese morphemes aiming at
understanding that how words in different languages are formed. He said that it was necessary to
understand the basic element, morpheme. That was why in the beginning he talked about
morphemes in general and afterward he discussed the differences between English and
Vietnamese in particular. In the beginning he defined morpheme as the smallest component of a
word that contributes its meaning. That was why a word may consist of one or more morphemes.
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It was the smaller part of word which contributes to the meaning of the word. He said that a
morpheme can be smaller, larger or equal to a syllable. And a word can consist of one or more
than one syllables. He observed that as the morphemes are different in different languages in the
same way syllables are also very different in different languages. Therefore, he bore the opinion
that the knowledge of the syllables of one's native language should not be applied to produce the
words from other languages. Then, he discussed bound morphemes and free morphemes and
exemplified them with the English and Vietnamese words. He also divided morphemes into
lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemes. He said that lexical morphemes hold the main
meaning of the word whereas grammatical morphemes decide the function and position of the
word. He also talked about derivational and inflectional suffixes. Then, he compared English and
Vietnamese and told that Vietnamese is an isolating language, its words are composed by single
morphemes. It means that in Vietnamese, a single word often contains only one morpheme that
is also the word. Through this study we came to know that near about all morphemes in
Vietnamese are free morphemes and function as single words. In Vietnamese bound morphemes
occur but in a very limited number and so they are very different from English. They are
separated words which cannot exist alone to form words. Vietnamese words do not consist of
root+affix morphemes like English. Instead, it is the combination of different words which are
related to each other in meaning and form a new word. He concluded that learning of word
structure in every language is very helpful in acquiring a language.
Veneziano (2014) presented his research on Filler Syllables. It was rather a different and new
topic. He said that filler syllables are often defined as unstressed, indetermined monosyllabic
elements. He said that these are produced by children and mostly they are vocalic or nasalized.
Children produce them in prelexical position of words. They may be found in the beginning of
words which children used earlier and may continue to use. Filler syllables can represent a target
syllable. These are not the target words but additional to them and can be distinguished from
word-initial vocalic sounds. These sounds start to be produced when a child is in single-word
production stage. The number of production of fillers varies in several ways. It may vary from
language to language and individual to individual. He said that it was not necessarily produced
by every child. Moreover, the children produce fillers they do not produce them before every
word, and a child can produce same word with or without filler. He told that fillers had been
noted first in the late eighteenth century by the authors who used to keep diaries of their children.
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Various terms have been used for fillers by different authors i.e. perelexical additional elements,
presyntactic devices, phonological extensions and placeholders. Presently, fillers are linked to
the emergence of grammatical morphemes and gaining the attention of linguists of today.
Weingarter et al (2007) produced a study of morphemes, syllables and graphemes in written

word production. This study was mainly interested in cognitive and linguistic processes in
writing. It tried to find out the influences which a morphological word structure exerts on writing
that word. It focused on written morphemes and syllables. It described morphemes as processing
units. It was concentrated on word writing rather than sound of the word. It told that in German
language we can distinguish morphemes in three main types: stem inflection and derivative
morphemes. In writing, all types of morphemes work as processing units. In German, a root
morpheme may consist of many syllables but a syllable can consist only of one root morpheme.
In the same way, in German an affix rarely consists of more than one syllable but a syllable can
consist of many affixes. In oral language, the study exclaimed that production of syllables can be
defined as consisting of an opening and a closing movement of the articulatory organs. It
observed a delay in the time course of word typing. It told that when a new syllable begins, it has
a rather longer delay than at pure letter transition. It thought graphemes to be the smallest units
of written language. A written word is a manifesto of graphemes. It said that commonly a
grapheme was defined as the corresponding units of phonemes in spoken language.
Zahra (2013) presented her study Redefining Urdu Morphology and Grammar. She did it in a
particular perspective and that is to develop an integrated sentiment analysis framework. She
found Urdu a morphologically rich and recourse poor language. She explored Urdu morphology
but not in much detail because of her focus on sentiment analysis. She highlighted the linguistic
aspects of the multidimensional research problem of hers. She threw light on grammar and
orthographic rules of Urdu language. In this way she tried to redefine Urdu morphology and
grammar with respect to the requirements of sentiment analysis framework. The framework, she
proposed, emphasized on the identification of the sentiments, rather than the subjective words in
the given text. She described facts and opinions as two types of information. To her, the notion
of opinion is very broad. About information she said that there were many sources from which
we can gather information. She said that we could easily get information from user generated
content on the web. Moreover, internet forums, blogs and consumer reports can easily provide a
12
lot of information. She talked to process this information with respect to word segmentation,
phrase chunking, and stemming and sentiment analysis of Urdu language processing. She also
described negation handling in sentiment analysis. She tells that like Arabic, Urdu script is also
bidirectional as the words are written from right to left whereas numbers are written from left to
right. She further told that Urdu uses Persian-Arabic script, which meant that letters had a variety
of shapes that were categorized as joiners and non joiners. Like other Urdu language researchers,
she also talked about parts of speech and Urdu morphology, inflection, derivation and
compounding. Then she presented corpus construction and complex stemming as some
challenging features of Urdu language. She said that in Urdu stemming was very complex as
various words can emerge from the same root. She thought the word order property of the Urdu
text an extraordinary challenging feature as it holds proper meaning in different word orders. In
the end, she acknowledged Urdu language unique in many aspects related to its orthography,
morphology, grammar and vocabulary. This research mainly aimed at developing an integrated
sentiment analysis model for the Urdu text.
Zhou and Wilson (1994) presented their research under the title of Words, Morphemes and
Syllables in the Chinese lexicon. The purpose of this research was to explore the role of
morphological structure in the representation of disyllabic words in spoken Chinese. This
research said that the role of derivational and inflectional morphology in Chinese language is
minor. Instead, Chinese has a great number of compound words. Disyllabic compounds
comprise, about seventy four percent, of the Chinese lexicon and the rest are mainly
monomorphemic words. New words are commonly constructed through compounding method. It
also told that the number of morphemes is also limited to about 6000. Most of the morphemes
and monomorphemic words are used again and again to constitute morphemes in compound. It
also said that there are only 1300 different syllables in Mandarin Chinese and on average each
syllable corresponds to four different morphemes. In extreme cases, one syllable may represent
40 to 50 morphemes. One of the distinctive features of Chinese is the prevalence of homophonic
morphemes. In Chinese, usually, morpheme can stand alone as monomorphemic word. In the
written form, each morpheme is denoted by a single character which directly represents the
meaning of the morpheme and also has perceptually obvious boundaries with adjacent
characters.
13
Zibin (2019) studied an interesting phenomenon practiced in Urban Jordanian Arabic in Amman,
the capital of Jordan. He depicted that in Jordan, particularly in the capital city Amman, the
degree of one's knowledge of English is viewed as prestigious. In result of it, many English
loanwords had been penetrated into Urban Jordanian Arabic, a dialect spoken in Amman. Their
youth, especially females of fifteen to twenty three years, began to add a Jordan Arabic
morpheme "ɪk" to some of the English loanwords and to make them more "modern" and "cool".
This addition was practiced particularly by young girls. They made this addition generally to
monosyllabic words that have a short vowel in the nucleus and consequently coda is geminated.
The addition of the Arabic syllable "ɪk" blended the word as second female singular and used as
an object pronoun. For example, [lʌvvɪk] in place of "I love you", here "ɪk" worked as an object
pronoun and [feɪsɪk] in place of "your face", here the addition of the Arabic morpheme "ɪk"
worked as a possessive pronoun. Further, he formulated two hypotheses: (a) When the Arabic
morpheme "ɪk" added to a monosyllabic word having a short vowel, the coda is geminated. (b)
On the other hand, when the word is disyllabic, a monosyllabic with long vowel in the nucleus,
gemination does not occur. In the end, he drew conclusion that both of these hypotheses were
confirmed.
All above mentioned studies depicts that a lot of work has been carried out on comparison and
contrast between English and other languages of the world. In the same way much work was
done on speech sounds of English and Urdu languages. Morphology of English and Urdu
languages had also been studied from different aspects, especially to see the similarities and
differences in the ways of word formation; affixation, singular plural, gender, etc. but no work
was done on similarity of syllables found in English and Urdu languages. The researchers, who
did comparative or contrastive studies between English and Urdu languages, mainly talked about
morphology of both the languages but not the syllable itself.
This work is neither going to discuss morphology, that how the words are constructed, nor the
techniques or rules of word formation. However, it is focused on already constructed words
itself. Its focal point is the reality that English and Urdu languages own a large number of similar
syllables but it is the reference that keeps them apart. This work especially brings forth the
syllables which are common in both the languages English and Urdu. Moreover, it also tells that
14
how a large number of syllables are present in both the languages with only the change of onset,
nucleus or coda.
15
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design
It is a quantitative corelational study as one thousand twenty three English language words
collected from the vocabulary of an average educated man in our country through general
English text books, English grammar books, English language teaching classes, dictionaries and
internet websites. Those words were divided into syllables. Their phonetic transcription is
confirmed and given in front of each syllable. Then, they were compared with the syllables in
Urdu language. Urdu syllables were given in IPA, Roman English, phonetic and then Urdu
transcriptions. In front of each entry, it was mentioned that either it was a syllable or a
morpheme in Urdu language. If it was a morpheme, it was reproduced. But, if it was a syllable its
complete word was also given in front. For each entry, besides Roman, phonetic and Urdu
transcriptions, its meaning in English had also been given.
3.2 Sample and demographics
Data consisted of one thousand twenty three English words of common use. Random as well as
Purposive sampling technique was employed for this study. A purposive sample is a non-
probability sample that is selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of
the study. Purposive sampling is also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling.
Firstly, the closed class words; pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, determiners and auxiliary
verbs, were enlisted as they were neither borrowed nor coined and were fixed in number. Besides
close class words, counting, alphabet, fruit names, vegetable names, colur names, human names,
animal names, bird names, etc. were collected. And then, miscellaneous common words from
open class were enlisted. From open class, mostly those words were picked up which fulfilled
the purpose of the study, i.e. the words which had the syllables which can be compared with
Urdu language syllables without or with least change. One thousand twenty three English
language words enlisted, divided into one thousand three hundred twenty eight syllables and then
compared with Urdu language syllables, morphemes or words.
16
3.3 Data collection
One thousand twenty three English language words were collected, from the vocabulary that was
taught up to graduation level in our country, through general English text books, English
grammar books, English language teaching classes, dictionaries and internet websites. Internet
and Urdu and English language dictionaries were consulted for the correct spellings and
pronunciation of the examined words, syllables and morphemes.
3.4 Research procedure
One thousand twenty three words were divided into one thousand three hundred twenty eight
syllables. Their phonetic transcription is confirmed from the Oxford dictionary and a software
‘toPhonetics’ and presented in front of each syllable. Then, they were compared with the
syllables in Urdu language. Urdu syllable was given in Roman English transcript first, then in
phonetic transcription and then in Urdu transcription as well. In front of each entry, it was also
mentioned that either it was a syllable or a morpheme in Urdu language. If it was a morpheme, it
was reproduced. But, if it was a syllable its complete word was also given in front. For each
entry, besides Roman, phonetic and Urdu transcription, its meaning in English had also been
given.
Data was collected and analyzed under sixteen headings; pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions,
determiners, auxiliaries, alphabet, counting, colours, fruit, vegetables, meat, animals, birds,
suffixes, names of persons, and miscellaneous. Data discussed under each heading was analyzed,
classified and explained in the form of facts and figures separately. And then, in the end, it was
concluded as a whole. This study showed that what percentage of English
syllables/morphemes/words is similar to Urdu language syllables/morphemes/words. For
example, forty eight percent personal pronouns in English are used as syllables and fifty two
percent as morphemes in Urdu. Seventy six percent English language syllables are found in Urdu
language without any change, sixteen percent with a change of vowel, seven percent with a
change of consonant and one percent with the change of vowel and consonant both. In front of
each entry, it is mentioned that either it has a change of onset, nucleus, coda or has no ch..
Following terms and abbreviations were used in this study.
17
Term Abbreviation
1. Change of nucleus ch. of nu.

2. Addition of a vowel add. of v.
3. Omission of a vowel om. of v.
4. Change of onset ch. of onset
5. Change of coda ch. of coda
6. Change of allophone ch. of al.
7. Change of a consonant ch. of c.
8. Change/addition/omission of vowel and consonant both ch. of v. & c.
9. No ch. no ch.
10. Not broken nb
Number one to number three are categorized as ‘ch. of v.’, number four to number seven as ‘ch.
of c.’ and number eight as ch. of v. & c. In this way, different proportion of lexical and
grammatical categories consisting phonemic syllables and morphemes in English language that
were compared with syllables and morphemes in Urdu were explained.
18
4. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Each English language word is analyzed on syllabic level and compared with Urdu language
words on the same level. English translation of Urdu words is given in front of each Urdu
word.
19
Table 4.1 PRONOUNS

ENGLISH URDU DETAILS
S.No Syl. Englis Phon. Broken Roman Phon. Urdu syl./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
No h Mor. Trans. into Urdu Trans. Trns. mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
Urdu Trans. Roman
syl. Urdu
1 1 I aɪ nb aai aɪ ‫آئی‬ mor. aai aɪ ‫آئی‬ no ch. (she) came
2 2 We wiː nb we wiː ‫وی‬ syll. raawi ra:wi: ‫راوی‬ no ch. reporter
3 3 You juː nb you juː ‫یو‬ syll. yourish juːrɪʃ ‫یورش‬ no ch. attack, assault
4 4 He hiː nb he hiː ‫ہی‬ syll. raahi ra:hi: ‫راہی‬ no ch. traveller
5 5 She ʃiː nb she ʃiː ‫شی‬ syll. sheera ʃiːra: ‫شیرا‬ no ch. a sugary fluid
6 6 It ɪt nb it ɪt ‫اٹ‬ mor. mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ no ch. erase
7 7 They ðeɪ nb dey ðeɪ ‫دے‬ mor. dey ðeɪ ‫دے‬ no ch. give
8 8 My maɪ nb maai maɪ ‫مائی‬ mor. maai maɪ ‫مائی‬ no ch. old lady
9 9 Mine maɪn nb maain maɪŋ ‫مائیں‬ mor. maain maɪŋ ‫مائیں‬ ch. of mothers
coda
10 10 Me miː nb me miː ‫می‬ syll. ammi ʌmmi: ‫امی‬ no ch. mother
11 11 Our ˈaʊə(r) nb aawar aʊər ‫آور‬ mor. zoraawar zɔ:r aʊər ‫زورآور‬ no ch. powerful
12 12 Us ʌs nb us ʌs ‫اَس‬ syll. asraar ʌsra:r ‫اَسرار‬ no ch. heads
13 13 Your jɔː(r) nb yourish juːrɪʃ ‫یورش‬ syll. yourish juːrɪʃ ‫یورش‬ ch. of v. attack, assault
14 14 His hɪz nb hiz hɪz ‫حز‬ syll. hizn hɪzn ‫حزن‬ no ch. sadness
15 15 Him hɪm nb him hɪm ‫ِحم‬ syll. mazahim məza: ‫مزا ِحم‬ no ch. resister
hɪm
16 16 Her hɜː(r) nb her hɜːr ‫ہر‬ mor. her hɜːr ‫ہر‬ no ch. every
17 17 its ɪts nb it ɪt ‫اٹ‬ mor. mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ om. of c. erase
18 18 Their ðeə(r) nb der ðer ‫دیر‬ mor. der ðer ‫دیر‬ ch. of nu. late
19 19 Them ðɛm nb thim ðɪm ‫دم‬ syll. Munha mʊn,hə ‫منہدم‬ ch. of nu. demolished
dim ðɪm
20 20 This ðɪs nb this ðɪs ‫ دث‬syll. havadis hʌva:ðɪs ‫ حوادث‬no ch. accidents
20
S.No Syl. Englis Phon. Broken Roman Phon. Urdu syl./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
No h Mor. Trans. into Urdu Trans. .Trns mor. Word in Trans. .Trns English
Urdu Trans. Roman
syl. Urdu
21 21 That ðæt nb diyat ðɪʌt ‫ دیَت‬mor. diyat ðɪʌt ‫ دیَت‬ch. of nu. blood money
& al.
22 22 These ðiːz nb deep ðɪ:p ‫ دیپ‬mor. deep ðɪ:p ‫ دیپ‬ch. of earthen lamp
coda
23 23 Those ðəʊz nb thoz ðəʊz ‫ دوز‬mor. aabthoz a:b ðəʊz ‫ آب دوز‬no ch. submarine
21
(Pronouns)
Frequency and Percent Age Chart 4.1
Total Number of Used in Urdu Frequency Percent
Eng. Syl./Morph. Age
23 without change 16 70%
23 with ch. of v. 3 13%
23 with ch. of c. 3 13%
23 with ch. of v. c. 1 4%
23 as syllables 11 48%
23 as morphemes 12 52%
In the table 4.1, twenty three pronouns, in different states, are analyzed. Sixteen of the twenty
three pronouns are also found in Urdu language without any change but with different
meaning. Three pronouns are used with the change of a single vowel sound, three with the
change of a single consonant sound, and only one is used with the change of one vowel and
one consonant sounds both. It shows that seventy percent English language
morphemes/syllables are also used in Urdu language without any change, thirteen percent
with the change of one vowel, thirteen percent with the change of one consonant, and only
one percent with the change of one vowel and one consonant sounds both.
Twelve pronouns of English language are used as morpheme which is fifty two percent and
eleven as syllable in Urdu language which is forty eight percent of the total pronouns.
22
Table 4.2 PREPOSITION

S.N Syll. English Phon. Broken Roman Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
o No mor. Trans. into Urdu Trans. Trns. mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
Urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
1 24 About əˈbaʊt əba aba əba ‫عبا‬ syll. aba əba ‫عبا‬ no ch. gown
25 ʊt ot ɔːt ‫اوٹ‬ mor. ot ɔːt ‫اوٹ‬ ch. of nu. urtain, cover
2 26 Above əˈbʌv nb abvaab əbva:b ‫ابواب‬ mor. abvaab əbva:b ‫ابواب‬ om. of v. doors
3 27 Across əˈkrɒs ək ak ək ‫اک‬ syll. akbar əkbʌr ‫اکبر‬ no ch. great
28 rɒs raas ‫راس‬ mor. raas ra:s ‫راس‬ ch. of nu. apt
4 29 After ˈɑːftə(r) ɑːf aaf ɑːf ‫آف‬ syll. saaf sɑːf ‫صاف‬ no ch. clean
30 tər tar tər ‫ٹر‬ mor. tar tər ‫ٹر‬ no ch. speak uselessly
5 31 Against əˈgɛnst ə a ə َ‫ا‬ mor. amar əmər ‫اَمر‬ no ch. live forever
32 gɛnst gend gɛnd “‫گیند‬ mor. gend gɛnd “‫گیند‬ ch. of coda ball
6 33 Along əˈlɒŋ ə a ə َ‫ا‬ mor. amar əmər ‫اَمر‬ no ch. live forever
34 lɒŋ long lɒŋ ‫لونگ‬ mor. long lɒŋ ‫لونگ‬ no ch. nose pin, clove
7 35 Amid əˈmɪd nb aamad a:məd ‫آمد‬ mor. aamad a:məd ‫آمد‬ ch. of vs. arrival
8 36 Among əˈmʌŋ nb umang ʊmʌŋ ‫اُمنگ‬ mor. umang ʊmʌŋ ‫اُمنگ‬ ch. of v. wish
9 37 Around əˈraʊnd ə a ə َ‫ا‬ mor. amar əmər ‫اَمر‬ no ch. live forever
38 raʊnd rond rɒnd ‫روند‬ mor. rond rɒnd ‫روند‬ ch. of nu & tramp or tread
al. down the feet
10 39 As æz nb az æz ‫ایز‬ syll. maze mæz ‫میز‬ no ch. table
11 40 At æt nb ate eɪt ‫ایٹ‬ syll. pate peɪt ‫پیٹ‬ ch. of nu. belly
12 41 Before bɪˈfɔː(r) bɪ be bɪ ‫بی‬ mor. be bɪ ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. term
42 fɔːr for fɔːr ‫فور‬ mor. for fɔːr ‫فور‬ no ch. hurry
23
o No mor. Trans. into Urdu Trans. .Trns mor. Word in Trans. .Trns English
Urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
13 43 Behind bɪhaɪnd bɪ be bɪ ‫ بی‬mor. be bɪ ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. term
44 Ha ha ha: ‫ ہا‬mor. bar ha ba:r ha: ‫بار ہا‬ no ch. many times
45 ɪnd indar ɪnd ‫ اند‬syll. indar ɪndər ‫اندر‬ ch. of al. clever
14 46 Below bɪˈləʊ nb bilo bɪˈləʊ ‫ بلو‬mor. bilona bɪˈləʊna ‫بلونا‬ no ch. to shake the
milk with a
specific
wooden tool
15 47 Beneath bɪˈniːθ bɪ be bɪ ‫بی‬ mor. be bɪ ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. term
48 niːθ niti niːt ‫نیت‬ mor. niti niːti ‫نیتی‬ ch. of al. policy
16 49 Beside bɪˈsaɪd bɪ be bɪ ‫بی‬ mor. be bɪ ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. term
50 sa: sa sa: ‫سا‬ mor. sa sa: ‫سا‬ no ch. like something
51 ɪd idraak ɪdra:k ‫ادراک‬ mor. idraak ɪdra:k ‫ادراک‬ ch. of al. to know
17 52 Between bɪˈtwiːn bɪt bit bɪt ‫بٹ‬ syll. bitna bɪtna: ‫بِٹنا‬ no ch. to leak
53 wiːn ween wiːn ‫وین‬ syll. tadween tʌdwiːn ‫تدوین‬ no ch. composing
18 54 Beyond bɪˈjɒnd bɪ be bɪ ‫بی‬ mor. be bɪ ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. term
55 jɒnd youm jɒm ‫یوم‬ mor. youm jɒm ‫یوم‬ ch. of coda day
19 56 By baɪ nb bai baɪ ‫بائی‬ mor. bai baɪ ‫بائی‬ no ch. sister, raani
20 57 Concer kənsɜːr kən con kən ‫َکن‬ mor. kan kən ‫َکن‬ no ch. digger
ning nɪŋ
58 sɜːr ser sɜːr ‫ سر‬mor. ser sɜːr ‫ سر‬no ch. head
59 nɪŋ nung nʌŋ ‫ ننگ‬mor. nung nʌŋ ‫ ننگ‬ch. of nu. shame, defame
21 60 Conside kənsɪdə kən con kən ‫ کن‬mor. kan kən ‫ کن‬no ch. digger
ring rɪŋ
61 sɪ si sɪ ‫سی‬ mor. si sɪ ‫ سی‬no ch. sew, alike
62 dər der dər ‫ڈر‬ mor. der dər ‫ ڈر‬no ch. fear
24
Urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
63 ɪŋ ung ʌŋ ‫انگ‬ mor. ung ʌŋ ‫انگ‬ ch. of nu. body
22 64 Despite dɪsˈpaɪt dɪs dis dʌs ‫ڈس‬ mor. dus dʌs ‫ڈس‬ ch. of nu. bite or sting
65 pa: pa pa: ‫پا‬ syll. par pa:r ‫پار‬ no ch. across
66 ɪt it ɪt ‫اٹ‬ mor. mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ no ch. erase
23 67 Down daʊn da: da da: ‫ڈا‬ mor. daa da: ‫ڈا‬ no ch. a part of a
musical
instrument
68 da: da da: ‫ڈا‬ mor. daar da:r ‫ ڈار‬no ch. flock of birds
69 ʊn un ʊn ‫اُن‬ mor. un ʊn ‫ اُن کو‬no ch. to them
24 70 During djʊərɪŋ djʊ du djʊ ‫ڈیو‬ syll. durhi djʊri ‫ ڈیوڑھی‬no ch. a small room
71 rɪŋ ring rɪŋ ‫ِرنگ‬ mor. ring rɪŋ ‫ ِرنگ‬no ch. crying of a
ringana ringana ‫ِرنگانا‬ child all the
time
25 72 Except ɪkˈsɛpt ɪk ek ɪk ‫ اک‬mor. ik ɪk ‫ اک‬no ch. one
73 sɛpt seep si:p ‫ سیپ‬mor. seep si:p ‫ سیپ‬ch. of nu. oyester shell
& om. of c.
26 74 Following fɒləʊɪŋ fɒ fo fɒ ‫فو‬ syll. fori fɒri ‫ فوری‬no ch. at once
75 ləʊ lo ləʊ ‫لو‬ mor. lo ləʊ ‫ لو‬no ch. take
76 ɪŋ ung ʌŋ ‫انگ‬ mor. ung ʌŋ ‫ انگ‬ch. of nu. body
27 77 For fɔː nb for fɔːr ‫فور‬ mor. for fɔːr ‫ فور‬no ch. at once
28 78 From frɒm nb fro frɒ ‫فرو‬ mor. fro frɒ ‫ فرو‬no ch. under
29 79 In ɪn nb in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫ اِن‬no ch. these
30 80 Inside ɪnˈsaɪd ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫ اِن‬no ch. these
81 saɪd saeed saɪ:d ‫سعید‬ mor. saeed sai:d ‫ سعید‬ch. of nu. good natured
31 82 Into ˈɪntuː ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫ اِن‬no ch. these
Urdu Roman
25
syll. Urdu
83 tuː tu tuː ‫تُو‬ mor. tu tuː ‫تُو‬ ch. of al. you
32 84 Like laɪk nb laaiq laɪk ‫الئق‬ mor. laaiq laɪk ‫الئق‬ no ch. able, intelligent
33 85 Minus ˈmaɪnəs maɪ mai maɪ ‫مائی‬ mor. mai maɪ ‫مائی‬ no ch. old woman
86 nəs nus nəs ‫نس‬ mor. nus nəs ‫نس‬ no ch. vein
34 87 Near nɪə(r) nb neer ni:r ‫نیر‬ mor. neer ni:r ‫نیر‬ ch. of nu. tears
35 88 Next nɛkst nb nake nɛk ‫نیک‬ mor. nake nɛk ‫نیک‬ om. of c. pious
36 89 of ɒv, əv nb av əv ‫اَو‬ syll. mudavan mʊdəvən ‫مدون‬ no ch. to compose
37 90 off ɒf nb of ɒf ‫اوف‬ mor. sof sɒf ‫صوف‬ no ch. wool
38 91 on ɒn nb un ʊn ‫اُن‬ mor. un ʊn ‫اُن‬ ch. of nu. those
39 92 onto ˈɒntʊ ɒn un ʊn ‫اُن‬ mor. un ʊn ‫اُن‬ ch. of nu. those
93 tʊ tu tʊ ‫تو‬ mor. tu tʊ ‫تو‬ no ch. you
40 94 opposite ˈɒpəzɪt ɒ o ɒ ‫او‬ mor. o ɒ ‫او‬ no ch. an add. term
95 pə po pɒ ‫پو‬ mor. po pɒ ‫پو‬ ch. of nu. dawn
96 zɪt zit zɪtəl ‫زٹل‬ mor. zatal zɪtəl ‫زٹل‬ no ch. absurd talk
41 97 out aʊt a: aa a: ‫آ‬ mor. aa a: ‫آ‬ no ch. come
98 ʊt uth ʊt ‫اُٹھ‬ mor. uth ʊt ‫اُٹھ‬ no ch. get up
42 99 outside aʊtˈsaɪd a: aa a: ‫آ‬ mor. aa a: ‫آ‬ no ch. come
100 ʊt uth ʊt ‫اٹھ‬ُ mor. uth ʊt ‫اٹھ‬ُ ch. of al. get up
101 saɪd saeed saɪ:d ‫سعید‬ mor. saeed sai:d ‫سعید‬ ch. of nu. good natured
43 102 over əʊvə(r) nb aawar a:vər ‫آور‬ mor. aawar a:vər ‫آور‬ ch. of v. cause a feeling
44 103 past pɑːst nb past pʌst ‫پست‬ mor. past pʌst ‫پست‬ ch. of nu. low
45 104 per pɜː(r) nb per pɜːr ‫پر‬ mor. per pɜːr ‫پر‬ no ch. wing, feather
46 105 plus plʌs nb luss lʌs ‫لس‬ syll. lussi lʌsɪ ‫لسی‬ no ch. butter milk
47 106 regarding rɪgɑːdɪŋ rɪ re rɪ ‫ری‬ mor. ri rɪ ‫ری‬ no ch. an add. term
Urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
26
107 gɑːr gaar gɑːr ‫گار‬ mor. gaar gɑːr ‫مددگار‬ no ch. a suffix
108 dɪŋ ding dɪ:ŋ ‫ڈینگ‬ mor. deeng dɪ:ŋ ‫ڈینگ‬ ch. of nu. brag
48 109 round raʊnd ra: raa ra: ‫را‬ mor. bakraa bʌkra: ‫بکرا‬ no ch. he goat
110 ʊnd and ʌnd ‫انڈ‬ syll. anda ʌnda ‫انڈا‬ ch. of nu. egg
49 111 than ðæn nb den ðæn ‫دین‬ mor. den ðæn ‫دین‬ no ch. giving
50 112 through θruː nb thra θraː ‫تھرا‬ syll. suthra θraː ‫ستھرا‬ ch. of nu. clean
51 113 to tuː nb tu tuː ‫تُو‬ mor. tu tuː ‫تُو‬ no ch. you
52 114 toward təˈwɔːd tə tu tə ‫تُو‬ mor. tu tə ‫تُو‬ no ch. you
115 wɔːd ward wʌrd ‫ورد‬ mor. ward wʌrd ‫ورد‬ no ch. rose
53 116 under ʌndə(r) nb under ʌndər ‫اندر‬ mor. under ʌndər ‫اندر‬ ch. of al. inside
117 ʌn un ʌn ‫اَن‬ mor. un ʌn ‫اَن‬ no ch. without
118 dər dar dər ‫ڈر‬ mor. dar dər ‫ڈر‬ no ch. fear
54 119 Under ʌndər ʌn un ʌn ‫اَن‬ mor. un ʌn ‫اَن‬ no ch. without
neath niːθ
121 niːθ niti niːt ‫نیت‬ mor. niti niːti ‫نیتی‬ ch. of al. policy
55 122 unlike ʌnˈlaɪk ʌn un ʌn ‫اَن‬ mor. un ʌn ‫اَن‬ no ch. without
123 laɪk laaiq laɪk ‫الئق‬ mor. laaiq laɪk ‫الئق‬ no ch. able, intelligent
56 124 up ʌp nb ap ʌp ‫اپنا‬ syll. apna əpna: ‫اپنا‬ no ch. works hard
57 125 upon əˈpɒn əp up əp ‫اپنا‬ syll. apna əpna: ‫اپنا‬ no ch. own
126 ɒn aan a:n ‫آن‬ mor. apna a:n ‫آن‬ ch. of nu. honour
58 127 versus vɜːrsəs vɜːr ver vɜːr ‫ور‬ mor. apna vər ‫ور‬ no ch. dominant
128 səs sus səs ‫سس‬ syll. apna səsta: ‫سستا‬ no ch. cheap
59 129 via ˈvaɪə nb waya vaɪə ‫وایا‬ syll. apna bʊlvaɪə ‫بلوایا‬ no ch. called
Urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
60 130 with wɪð nb wid wɪð ‫ ود‬syll. apna wɪðja ‫ ودیا‬no ch. knowledge
27
61 131 within wɪˈðɪn wɪð wid wɪð ‫ ود‬syll. apna wɪðja ‫ ودیا‬no ch. knowledge,
skill
132 ɪn in ɪn ‫ اِن‬mor. apna ɪn ‫ اِن‬no ch. these
62 133 without wɪˈðaʊt wɪð with wɪð ‫ ود‬syll. apna wɪðja ‫ ودیا‬no ch. knowledge,
skill
134 a: aa a: ‫ آ‬mor. apna a: ‫ آ‬no ch. come
135 ʊt uth ʊt ‫ اُٹھ‬mor. apna ʊt ‫ اُٹھ‬ch. of al. get up
28
(Prepositions)
Total Number of Percent
Used in Urdu Frequency
112 with ch. of v. 22 20%
112 with ch. of c. 11 10%
112 with ch. of v. c. 2 2%
In the table 4.2, sixty three prepositions are analyzed into one hundred and twelve
syllables/morphemes. Seventy seven are found in Urdu language without any change, with
different meaning. Twenty two are used with the change of only a single vowel sound, eleven
with the change only of a single consonant sound, and only two are found with the change of
one vowel and one consonant sounds both. It shows that sixty nine percent English language
morphemes/syllables are also found in Urdu language without any change, twenty percent
with the change of one vowel, ten percent with the change of one consonant, and only two
percent with the change of one vowel and one consonant sounds both.
Ninety one syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu

language, that is eighty one percent of prepositions and twenty one, which is nineteen
percent, are used as syllable in Urdu language
29
Table 4.3 CONJUNCTION

S.N Syll English Phon. broken Roma Phon. Urdu syll./mor. Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
o . No mor. Trans. into n Urdu Trans. Trns Word in Trans. Trns. English
urdu . Roman
syll. Urdu
1 136 after ˈɑːftə(r) ɑːf aaf ɑːf ‫ آف‬syll. saaf sɑːf ‫ صاف‬no ch. clean
137 tər tar tər ‫ ٹر‬mor. tar tər ‫ ٹر‬no ch. speak uselessly
2 138 althoug ɔːlˈðəʊ ɔːl khol ɔːl ‫ اول‬mor. khol kɔːl ‫ کھول‬no ch. open
h
139 ðəʊ dou ðəʊ ‫دو‬ mor. dou ðəʊ ‫دو‬ no ch. give
3 140 and ænd nb aind ænd ‫ایند‬ mor. gaind gænd “‫گیند‬ ch. of al. ball
4 141 as æz nb aez æz ‫ایز‬ mor. maze mæz ‫میز‬ no ch. table
5 142 because bɪˈkɒz bɪ be bɪ ‫بی‬ mor. be bɪ ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. term
143 kɒz kaaz ka:z ‫کاز‬ syll. irtikaz ɪrtka:z ‫ارتکاز‬ ch. of nu. concentration
6 144 before bɪˈfɔː(r) bɪ be bɪ ‫بی‬ mor. be bɪ ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. term
145 fɔːr for fɔːr ‫فور‬ mor. for fɔːr ‫فور‬ no ch. hurry
7 146 but bʌt nb but bʌt ‫بٹ‬ mor. but bʌt ‫بٹ‬ no ch. a piece or a
part of
something
8 147 even ˈiːvən iː ee iː ‫ ای‬mor. larhai ləraɪ ‫ لڑائی‬no ch. fight
148 vən van vən ‫ ون‬syll. mudavvan mʊdʌvə ‫ مدوّن‬no ch. to compose
n
9 149 for fɔː(r) nb for fɔːr ‫فور‬ mor. for fɔːr ‫فور‬ no ch. hurry
10 150 if ɪf nb if ɪf ‫اف‬ syll. ifta ɪfta: ‫افتاء‬ no ch. a decree
11 151 nor nɔː(r) nb noor nʊ:r ‫نور‬ mor. noor nʊ:r ‫نور‬ ch. of nu. light
12 152 once wʌns nb huns hʌns ‫ہنس‬ mor. huns hʌns ‫ہنس‬ ch. of swan
onset
30
S.N Syll English Phon. broken Roma Phon. Urdu syll./mor. Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
o . No mor. Trans. into n Urdu Trans. Trns Word in Trans. Trns. English
urdu . Roman
syll. Urdu
13 153 or ɔː(r) nb aur ɔːr ‫ اور‬mor. aur ɔːr ‫اور‬ no ch. and
14 154 since sɪns nb saans sa:ns ‫ سانس‬mor. saans sa:ns ‫سانس‬ ch. of nu. breath
15 155 so səʊ nb so səʊ ‫ سو‬mor. so səʊ ‫سو‬ no ch. sleep
16 156 though ðəʊ nb dou ðəʊ ‫ دو‬mor. dou ðəʊ ‫دو‬ no ch. give
17 157 till tɪl nb til tɪl ‫ ٹل‬mor. til tɪl ‫ٹل ٹل‬ no ch. talk idly
‫کرنا‬
18 158 unless ənˈlɛs ən un ən ‫اَن‬ mor. un ən ‫اَن‬ no ch. without
159 lɛs lace læs ‫لیس‬ mor. lace læs ‫لیس‬ ch. of nu. equipped
19 160 until ənˈtɪl ən un ən ‫اَن‬ mor. un ən ‫اَن‬ no ch. without
161 tɪl til tɪl ‫ٹل‬ mor. til tɪl ‫ٹل ٹل‬ no ch. talk idly
‫کرنا‬
20 162 what wɒt nb wat wʌt ‫ وٹ‬syll. kar-wat wʌt ‫کروٹ‬ ch. of nu. to lie by the
side
21 163 where weə(r) nb weer wɪ:r ‫ ویر‬mor. weer wi:r ‫ ویر‬ch. of nu. brave man
22 164 whether ˈwɛðə(r wɛ we wɛ ‫ وے‬mor. karhwe kərwɛ ‫ کڑوے‬no ch. bitter
)
165 ðər der ðər ‫در‬ mor. der ðər ‫در‬ no ch. door
23 166 while waɪl nb wile waɪl ‫وائل‬ syll. awile əwaɪl ‫اوائل‬ no ch. beginning
24 167 when wɛn nb ween wɪ:n ‫وین‬ syll. tad-ween tʌdwɪ:n ‫تدوین‬ ch. of nu. compose
25 168 yet jɛt nb yat jʌt ‫یت‬ syll. riwayat rɪwa:jʌt ‫روایت‬ ch. of v to report
& al. something
.
31
(Conjunctions)
33 with ch. of v. 7 21%
33 with ch. of c. 3 9%
In table 4.3, twenty five conjunctions are broken into thirty three syllables/morphemes.
Twenty three are found in Urdu language without any change, with different meaning. Seven
are used with the change of a single vowel sound, three with the change only of a single
consonant sound, and none is found with the change of vowel and consonant sounds both. It
shows that seventy percent English language morphemes/syllables are found in Urdu
language without any change, twenty one percent with the change of one vowel, and nine
percent with the change of one consonant.
Twenty five syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu

language, which is seventy six percent of conjunctions and eight, which is twenty four
percent, are used as syllable in Urdu language.
32
Table 4.4 DETERMINERS

S.No Syll. English Phon. broke Roma Phon. Urdu syll./mor Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
No mor. Trans n into n Urdu Trans. Trns. . Word Trans. Trns. English
. urdu in
syll. Roman
Urdu
1 169 Such sʌʧ nb such sʌʧ ‫سچ‬ mor. such sʌʧ ‫سچ‬ no ch. truth
2 170 A eɪ nb ae eɪ ‫اے‬ mor. ae eɪ ‫اے‬ no ch. an add. term
3 171 An æn nb aen æn ‫عین‬ mor. aen æn ‫عین‬ no ch. quite
4 172 The ðiː nb di ðiː ‫دی‬ mor. di ðiː ‫دی‬ no ch. gave
173 ðə nb da ða: ‫دا‬ syll. dada ða: ‫دادا‬ ch. of nu. grandfather
5 174 Some sʌm nb sam sʌm ‫َسم‬ mor. Sam sʌm ‫َسم‬ no ch. poison
6 175 Any ˈɛni nb aeny ˈɛni ‫عینی‬ mor. aeny ˈɛni ‫عینی‬ no ch. who has seen
7 176 Many ˈmɛni mɛ mae mɛ ‫مئے‬ mor. mae mɛ ‫مئے‬ no ch. wine
177 ni ni ni ‫نی‬ mor. ni ni ‫نی‬ no ch. feminises a noun
8 178 Few fjuː nb fyu fjuː ‫ فیو‬syll. fuyuz fjuːz ‫ فیوض‬no ch. benefits
9 179 Several ˈsɛvrəl sɛv sava sɛva: ‫ سیو‬syll. Sava sɛva: ‫ سیوا‬no ch. service
180 rəl ralna rəl ‫ رل‬syll. ralna rəlna: ‫ رلنا‬no ch. mix up
this, that counted in pronouns
These counted in pronouns
Those counted in pronouns
His counted in pronouns
her counted in pronouns
my counted in pronouns
our counted in pronouns
Your counted in pronouns
33
(Determiners)
12 with ch. of v. 1 8%
In table 4.4, nine determiners are analyzed into twelve syllables/morphemes. Eleven are
found in Urdu language without any change, with different meaning. One is found with the
change of a single vowel sound. It shows that ninety two percent English language
morphemes/syllables are found in Urdu language without any change and eight percent with
the change of one vowel.
Eight syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,

which are sixty seven percent of conjunctions and four, which are thirty three percent, are
used as syllable in Urdu language.
34
Table 4.5 AUXILIARIES

S.No Syll. English Phon. broken Roma Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
No mor. Trans. into n Urdu Trans. Trns. mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
1 181 Be biː nb be biː ‫ بی‬mor. be biː ‫ بی‬no ch. an add.
term
2 182 Been biːn nb been biːn ‫بین‬ mor. been biːn ‫بین‬ no ch. one who sees
3 183 Being ˈbiːɪŋ nb peeng piːɪŋ ‫پینگ‬ mor. peeng piːɪŋ ‫پینگ‬ ch. of onset a swing
4 184 Is ɪz nb iz ɪz ‫عز‬ syll. izzat ɪz zʌt ‫عزت‬ no ch. respect
5 185 Are ɑː nb aa ɑː ‫آ‬ mor. aa ɑː ‫آ‬ no ch. come
6 186 Are ɑː(r) nb aar ɑː r ‫عار‬ mor. aar ɑː r ‫عار‬ no ch. shame
7 187 Are ɑː(r) nb aar ɑː r ‫آر‬ syll. aar paar ɑː r pɑː r ‫آرپار‬ no ch. pierced through
8 188 Am æm nb ame æm ‫ایم‬ mor. same sæm ‫سیم‬ no ch. water logging
9 189 Was wɒz nb waaz wɑːz ‫واز‬ syll. parwaaz pər wɑːz ‫پرواز‬ ch. of nu. flight
10 190 Were wɜː(r) nb wer wɜːr ‫َور‬ mor. parwar pərwɜːr ‫پرور‬
َ no ch. nourisher
11 191 Has hæz nb haez hæz ‫حیض‬ mor. haez hæz ‫حیض‬ no ch. menses
12 192 Have hæv nb hav hæv ‫حیو‬ syll. havaan hæva:n ‫حیوان‬ no ch. animal
13 193 Had hæd nb had hʌd ‫ہڈ‬ syll. haddi hʌddi ‫ہڈی‬ ch. of nu. bone
14 194 Will wɪl nb wil wɪl ‫ول‬ mor. wila wɪla: ‫وال‬ no ch. friendship
15 195 Shall ʃæl nb shel ʃæl ‫شیل‬ mor. shela ʃæla: ‫شیال‬ no ch. tired, still
16 196 Should ʃʊd nb shud ʃʊð ‫شد‬ mor. shud ʃʊð ‫شد‬ ch. of al. beginning
17 197 Must mʌst nb mʌst mʌst ‫مست‬ mor. mʌst mʌst ‫مست‬ ch. of al. mad, drunk
18 198 May meɪ nb may meɪ ‫مئے‬ mor. may meɪ ‫مئے‬ no ch. wine, liqour
19 199 Might maɪt Ma ma ma: ‫ما‬ mor. ma ma: ‫ما‬ no ch. we
35
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
200 ɪt it ɪt ‫اٹ‬ mor. mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ no ch. erase
20 201 Can kæn nb kaen kæn ‫قین‬ syll. kaenchi kæntʃi ‫قینچی‬ no ch. scissors
21 202 Could kʊd nb khud kʊd ‫خود‬ mor. khud khʊd ‫خود‬ ch. of al. self
203 kʊd kud kʊd ‫کد‬ syll. kudal kʊda:l ‫کدال‬ no ch. pickaxe
22 204 Would wʊd nb wud wʊd ‫ود‬ syll. wudud wʊdʊ:d ‫ودود‬ ch. of al. name of a
person
23 205 Dare deə(r) nb der der ‫ڈیر‬ mor. der Der ‫ منڈیر‬ch. of nu. late
24 206 Do duː nb doo duː ‫ڈو‬ syll. laddoo lʌd duː ‫ ّلڈو‬no ch. a sweet
25 207 Does dʌz nb daz dʌz ‫ڈز‬ syll. dʌz dʌz ‫ ڈز‬no ch. sound of firing
26 208 Did dɪd nb tid tɪd ‫ٹڈ‬ syll. tiddi tɪddi ‫ ٹڈی‬ch. of onset locust
27 209 Need niːd nb neer niːr ‫نیر‬ mor. neer niːr ‫ نیر‬ch. of coda tears
28 210 Ought ɔːt nb ought ɔːt ‫اوٹ‬ mor. ought ɔːt ‫ اوٹ‬no ch. curtain or cover
36
(Auxiliaries)
30 with ch. of v. 3 10%
30 with ch. of c. 7 23%
In table 4.5, twenty eight auxiliary verbs are studied under thirty syllables/morphemes.
Twenty syllables are found in Urdu language without any change, with different meaning.
Three are used with the change of a single vowel sound, seven with the change only of a
single consonant sound, and none is found with the change of vowel and consonant sounds
both. It shows that sixty seven percent English language morphemes/syllables are found in
Urdu language without any change, ten percent with the change of one vowel, and seven
percent with the change of one consonant.
Nineteen syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,

which is sixty three percent of auxiliary verbs and eleven, which is thirty seven percent, are
37
Table 4.6 ALPHABET

ENGLIS
URDU DETAILS
H
S.N Syll. Eng. Phon. broken Roman Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
1 211 A eɪ nb ae eɪ ‫اے‬ mor. ae eɪ ‫اے‬ no ch. an add. Term
2 212 B biː nb be biː ‫بی‬ mor. be biː ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. Term
3 213 C siː nb see siː ‫سی‬ mor. see siː ‫سی‬ no ch. sew, stitch
4 214 D diː nb haddi hʌddi ‫ہڈی‬ syll. haddi hʌddi ‫ہڈی‬ no ch. bone
5 215 E iː nb ee iː ‫ای‬ mor. aai a:iː ‫آئ‬ no ch. came
6 216 F ɛf nb ef ɛf ‫ایف‬ mor. hef hɛf ‫حیف‬ no ch. to regret
7 217 G ʤiː nb ji ʤiː ‫جی‬ mor. ji ʤiː ‫جی‬ no ch. yes
8 218 H eɪʧ nb ech eɪʧ ‫ایچ‬ mor. hech heɪʧ ‫ہیچ‬ no ch. inferior
9 219 I aɪ nb aai aɪ ‫آئی‬ mor. aai aɪ ‫آئی‬ no ch. (she) came
10 220 J ʤeɪ nb je ʤeɪ ‫جے‬ syll. jesa ʤeɪse ‫جیسا‬ no ch. like something
11 221 K keɪ nb ke keɪ ‫کے‬ mor. ke keɪ ‫کے‬ no ch. of
12 222 L ɛl nb elchi ɛlʧi ‫ایل‬ mor. elchi ɛlʧi ‫ایلچی‬ no ch. ambassador
13 223 M ɛm nb em ɛm ‫ایم‬ mor. same sæm ‫سیم‬ ch. of nu. water logging
14 224 N ɛn nb aen æn ‫عین‬ mor. aen Æn ‫عین‬ ch. of nu. eyes
15 225 O əʊ nb o əʊ ‫او‬ mor. o əʊ ‫او‬ no ch. an add. term
16 226 P piː nb pe piː ‫پی‬ mor. pe piː ‫پی‬ no ch. drink
17 227 Q kjʊ: nb kyu kjʊ: ‫کیو‬ syll. kyun kjʊ:n ‫کیوں‬ no ch. why
18 228 R ɑː nb aar ɑː r ‫عار‬ mor. aar ɑː r ‫عار‬ no ch. shame
19 229 S ɛs nb es ɛs ‫ایسا‬ syll. aisa ɛsə ‫ایسا‬ no ch. like something
S.N Syll. Eng. Phon. broken Roman Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
38
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
20 230 T tiː nb tee tiː ‫ٹی‬ syll. roti rɔti ‫روٹی‬ no ch. bread
21 231 U juː nb you juː ‫یو‬ syll. yourish juːrɪʃ ‫یورش‬ no ch. attack, assault
22 232 V viː nb ve viː ‫وی‬ syll. raavi ra:vi: ‫راوی‬ no ch. reporter
23 233 W ˈdʌblj dʌb dab dʌb ‫ڈب‬ mor. dab dʌb ‫ڈب‬ no ch. pocket, thread
u(ː)
234 ljuː liyo ljɔ: ‫ لیو‬mor. liyo ljɔ: ‫ لیو‬ch. of nu. get it complete
24 235 X ɛks nb eks ɛks ‫ ایکس‬mor. ek ɛk ‫ ایک‬om. of one
coda
25 236 Y waɪ nb wai waɪ ‫ وائی‬syll. hawai hwaɪ ‫ ہوائی‬no ch. related to air
26 237 Z zɛd nb zed zɛd ‫ زید‬mor. zed zɛd ‫ زید‬ch. of al. name of a person
39
(Alphabet)
27 with ch. of v. 3 11%
In table 4.6, twenty six letters of English alphabet are studied under twenty seven
syllables/morphemes. Twenty two syllables are found in Urdu language without any change,
with different meaning. Three are used with the change of a single vowel sound, two with the
change only of a single consonant sound, and none is found with the change of vowel and
consonant sounds both. It shows that eighty one percent English language
morphemes/syllables are found in Urdu language without any change, eleven percent with the
change of one vowel, and seven percent with the change of one consonant.
Nineteen syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,

which is seventy three percent of auxiliary verbs and eight, which is thirty percent, are used
as syllable in Urdu language.
40
Table 4.7 COUNTING

S.N Syll English Phon. broken Roma Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
o . No mor. Trans. into n Urdu Trans. Trns mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
urdu . Roman
syll. Urdu
1 238 one wʌn nb wan wʌn ‫ ون‬syll. Mudawan mʊdəvən ‫ مدون‬no ch. to compose
2 239 two tuː nb too tuː ‫ ٹو‬syll. Tattu tuː ‫ ٹٹو‬no ch. mule
3 240 three θriː nb thri θriː ‫ تھری‬syll. Suthri θriː ‫ ستھری‬no ch. clean
4 241 four fɔː nb for fɒ ‫ فو‬syll. fori fɒri ‫ فوری‬no ch. at once
5 242 five faɪv fa: fa fa: ‫ فا‬syll. fa fa: ‫ فاخر‬no ch. proud
243 ɪv siv sɪv ‫ سو‬syll. sivaye sɪvaɪ ‫ سواۓ‬no ch. except
6 244 six sɪks nb sik sɪk ‫ سک‬syll. sikna sɪkna: ‫ سکنا‬om. of c. get heated
7 245 seven ˈsɛvn sɛ se sɛ ‫ سے‬mor. se sɛ ‫ سے‬no ch. from
246 vən van vʌn ‫ ون‬syll. mudavvan mʊdʌvən ‫ مدون‬no ch. to compose
8 247 eight eɪt nb ate eɪt ‫ ایٹ‬mor. pate pæt ‫ پیٹ‬no ch. belly
9 248 nine naɪn na: na na: ‫ نہ‬mor. na na: ‫ نہ‬no ch. no
249 ɪn in ɪn ‫ اِن‬mor. in ɪn ‫ اِن‬no ch. these
10 250 ten tɛn nb tun tʌn ‫ ٹن‬mor. tun tʌn ‫ ٹن‬ch. of nu. sound of a bell
11 251 eleven ɪˈlɛvn ɪlɛ ile ɪlɛ ‫ اِلے‬syll. ile ɪlɛ ‫ ملے‬no ch. met
252 vən van vʌn ‫ ون‬syll. mudavvan mʊdʌvən ‫ مدون‬no ch. to compose
12 253 twelve twɛlv nb taveel twi:l ‫ طویل‬mor. taveel twi:l ‫ طویل‬ch. of nu. long way
13 254 thirteen ˈθɜːˈtiːn θɜːr thar θɜːr ‫ تھر‬mor. thar θɜːr ‫ تھر‬no ch. name of a desert
255 tiːn teenda tiːŋda “‫ ٹینڈا‬syll. teenda tiːŋda ‫ ٹینڈا‬no ch. a vegetable
14 256 fourteen ˈfɔːˈtiːn fɔː fo fɒ ‫ فو‬syll. fori fɒri ‫ فوری‬no ch. at once
257 tiːn teenda tiːŋda “‫ ٹینڈا‬syll. teenda tiːŋda ‫ ٹینڈا‬no ch. a vegetable
41
urdu . Roman
syll. Urdu
15 258 fifteen ˈfɪfˈtiːn fɪf feef fi:f ‫فیف‬ syll. feef fi:f ‫عفیف‬ ch. of nu. chaste
259 tiːn teenda tiːŋda “‫ٹینڈا‬ syll. teenda tiːŋda ‫ٹینڈا‬ no ch. a vegetable
16 260 sixteen ˈsɪksˈtiːn sɪks sik sɪk ‫سک‬ syll. sikna sɪkna: ‫سکنا‬ om. of c. get heated
17 262 seventeen sɛvn tiːn sɛ se sɛ ‫سے‬ mor. se sɛ ‫سے‬ no ch. from
263 vən van vʌn ‫ون‬ syll. mudavvan mʊdʌvən ‫مدون‬ no ch. to compose
18 265 eighteen ˌeɪˈtiːn eɪ ae eɪ ‫اے‬ mor. ae eɪ ‫اے‬ no ch. an add. term
19 267 nineteen ˈnaɪn na: na na: ‫نہ‬ mor. na na: ‫نہ‬ no ch. no
ˈtiːn
268 ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫اِن‬ no ch. these
20 270 twenty ˈtwɛnti twɛn tawan twən ‫تون‬ syll. tawangar twəngər ‫تون گر‬ ch. of nu. a rich person
271 ti tee tiː ‫ٹی‬ syll. roti rɔti ‫روٹی‬ no ch. bread
21 272 thirty ˈθɜːti θɜːr thar θɜːr ‫تھر‬ mor. thar θɜːr ‫تھر‬ no ch. name of a desert
22 274 forty ˈfɔːti fɔː fo fɒ ‫فو‬ syll. fori fɒri ‫فوری‬ no ch. at once
23 276 fifty ˈfɪfti fɪf fuf fʊf ‫فُف‬ mor. fuf fʊf ‫فُف‬ ch. of nu. blow
24 278 sixty ˈsɪksti sɪks sik sɪk ‫سک‬ syll. sikna sɪkna: ‫سکنا‬ om. of c. get heated
25 280 seventy ˈsɛvnti sɛ se sɛ ‫سے‬ mor. se sɛ ‫سے‬ no ch. from
281 vən van vʌn ‫ون‬ syll. mudavan mʊdəvən ‫مدون‬ no ch. to compose
42
urdu . Roman
syll. Urdu
26 283 eighty ˈeɪti eɪ ae eɪ ‫اے‬ mor. ae eɪ ‫اے‬ no ch. an add. term
27 285 ninety ˈnaɪnti na: na na: ‫نہ‬mor. na na: ‫نہ‬ no ch. no
286 ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬mor. in ɪn ‫اِن‬ no ch. these
28 288 hundred ˈhʌndrəd hʌnd hund hʌnd ‫ہنڈ‬syll. hundya hʌndja: ‫ہنڈیا‬ no ch. earthen cooker
289 rəd rad rəd ‫رد‬ mor. rad rəd ‫رد‬ ch. of al. turn down
29 290 thousand ˈθaʊzənd θa thar θa ‫تھا‬ mor. thar Θa ‫تھا‬ no ch. was
291 ʊzənd uzand ʊzənd ‫ازند‬ syll. guzand gʊzənd ‫گزند‬ ch. of al. harm
30 292 lac læk nb laek læk ‫ لیک‬syll. alaek slaek əlæk ‫علیک‬ no ch. acquaintance
slæk ‫سلیک‬
31 293 million ˈmɪljən mɪl mil mɪl ‫مل‬ mor. mil mɪl ‫مل‬ no ch. to meet
294 jən yan jən ‫ین‬ syll. muzaiyan mʊzəɪjən ‫مزین‬ no ch. decorated
32 295 billion ˈbɪljən bɪl bil bɪl ‫بل‬ mor. bil bɪl ‫بل‬ no ch. a hole
296 jən yan jən ‫ین‬ syll. muzaiyan mʊzəɪjən ‫مزین‬ no ch. decorated
33 297 trillion ˈtrɪljən trɪ tri trɪ ‫تری‬ mor. tri trɪ ‫تری‬ ch. of al. your
298 ljən yan jən ‫ین‬ syll. muzaiyan mʊzəɪjən ‫مزین‬ ch. of decorated
onset
43
(Counting)
61 with ch. of c. 7 11%
In table 4.7, thirty three counting items are studied under sixty one syllables/morphemes.
Forty nine English syllables used in counting are found in Urdu language without any
change, with different meaning. Five are used with the change of a single vowel sound, seven
with the change only of a single consonant sound, and none is found with the change of
vowel and consonant sounds both. It shows that eighty percent English language
morphemes/syllables used in counting are found in Urdu language without any change, eight
percent with the change of one vowel, and eleven percent with the change of one consonant.
Twenty one syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu

language, which is thirty four percent of auxiliary verbs and forty, which is sixty percent, are
44
Table 4.8 COLOURS

S.N Syll. English Phon. broken Roma Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
o No mor. Trans. into n Urdu Trans. Trns. mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
1 299 white waɪt wa: wa wa: ‫ وا‬mor. wa wa: ‫وا‬ no ch. open, spacious
300 ɪt it ɪt ‫ اٹ‬syll. mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ no ch. erase
2 301 black blæk nb alack alæk ‫ علیک‬mor. alack alæk ‫علیک‬ ch. of onset acquaintance
slæk ‫سلیک‬
3 302 red rɛd nb rud rʌd ‫ رد‬mor. rud rʌd ‫رد‬ ch. of nu. & to turn down
al.
4 303 blue bluː nb blu bluː ‫بلو‬ syll. blugh bluːgh ‫بلوغ‬ no ch. adolescent
5 304 yellow ˈjɛləʊ jɛ ye jɛ ‫یہ‬ mor. ye jɛ ‫یہ‬ no ch. this
305 ləʊ lo ləʊ ‫لو‬ mor. lo ləʊ ‫لو‬ no ch. take
6 306 orange ˈɒrɪnʤ ɒ ao ɒ ‫او‬ mor. ao ɒ ‫او‬ no ch. an add. term
307 rɪnʤ runj rʌnʤ ‫رنج‬ mor. runj rʌnʤ ‫رنج‬ ch. of nu. sadness
7 308 green griːn nb gri griː ‫گری‬ mor. gri griː ‫گری‬ om. of coda coconut
8 309 violet ˈvaɪəlɪt va: va va: ‫وا‬ mor. va va: ‫وا‬ no ch. opened
310 jə yak jək ‫یک‬ mor. yak jək ‫یک‬ no ch. one
311 lɪt lit lɪt ‫لٹ‬ syll. lita lɪta: ‫لٹا‬ no ch. lay
9 312 pink pɪŋk nb pink pɪŋk ‫پنک‬ syll. pinki pɪŋki ‫پنکی‬ no ch. intoxicated
10 313 purple ˈpɜː(r)pl pɜːr par pɜːr ‫پر‬ mor. par pɜː(r) ‫پر‬ no ch. but, wing
314 pəl pal pəl ‫پل‬ mor. pal pəl ‫پل‬ no ch. moment
11 315 tan tæn nb taen tæŋ ‫ٹیں‬ syll. chotaen tʃɔ:tæŋ ‫چوٹیں‬ ch. of coda wounds
12 316 indigo ˈɪndɪgə ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫اِن‬ no ch. these
ʊ
45
S.N Syll. English Phon. broken Roma Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
o No mor. Trans. into n Urdu Trans. Trns. mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
317 dɪ di dɪ ‫ڈی‬ syll. haddi hʌddɪ ‫ہڈی‬ no ch. bone
318 gəʊ go gəʊ ‫گو‬ mor. go gəʊ ‫گو‬ no ch. though
13 319 cream kriːm nb kareem kəriːm ‫کریم‬ mor. kareem kəriːm ‫کریم‬ add. of v. Bountiful
14 320 brown braʊn bra: bra bra: ‫برا‬ mor. bra ghabra: ‫گھبرا‬ no ch. confusion
321 ʊn un ʊn ‫اُن‬ mor. un ʊn ‫اُن‬ no ch. they
15 322 grey greɪ nb grey greɪ ‫گرے‬ mor. girey gɪreɪ ‫گرے‬ no ch. fall or fallen
16 323 silver ˈsɪlvə(r) sɪl sil sɪl ‫سل‬ mor. sil sɪl ‫سل‬ no ch. a piece of stone
324 vər ver vər ‫ور‬ mor. ver vər ‫ور‬ no ch. superior
17 325 cyan ˈsaɪən saɪ saai saɪ ‫سائی‬ mor. saai saɪ ‫سائی‬ no ch. advance money
326 ən un ən ‫اَن‬ mor. un ən ‫اَن‬ no ch. without
46
(Colour Names)
28 with ch. of c. 3 11%
In table 4.8, seventeen colour names are analyzed into twenty eight syllables/morphemes.
Twenty two are found in Urdu language without any change, with different meaning. Two are
used with the change of only a single vowel sound, three with the change only of a single
consonant sound, and only one is found with the change of one vowel and one consonant
sounds both. It shows that seventy nine percent English language morphemes/syllables are
found in Urdu language without any change, seven percent with the change of one vowel,
eleven percent with the change of one consonant, and only four percent with the change of
one vowel and one consonant sounds both.
Twenty two syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu

language, that is seventy nine percent and six, which is twenty one percent, are used as
syllable in Urdu language.
47
Table 4.9 FRUIT

S.N Syll. English Phon. broke Roman Phon. Urdu syll./mor Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
o No mor. Trans. n into Urdu Trans. Trns. . Word Trans. Trns. English
urdu in
syll. Roman
Urdu
1 327 apple ˈæpl æ ae æ ‫اے‬ mor. ae æ ‫ اے‬no ch. an add. term
328 pəl pal pəl ‫پل‬ mor. pal pəl ‫ پل‬no ch. moment
2 329 apricot ˈeɪprɪkɒt eɪ ae eɪ ‫اے‬ mor. ae eɪ ‫ اے‬no ch. an add. term
330 prɪ: pari pərɪ: ‫پری‬ syll. pari pərɪ: ‫ پری‬no ch. fairy
331 kɒt kot kɒt ‫کوٹ‬ mor. kot kɒt ‫ کوٹ‬no ch. fort
3 332 banana bəˈnɑːnə nb banana bənɑːn ‫بنانا‬ mor. banana bənɑːn ‫ بنانا‬no ch. make
ə ə
4 333 mango ˈmæŋgə mæŋ mein mæŋ ‫ میں‬mor. mein mæŋ ‫ میں‬no ch. I
ʊ
334 gəʊ go gəʊ ‫گو‬ mor. go gəʊ ‫گو‬ no ch. human waste
5 335 orange ˈɒrɪnʤ ɒ ao ɒ ‫او‬ mor. ao ɒ ‫او‬ no ch. an add. term
336 rɪnʤ runj rʌnʤ ‫رنج‬ mor. runj rʌnʤ ‫رنج‬ ch. of nu. sadness
6 337 berry ˈbɛri nb baery ˈbɛri ‫بیری‬ mor. baery ˈbɛri ‫بیری‬ no ch. enemy
7 338 melon ˈmɛlən nb milan ˈmɪlən ‫ملن‬ mor. milan ˈmɪlən ‫ملن‬ ch. of nu. come
together
8 339 strawberry ˈstrɔːbəri ˈstrɔː satra sətra ‫ سترہ‬mor. satra sətra ‫ سترہ‬ch. of nu. seventeen
& al.
340 bəri bari bəri ‫ بری‬mor. bari bəri ‫ بری‬no ch. released, free
9 341 papaya pəˈpaɪə pə pa pə ‫ پ‬syll. pa pə ‫ پر‬no ch. wing, feather
342 paɪə paaya paɪə ‫ پایا‬mor. paaya paɪə ‫ پایا‬no ch. found, foot
48
10 343 avocado ævəʊkɑː æ ae æ ‫ اے‬mor. ae æ ‫ اے‬no ch. an add. term

dəʊ
urdu in
syll. Roman
Urdu
344 vəʊ vo vəʊ ‫وہ‬ mor. vo vəʊ ‫وہ‬ no ch. he, she, etc.
345 kɑː ka kɑː ‫کا‬ mor. ka kɑː ‫کا‬ no ch. of
346 dəʊ dou dəʊ ‫ڈو‬ syll. doul dəʊl ‫ڈول‬ no ch. bucket
11 347 cherry ˈʧɛri nb cheery ˈʧɪ:ri ‫چیری‬ mor. cheery ˈʧɪ:ri ‫چیری‬ ch. of nu. cut into two
12 348 kiwi ˈkiːwiː kiː ki kiː ‫کی‬ mor. ki kiː ‫کی‬ no ch. of
349 wiː we wiː ‫وی‬ syll. raawi ra:wi: ‫راوی‬ no ch. reporter
13 350 grape greɪp nb grey greɪ ‫گرے‬ mor. girey gɪreɪ ‫گرے‬ om. of fall or fallen
coda &
add. of v.
14 351 fig fɪg nb fig fɪg ‫فگ‬ syll. figaar fɪga:r ‫فگار‬ no ch. wounded
15 352 coconut kəʊkənʌt kəʊ ko kəʊ ‫کو‬ mor. ko kəʊ ‫کو‬ no ch. to
353 nʌt nut nʌt ‫نٹ‬ mor. nut nʌt ‫نٹ‬ no ch. juggler
16 354 lemon ˈlɛmən lɛ le lɛ ‫لے‬ mor. le lɛ ‫لے‬ no ch. take
355 mən mun mən ‫من‬ mor. mun mən ‫من‬ no ch. heart
17 356 lime laɪm nb laaim laɪm ‫الئم‬ syll. mlaaim mlaɪm ‫مالئم‬ no ch. soft, smooth
18 357 lychee li:ʧi: li: li li: ‫لی‬ mor. li li: ‫لی‬ no ch. took
358 ʧi: chi ʧi: ‫چی‬ mor. chiz ʧi:z ‫چی‬ no ch. thing
19 359 peach piːʧ nb peech piːʧ ‫پیچ‬ mor. peech piːʧ ‫پیچ‬ no ch. the water of
boiled rice
20 360 pear peə pi pi pɪ ‫ پی‬mor. pi pɪ ‫ پی‬no ch. drink, take
361 ə a ə َ‫ ا‬mor. a ə ‫ اَمر‬no ch. eternal
21 362 pineapple paɪnˌæpl pa: pa pa: ‫ پا‬mor. pa pa: ‫ پا‬no ch. foot
49

urdu in
syll. Roman
Urdu
364 æ ae æ ‫ اے‬mor. ae æ ‫ اے‬no ch. an add. term
365 pəl pal pəl ‫ پل‬mor. pal pəl ‫ پل‬no ch. moment
22 366 plum plʌm nb lum lʌm ‫ لم‬syll. lumba lʌmba: ‫ لمبا‬no ch. long
23 367 guava ˈgwɑːvə gwɑː gwa gwɑː ‫ گوا‬syll. gwara gwɑːra: ‫ گوارا‬no ch. bearable
368 və va və ‫ و‬mor. va və ‫ ورق‬no ch. page
24 369 raspberry ˈrɑːzbəri rɑːz raaz rɑːz ‫ راز‬mor. raaz rɑːz ‫ راز‬no ch. secret
370 bəri buri bəri ‫ بری‬mor. bari bəri ‫ بری‬no ch. released,
free
50
(Fruit Names)
In table 4.9, twenty four fruit names are broken into forty four syllables/morphemes. Thirty
nine are found in Urdu language without any change, with different meaning. Three are used
with the change of only a single vowel sound, none with the change of a consonant sound,
and only two are found with the change of one vowel and one consonant sounds both. It
shows that eighty nine percent English language morphemes/syllables used in fruit names are
found in Urdu language without any change, seven percent with the change of one vowel, and
only five percent with the change of one vowel and one consonant sounds both.
Thirty six syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,
that is eighty two percent and eight, which is eighteen percent, are used as syllable in Urdu
language.
51
Table 4.10 VEGETABLES

S.No Syll English Phon. broke Roma Phon. Urd syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
. mor. Trans. n into n Trans u mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
No urdu Urdu . Trns Roman
syll. . Urdu
1 371 carrot ˈkærət kæ kae kæ ‫َکے‬ mor. kae kæ ‫َکے‬ no ch. how many
372 rət rut rət ‫رٹ‬ mor. rut rət ‫رٹ‬ no ch. repetition
2 373 broccoli ˈbrɒkəli brɒ row rɒ ‫رو‬ mor. row rɒ ‫رو‬ no ch. flow of water
374 kəli kali kəli ‫کلی‬ mor. kali kəli ‫کلی‬ no ch. bud, blossom
3 375 asparagus əspærəgəs əs us əs ‫اس‬ syll. astar əstər ‫استر‬ no ch. cover, coating
376 pæ pae pæ ‫پے‬ mor. pae pæ ‫پے‬ no ch. after, clue
377 rə raa ra: ‫را‬ mor. raa ra: ‫را‬ no ch. for
378 gəs gus gəs ‫گس‬ syll. kargus kərgəs ‫کرگس‬ no ch. vulture
4 379 cauliflower ˈkɒlɪflaʊə kɒlɪ kholi kɒlɪ ‫کھولی‬ mor. kholi kɒlɪ ‫کھولی‬ no ch. opened
380 fla: fla fla: ‫فال‬ syll. qafla qa:fla: ‫قا فال‬ no ch. carvan
381 ʊər war wər ‫ور‬ mor. taqatwar ta:qətwər ‫طاقت ور‬ no ch. powerful
5 382 corn kɔːn nb kon kɔːn ‫کون‬ mor. kon kɔːn ‫کون‬ no ch. who
6 383 cucumber kjuːkʌmbər kjuː kyu kjuː ‫کیو‬ mor. kyun kjuːŋ ‫کیوں‬ add. of why
coda
384 kʌm kum kʌm ‫کم‬ mor. kum kʌm ‫کم‬ no ch. less
385 bər bar bər ‫برن‬ mor. bar bər ‫بر‬ no ch. land
7 386 brinjal brindʒɒl brindʒ birinj brindʒ ‫برنج‬ mor. birinj brindʒ ‫برنج‬ no ch. rice
387 dʒɒl jol dʒɒl ‫جول‬ mor. jol dʒɒl ‫جول‬ no ch. row
8 388 tomato təˈmɑːtəʊ təˈmɑː tama təˈmɑː ‫ٹما‬ syll. timtama tɪmtəˈmɑː ‫ٹم ٹما‬ no ch. to twinkle
389 təʊ tow təʊ ‫ٹو‬ syll. katow ka:təʊ ‫کاٹو‬ no ch. cut
52

syll. . Urdu
9 390 pepper pɛpə(r) pɛ pe pɛ ‫پہ‬ mor. pe pɛ ‫پہ‬ no ch. on
391 pər per pər ‫پر‬ mor. per pər ‫پر‬ no ch. on, wing
10 392 lettuce ˈlɛtɪs lɛ le lɛ ‫لے‬ mor. le lɛ ‫لے‬ no ch. take
393 tɪs tees ti:s ‫ٹیس‬ mor. tees ti:s ‫ٹیس‬ ch. of nu. a pang
11 394 mushroom ˈmʌʃrʊmz mʌʃ mashk mʌʃ ‫مش‬ mor. mashk mʌʃk ‫مشق‬ no ch. drill, exercise
395 rʊm rum rʊm ‫رم‬ syll. rumal rʊmma:l ‫رمال‬ no ch. handkerchief
12 396 onion ˈʌnjən ʌn un ʌn ‫اَن‬ mor. un ʌn ‫اَن‬ no ch. without
397 jən yan jən ‫ین‬ syll. muzayan mʊzəjən ‫مزین‬ no ch. decorated
13 398 potato pəˈteɪtəʊ pəteɪ patey pəteɪ ‫پتے‬ mor. patey pəteɪ ‫پتے‬ no ch. addresses
399 təʊ tou təʊ ‫تو‬ mor. tou təʊ ‫تو‬ no ch. then
14 400 pumpkin ˈpʌmpkɪn pʌmp pumpi pʌmpi ‫پمپی‬ mor. pumpi pʌmpi ‫پمپی‬ no ch. a kind of
slipper
401 kɪn kin kɪn ‫کن‬ mor. kin kɪn ‫کن‬ no ch. which
15 402 pea piː nb pee piː ‫پی‬ mor. pee piː ‫پی‬ no ch. drink
16 403 radish ˈrædɪʃ ræ rae ræ ‫رے‬ mor. raehaan ræha:n ‫ریحان‬ no ch. a type of grass
404 dɪʃ bish bɪʃ ‫بش‬ syll. tabish ta:bɪʃ ‫تابش‬ ch. of shine, heat
onset
17 405 leek liːk nb leek liːk ‫لیک‬ mor. leek liːk ‫لیک‬ no ch. eff of a lice
18 406 cabbage ˈkæbɪʤ kæ kay kæ ‫کے‬ mor. kay kæ ‫کے‬ no ch. of
407 bɪʤ bij bɪʤ ‫بج‬ syll. bijli bɪʤli ‫بجلی‬ no ch. electricity
19 408 chili ˈʧɪli ˈʧɪ chi ˈʧɪ ‫چی‬ syll. perchi pərʧɪ ‫چی‬ no ch. a slip
409 lɪ li lɪ ‫لی‬ mor. li lɪ ‫لی‬ no ch. got
20 410 garlic ˈgɑːlɪk gɑːr gaar gɑːr ‫گار‬ mor. gaar gɑːr ‫گار‬ no ch. mud
411 lɪk lik lɪk ‫لک‬ syll. malik ma:lɪk ‫مالک‬ no ch. owner
53

syll. . Urdu
21 412 basil ˈbæzl bæ be bæ ‫بے‬ mor. be bæ ‫بے‬ no ch. without
413 zɪl zil zɪl ‫ظل‬ mor. zil zɪl ‫ظل‬ no ch. shade
22 414 coriander kɒrɪændə kɒrɪ kori kɒrɪ ‫کوری‬ mor. kori kɒrɪ ‫کوری‬ no ch. new
415 æn aen æn ‫عین‬ mor. aen æn ‫عین‬ no ch. eye
23 417 parsley ˈpɑːsli pɑː paa pɑː ‫پا‬ mor. paa pɑː ‫پا‬ no ch. foot
418 sli sili sli ‫سلی‬ mor. sili sli ‫سلی‬ no ch. sewn
24 419 dill dɪl nb dil ðɪl ‫دل‬ mor. dil ðɪl ‫دل‬ ch. of al. heart
25 420 rosemary rəʊzməri rəʊz roz rəʊz ‫روز‬ mor. roz rəʊz ‫روز‬ no ch. daily
421 məri mari məri ‫مری‬ mor. mari məri ‫مری‬ no ch. died
26 422 oregano ɒrɪgɑːnəʊ ɒ o ɒ ‫او‬ mor. o ɒ ‫او‬ no ch. an add. term
423 rɪ re rɪ ‫ری‬ mor. re rɪ ‫ری‬ no ch. an add. term
424 gɑː gaa gɑː ‫گا‬ mor. gaa gɑː ‫گا‬ no ch. sing
425 nəʊ no nəʊ ‫نو‬ mor. no nəʊ ‫نو‬ no ch. new
27 426 cinnamon ˈsɪnəmən sɪnə sina sɪnə ‫سنا‬ syll. sinan sɪna::n ‫سنان‬ no ch. spear
427 mən man mən ‫من‬ mor. man mən ‫من‬ no ch. heart
28 428 saffron ˈsæfrən sæf saif sæf ‫سیف‬ mor. saif sæf ‫سیف‬ no ch. sword
429 rən run rən ‫رن‬ mor. run rən ‫رن‬ no ch. battle field
29 430 bean biːn nb been biːn ‫بین‬ mor. been biːn ‫بین‬ no ch. one who sees
30 431 lentil ˈlɛntɪl lɛn len læn ‫لین‬ mor. len læn ‫لین‬ ch. of nu. to get
432 tɪl til tɪl ‫تل‬ mor. til tɪl ‫تل‬ ch. of al. mole
54
(Vegetable Names)
In table 4.10, thirty vegetable names are broken into sixty two syllables/morphemes. Fifty six
syllables are found in Urdu language without any change, with different meaning. Two are
used with the change of a single vowel sound, four with the change only of a single
shows that ninety percent English language morphemes/syllables are found in Urdu language
without any change, three percent with the change of one vowel, and six percent with the
change of one consonant sound.
Fifty syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,

which is eighty one percent and twelve, which is nineteen percent, are used as syllable in
Urdu language.
55
Table 4.11 MEAT

S.N Syll. English Phon. broke Roman Phon. Urdu syll./mor Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning
o No mor. Trans. n into Urdu Trans. Trns. . Word in Trans. Trns. in
urdu Roman English
syll. Urdu
1 433 veal viːl nb veal viːl ‫ ویل‬syll. taveal təviːl ‫ طویل‬no ch. very long
2 434 pork pɔːk nb poke pɔːk ‫ پوک‬syll. darpoke dʌrpɔːk ‫ ڈرپوک‬no ch. timid
3 435 mutton ˈmʌtn nb mut mʌt ‫ مٹ‬mor. mut mʌt ‫ مٹ‬om. of house
c.
4 436 beef biːf nb been biːn ‫ بین‬mor. been biːn ‫ بین‬ch. of one who
coda sees
5 437 chicken ˈʧɪkɪn ʧɪk chik ʧɪk ‫چک‬ syll. chikna ʧɪkna ‫ چکنا‬no ch. smooth
438 ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫ اِن‬no ch. these
6 439 chevon chevon tʃe che tʃe ‫چے‬ syll. bache bʌtʃe ‫ بچے‬no ch. saved
440 vən van vən ‫ون‬ syll. mudava mʊdəvən ‫ مدون‬no ch. to
n compose
7 441 turkey ˈtɜːkɪ tɜːr tar tər ‫ ٹر‬mor. tar tər ‫ ٹر‬no ch. speak
uselessly
442 kɪ ki kɪ ‫ کی‬mor. ki kɪ ‫ کی‬no ch. of
56
(Meat Names)
10 with ch. of c. 2 20%
In table 4.11, seven meat names are broken into ten syllables/morphemes. Eight syllables are
found in Urdu language without any change, with different meaning. None is used with the
change of a single vowel sound, only two with the change only of a single consonant sound,
and none is found with the change of vowel and consonant sounds both. It shows that eighty
percent morphemes/syllables are found in Urdu language without any change, and twenty
percent with the change of one consonant sound.
Five syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,

which is fifty percent and five, which is fifty percent, are used as syllable in Urdu language.
57
Table 4.12 ANIMALS

S.N Syll English Phon. broken Roman Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
o . No mor. Trans. into Urdu Trans. Trns. mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
8 443 bee biː nb be bɪ ‫بی‬ mor. be bɪ ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. term
9 444 buffalo ˈbʌfələʊ bʌfə barf bərf ‫برف‬ mor. barf bərf ‫برف‬ add. of a c. in hand
10 446 bull bʊl nb bul bʊl ‫بل‬ mor. bulbul bʊlbʊl ‫بل بل‬ no ch. nightengale
11 447 cat kæt nb khait k(h)æt ‫کھیت‬ mor. khait k(h)æt ‫کھیت‬ ch. of al. field
12 448 chicken ˈʧɪkɪn ˈʧɪk chik ʧɪk ‫چک‬ syll. chikna ʧɪkna ‫چکنا‬ no ch. smooth
449 ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫اِن‬ no ch. these
13 450 chimpanzee ʧɪmpənziː ʧɪm chim ʧɪm ‫چم‬ syll. chimti ʧɪmti: ‫چمٹی‬ no ch. tweezers
451 pən pun pən ‫پن‬ mor. pun pən ‫پن‬ no ch. abr. for water
452 ziː zee ziː ‫ذی‬ mor. zee ruh ziː rʊ:h ‫ذی روح‬ no ch. living thing
14 453 cock kɒk nb kok kɒk ‫کوکا‬ syll. koka kɒka: ‫کوکا‬ no ch. nose pin
15 454 cow kaʊ nb kaau kaʊ ‫کاؤ‬ syll. bikaau bɪkaʊ ‫بکاؤ‬ no ch. for sale
16 455 crab kræb nb kreeb kri:b ‫قریب‬ mor. kreeb kri:b ‫قریب‬ ch. of nu. near
17 456 cub kʌb nb kab kʌb ‫کب‬ mor. kab kʌb ‫کب‬ no ch. when
18 457 deer dɪə nb di dɪ ‫ڈی‬ syll. haddi hʌddɪ ‫ہڈی‬ om. of a c. bone
19 458 dog dɒg nb dog dɒg ‫ڈوگ‬ syll. dogar dɒgər ‫ڈوگر‬ no ch. a cast
20 459 donkey dɒŋki nb danka dʌŋka: ‫ڈنکا‬ mor. danka dʌŋka: ‫ڈنکا‬ ch. of a v. a stick used
to beat a
drum
58
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
21 460 dove dʌv nb duv dʊv ‫ ڈو‬syll. duvva dʊvva: ‫ ڈووا‬no ch. a big
wooden
spoon used
to cook food
22 461 duck dʌk nb duk dʊk ‫ڈک‬ mor. duk dʊk ‫ڈک‬ ch. of nu. punch, blow
23 462 elephant ˈɛlɪfənt ɛlɪ eli ɛlɪ ‫ایلی‬ syll. beli bɛlɪ ‫بیلی‬ no ch. friend
463 fənt fun fən ‫فن‬ mor. fun fən ‫فن‬ om. of a c. skill
24 464 fish fɪʃ nb fish fɪʃ ‫فش‬ mor. fish fɪʃ ‫فش‬ no ch. trivial, unreal
25 465 fox fɒks nb foq fɒk ‫فوق‬ mor. foq fɒk ‫فوق‬ om. of a c. high, height
26 466 giraffe ʤɪˈrɑːf ʤɪ ji ʤɪ ‫جی‬ mor. ji ʤɪ ‫جی‬ no ch. heart, yes
467 rɑːf raaf rɑːf ‫راف‬ syll. raafat rɑːfət ‫رافت‬ no ch. kindness
27 468 goat gəʊt nb goat gəʊt ‫گوٹ‬ mor. goat gəʊt ‫گوٹ‬ no ch. edge, lace
28 469 hamster ˈhæmstə ˈhæm hum hʌm ‫ہم‬ mor. hum hʌm ‫ہم‬ ch. of nu. we
470 stər satar sətər ‫سطر‬ mor. satar sətər ‫سطر‬ ch. of al. line
29 471 hen hɛn nb hen hɛŋ ‫ہیں‬ mor. hen hɛŋ ‫ہیں‬ ch. of coda are
30 472 hippopota hɪpəpɒtə hɪ he hɪ ‫ہی‬ syll. raahi ra:hɪ ‫راہی‬ no ch. traveller
mus məs
473 pə paa pa: ‫پا‬ mor. paa pa: ‫پا‬ no ch. foot
474 pɒtə pota pɒta: ‫پوٹا‬ mor. pota pɒta: ‫پوٹا‬ no ch. stomach
475 məs mas məs ‫مس‬ mor. mas məs ‫مس‬ no ch. touch
31 476 horse hɔː(r)s nb hor hɔːr ‫ہور‬ mor. hor hɔːr ‫ہور‬ om. of a c. and
32 477 kangaroo kæŋgəruː kæŋ khaen kæŋ ‫کھیں‬ syll. ankhaen a:nkæŋ ‫آںکھیں‬ no ch. eyes
478 gə gar gər ‫گر‬ mor. gar gər ‫گر‬ no ch. if
479 ruː ru ruː ‫رو‬ mor. ru ruː ‫رو‬ no ch. face
urdu Roman
59
syll. Urdu
33 480 leopard ˈlɛpəd lɛ le lɛ ‫لے‬ mor. le lɛ ‫لے‬ no ch. take
481 pərd pard pərð ‫پرد‬ mor. parda pərðə ‫پردہ‬ ch. of al. curtain
34 482 lion ˈlaɪən laɪ laai laɪ ‫الئی‬ mor. laai laɪ ‫الئی‬ no ch. brought
483 ən un ən ‫ان‬ mor. un ən ‫ان‬ no ch. without
35 484 mole məʊl nb mole məʊl ‫مول‬ mor. mole məʊl ‫مول‬ no ch. price
36 485 monkey ˈmʌŋki mʌŋ man mʌn ‫من‬ mor. man mʌn ‫من‬ no ch. heart
486 ki: ki ki: ‫کی‬ mor. ki ki: ‫کی‬ no ch. of
37 487 mouse maʊs ma: maa ma: ‫ما‬ mor. maa ma: ‫ما‬ no ch. abr. for
mother
488 ʊs us ʊs ‫اس‬ mor. us ʊs ‫اس‬ no ch. that, he, she
38 489 otter ˈɒtə(r) ɒ o ɒ ‫او‬ mor. o ɒ ‫او‬ no ch. an add. term
39 491 ox ɒks nb aks ʌks ‫عکس‬ mor. aks ʌks ‫عکس‬ ch. of nu. reflection
40 492 panda ˈpændə pæn puan pʌn ‫پن‬ mor. puan pʌn ‫پن‬ ch. of nu. a suffix
493 də da da: ‫ڈا‬ syll. danda dʌnda: ‫ڈنڈا‬ no ch. stick
41 494 parrot ˈpærət pæ pae pæ ‫پے‬ mor. pae pæ ‫پے‬ no ch. layer
495 rət rut rət ‫رٹ‬ mor. rut rət ‫رٹ‬ no ch. to insist
42 496 pig pɪg nb pug pʌg ‫پگ‬ mor. pug pʌg ‫پگ‬ ch. of nu. turban
43 497 puppy ˈpʌpi nb puppy pʌpi ‫پپی‬ mor. puppy pʌpi ‫پپی‬ no ch. a kiss
44 498 rabbit ˈræbɪt ræ rae ræ ‫رے‬ mor. rae ræ ‫رے‬ no ch. an add. term
499 bɪt bit bɪt ‫بٹ‬ syll. bitna bɪtna: ‫بٹنا‬ no ch. to leak
45 500 raccon rəˈkuːn rə ra rə ‫ر‬ syll. ras rəs ‫رس‬ no ch. juice
501 kuːn koon kuːn ‫کون‬ mor. koon kuːn ‫کون‬ no ch. hips, anus
46 502 sheep ʃiːp nb shup ʃʌp ‫شپ‬ mor. shup ʃʌp ‫شپ‬ ch. of nu. quick, soon
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
60
47 503 squirrel ˈskwɪrəl skwɪ kawi kwɪ ‫ قوی‬mor. kawi kwɪ ‫ قوی‬no ch. poweful
504 rəl ral rəl ‫ رل‬mor. ral rəl ‫ رل‬no ch. to mix
61
(Animal Names)
62 with ch. of v. 8 13%
62 with ch. of c. 9 15%
In table 4.12, forty animal names are broken into sixty two syllables/morphemes. Forty five
syllables are found in Urdu language without any change, with different meaning. Eight are
used with the change of a single vowel sound, nine with the change only of a single
shows that Seventy three percent English language morphemes/syllables are found in Urdu
language without any change, thirteen percent with the change of one vowel, and fifteen
Forty eight syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu

language, which is seventy seven percent and fourteen, which is twenty three percent, are
62
Table 4.13 BIRDS

S.N Syll. English Phon. broke Roma Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
o No mor. Trans. n into n Trans. Trns. mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
urdu Urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
1 505 crow krəʊ nb karo kərəʊ ‫کرو‬ mor. karo kərəʊ ‫کرو‬ add. of a v. do it
2 506 peacock ˈpiːkɒk piː pi piː ‫پی‬ mor. pi piː ‫پی‬ no ch. drink, take
507 kɒk kokh kɒk(h) ‫کوکھ‬ mor. kokh kɒk(h) ‫کوکھ‬ ch. of al. belly
3 508 goose guːs nb gooz guːz ‫گوز‬ mor. gooz guːz ‫گوز‬ ch. of coda fart
4 509 stork stɔːk nb toke tɔːk ‫ٹوک‬ mor. toke tɔːk ‫ٹوک‬ om. of a c. check, stop
5 510 pigeon ˈpɪʤɪn pɪ pee pɪ ‫پی‬ mor. pee pɪ ‫پی‬ no ch. drink
511 ʤɪn jin ʤɪn ‫جن‬ mor. jin ʤɪn ‫جن‬ no ch. giant
6 512 turkey ˈtɜːki tɜːr tar tər ‫ٹر‬ mor. tar tər ‫ٹر‬ no ch. speak uselessly
513 kɪ ki kɪ ‫کی‬ mor. ki kɪ ‫کی‬ no ch. of
7 514 hawk hɔːk nb hoke hɔːk ‫ہوک‬ mor. hoka hɔːka ‫ہوکا‬ no ch. greed
8 515 eagle ˈiːgəl iː ee iː ‫ای‬ syll. eejab iːdʒa:b ‫ایجاب‬ no ch. to accept
516 gəl gal gəl ‫گل‬ mor. gal gəl ‫گل‬ no ch. abr. for neck
9 517 raven ˈreɪvn reɪ rae reɪ ‫رے‬ mor. rae reɪ ‫رے‬ no ch. an add. term
518 vən van vən ‫ون‬ syll. mudavan mʊðəvən ‫مدون‬ no ch. to compose
10 519 flamingo fləmɪŋgəʊ flə fla flə ‫فلہ‬ syll. qafla ka:flə ‫قافلہ‬ no ch. carvan
520 mɪŋ mang mʌŋ ‫منگ‬ syll. mangta mʌŋta: ‫منگتا‬ ch. of nu. beggar
521 gəʊ go gəʊ ‫گو‬ mor. go gəʊ ‫گو‬ no ch. to speak
11 522 seagull ˈsiːgʌl siː see siː ‫سی‬ mor. see siː ‫سی‬ no ch. sew
523 gʌl gal gʌl ‫گل‬ mor. gal gʌl ‫گل‬ no ch. abr. for neck
12 524 ostrich ˈɒstrɪʧ ˈɒs ous ɒs ‫اوس‬ mor. ous ɒs ‫اوس‬ no ch. dew
S.N Syll. English Phon. broke Roma Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
63
o No mor. Trans. n into n Trans. Trns. mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
urdu Urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
525 trɪʧ tirch tɪrʧ ‫ترچ‬ syll. tircha tɪrʧə ‫ترچھا‬ shift of nu. slanting
13 526 swallow ˈswɒləʊ swɒ swa swa: ‫سوا‬ syll. ruswa rʊswa: ‫رسوا‬ no ch. defame
14 528 bird bɜːd nb bard bɜːrð ‫برد‬ mor. bard bɜːrð ‫برد‬ ch. of al. cold
15 529 penguin ˈpɛŋgwɪn pɛŋg peeng pi:ŋg ‫پینگ‬ mor. peeng pi:ŋg ‫پینگ‬ ch. of nu. swing
530 wɪn ween wi:n ‫وین‬ syll. tadween tʌdwi:n ‫تدوین‬ ch. of nu. compose
16 531 robin ˈrɒbɪn rɒ row rɒ ‫رو‬ mor. row rɒ ‫رو‬ no ch. wave
532 bɪn bin bɪn ‫بن‬ mor. bin bɪn ‫بن‬ no ch. without
17 533 swan swɒn nb sawan sa:wən ‫ساون‬ mor. sawan sa:wən ‫ساون‬ ch. of vs. rainy season
18 534 owl aʊl a: aa a: ‫آ‬ mor. aa a: ‫آ‬ no ch. come
535 ʊl ul ʊl ‫ال‬ syll. pul pʊl ‫پل‬ no ch. bridge
19 536 woodpe wʊd pɛkər wʊd wad wʌd ‫وڈ‬ syll wadera wʌderə ‫وڈیرا‬ ch. of nu. head of a
cker village
537 pɛkər paekar pɛkər ‫ پیکر‬mor. paekar pɛkər ‫ پیکر‬no ch. physique
64
(Bird Names)
33 with ch. of v. 7 21%
33 with ch. of c. 4 12%
In table 4.13, twenty bird names are broken into thirty three syllables/morphemes. Twenty
two syllables are found in Urdu language without any change, with different meaning. Seven
are used with the change of a single vowel sound, four with the change only of a single
shows that sixty seven percent English language morphemes/syllables are found in Urdu
language without any change, twenty one percent with the change of one vowel, and twelve
Twenty three syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu

language, which is seventy percent and ten, which is thirty percent, are used as syllable in
Urdu language.
65
Table 4.14 SUFFIX

urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
1 538 able æbəl Æ ae æ ‫ اے‬mor. ae æ ‫ اے‬no ch. an add. term
539 bəl bal bəl ‫ بل‬mor. bal bəl ‫ بل‬no ch. twist
2 540 al ʌl nb al ʌl ‫ ال‬mor. al ʌl ‫ ال‬no ch. spicifies a noun
or an adjective
3 541 anti ænti nb anti ənti ‫ انٹی‬mor. anti ənti ‫ انٹی‬ch. of v. place between
two fingers
4 542 circum sərkʌm sər sar sər ‫سر‬ mor. sar sər ‫سر‬ no ch. head
543 kʌm kam kʌm ‫کم‬ mor. kam kʌm ‫کم‬ no ch. less
5 544 co kəʊ nb ko kəʊ ‫کو‬ mor. ko kəʊ ‫کو‬ no ch. to
6 545 de di: nb haddi hʌddi ‫ہڈی‬ syll. haddi hʌddi ‫ہڈی‬ no ch. bone
7 546 dis dɪs nb dus dʌs ‫ڈس‬ mor. dus dʌs ‫ڈس‬ no ch. to sting
8 547 ed ɪd nb id ɪd ‫اڈ‬ syll. tiddi tɪddi ‫ٹڈی‬ no ch. a cricket
9 548 em ɪm nb im ɪm ‫ام‬ syll. mulaim mʊlaɪm ‫مالئم‬ no ch. smooth
10 549 en ɪn nb in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫اِن‬ no ch. these
11 550 en ʌn nb un ʌn ‫اَن‬ mor. un ʌn ‫اَن‬ no ch. without
12 551 er ər nb ar ər ‫ار‬ syll. arvi ərvi ‫اروی‬ no ch. taro
13 552 es ɪz nb iz ɪz ‫عز‬ syll. izzat ɪz zʌt ‫عزت‬ no ch. respect
14 553 ex ex nb ux ʌks ‫عکس‬ mor. ux ʌks ‫عکس‬ ch. of nu. reflection
15 554 fore fɔ:r nb for fɔːr ‫فور‬ mor. for fɔːr ‫فور‬ no ch. at once
16 555 ful fʊl nb fil fɪl ‫فل‬ mor. fil fɪl ‫فل‬ ch. of nu. black pepper
17 556 homo həʊməʊ həʊ ho həʊ ‫ہو‬ mor. ho həʊ ‫ہو‬ no ch. are
66
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
557 məʊ mo məʊ ‫مو‬ syll. moqa məʊkə ‫موقع‬ no ch. chance
18 558 hyper haɪpər haɪ hai haɪ ‫ہائی‬ syll. rehai rehaɪ ‫رہائی‬ no ch. to set free
559 pər per pər ‫پر‬ mor. per pɜːr ‫پر‬ no ch. wing, feather
19 560 ial əl nb al ʌl ‫ال‬ mor. al ʌl ‫ال‬ no ch. spicifies a noun
or an adjective
20 561 ic ɪk nb ik ɪk ‫اک‬ mor. ik ɪk ‫اک‬ no ch. one
21 562 il ɪl nb il ɪl ‫ال‬ syll. bil bɪl ‫بل‬ no ch. a long hole
22 563 im ɪm nb im ɪm ‫ام‬ syll. mulaim mʊlaɪm ‫مالئم‬ no ch. smooth
23 564 in ɪn nb in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫اِن‬ no ch. these
24 565 inter ɪntər ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫اِن‬ no ch. these
25 567 intra ɪntra ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫اِن‬ no ch. these
568 tra tarra tərra ‫ٹرا‬ mor. tarra tərra ‫ٹرا‬ add. of a c. talkative
26 569 ious əs nb us ʌs ‫اَس‬ syll. asraar ʌsra:r ‫اَسرار‬ no ch. heads
27 570 ir ɪr nb ir ɪr ‫ار‬ syll. irsal ɪrsa:l ‫ارسال‬ no ch. to send
28 571 less les nb lace læs ‫لیس‬ mor. lace læs ‫لیس‬ ch. of nu. equipped
29 572 ly lɪ nb li lɪ ‫لی‬ mor. li lɪ ‫لی‬ no ch. took
30 573 ment mənt nb man mən ‫من‬ mor. man mən ‫من‬ om. of a c. heart
31 574 mis mɪs nb mis mɪs ‫مص‬ syll. misra mɪsra ‫مصرع‬ no ch. half of a couplet
32 575 mono mɒnəʊ mɒ mo mɒ ‫مو‬ syll. mori mɒri ‫موری‬ no ch. a hole
576 nəʊ nou nəʊ ‫نو‬ mor. nou nəʊ ‫نو‬ no ch. new
33 577 ness nəs nb nus nəs ‫نس‬ mor. nus nəs ‫نس‬ no ch. vein
34 578 non nɒn nb naan na:n ‫نان‬ mor. naan na:n ‫نان‬ ch. of nu. bread
35 579 omni əʊmni əʊm om əʊm ‫اوم‬ syll. soum səʊm ‫سوم‬ no ch. third
67
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
580 ni ni ni ‫کہنی‬ mor. kohni kɒhni ‫کہنی‬ no ch. elbow
36 581 or ər nb ar ər ‫ار‬ syll. arvi ərvi ‫اروی‬ no ch. taro
37 582 ous əs nb us əs ‫اس‬ syll. bus bəs ‫بس‬ no ch. control
38 583 over əʊvər əʊ o əʊ ‫او‬ mor. o əʊ ‫او‬ no ch. an add. term
584 vər ver vər ‫ور‬ mor. peshawar peʃəvər ‫پیشہ ور‬ no ch. professional
39 585 para pæra nb pæra pæra ‫پیرا‬ mor. pæra pæra ‫پیرا‬ no ch. decorating
40 586 post pəʊst nb post pəʊst ‫پوست‬ mor. post pəʊst ‫پوست‬ ch. of al. poppy
41 587 pre prɪ nb pari pərɪ ‫پری‬ mor. pari pərɪ ‫پری‬ no ch. fairy
42 588 re rɪ nb re rɪ ‫ری‬ mor. ri rɪ ‫ری‬ no ch. an add. term
43 589 semi semi se se se ‫سے‬ mor. se se ‫سے‬ no ch. from
590 mi me mi ‫می‬ syll. ammi ʌmmi: ‫امی‬ no ch. mother
44 591 sub sʌb nb sub sʌb ‫سب‬ mor. sub sʌb ‫سب‬ no ch. all
45 592 super sʊpər sʊ su sʊ ‫سو‬ mor. su sʊ ‫سو‬ no ch. direction
593 pər per pər ‫پر‬ mor. per pɜː(r) ‫پر‬ no ch. wing, feather
46 594 tion ʃʌn nb shan ʃʌn ‫شن‬ syll. bhashan bha:ʃʌn ‫بھاشن‬ no ch. speech
47 595 ty tɪ nb tee tɪ ‫ٹی‬ syll. roti rɔti ‫روٹی‬ no ch. bread
48 596 un ʌn nb un ʌn ‫اَن‬ mor. un ʌn ‫اَن‬ no ch. without
49 597 uni jʊ:ni jʊ: yu jʊː ‫یو‬ syll. yourish juːrɪʃ ‫یورش‬ no ch. attack, assault
598 ni ni ni ‫کہنی‬ mor. kohni kɒhni ‫کہنی‬ no ch. elbow
68
(Suffixes)
In table 4.14, fifty three suffixes are broken into sixty one syllables/morphemes. Fifty three
syllables are found in Urdu language without any change, with different meaning. Five are
used with the change of a single vowel sound, three with the change only of a single
shows that eighty seven percent English language morphemes/syllables are found in Urdu
language without any change, eight percent with the change of one vowel, and five percent
with the change of one consonant sound.
Forty one syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,
which is sixty seven percent and twenty, which is thirty three percent, are used as syllable in
Urdu language.
69
Table 4.15 NAMES OF PERSONS

S.No Syll. English Phon. broke Roman Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
No mor. Trans. n into Urdu Trans. Trns. mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
1 599 Alice ælɪs æ ae æ ‫اے‬ mor. ae æ ‫اے‬ no ch. an add. term
600 lɪs lis lɪs ‫لسان‬ mor. lisan lɪsa:n ‫لسان‬ no ch. tongue
2 601 Alis ɑːliːz nb aali ɑːliː ‫عالی‬ mor. aali ɑːliː ‫عالی‬ om. of coda high, elevated
3 602 Amber æmbər nb amber ʌmbər ‫امبر‬ mor. amber ʌmbər ‫امبر‬ ch. of a v. sky
4 603 Amelia əmiːlɪə əmiː ami əmiː ‫امی‬ mor. ami jami əmiː ‫امی‬ no ch. satisfaction
dʒəmiː ‫جمی‬
604 lɪə lia lja: ‫لیا‬ mor. lia lja: ‫لیا‬ no ch. got
5 605 Amy eɪmi eɪ ei eɪ ‫اے‬ mor. ei eɪ ‫اے‬ no ch. an add. term
606 mi me Mi ‫می‬ syll. ame əmmi ‫امی‬ no ch. mother
6 607 Anya ænjə æn aen æn ‫عین‬ mor. aen æn ‫عین‬ no ch. eye
608 jə ya jə ‫یا‬ mor. ya jə ‫یا‬ no ch. or
7 609 Ash æʃ nb aesh æʃ ‫عیش‬ mor. aesh æʃ ‫عیش‬ no ch. comfort
8 610 Beatrice bɪətrɪs bɪət beet bi:t ‫بیٹ‬ mor. beet bi:t ‫بیٹ‬ ch. of nu. birds' waste
611 rɪs rees ri:s ‫ریس‬ mor. rees ri:s ‫ریس‬ ch. of nu. comparison
9 612 Bella bɛlə nb bela bɛlə ‫بیال‬ mor. bela bɛlə ‫بیال‬ no ch. a forest by the
river
10 613 Bery Beri nb Bery Beri ‫بیری‬ mor. Bery Beri ‫بیری‬ no ch. a fruit
614 Beti nb Bety Beti ‫بیٹی‬ mor. Bety Beti ‫بیٹی‬ no ch. daughter
11 615 Caroline kærəlaɪn kærə keri kæri ‫کیری‬ mor. keri kæri ‫کیری‬ ch. of a v. unripe mango
616 laɪn laain laɪŋ ‫الئیں‬ mor. laain laɪŋ ‫الئیں‬ no ch. bring
12 617 Cecilia sɪˈsiːljə sɪ see sɪ ‫سی‬ mor. see sɪ ‫سی‬ no ch. sew
70
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
618 siːljə see lya siː ljə ‫سی لیا‬ mor. see lya siː ljə ‫سی لیا‬ no ch. have sewn
13 619 Ceila Ceila nb Ceila Ceila ‫سیال‬ mor. Ceila Ceila ‫سیال‬ no ch. wet
14 620 Charlotte ˈʃɑːlət ʃɑːr shaar ʃɑːr ‫شار‬ mor. shaar ʃɑːr ‫شار‬ no ch. to fall, flowing
621 lət lut lət ‫لٹ‬ mor. lut lət ‫لٹ‬ no ch. lock of hair
15 622 Chloe ˈkləʊi nb kalai klaɪ ‫کالئی‬ mor. kalai klaɪ ‫کالئی‬ ch. of nu. wrist
16 623 Cora Cora nb cora cəʊra ‫کورا‬ mor. cora cəʊra ‫کورا‬ no ch. new, not used
17 624 Daisy ˈdeɪzi nb desi deɪsi ‫دیسی‬ mor. desi deɪsi ‫دیسی‬ ch. of c. of the country
18 625 Dandy ˈdændi nb Dundy dəndi ‫ڈنڈی‬ mor. Dundy dəndi ‫ڈنڈی‬ ch. of nu. small stick
19 626 Della ˈdɛlə nb Della dɛlə ‫ڈیال‬ mor. Della dɛlə ‫ڈیال‬ no ch. eye ball
20 627 Dora Dora nb dora dəʊra ‫ڈورا‬ mor. dora dəʊra ‫ڈورا‬ no ch. thread
21 628 Elena ɛˈlɛnə ɛ ae ɛ ‫اے‬ mor. ae ɛ ‫اے‬ no ch. an add. term
629 lɛnə lena lɛnə ‫لینا‬ mor. lena lɛnə ‫لینا‬ no ch. to take
22 630 Emily ˈɛməli nb imli ɪmli ‫املی‬ mor. imli ɪmli ‫املی‬ ch. of a v. tamarind
23 631 Emmy ˈɛmi nb ammi ʌmmi ‫امی‬ mor. ammi ʌmmi ‫امی‬ ch. of a v. mother
24 632 Fanny ˈfæni nb phanny phæni ‫پھینی‬ mor. phanny phæni ‫پھینی‬ ch. of c. cakes of
vermicelli
25 633 Finley fɪnle fɪn fun fʌn ‫فن‬ mor. fun fʌn ‫فن‬ ch. of nu. skill
634 le le Le ‫لے‬ mor. le le ‫لے‬ no ch. take it
26 635 Grace greɪs nb guraiz gʊreɪz ‫گریز‬ mor. guraiz gʊreɪz ‫گریز‬ ch. of coda avoid
27 636 Harmony hɑːməni hɑːr haar hɑːr ‫ہار‬ mor. haar hɑːr ‫ہار‬ no ch. necklace
637 məni mani məni ‫منی‬ mor. mani məni ‫منی‬ no ch. proud
28 638 Harper ˈhɑːpə hɑːr haar hɑːr ‫ہار‬ mor. haar hɑːr ‫ہار‬ no ch. necklace
639 pər per pɜːr ‫پر‬ mor. per pɜːr ‫پر‬ no ch. wing, feather
29 640 Holly ˈhɒli nb holi ˈhɒli ‫ہو لی‬ mor. holi ˈhɒli ‫ہو لی‬ no ch. a Hindu festival
71
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
30 641 Isla Isla nb Isla Isla ‫اصال‬ syll. Islah Islah ‫اصالح‬ no ch. correction
31 642 Ivy ˈaɪvi aɪ aai aɪ ‫آئی‬ mor. aai aɪ ‫آئی‬ no ch. came
643 vi ve Vi ‫اروی‬ mor. ve vi ‫اروی‬ no ch. taro
32 644 Jacey dʒæsi nb jesi dʒæsi ‫جیسی‬ mor. jesi dʒæsi ‫جیسی‬ no ch. like something
33 645 Jaena dʒæna nb jeena dʒi:na ‫جینا‬ mor. jeena dʒi:na ‫جینا‬ ch. of nu. to live
34 646 Jasmine ʤæsmɪn nb yasmin ja:smɪn ‫یاسمین‬ mor. yasmin ja:smɪn ‫یاسمین‬ ch. of c. Jasmine
35 647 Jessica ˈʤɛsɪkə ʤɛsɪ jesi dʒæsɪ ‫جیسی‬ mor. jesi dʒæsɪ ‫جیسی‬ no ch. like something
648 kə ka kə ‫کا‬ mor. ka kə ‫کا‬ no ch. of
36 649 Joy ʤɔɪ nb jui ʤʊɪ ‫جوئی‬ mor. jui ʤʊɪ ‫جوئی‬ ch. of nu. search
37 650 Joyce ʤɔɪs ʤɔ: jo ʤɔ: ‫جو‬ mor. jo ʤɔ: ‫جو‬ no ch. which
651 ɪs iss ɪs ‫اس‬ mor. iss ɪs ‫اس‬ no ch. this
38 652 Julia ˈʤuːlɪə ʤuː ju ʤuː ‫جو‬ mor. ju ʤuː ‫جو‬ no ch. stream, canal
653 lɪə lya lɪə ‫لیا‬ mor. lya lɪə ‫لیا‬ no ch. took
39 654 Kaylee keɪli nb keli keɪli ‫کیلی‬ syll. akeli keɪli ‫اکیلی‬ no ch. alone
40 655 Lauren ˈlɔːrən lɔː lo lɔː ‫لو‬ mor. lo lɔː ‫لو‬ no ch. take
656 rən run rən ‫رن‬ mor. run rən ‫رن‬ no ch. fight, war
41 657 Layla Layla nb Layla Læla ‫لیلی‬ mor. Layla læla ‫لیلی‬ no ch. a female name
42 658 Lily ˈlɪli nb lilla lɪllah ‫ہلل‬ mor. lilla lɪllah ‫ہلل‬ ch. of a v. for God's sake
43 659 Linda ˈlɪndə nb lunda lʊndə ‫لنڈا‬ mor. lunda lʊndə ‫لنڈا‬ ch. of nu. with out tail
44 660 Lucy ˈluːsi luː lu luː ‫لو‬ mor. lu luː ‫لو‬ no ch. hot air
661 si si Si ‫سی‬ mor. si si ‫سی‬ no ch. like something
45 662 Luna ˈlʊnə nb lo na lʊnə ‫لو نا‬ mor. lo na lʊnə ‫لو نا‬ ch. of nu. take it
46 663 Poppy ˈpɒpi pɒ po pɒ ‫پو‬ mor. po pɒ ‫پو‬ no ch. dawn
664 pi pi Pi ‫پی‬ mor. pi pi ‫پی‬ no ch. drink
urdu Roman
72
syll. Urdu
47 665 Rachel reɪʧəl reɪ rey reɪ ‫رے‬ mor. rey reɪ ‫رے‬ no ch. an add. term
666 ʧəl chal ʧəl ‫چل‬ mor. chal ʧəl ‫چل‬ no ch. go, walk
48 667 Riley raɪli raɪ rai raɪ ‫رائی‬ mor. rai raɪ ‫رائی‬ no ch. mustard seed
668 li li Li ‫لی‬ mor. li li ‫لی‬ no ch. took
49 669 Rosemary rəʊzməri rəʊz roz rəʊz ‫روز‬ mor. roz rəʊz ‫روز‬ no ch. daily
670 məri mari məri ‫مری‬ mor. mari məri ‫مری‬ no ch. died
50 671 Ruby ruːbi nb Ruby ruːbi ‫روبی‬ mor. Ruby ruːbi ‫روبی‬ no ch. a nickname
51 672 Sarah seərə nb saara sa:rə ‫سارہ‬ mor. saara sa:rə ‫سارہ‬ ch. of a v. a female name
52 673 Sophie səʊfi nb Sophie səʊfi ‫صوفی‬ mor. Sophie səʊfi ‫صوفی‬ no ch. a pious man
53 674 Sophia səʊfiːə nb Sophia səʊfiːə ‫صوفیہ‬ mor. Sophia səʊˈfiːə ‫صوفیہ‬ no ch. a female name
54 675 Summer sʌmər nb samar sʌmər ‫ثمر‬ mor. samar sʌmər ‫ثمر‬ no ch. fruits
55 676 Susan suːz(ə)n suː soo suː ‫سو‬ mor. soo suː ‫سو‬ no ch. toward
677 zən zan zən ‫زن‬ mor. zan zən ‫زن‬ no ch. conjecture
56 678 Taylor teɪlər teɪ tey teɪ ‫ٹے‬ syll. patey pəteɪ ‫پٹے‬ no ch. collars
679 lər lar lər ‫لر‬ syll. gular gʊ:lər ‫گولر‬ no ch. name of a fruit
57 680 Aaron eərən eə ae eə ‫اے‬ mor. ae eə ‫اے‬ no ch. an add. term
681 rən run rən ‫رن‬ mor. run rən ‫رن‬ no ch. fight, war
58 682 Abel eɪbəl eɪ ae eɪ ‫اے‬ mor. ae eə ‫اے‬ no ch. an add. term
683 bəl bal bəl ‫بل‬ mor. bal bəl ‫بل‬ no ch. twist
59 684 Abraham eɪbrəhæm nb Ibraheem ɪbrəhi:m ‫ابراہیم‬ mor. Ibraheem ɪbrəhi:m ‫ابراہیم‬ ch. of vs. Abraham
60 685 Adam ædəm nb Adam a:dəm ‫آدم‬ mor. Adam a:dəm ‫آدم‬ ch. of v. Adam
61 686 Aden ədən nb aden ədən ‫عدن‬ mor. aden ədən ‫عدن‬ no ch. paradise
62 687 Alan ælən nb aelan ˈæla:n ‫اعالن‬ mor. aelan ˈæla:n ‫اعالن‬ ch. of nu. announcement
63 688 Andi ændi nb anda ʌnda ‫انڈا‬ mor. anda ʌnda ‫انڈا‬ ch. of vs. egg
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
73
64 689 Asher ˈæʃər nb ushar ʊʃər ‫عشر‬ mor. ushar ʊʃər ‫عشر‬ ch. of v. tenth part
65 690 Ashley ˈæʃli æʃ aesh æʃ ‫عیش‬ mor. aesh æʃ ‫عیش‬ no ch. comfort
66 692 Austin ˈɔːstɪn nb aastin aːstɪn ‫آستین‬ mor. aastin aːstɪn ‫آستین‬ ch. of v. sleeve
67 693 Barret ˈbærət bæ bae bæ ‫بے‬ mor. bae bæ ‫بے‬ no ch. without
694 rət rut rət ‫رٹ‬ mor. rut rət ‫رٹ‬ no ch. insist
68 695 Beau bəʊ nb bahu bəhʊ ‫بہو‬ mor. bahu bəhʊ ‫بہو‬ add. of a c. daughter in law
69 696 Berli bərli ber bar bər ‫بر‬ mor. bar bər ‫بر‬ no ch. husband
70 698 Bobby ˈbɒbi nb Bobby bɒbi ‫بوبی‬ mor. Bobby bɒbi ‫بوبی‬ no ch. a nickname
71 699 Bravo brɑːvəʊ ˈbrɑː bura bʊrɑː ‫برا‬ mor. bura bʊrɑː ‫برا‬ add. of v. bad
700 vəʊ wo vəʊ ‫وہ‬ mor. wo vəʊ ‫وہ‬ no ch. he, sho, they
72 701 Bucky bʌki nb baki bʌki ‫بکی‬ mor. baki bʌki ‫بکی‬ no ch. rave
73 702 Carlo ˈkɑːləʊ ˈkɑːr kaar kɑːr ‫کار‬ mor. kaar kɑːr ‫کار‬ no ch. job
74 704 Carter ˈkɑːtə ˈkɑːr kaar kɑːr ‫کار‬ mor. kaar kɑːr ‫کار‬ no ch. job
75 706 Chuck ʧʌk nb chak ʧʌk ‫چک‬ mor. chak ʧʌk ‫چک‬ no ch. land
76 707 Cole kəʊl nb khol kəʊl ‫کھول‬ mor. khol kəʊl ‫کھول‬ no ch. to open
77 708 Connor ˈkɒnə ˈkɒ ko kɒ ‫کو‬ mor. ko kɒ ‫کو‬ no ch. to
709 nər nar nər ‫نر‬ mor. nar nər ‫نر‬ no ch. male
78 710 Cooper ˈkuːpə kuː ku kuː ‫کو‬ mor. ku kuː ‫کو‬ no ch. small street
711 pər par pər ‫پر‬ mor. par pər ‫پر‬ no ch. wing, feather
79 712 Cosmo kəʊsməʊ kəʊs kos kəʊs ‫کوس‬ mor. kos kəʊs ‫کوس‬ no ch. two kilo meter
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
74
713 məʊ mo məʊ ‫مو‬ mor. mor məʊr ‫مور‬ no ch. pea cock
80 714 Cyan ˈsaɪən saɪ sai saɪ ‫سائی‬ mor. sai saɪ ‫سائی‬ no ch. advance
715 ən un ən ‫اَن‬ mor. un ən ‫اَن‬ no ch. without
81 716 Deep diːp nb deep diːp ‫دیپ‬ mor. deep ðiːp ‫دیپ‬ ch. of al. earthen lamp
82 717 Dennis ˈdɛnɪs ˈdɛ de dɛ ‫دے‬ mor. de dɛ ‫دے‬ no ch. give
718 nɪs nis nɪs ‫نس‬ syll. nisbat nɪsbət ‫نسبت‬ no ch. relation
83 719 Derby ˈdɑːbi dɑːr daar dɑːr ‫ڈار‬ mor. daar dɑːr ‫ڈار‬ no ch. flock of birds
720 bi be biː ‫بی‬ mor. be biː ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. term
84 721 Kacy kæsi nb kaesi kæsi ‫کیسی‬ mor. kaesi kæsi ‫کیسی‬ no ch. how
85 722 Fraze fræz nb fraz fra:z ‫فراز‬ mor. fraz fra:z ‫فراز‬ ch. of nu. crest
86 723 Hardy ˈhɑːdi hɑːr haar hɑːr ‫ہار‬ mor. haar hɑːr ‫ہار‬ no ch. necklace
724 di di diː ‫ہڈی‬ syll. haddi hʌddi ‫ہڈی‬ ch. of v. bone
87 725 Hunter ˈhʌntə ˈhʌn hun hʌn ‫ہن‬ syll. aahun a:hʌn ‫آہن‬ no ch. iron
88 727 Jacob ˈʤeɪkəb ʤeɪ jae ʤeɪ ‫جے‬ mor. jae ʤeɪ ‫جے‬ no ch. success
728 kəb kab kəb ‫کب‬ mor. kab kəb ‫کب‬ no ch. when
89 729 Jason ˈʤeɪs(ə)n ʤeɪ jae ʤeɪ ‫جے‬ mor. jae ʤeɪ ‫جے‬ no ch. success
730 sən san sən ‫سن‬ mor. san sən ‫سن‬ no ch. poppy
90 731 Jesse ˈʤɛsi nb jesi ʤɛsi ‫جیسی‬ mor. jesi ʤɛsi ‫جیسی‬ no ch. like something
91 732 John ʤɒn nb jon ʤɒn ‫جون‬ mor. jona ʤɒnə ‫جونا‬ no ch. feast
92 733 Jonah ˈʤəʊnə ʤəʊ jo ʤəʊ ‫جو‬ mor. jo ʤəʊ ‫جو‬ no ch. which
734 nə na nə ‫نہ‬ mor. na nə ‫نہ‬ no ch. no, not
93 735 Joshua ˈʤɒʃʊə ʤɒ jo ʤɒ ‫جو‬ mor. jo ʤɒ ‫جو‬ no ch. which
736 ʃʊə shua ʃʊə ‫شعاع‬ mor. shua ʃʊə ‫شعاع‬ no ch. ray, beam
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
94 737 Justin ˈʤʌstɪn ʤʌst just ʤʌst ‫ جست‬mor. just ʤʌst ‫ جست‬ch. of al. jump
75

95 739 Levi ˈliːvaɪ ˈliː li liː ‫ لی‬mor. li liː ‫ لی‬no ch. took
740 vaɪ vai vaɪ ‫ وائی‬syll. vai vaɪ ‫ وائی‬no ch. got sewn
96 741 Marcus ˈmɑːrkəs mɑːr maar mɑːr ‫مار‬ mor. maar mɑːr ‫ مار‬no ch. range, beat
742 kəs kas kəs ‫کس‬ mor. kas kəs ‫ کس‬no ch. tight
97 743 Parker ˈpɑːkə ˈpɑːr paar pɑːr ‫پار‬ mor. paar pɑːr ‫ پار‬no ch. across
744 kər kar kər ‫کر‬ mor. kar kər ‫ کر‬no ch. do
98 745 Roman ˈrəʊmən ˈrəʊ ro rəʊ ‫رو‬ mor. ro rəʊ ‫ رو‬no ch. wave, current
746 mən man mən ‫من‬ mor. man mən ‫ من‬no ch. heart
99 747 Tucker ˈtʌkər nb takkar tʌkər ‫ٹکر‬ mor. takkar tʌkər ‫ ٹکر‬no ch. collision
76
(Name of Persons)
148 with ch. of v. 24 16%
148 with ch. of c. 8 5%
148 with ch. of v. c. 0 0%
In table 4.15 ninety nine names of persons are analyzed into one hundred and forty eight
syllables/morphemes. One hundred and seventeen syllables are found in Urdu language
without any change, with different meaning. Twenty four are used with the change of a single
vowel sound, eight with the change only of a single consonant sound, and none is found with
the change of vowel and consonant sounds both. It shows that seventy nine percent English
language morphemes/syllables are found in Urdu language without any change, sixteen
percent with the change of one vowel, and five percent with the change of one consonant
sound.
One hundred and thirty nine syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme
in Urdu language, which is ninety four percent and nine, which is six percent, are used as
syllable in Urdu language.
77
Table 4.16 MISCELLANEOUS WORDS

S.No Syll. Englis Phon. broken Roman Phon. Urdu syll./ Urdu Phon. Urdu Change Meaning in
No h mor. Trans. into Urdu Trans. Trns. mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
1 748 all ɔːl nb ol ɔːl ‫اول‬ mor. olfol ɔːlfɔːl ‫اول فول‬ no ch. absurd talk
749 vər ver vər ‫ور‬ mor. ver vər ‫ور‬ no ch. dominant
2 750 able æbəl æ ae æ ‫اے‬ mor. ae æ ‫اے‬ no ch. an add. term
751 bəl bal bəl ‫بل‬ mor. bal bəl ‫بل‬ no ch. twist
3 752 ache eɪk nb ek eɪk ‫ایک‬ mor. ek eɪk ‫ایک‬ no ch. one
4 753 aft a:ft nb aafat a:fət ‫آفت‬ mor. aafat a:fət ‫آفت‬ ad. of v. calamity
5 754 agree əgriː nb aa giri a:gɪri: ‫آ گری‬ mor. aa giri a:gɪri: ‫آ گری‬ ch. of v. fell down
6 755 allow əlaʊ nb alao əˈlaʊ ‫االؤ‬ mor. alao əˈlaʊ ‫االؤ‬ no ch. fire
7 756 alms ɑːmz nb aam ɑːm ‫آم‬ mor. aam ɑːm ‫آم‬ om. of a c. mango
8 757 answer ɑːnsə ɑːn aan ɑːn ‫آن‬ mor. aan ɑːn ‫آن‬ no ch. honour
758 ɑːnsə sər sar sər ‫سر‬ mor. sar sər ‫سر‬ no ch. head
9 759 app æp nb aap a:p ‫آپ‬ mor. aap a:p ‫آپ‬ ch. of nu. you
10 760 apply əplaɪ əp ap əp ‫اپ‬ syll. apna əpna ‫اپنا‬ no ch. my own
761 əplaɪ laɪ lai laɪ ‫الئی‬ mor. lai laɪ ‫الئی‬ no ch. brought
11 762 arrow ærəʊ æ ae æ ‫اے‬ mor. ae æ ‫اے‬ no ch. an add. term
763 rəʊ ro rəʊ ‫رو‬ mor. ro rəʊ ‫رو‬ no ch. flow of water
12 764 ash æʃ nb aesh æʃ ‫عیش‬ mor. aesh æʃ ‫عیش‬ no ch. luxury
13 765 ask ɑːsk nb aas ɑːs ‫آس‬ mor. aas ɑːs ‫آس‬ om. of coda hope
14 766 aunty ɑːnti a:n aan a:n ‫آن‬ mor. aan a:n ‫آن‬ no ch. dignity
767 ɑːnti ti tee ti ‫ٹی‬ syll. roti rɔti ‫روٹی‬ no ch. bread
15 768 awe ɔː nb o ɔː ‫او‬ mor. o ɔː ‫او‬ no ch. an add. term
78
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
16 769 baba bɑːbɑː nb baba bɑːbɑː ‫بابا‬ mor. baba bɑːbɑː ‫بابا‬no ch. old man
17 770 baby beɪbi beɪ bey beɪ ‫بے‬ mor. bey beɪ ‫بے‬ no ch. without
18 771 bad bæd nb baed bæd ‫بید‬ mor. baed bæd ‫بید‬ch. of al. a type of tree
19 772 badge bædʒ nb beej bi:dʒ ‫بیج‬ mor. beej bi:dʒ ‫بیج‬ no ch. seeds
20 773 bait beɪt nb baeth beɪth “‫بیٹھ‬ mor. baeth beɪth “‫بیٹھ‬ ch. of al. sit down
21 774 bale beɪl nb bael beɪl ‫بیل‬ mor. bael beɪl ‫بیل‬ no ch. ox
22 775 ball bɔːl nb bole bɔːl ‫بول‬ mor. bole bɔːl ‫بول‬ no ch. to speak
23 776 ban bæn nb baen bæn ‫بین‬ mor. baen bæn ‫بین‬ no ch. to cry or morn
24 777 bar bɑːr nb baar bɑːr ‫بار‬ mor. baar bɑːr ‫بار‬ no ch. load, weight
25 778 base beɪs nb base beɪs ‫بیس‬ mor. basen beɪsən ‫بیسن‬ add. of a c. flour of grams
26 779 bat bæt nb baet bæt ‫بیت‬ mor. baet bæt ‫بیت‬ no ch. house, a verse
27 780 batch bæʧ nb bech beɪʧ ‫بیچ‬ mor. bech beɪʧ ‫بیچ‬ ch. of nu. sell
28 781 beach biːʧ nb beach biːʧ ‫بیچ‬ mor. beach biːʧ ‫بیچ‬ no ch. middle
29 782 beam biːm nb beam biːm ‫بیم‬ mor. beam biːm ‫بیم‬no ch. fear
30 783 beat biːt nb beat biːt ‫بیٹ‬ mor. beat biːt ‫بیٹ‬ no ch. bird's waste
31 784 begin bɪgɪn bɪ be bɪ ‫بی‬ mor. be bɪ ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. term
785 gɪn gin gɪn ‫گن‬ mor. gin gɪn ‫گن‬ no ch. count
32 786 belch bɛlʧ nb belch bɛlʧ ‫بیلچ‬ syll. belcha bɛlʧə ‫بیلچہ‬ no ch. spad
32 787 belong bɪlɒŋ bɪ be biː ‫بی‬ mor. be biː ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. Term
788 lɒŋ long lɒŋ ‫لونگ‬ mor. long lɒŋ ‫لونگ‬ no ch. nose pin,clove
33 789 bend bɛnd nb bund bʌnd ‫بند‬ mor. bund bʌnð ‫بند‬ch. of nu. close
& al.
34 790 bias ˈbaɪəs nb baais baɪəs ‫باعث‬ mor. baais baɪəs ‫ باعث‬no ch. cause, reason
35 791 bib bɪb nb bib bɪb ‫بب‬ syll. bibya bɪbja: ‫ ببیا‬no ch. a little girl
79
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
36 792 bud bʌd nb bud bʌd ‫بڈ‬ syll. buddu bʌddʊ ‫بڈو‬ no ch. a nick name
37 793 big bɪg nb big bɪg ‫بگ‬ syll. bigrha bɪgrhə ‫بگڑا‬ no ch. spoiled
38 794 bill bɪl nb bil bɪl ‫بل‬ mor. bil bɪl ‫بل‬ no ch. a hole
39 795 bin bɪn nb bin bɪn ‫بِن‬ mor. bin bɪn ‫بِن‬ no ch. without
40 796 bit bɪt nb bit bɪt ‫بٹ‬ syll. bitna bɪtna: ‫بٹنا‬ no ch. to leak
41 797 blow bləʊ nb blow bləʊ ‫بلو‬ mor. blow bləʊ ‫بلو‬ no ch. to shake milk
42 798 bob bɒb nb baab ba:b ‫باب‬ mor. baab ba:b ‫باب‬ ch. of nu. door, chapter
43 799 book bʊk nb buk bʊk ‫بک‬ syll. chabuk tʃa:bʊk ‫چابک‬ no ch. whip
44 800 border bɔ:də bɔ:r bor bɔ:r ‫بور‬ syll. bori bɔ:ri ‫بوری‬ no ch. sack
45 802 bore bɔː nb bo bɔː ‫بو‬ mor. bo bɔː ‫بو‬ no ch. sow
46 803 borrow ˈbɒrəʊ bɒ bo bɒ ‫بو‬ syll. bol bɒl ‫بول‬ no ch. speak, words
804 ˈbɒrəʊ rəʊ ro rəʊ ‫رو‬ mor. ro rəʊ ‫رو‬ no ch. weep, cry
47 805 boss bɒs nb boss bɒs ‫بوس‬ mor. boss bɒs ‫بوس‬ no ch. to kiss
48 806 boy bɔɪ nb boye bɔɪ ‫بوۓ‬ mor. boye bɔɪ ‫بوۓ‬ no ch. sowed
49 807 bra brɑː nb bara brɑː ‫برا‬ syll. barabar brɑːbər ‫برابر‬ no ch. equal
50 808 bray breɪ nb buray bʊreɪ ‫برے‬ mor. buray bʊreɪ ‫برے‬ ad. of v. bad
51 809 break breɪk nb bareek brɪ:k ‫بریک‬ mor. bareek brɪ:k ‫بریک‬ no ch. thin
52 810 brick brɪk nb bareek barɪk ‫باریک‬ mor. bareek barɪk ‫باریک‬ no ch. thin
53 811 brother brʌðər nb brather bra:ðər ‫برادر‬ mor. brather bra:ðər ‫برادر‬ ch. of nu. brother
54 812 buck bʌk nb buk bʌk ‫بک‬ mor. buk bʌk ‫بک‬ no ch. absurd talk
55 813 bug bʌg nb bug bʌg ‫بگ‬ mor. bug bʌg ‫بگ‬ no ch. bridle
56 814 bulb bʌlb nb balub bəlʌb ‫بلب‬ mor. balub bəlʌb ‫بلب‬ no ch. near
57 815 bum bʌm nb bum bʌm ‫بم‬ mor. bum bʌm ‫بم‬ no ch. trough
urdu Roman
80
syll. Urdu
58 816 bun bʌn nb bun bʌn ‫بَن‬ mor. bun bʌn ‫بَن‬ no ch. forest
59 817 bury ˈbɛri nb baeri bɛri ‫بیری‬ mor. baeri bɛri ‫بیری‬ no ch. enemy
60 818 bus bʌs nb bus bʌs ‫بس‬ mor. bus bʌs ‫بس‬ no ch. control
61 819 bust bʌst nb bust bʌst ‫بست‬ mor. bust bʌst ‫بست‬ ch. of al. bound
62 820 calf kɑːf nb kaaf kɑːf ‫کاف‬ mor. kaaf kɑːf ‫کاف‬ no ch. a letter of Urdu
63 821 call kɔːl nb kol kɔːl ‫کول‬ mor. kol kɔːl ‫کول‬ no ch. morsel of bread
64 822 calm kɑːm nb kaam kɑːm ‫کام‬ mor. kaam kɑːm ‫کام‬ no ch. work, job
65 823 cap kæp nb kheip kæp ‫کھیپ‬ mor. kheip kæp ‫کھیپ‬ no ch. a lot
66 824 car kɑː(r) nb kaar ka:r ‫کار‬ mor. kaar ka:r ‫کار‬ no ch. work
67 825 cash kæʃ nb kash kæʃ ‫کیش‬ mor. kash kæʃ ‫کیش‬ no ch. habbit
68 826 catch kæʧ nb kech kæʧ ‫کیچ‬ syll. kechwa kæʧwə ‫کیچ‬ no ch. earthworm
69 827 cause kɔːz nb kooz kʊːz ‫کوز‬ mor. kooz kʊːz ‫کوز‬ ch. of nu. hump of back
70 828 chain ʧeɪn nb chain ʧeɪn ‫چین‬ mor. chain ʧeɪn ‫چین‬ no ch. relief, comfort
71 829 chap ʧæp nb chup ʧʊp ‫چپ‬ mor. chup ʧʊp ‫چپ‬ ch. of nu. quiet
72 830 charcoal ʧɑːkəʊl ʧɑːr chaar ʧɑːr ‫چار‬ mor. chaar ʧɑːr ‫چار‬ no ch. four
831 kəʊl khol kəʊl ‫کول‬ mor. khol kəʊl ‫کھول‬ no ch. open
73 832 chat ʧæt nb chat ʧʌt ‫چٹ‬ mor. chat ʧʌt ‫چٹ‬ ch. of nu. to finish
74 833 check ʧɛk nb chuk ʧʌk ‫چک‬ mor. chuk ʧʌk ‫چک‬ ch. of nu. land, field
75 834 cheek ʧiːk nb cheekh ʧiːkh ‫چیخ‬ mor. cheekh ʧiːkh ‫چیخ‬ ch. of al. shriek
76 835 cheep ʧiːp nb chaap ʧaːp ‫چاپ‬ mor. chaap ʧaːp ‫چاپ‬ ch. of nu. sound of footstep
77 836 cheer tʃɪər nb cheer tʃi:r ‫چیر‬ mor. cheer tʃi:r ‫چیر‬ ch. of nu. a cut
78 837 cheese ʧiːz nb cheez ʧiːz ‫چیز‬ mor. cheez ʧiːz ‫چیز‬ no ch. thing
79 838 chest ʧɛst nb chust ʧʊst ‫چست‬ mor. chust ʧʊst ‫چست‬ ch. of nu & active, tight
al.
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
81
80 839 chill ʧɪl nb chil ʧɪl ‫چل‬ mor. chil ʧɪl ‫چل‬ no ch. noise, outcry
81 840 chin ʧɪn nb chin ʧɪn ‫چن‬ syll. chinta ʧɪnta: ‫چنتا‬ no ch. worry
82 841 chip ʧɪp nb chap ʧʊp ‫چپ‬ mor. chap ʧʊp ‫چپ‬ ch. of nu. silent
83 842 choose ʧuːz nb chooz ʧuːz ‫چوز‬ syll. chooza ʧuːza: ‫چوزہ‬ no ch. a chicken
84 843 chore ʧɔː nb chore ʧɔːr ‫چور‬ mor. chore ʧɔːr ‫چور‬ no ch. thief
85 844 chug ʧʌg nb chug ʧʊg ‫چگ‬ mor. chug ʧʊg ‫چگ‬ ch. of nu. to pick up
86 845 chum ʧʌm nb cham ʧʌm ‫چم‬ mor. cham ʧʌm ‫چم‬ no ch. skin
87 846 church ʧɜːʧ nb charcha ʧɜːrʧa: ‫چرچا‬ mor. charcha ʧɜːrʧa: ‫چرچا‬ ad. of v. fame
88 847 claim kleɪm nb kaleem kəli:m ‫کلیم‬ mor. kaleem kəli:m ‫کلیم‬ ch. of nu. one who speaks
89 848 clay kleɪ nb kaale ka:leɪ ‫کالے‬ mor. kaale ka:leɪ ‫کالے‬ ad. of v. black
90 849 lime laɪm nb lime laɪm ‫الئم‬ mor. mlaim mlaɪm ‫مالئم‬ no ch. smooth
91 850 club klʌb nb kalb kʌlb ‫کلب‬ mor. kalb kʌlb ‫کلب‬ shift of v. dog
92 851 clung klʌŋ nb klunk klʌnk ‫کلنک‬ mor. klunk klʌnk ‫کلنک‬ ch. of c. blemish
93 852 co kəʊ nb ko kəʊ ‫کو‬ mor. ko kəʊ ‫کو‬ no ch. to
94 853 coach kəʊʧ nb kooch kʊ:ʧ ‫کوچ‬ mor. kooch kʊ:ʧ ‫کوچ‬ ch. of nu. set out
95 854 coat kəʊt nb coat kəʊt ‫کوٹ‬ mor. coat kəʊt ‫کوٹ‬ no ch. fort
96 855 cofee kɒfi nb kafi ka:fi ‫کافی‬ mor. kafi ka:fi ‫کافی‬ ch. of a v. enough
97 856 cofee kɒfi kɒ ko kɒ ‫کو‬ mor. ko kɒ ‫کو‬ no ch. to someone
857 fɪ fi fɪ ‫فی‬ mor. fi fɪ ‫فی‬ no ch. one, per
98 858 com kɒm nb qoum kɒm ‫قوم‬ mor. qoum kɒm ‫قوم‬ no ch. nation
99 859 comb kəʊm nb kaam ka:m ‫کام‬ mor. kaam ka:m ‫کام‬ ch. of nu. work
100 860 come kʌm nb kam kʌm ‫کم‬ mor. kam kʌm ‫کم‬ no ch. less
101 861 comput kəmpj kəm kam kəm ‫کم‬ mor. kam kəm ‫کم‬ no ch. less
er ʊ:tər
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
862 pjʊ: pyo pjɒ ‫ پیو‬mor. pyo pjɒ ‫ پیو‬ch. of nu. drink
82
102 864 con kɒn nb kon kɒn ‫کون‬ mor. kon kɒn ‫کون‬ no ch. who
103 865 copy ˈkɒpi kɒ ko kəʊ ‫کو‬ mor. ko kəʊ ‫کو‬ no ch. to
104 866 cough kɒf nb khouf khɒf ‫خوف‬ mor. khouf khɒf ‫خوف‬ no ch. fear
105 867 cow kaʊ nb khao kaʊ ‫کھاؤ‬ mor. khao kaʊ ‫کھاؤ‬ no ch. eat
106 868 crab kræb nb kareeb kri:b ‫قریب‬ mor. kareeb kri:b ‫قریب‬ ch. of nu. near
107 869 crumb krʌm nb karam kərʌm ‫کرم‬ mor. karam kərʌm ‫کرم‬ ad. of v. benevolence
108 870 cub kʌb nb kab kʌb ‫کب‬ mor. kab kʌb ‫کب‬ no ch. when
109 871 cuff kʌf nb kuf kʌf ‫کف‬ mor. kuf kʌf ‫کف‬ no ch. hand, palm
110 872 cut kʌt nb kat kʌt ‫کٹ‬ mor. katna kʌtna: ‫کٹنا‬ no ch. to be cut
111 873 dady dædi dæ day dæ ‫ڈے‬ mor. tidday tɪddæ “‫ٹڈے‬ no ch. grass hooper
874 diː di diː ‫ہڈی‬ syll. haddi hʌddi ‫ہڈی‬ ch. of v. bone
112 875 dale deɪl nb dale deɪl ‫ڈیل‬ syll. dala deɪla: ‫ڈیال‬ no ch. eye ball
113 876 dawn dɔːn nb doun dɔːŋ ‫ڈوں‬ syll. addoun ʌddɔːŋ ‫اڈوں‬ ch. of al. bus stops, airports
114 877 day deɪ nb day deɪ ‫ڈے‬ syll. unday əndeɪ ‫انڈے‬ no ch. eggs
115 878 deal diːl nb deel diːl ‫ڈیل‬ mor. deel diːl ‫ڈیل‬ no ch. physique,
116 879 deal diːl nb dheel dhiːl ‫ڈھیل‬ mor. dheel dhiːl ‫ڈھیل‬ ch. of al. laxity
117 880 dean diːn nb deen diːn ‫دین‬ mor. deen diːn ‫دین‬ ch. of al. religion
118 881 deed diːd nb deed diːd “‫دید‬ mor. deed diːd “‫دید‬ ch. of al. sight
119 882 della ˈdɛlə nb dela dɛlə ‫ڈیال‬ mor. dela dɛlə ‫ڈیال‬ no ch. eye ball
120 883 den dɛn nb dein dɛn ‫دین‬ mor. dein dɛn ‫دین‬ ch. of al. giving
121 884 dike daɪk da: daa da: ‫ڈا‬ syll. unda ənda: ‫انڈا‬ no ch. egg
885 ɪk ik ɪk ‫اک‬ mor. ik ɪk ‫اک‬ no ch. one
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
122 886 dine daɪn nb dain daɪn ‫ ڈائن‬mor. dain daɪn ‫ ڈائن‬no ch. female ghost
123 887 discuss dɪskʌs dɪs dus dʌs ‫ ڈس‬mor. dus dʌs ‫ ڈس‬ch. of nu. sting
83
888 kʌs kas kʌs ‫کس‬ mor. kas kʌs ‫کس‬ no ch. tighten
124 889 do duː nb do duː ‫ڈڈو‬ syll. do duː ‫ڈڈو‬ no ch. frog
125 890 dole dəʊl nb dole dəʊl ‫ڈول‬ mor. dole dəʊl ‫ڈول‬ no ch. bucket
126 891 doll dɒl nb doul dɒl ‫ڈول‬ mor. doul dɒl ‫ڈول‬ no ch. manner
127 892 done dʌn nb dan dʌn ‫ڈنڈا‬ syll. danda dʌnda: ‫ڈنڈا‬ no ch. a stick
128 893 door dɔ:r nb dore dɔ:r ‫ڈور‬ mor. dore dɔ:r ‫ڈور‬ no ch. a strong thread
129 894 dozen dʌzn nb dozen dʌzn ‫ڈزن‬ mor. dozen dʌzn ‫ڈزن‬ no ch. sound of gunfire
130 895 draw drɔː nb daraa dəra: ‫ڈرا‬ mor. daraa dəra: ‫ڈرا‬ ch. of nu. afraid
131 896 drown draʊn dra: dra dra: ‫ڈرا‬ mor. dra dra: ‫ڈرا‬ no ch. frighten
897 draʊn ʊn un ʊn ‫ان‬ mor. un ʊn ‫ان‬ no ch. those
132 898 dub dʌb nb dub dʌb ‫ڈب‬ mor. dub dʌb ‫ڈب‬ no ch. pocket
133 899 dug dʌg nb dug dʌg ‫ڈگ‬ mor. dug dʌg ‫ڈگ‬ no ch. long pace
134 900 dull dʌl nb dul dʌl ‫ڈل‬ mor. dul dʌl ‫ڈل‬ no ch. wealth, dry well
135 901 dumb dʌm nb dum dʌm ‫ڈم‬ syll. dumru dʌmrʊ: ‫ڈمرو‬ no ch. a small drum
136 902 dust dʌst nb dust dʌst ‫دست‬ mor. dust dʌst ‫دست‬ ch. of al. hand
137 903 ease iːz nb eez iːz ‫ایذ‬ syll. eeza iːza: ‫ایذا‬ no ch. hurt
138 904 easy ˈiːzi nb eezi iːzi ‫ایذی‬ syll. tamizi tʌmiːzi ‫تمیزی‬ no ch. way of taliking
139 905 eat iːt nb eant iːŋt ‫اینٹ‬ mor. eant iːŋt ‫اینٹ‬ add. of a c. brick
140 906 ebb ɛb nb ab ʌb ‫اب‬ mor. ab ʌb ‫اب‬ ch. of nu. now
141 907 eel iːl nb eel iːl ‫ایل‬ syll. eel iːl ‫چیل‬ no ch. kite
142 908 eight eɪt nb aenth eɪŋt ‫اینٹھ‬ mor. aenth eɪŋt ‫اینٹھ‬ add. of a c. to stiffen
143 909 essay eseɪ nb aesay eseɪ ‫ایسے‬ mor. aesay eseɪ ‫ایسے‬ no ch. in this way
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
144 910 fail feɪl nb f3l feɪl ‫ فعل‬mor. f3l feɪl ‫ فعل‬no ch. verb
145 911 fall fɔːl nb fol fɔːl ‫ فول‬mor. fol fɔːl ‫ فول‬no ch. absurd talk
146 912 fan fæn nb faen fæn ‫ فین‬syll. tarfaen tʌrfæn ‫ طرفین‬no ch. four directions
84
147 913 father fɑːðər fa: fa fa: ‫فا‬ syll. faar fa:r ‫چوہا‬ no ch. rat
914 ðər dar ðər ‫در‬ mor. dar ðər ‫در‬ no ch. door
148 915 fee fiː nb fee fiː ‫فی‬ mor. fee fiː ‫فی‬ no ch. one
149 916 feel fiːl nb feel fiːl ‫فیل‬ mor. feel fiːl ‫فیل‬ no ch. elephant
150 917 fill fɪl nb fil fɪl ‫فل‬ mor. filfil fɪl fɪl ‫فل فل‬ no ch. chili
151 918 fin fɪn nb fun fʌn ‫فن‬ mor. fun fʌn ‫فن‬ ch. of nu. skill
152 919 finger fɪŋgə fɪŋ fun fʌn ‫فن‬ mor. fun fʌn ‫فن‬ ch. of nu. skill
920 gər gar gər ‫گر‬ mor. gar gər ‫گر‬ no ch. if
153 921 finish fɪnɪʃ fɪ fi fɪ ‫فی‬ mor. fi fɪ ‫فی‬ no ch. for on
922 nɪʃ nishtar nɪʃ ‫نش‬ syll. nishtar nɪʃtər ‫نشتر‬ no ch. an instrument
154 923 foe fəʊ nb foe fəʊ ‫فو‬ syll. foe fəʊ ‫فور‬ no ch. hurry, haste
155 924 foreign fɒrɪn nb foran fɒrʌn ً
‫فورا‬ mor. foran fɒrʌn ً ‫فورا‬ ch. of a v. at once
156 925 fuck fʌk nb fuq fʌk ‫فق‬ mor. fuq fʌk ‫فق‬ no ch. bewildered
157 926 fun fʌn nb fun fʌn ‫فن‬ mor. fun fʌn ‫فن‬ ch. of nu. skill
158 927 fur fɜː nb fur fɜː ‫فر‬ mor. fur fɜː ‫فر‬ no ch. suplendour
159 928 fuse fjuːz nb fyuz fjuːz ‫فیوض‬ mor. fyuz fjuːz ‫فیوض‬ no ch. benefits
160 929 gap gæp nb gup gʌp ‫گپ‬ mor. gup gʌp ‫گپ‬ no ch. gossip
161 930 gather gæðə gæ gae gæ ‫گے‬ mor. gae gæ ‫گے‬ no ch. shal, will
931 gæðə ðər dar ðər ‫در‬ mor. dar ðər ‫در‬ no ch. door
162 932 gay geɪ nb gay geɪ ‫گے‬ mor. gay geɪ ‫گے‬ no ch. shall/will
163 933 gel ʤɛl nb jal ʤəl ‫جل‬ mor. jal ʤəl ‫جل‬ no ch. pond
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
164 934 gem ʤɛm nb jam ʤəm ‫جم‬ mor. jam ʤəm ‫جم‬ no ch. freeze
165 935 gill gɪl nb gil gɪl ‫ِگل‬ mor. gil gɪl ‫ِگل‬ no ch. soil
166 936 gin ʤɪn nb gin ʤɪn ‫جن‬ mor. gin ʤɪn ‫جن‬ no ch. giant
167 937 gird gɜːd nb gard gɜːd ‫گرد‬ mor. gard gɜːd ‫گرد‬ ch. of al. dust
85
168 938 glee gliː nb glee gliː ‫گلی‬ mor. gilee gɪliː ‫گیلی‬ ad. of v. wet
169 939 gley gleɪ nb giley gɪleɪ ‫گلے‬ mor. giley gɪleɪ ‫گلے‬ ad. of v. complaints
170 940 glow gləʊ nb gilo gɪləʊ ‫گلو‬ mor. gilo gɪləʊ ‫گلو‬ ad. of v. a herb
171 941 glue gluː nb glue gluː ‫گلو‬ mor. glue gluː ‫گلو‬ no ch. throat
172 942 glut glʌt nb ghalat gʌlʌt ‫غلط‬ mor. ghalat gʌlʌt ‫غلط‬ no ch. wrong
173 943 go gəʊ nb go gəʊ ‫گو‬ mor. go gəʊ ‫گو‬ no ch. say, speak
174 944 goal gəʊl nb gol gəʊl ‫گول‬ mor. gol gəʊl ‫گول‬ no ch. round shape
175 945 golly gɒli nb goly gɒli ‫گولی‬ mor. goly gɒli ‫گولی‬ no ch. tablet
176 946 gone gɒn nb gona gɒna: ‫گونا‬ mor. gona gɒna: ‫گونا‬ no ch. to bring the bridal
back from his
father's house
177 947 goody gʊdi nb guddi gʊdi ‫گڈی‬ mor. guddi gʊdi ‫گڈی‬ no ch. a kite
178 948 gore gɔːr nb gore gɔːr ‫گور‬ mor. gore gɔːr ‫گور‬ no ch. grave
179 949 gory gɔːri nb gory gɔːri ‫گوری‬ mor. gory gɔːri ‫گوری‬ no ch. fair complexion girl
180 950 gosh gɒʃ nb gosh gɒʃ ‫گوش‬ mor. gosh gɒʃ ‫گوش‬ no ch. ear
181 951 got gɒt nb got gɒt ‫گوٹ‬ mor. got gɒt ‫گوٹ‬ no ch. lace
182 952 grab græb nb ghareeb ghəri:b ‫غریب‬ mor. ghareeb ghəri:b ‫غریب‬ ch. of nu & the poor
al.
183 953 grammar græmər græ gray græ ‫ِگرے‬ mor. gray græ ‫ ِگرے‬no ch. fallen
954 mər mar mər ‫مر‬ mor. mar mər ‫ مر‬no ch. died
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
184 955 gray greɪ nb gray greɪ ‫گرے‬ syll. mungray muŋgreɪ ‫ مونگرے‬no ch. a vegetable
185 956 graze greɪz nb graez greɪz ‫گریز‬ mor. angraez əngreɪz ‫انگریز‬ no ch. the English
186 957 grew gruː nb gru gruː ‫گرو‬ mor. gru gruː ‫گرو‬ no ch. mentor
187 958 grow grəʊ nb giro gɪrəʊ ‫گرو‬ mor. giro gɪrəʊ ‫گرو‬ ad. of v. fall down
188 959 grudge grʌʤ nb garaj gərʌʤ ‫گرج‬ mor. garaj gərʌʤ ‫گرج‬ ad. of v. thunder
86
189 960 gull gʌl nb gal gʌl ‫َگل‬ mor. gal gʌl ‫َگل‬ no ch. dissolve, melt
190 961 gullah gʌlə nb gala gʌlə ‫َگال‬ mor. gala gʌlə ‫َگال‬ no ch. neck
191 962 gully ˈgʌli nb gali gʌli ‫گلی‬ mor. gali gʌli ‫گلی‬ no ch. street
192 963 gum gʌm nb gum gʌm ‫گم‬ syll. gamla gʌmla: ‫گمال‬ no ch. vase, flowerpot
193 964 gun gʌn nb gun gʌn ‫گن‬ syll. gunj gʌndʒ ‫گنج‬ no ch. treasure
194 965 gush gʌʃ nb gush gʌʃ ‫گش‬ syll. gusht gʌʃt ‫گشت‬ no ch. patrol
195 966 gut gʌt nb ghut ghʌt ‫غٹ‬ mor. ghut ghʌt ‫غٹ‬ no ch. rush, mob
196 967 guy gaɪ nb gaaye gaɪ ‫گاۓ‬ mor. gaaye gaɪ ‫گاۓ‬ no ch. cow, sing
197 968 hack hæk nb heek hi:k ‫ہیک‬ mor. heek hi:k ‫ہیک‬ ch. of nu. ill smell
198 969 hail heɪl nb hail heɪl ‫ہیل‬ mor. suhail sʊheɪl ‫سہیل‬ no ch. name of a person
199 970 hammer hæmər hæ hae hæ ‫ہے‬ mor. hae hæ ‫ہے‬ no ch. is
971 mər mar mər ‫مر‬ mor. mar mər ‫مر‬ no ch. die
200 972 hang hæŋ nb heeng hi:ng ‫ہینگ‬ mor. heeng hi:ng ‫ہینگ‬ ch. of nu. asafoetida
201 973 harm hɑːm nb haam hɑːm ‫ہام‬ mor. abhaam ʌbhɑːm ‫ابہام‬ no ch. vagueness
202 974 hatch hæʧ nb haech hæʧ ‫ہیچ‬ mor. haech hæʧ ‫ہیچ‬ no ch. low
203 975 hay heɪ nb hay heɪ ‫ہے‬ mor. hay heɪ ‫ہے‬ no ch. is
204 976 haze heɪz nb haze heɪz ‫ہیز‬ mor. parhaze pərheɪz ‫پرہیز‬ no ch. avoid
205 977 heal hiːl nb raheel hiːl ‫حیل‬ mor. raheel ra:hiːl ‫راحیل‬ no ch. name of a person
206 978 hen hɛn nb hen hɛn ‫ہن‬ syll. rehen hɛn ‫رہن‬ no ch. mortgage
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
207 979 hence hɛns nb huns hʌns ‫ہنس‬ mor. huns hʌns ‫ہنس‬ ch. of nu. swan
208 980 herb hɜːb nb herb hɜːb ‫حرب‬ mor. herb hɜːb ‫حرب‬ no ch. war
209 981 hid hɪd nb had hʌd ‫ہڈ‬ syll. had hʌd ‫ہڈ‬ ch. of nu. a big bone
210 982 hike haɪk ha: ha ha: ‫ہا‬ mor. ha ha: ‫ہا‬ no ch. regret
983 ɪk ik ɪk ‫اک‬ mor. ik ɪk ‫اک‬ no ch. one
211 984 hill hɪl nb hil hɪl ‫ہل‬ mor. hil hɪl ‫ہل‬ no ch. move
87
212 985 hiss hɪs nb hiss hɪs ‫حس‬ mor. hiss hɪs ‫حس‬ no ch. sense
213 986 hole həʊl nb hole həʊl ‫حول‬ syll. mahole ma:həʊl ‫ماحول‬ no ch. atmosphere
214 987 hood hʊd nb hud hʊd ‫ہد‬ mor. hud hud hʊd hʊd ‫ہد ہد‬ no ch. woodpecker
215 988 hour aʊər nb aawar aʊər ‫آور‬ mor. zoraawar zɔ:raʊər ‫زورآور‬ no ch. powerful
216 989 how haʊ nb how haʊ ‫ہاؤ‬ mor. how hoo haʊ huː ‫ہاؤ ہو‬ no ch. noise
217 990 hug hʌg nb hug hʌg ‫ہگ‬ mor. hug hʌg ‫ہگ‬ no ch. evacuate bowels
218 991 hull hʌl nb hul hʌl ‫ہل‬ mor. hul hʌl ‫ہل‬ no ch. plough
219 992 hum hʌm nb hum hʌm ‫ہم‬ mor. hum hʌm ‫ہم‬ no ch. we
220 993 hut hʌt nb hut hʌt ‫ہٹ‬ mor. hut hʌt ‫ہٹ‬ no ch. go away
221 994 ice aɪs nb aais aɪs ‫سائس‬ mor. saais sa:ɪs ‫سائس‬ no ch. harnessman
222 995 inherit ɪnhɛrɪt ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫اِن‬ no ch. these
996 hɛrɪt haerat hɛrət ‫حیرت‬ mor. haerat hɛrət ‫حیرت‬ ch. of nu. surprise
223 997 injure ˈɪnʤə ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫اِن‬ no ch. these
998 ˈɪnʤə ʤər jar ʤər ‫جر‬ mor. jar ʤər ‫جر‬ no ch. pull, basic
224 999 insane ɪnˈseɪn nb insaan ɪnsa:n ‫انسان‬ mor. insaan ɪnsa:n ‫انسان‬ ch. of nu. human
225 1000 ion ˈaɪən nb ion aɪən ‫آئین‬ mor. ion aɪən ‫آئین‬ no ch. constitution
226 1001 jab ʤæb nb jaeb ʤæb ‫جیب‬ mor. jaeb ʤæb ‫جیب‬ no ch. pocket
227 1002 jam ʤæm nb jaam ʤa:m ‫جام‬ mor. jaam ʤa:m ‫جام‬ ch. of nu. bowl
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
228 1003 jaw ʤɔː nb jo ʤɔː ‫ جو‬mor. jo ʤɔː ‫ جو‬no ch. which
229 1004 jazz ʤæz nb jaaizz ʤaɪz ‫ جائز‬mor. jaaizz ʤaɪz ‫ جائز‬ch. of nu. fair
230 1005 jet ʤɛt nb jeith ʤeɪth ‫ جیٹھ‬mor. jeth ʤɛth ‫ جیٹھ‬ch. of nu & husband's elder
al. brother
231 1006 job ʤɒb nb job ʤɒb ‫ جوب‬syll. joban ʤɒbən ‫ جوبن‬no ch. adolescent
232 1007 jog ʤɒg nb jog ʤɒg ‫ جوگ‬mor. jog ʤɒg ‫ جوگ‬no ch. right time
88
233 1008 join ʤɔɪn ʤɔ jo ʤɔ ‫جو‬ mor. jo ʤɔ ‫جو‬ no ch. which

1009 ʤɔɪn ɪn in ɪn ‫اِن‬ mor. in ɪn ‫اِن‬ no ch. these
234 1010 jug ʤʌg nb jug ʤʌg ‫جگ‬ mor. jug ʤʌg ‫جگ‬ no ch. world
235 1011 just ʤʌst nb just ʤʌst ‫جست‬ mor. just ʤʌst ‫جست‬ ch. of al. jump
236 1012 jut ʤʌt nb jut ʤʌt ‫جٹ‬ mor. jut ʤʌt ‫جٹ‬ no ch. name of a race
237 1013 jute ʤuːt nb jhoot ʤhuːt ‫جھوٹ‬ mor. jhoot ʤhuːt ‫جھوٹ‬ ch. of al. a lie
238 1014 keel kiːl nb keel kiːl ‫کیل‬ mor. keel kiːl ‫کیل‬ no ch. a nail
239 1015 keen kiːn nb Keen kiːn ‫ِکین‬ mor. Keen kiːn ‫ِکین‬ no ch. jealousy
240 1016 ker kʌr nb kar kʌr ‫کر‬ mor. kar kʌr ‫کر‬ no ch. do it
241 1017 key kiː nb ki kiː ‫کی‬ mor. ki kiː ‫کی‬ no ch. of
242 1018 kick kɪk nb keek ki:k ‫کیک‬ syll. rakeek rəki:k ‫رکیک‬ ch. of nu. lazy, fragile
243 1019 kill kɪl nb kil kɪl ‫کل‬ syll. mushkil mʊʃkɪl ‫مشکل‬ no ch. difficulty
244 1020 kin kɪn nb kin kɪn ‫کن‬ mor. kin kɪn ‫کن‬ no ch. which/whom
245 1021 kiss kɪs nb kis kɪs ‫کس‬ mor. kis kɪs ‫کس‬ no ch. whom, whose
246 1022 kneel niːl nb neel niːl ‫نیل‬ mor. neel niːl ‫نیل‬ no ch. blue
247 1023 knock nɒk nb naak na:k ‫ناک‬ mor. naak na:k ‫ناک‬ ch. of nu. nose
248 1024 knock nɒk nb nok nɒk ‫نوک‬ mor. nok nɒk ‫نوک‬ no ch. tip
249 1025 know nəʊ nb no nəʊ ‫نو‬ mor. no nəʊ ‫نو‬ no ch. new
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
250 1026 lace leɪs nb lace leɪs ‫ لیس‬mor. lace leɪs ‫لیس‬ no ch. equipped
251 1027 lain leɪn nb lain leɪn ‫ لین‬mor. Lain leɪn ‫لین‬ no ch. receive, take
252 1028 lake leɪk nb laek leɪk ‫ لیک‬syll. alaek əleɪk ‫علیک‬ no ch. acquaintance
sleɪk ‫سیک‬
253 1029 lap læp nb leep li:p ‫ لیپ‬mor. leep li:p ‫لیپ‬ ch. of nu. to coat
254 1030 late leɪt nb late leɪt ‫ لیٹ‬mor. late leɪt ‫لیٹ‬ no ch. lie
255 1031 laugh lɑːf nb laaf lɑːf ‫ الف‬mor. laaf lɑːf ‫الف‬ no ch. bragging
89
256 1032 law lɔː nb lo lɔː ‫لو‬ mor. lo lɔː ‫لو‬ no ch. flame of candle
257 1033 lay leɪ nb lay leɪ ‫لے‬ mor. lay leɪ ‫لے‬ no ch. take
258 1034 lead liːd nb leed liːð ‫لید‬ mor. leed liːð ‫لید‬ ch. of al. dung of animals
259 1035 level lɛvəl lɛ le lɛ ‫لے‬ mor. le lɛ ‫لے‬ no ch. take
1036 vəl val vəl ‫ول‬ mor. vald vəld ‫ولد‬ no ch. son of
260 1037 lie laɪ nb lie laɪ ‫الئی‬ mor. lie laɪ ‫الئی‬ no ch. brought
261 1038 listen lɪsən lɪ li lɪ ‫لی‬ mor. li lɪ ‫لی‬ no ch. took
1039 sən san sən ‫سن‬ mor. san sən ‫سن‬ no ch. poppy
262 1040 lock lɒk nb lok lɒk ‫لوک‬ mor. lok lɒk ‫لوک‬ no ch. humans
263 1041 log lɒg nb log lɒg ‫لوگ‬ mor. log lɒg ‫لوگ‬ no ch. people
264 1042 logo ləʊgəʊ nb logo ləʊgəʊ ‫لوگو‬ mor. logo ləʊgəʊ ‫لوگو‬ no ch. o people
265 1043 long lɒŋ nb long lɒŋ ‫لونگ‬ mor. long lɒŋ ‫لونگ‬ no ch. nose pin, clove
266 1044 lot lɒt nb lot lɒt ‫لوٹ‬ mor. lot lɒt ‫لوٹ‬ no ch. return
267 1045 low ləʊ nb lo ləʊ ‫لو‬ mor. lo ləʊ ‫لو‬ no ch. flame of candle
268 1046 luck lʌk nb luck lʌk ‫لک‬ syll. paluck pa:lʌk ‫پالک‬ no ch. spinach
269 1047 lull lʌl nb lul lʌl ‫لل‬ syll. milul mɪlʌl ‫ملل‬ no ch. nations
270 1048 male meɪl nb male meɪl ‫میل‬ mor. male meɪl ‫میل‬ no ch. matching
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
271 1049 mall mɔːl nb mole mɔːl ‫مول‬ mor. mole mɔːl ‫مول‬ no ch. price
272 1050 mar mɑː(r) nb maar mɑːr ‫مار‬ mor. maar mɑːr ‫مار‬ no ch. hit, beat
273 1051 mass mæs nb mass mæs ‫میس‬ mor. massu mæsʊ ‫میسو‬ no ch. a sweet
274 1052 mast mɑːst nb mast mʌst ‫مست‬ mor. mast mʌst ‫مست‬ ch. of al. inoxicated
275 1053 mat mæt nb mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ mor. mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ no ch. erase, remove
276 1054 match mæʧ nb meech mɪ:ʧ ‫ِمیچ‬ mor. meech mɪ:ʧ ‫ِمیچ‬ ch. of nu. to close the eye
277 1055 maze meɪz nb maze meɪz ‫میز‬ mor. maze meɪz ‫میز‬ no ch. table
278 1056 meal miːl nb meel miːl ‫میل‬ mor. meel miːl ‫میل‬ no ch. mile
90
279 1057 mean miːn nb meen miːn ‫مین‬ syll. zameen zəmiːn ‫زمین‬ no ch. earth
280 1058 mice maɪs ma ma ma ‫ما‬ mor. ma ma ‫ما‬ no ch. abr. for mother
1059 ɪs iss ɪs ‫اس‬ mor. iss ɪs ‫اس‬ no ch. this
281 1060 mile maɪl nb maail maɪl ‫مائل‬ mor. maail maɪl ‫مائل‬ no ch. to be tempt
282 1061 mill mɪl nb mil mɪl ‫مل‬ mor. mil mɪl ‫مل‬ no ch. meet, mix
283 1062 miss mɪs nb muss mʌs ‫مس‬ mor. muss mʌs ‫مس‬ ch. of nu. touch
284 1063 mitt mɪt nb mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ mor. mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ no ch. erase, remove
285 1064 mobile məʊbʌɪl məʊ mo məʊ ‫مو‬ syll. more məʊr ‫مور‬ no ch. peacock
1065 bʌ ba bʌ ‫با‬ mor. ba bʌ ‫با‬ no ch. with
1066 ɪl il ɪl ‫ئل‬ syll. ma-il maɪl ‫مائل‬ no ch. inclined
286 1067 mock mɒk nb moq mɒk ‫موق‬ syll. moqa mɒk ‫موقع‬ no ch. chance
287 1068 more mɔːr nb more mɔːr ‫مور‬ mor. more mɔːr ‫مور‬ no ch. peacock
288 1069 mother mʌðər nb mather ma:ðər ‫مادر‬ mor. mather ma:ðər ‫مادر‬ ch. of nu. mother
289 1070 motion məʊʃən məʊ mo məʊ ‫مو‬ syll. mout məʊt ‫موت‬ no ch. death
1071 ʃən shn ʃən ‫شن‬ syll. roshn rɒʃən ‫روشن‬ no ch. lit
290 1072 much mʌʧ nb much mʌʧ ‫مچ‬ mor. much mʌʧ ‫مچ‬ no ch. mistake
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
291 1073 mud mʌd nb mud mʌd ‫مد‬ mor. mud mʌd ‫مد‬ ch. of al. attraction, pull
292 1074 mug mʌg nb mug mʌg ‫مگ‬ mor. mug mʌg ‫مگ‬ no ch. way, wait
293 1075 mutt mʌt nb mut mʌt ‫مٹ‬ mor. mut mʌt ‫مٹ‬ no ch. house
294 1076 nake neɪk nb nake neɪk ‫نیک‬ mor. nake neɪk ‫نیک‬ no ch. a pious man
295 1077 nano nænəʊ nb nano nænəʊ ‫نینو‬ mor. nano nænəʊ ‫نینوں‬ no ch. eyes
296 1078 nany næny nb nany næny ‫ نینی‬mor. naany na:ni ‫ نانی‬ch. of nu. grand mother
297 1079 nap næp nb naap na:p ‫ ناپ‬mor. naap na:p ‫ ناپ‬ch. of nu. measurement
298 1080 near nɪə(r) nb neer ni:r ‫ نیر‬mor. neer ni:r ‫ نیر‬ch. of nu. tears
91
299 1081 neck nɛk nb neik nɛk ‫نیک‬ mor. neik nɛk ‫نیک‬ no ch. pious
300 1082 niche nɪtʃ nb neech ni:tʃ ‫نیچ‬ mor. neech ni:tʃ ‫نیچ‬ ch. of nu. low, base, vile
301 1083 nick nɪk nb nik nɪk ‫نک‬ syll. nikla nɪklə ‫نکال‬ no ch. come out
302 1084 nil nɪl nb nil nɪl ‫نل‬ syll. nilwa nɪlwə ‫نلوہ‬ no ch. pure, sincere
303 1085 none nʌn nb nun nʌn ‫نن‬ syll. nunna nʌnna: ‫ننا‬ no ch. a little boy
304 1086 nose nəʊz nb naaz na:z ‫ناز‬ mor. naaz na:z ‫ناز‬ ch. of nu. coquetry
305 1087 not nɒt nb naat na:t ‫ناٹ‬ mor. naat na:t ‫ناٹ‬ ch. of nu. to deny
306 1088 notch nɒʧ nb noch nɒʧ ‫نوچ‬ mor. noch nɒʧ ‫نوچ‬ no ch. to pinch
307 1089 null nʌl nb nul nʌl ‫نل‬ mor. nul nʌl ‫نل‬ no ch. water tap
308 1090 numb nʌm nb num nʌm ‫نم‬ mor. num nʌm ‫نم‬ no ch. moist, wet
309 1091 nut nʌt nb nut nʌt ‫نٹ‬ mor. nut nʌt ‫نٹ‬ no ch. a uggler
310 1092 oak əʊk nb oak əʊk ‫اوک‬ mor. oak əʊk ‫اوک‬ no ch. handful
311 1093 oar ɔː(r) nb oar ɔːr ‫اور‬ mor. oar ɔːr ‫اور‬ no ch. direction
312 1094 obey əˈbeɪ nb abey əbeɪ ‫ابے‬ mor. abey əbeɪ ‫ابے‬ no ch. an add. term
313 1095 occupy ɒkjʊpaɪ ɒ o ɒ ‫او‬ mor. o ɒ ‫او‬ no ch. an add. term
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
1096 kjʊ kyu kjʊ: ‫کیو‬ syll. kyun kjʊ:n ‫کیوں‬ no ch. why
1097 paɪ pai paɪ ‫پائی‬ mor. pai paɪ ‫پائی‬ no ch. found
314 1098 offer ɒfər ɒ o ɒ ‫او‬ mor. o ɒ ‫او‬ no ch. an add. term
1099 fər far fər ‫فر‬ mor. fard fərd ‫فرد‬ no ch. a person
315 1100 owe əʊ nb au əʊ ‫اؤ‬ syll. bhau bəʊ ‫بھؤ‬ no ch. dog
316 1101 own əʊn nb oon ʊ:n ‫اوون‬ mor. oon ʊ:n ‫اوون‬ ch. of nu. wool
317 1102 pack pæk nb paek pæk ‫پیک‬ mor. paekar pækər ‫پیکر‬ no ch. physique, body
318 1103 pain peɪn nb pain peɪn ‫پین‬ syll. paina peɪnə ‫پینا‬ no ch. a pointed stick
319 1104 pal pæl nb pal pæl ‫پیل‬ mor. pal pæl ‫پیل‬ no ch. to push
320 1105 pan pæn nb paan pa:n ‫پان‬ mor. paan pa:n ‫پان‬ ch. of nu. betel leaf
92
321 1106 pardon pɑːdən pɑːr paar ˈpɑːr ‫ پار‬mor. paar ˈpɑːr ‫ پار‬no ch. across
1107 dən dan dən ‫ ڈن‬syll. danda dəndə ‫ ڈنڈا‬no ch. a stick
322 1108 particip pɑːrtɪs pɑːr paar pɑːr ‫ پار‬mor. paar ˈpɑːr ‫ پار‬no ch. across
ate ɪpeɪt
1109 tɪ tee tiː ‫ٹی‬ syll. roti rɔti ‫روٹی‬ no ch. bread
1110 sɪ see siː ‫سی‬ see siː ‫سی‬ no ch. sew, similar
1111 peɪt peit peɪt ‫پیٹ‬ mor. peit peɪt ‫پیٹ‬ ch. of nu. belly
323 1112 pass pɑːs nb pass pɑːs ‫پاس‬ mor. pass pɑːs ‫پاس‬ no ch. near, close
324 1113 patch pæʧ nb peich pæʧ ‫پیچ‬ mor. peich pæʧ ‫پیچ‬ no ch. twist, turn
325 1114 pay peɪ nb pe peɪ ‫پہ‬ mor. pe peɪ ‫پہ‬ no ch. on
326 1115 pay peɪ nb pay peɪ ‫پہ‬ mor. pay peɪ ‫پہ‬ no ch. on, at
327 1116 pea piː nb pea piː ‫پی‬ mor. pea piː ‫پی‬ no ch. drink
328 1117 peace piːs nb peace piːs ‫پیس‬ mor. peace piːs ‫پیس‬ no ch. to grind
329 1118 peak pi:k nb peek pi:k ‫پیک‬ mor. peek pi:k ‫پیک‬ no ch. funnel
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
330 1119 peat piːt nb peat piːt ‫پیٹ‬ mor. peat piːt ‫پیٹ‬ no ch. beat
331 1120 peel piːl nb peel piːl ‫پیل‬ mor. peel piːl ‫پیل‬ no ch. elephant
332 1121 peep piːp nb peep piːp ‫پیپ‬ mor. peep piːp ‫پیپ‬ no ch. pus
333 1122 peer pɪə nb peer pi:r ‫پیر‬ mor. peer pi:r ‫پیر‬ ch. of nu. Monday
334 1123 peg pɛg nb pug pʌg ‫پگ‬ mor. pug pʌg ‫پگ‬ ch. of nu. turban
335 1124 pen pɛn nb pun pʌn ‫پن‬ mor. pun pʌn ‫پن‬ ch. of nu. abr. for water
336 1125 peni pæni nb phaeni pæni ‫پھینی‬ mor. phaeni pæni ‫پھینی‬ no ch. cake of vermicelli
337 1126 penus pɪnʌs pɪ pee pɪ ‫پی‬ mor. pee pɪ ‫پی‬ no ch. drink
1127 nʌs nus nʌs ‫نس‬ mor. nus nʌs ‫نس‬ no ch. vein
338 1128 people piːpl nb pipal piːpl ‫پیپل‬ mor. pipal piːpl ‫پیپل‬ no ch. pipal
339 1129 per pɜːr nb per pɜːr ‫پر‬ mor. per pɜːr ‫پر‬ no ch. wing, feather
93
340 1130 permit pɜːmɪt pɜː per pɜːr ‫پر‬ mor.per pɜːr ‫پر‬ no ch. wing, feather
1131 mɪt mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ mor.mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ no ch. erase, remove
341 1132 pet pɛt nb peit peɪt ‫پیٹ‬ mor.peit peɪt ‫پیٹ‬ ch. of nu. belly
342 1133 phone fəʊn nb foun fəʊn ‫فون‬ syll.
shefoun ʃefəʊn ‫شیفون‬ no ch. kind of cloth
343 1134 pick pɪk nb puk pʌk ‫پک‬ mor.puk pʌk ‫پک‬ ch. of nu. ripe
344 1135 pile paɪl nb payal paɪl ‫پائل‬ mor.payal paɪl ‫پائل‬ no ch. anklet
345 1136 pill pɪl nb pil pɪl ‫پل‬ mor.pil pɪl pərh ‫پل پڑنا‬ no ch. to pounce upon
parhna nə
346 1137 pillow pɪləʊ pɪ pe pɪ ‫ پی‬mor. pe pɪ ‫پی‬ no ch. drink
1138 ləʊ lo ləʊ ‫ لو‬mor. lo ləʊ ‫لو‬ no ch. flame of candle,
347 1139 pin pɪn nb pin pɪn ‫ پن‬syll. pinjra pɪndʒrə ‫پنجرہ‬ no ch. cage
348 1140 pit pɪt nb pit pɪt ‫ پٹ‬mor. pitna pɪtna: ‫پٹنا‬ no ch. to be beaten
349 1141 pity ˈpɪti nb pity pɪti ‫ پٹی‬mor. pity pɪti ‫پٹی‬ no ch. beaten
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
350 1142 plough plaʊ nb plau plaʊ ‫ پالؤ‬mor. plau plaʊ ‫پالؤ‬ no ch. a dish of rice
351 1143 pluck plʌk nb palak pəlʌk ‫ پلک‬mor. palak pəlʌk ‫پلک‬ ad. of v. eye lash
352 1144 plug plʌg nb palung pəlʌng ‫ پلنگ‬mor. palung pəlʌng ‫پلنگ‬ add. of c. bed
353 1145 pole pəʊl nb pole pəʊl ‫ پول‬mor. pole pəʊl ‫پول‬ no ch. secret
354 1146 pop pɒp nb paap pa:p ‫ پاپ‬mor. paap pa:p ‫پاپ‬ ch. of nu. sin, evil deed
355 1147 pore pɔː(r) nb pore pɔːr ‫ پور‬mor. pore pɔːr ‫پور‬ no ch. phalanges
356 1148 put pʊt nb put pʌt ‫ پٹ‬mor. put pʌt ‫پٹ‬ ch. of nu. thie
357 1149 pray preɪ nb pray preɪ ‫ پرے‬syll. khopray khɒpreɪ ‫کھوپرے‬ no ch. coconut
358 1150 puck pʌk nb puk pʌk ‫ پک‬mor. puk pʌk ‫پک‬ no ch. baked/cooked
359 1151 pun pʌn nb pun pʌn ‫ پن‬mor. pun pʌn ‫پن‬ no ch. abr. for water
360 1152 puppy ˈpʌpi nb puppy ˈpʌpi ‫ پپی‬mor. puppy ˈpʌpi ‫پپی‬ no ch. a kiss
361 1153 pus pʌs nb pus pʌs ‫ پس‬mor. pus pʌs ‫پس‬ no ch. consequently
94
362 1154 race reɪs nb rees ri:s ‫ریس‬ mor. rees ri:s ‫ریس‬ ch. of nu. comparison
363 1155 raft rɑːft nb rafat rɑːfət ‫رافت‬ mor. rafat rɑːfət ‫رافت‬ ad. of v. pity, kindness
364 1156 rag ræg nb rag ræg ‫ریگ‬ mor. rag ræg ‫ریگ‬ no ch. desert
365 1157 rain reɪn nb rain reɪn ‫رین‬ mor. raen ræn ‫رین‬ no ch. night
366 1158 ran ræn nb raen ræn ‫رین‬ syll. raenk rænk ‫رینک‬ no ch. braying of ass
367 1159 raw rɔː nb ro rɔː ‫رو‬ mor. ro rɔː ‫رو‬ no ch. weep, cry
368 1160 ray reɪ nb ray reɪ ‫رے‬ mor. ray reɪ ‫رے‬ no ch. calling term
369 1161 re riː nb re riː ‫ری‬ mor. re riː ‫ری‬ no ch. a calling term
370 1162 reign reɪn nb reen reɪn ‫رین‬ mor. darain da:reɪn ‫دارین‬ no ch. worlds
371 1163 rit rit nb rut rʌt ‫رٹ‬ mor. rut rʌt ‫رٹ‬ ch. of nu. repetition
372 1164 river rɪvər rɪ re rɪ ‫ری‬ mor. re rɪ ‫ری‬ no ch. a calling term
1165 vər ver vər ‫ور‬ mor. ver vər ‫ور‬ no ch. better
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
373 1166 roam rəʊm nb rom rɔ:m ‫روم‬ mor. rom rɔ:m ‫روم‬ no ch. hair
374 1167 rob rɒb nb roub rɒb ‫رعب‬ mor. roub rɒb ‫رعب‬ no ch. awe
375 1168 rock rɒk nb roke rɒk ‫روک‬ mor. roke rɒk ‫روک‬ no ch. obstruction
376 1169 rogue rəʊg nb rog rəʊg ‫روگ‬ mor. rog rəʊg ‫روگ‬ no ch. disease, worry
377 1170 roof rʊ:f nb roof rʊ:f ‫روف‬ syll. masroof mʌsrʊ:f ‫مصروف‬ no ch. busy
378 1171 room rʊ:m nb rom rɔ:m ‫روم‬ mor. rom rɔ:m ‫روم‬ ch. of nu. hair
379 1172 rose rəʊz nb roz rəʊz ‫روز‬ mor. roz rəʊz ‫روز‬ no ch. day, daily
380 1173 row rəʊ nb ro rəʊ ‫رو‬ mor. ro rəʊ ‫رو‬ no ch. weep, cry
381 1174 rub rʌb nb rub rʌb ‫رب‬ mor. rub rʌb ‫رب‬ no ch. Lord
382 1175 rug rʌg nb rug rʌg ‫رگ‬ mor. rug rʌg ‫رگ‬ no ch. veins
383 1176 rum rʌm nb rum rʌm ‫رم‬ mor. rum rʌm ‫رم‬ no ch. flight,scare
384 1177 run rʌn nb run rʌn ‫رن‬ mor. run rʌn ‫رن‬ no ch. fight, war
385 1178 rung rʌŋ nb rung rʌŋ ‫رنگ‬ mor. rung rʌŋ ‫رنگ‬ no ch. colour
95
386 1179 rut rʌt nb rut rʌt ‫رٹ‬ mor. rut rʌt ‫رٹ‬ no ch. repetition
387 1180 safe seɪf nb saef seɪf ‫سیف‬ mor. saef seɪf ‫سیف‬ no ch. sword
388 1181 sag sæg nb sug sʌg ‫سگ‬ mor. sug sʌg ‫سگ‬ ch. of nu. dog
389 1182 sage seɪʤ nb sage seɪʤ ‫سیج‬ mor. sage seɪʤ ‫سیج‬ no ch. bed
390 1183 sail seɪl nb sail seɪl ‫سیل‬ mor. sail seɪl ‫سیل‬ no ch. flow of water
391 1184 sake seɪk nb sake seɪk ‫سیک‬ mor. sake seɪk ‫سیک‬ no ch. heat
392 1185 salon sælɒn nb salan sa:lən ‫ثالن‬ mor. salan sa:lən ‫ثالن‬ no ch. curry

393 1186 same seɪm nb same seɪm ‫سیم‬ mor. same seɪm ‫سیم‬ no ch. water table
394 1187 say seɪ nb say seɪ ‫سے‬ mor. say seɪ ‫سے‬ no ch. from
395 1188 scene siːn nb seen siːn ‫سین‬ mor. seena siːnə ‫سینہ‬ no ch. chest
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
396 1189 seam siːm nb seem siːm ‫ِسم‬ mor. seem siːm ‫ِسم‬ no ch. silver
397 1190 see siː nb see siː ‫سی‬ mor. see siː ‫سی‬ no ch. like something
398 1191 seek siːk nb seek siːk ‫سیکھ‬ mor. seek siːk ‫سیکھ‬ no ch. suggestion
399 1192 sent sɛnt nb sant sənt ‫سنت‬ mor. sant sənt ‫سنت‬ ch. of nu & a pious man
al.
400 1193 seven ˈsɛvn nb seven sɛvn ‫سیون‬ mor. seven sɛvn ‫سیون‬ no ch. name of a city
401 1194 shack ʃæk nb shak ʃʌk ‫شک‬ mor. shak ʃʌk ‫شک‬ ch. of nu. doubt
402 1195 shake ʃeɪk nb shaekh ʃeɪkh ‫شیخ‬ mor. shaekh ʃeɪkh ‫شیخ‬ ch. of onset a spirtual mentor
403 1196 shaky ʃæki nb shakki ʃʌkki ‫شکی‬ mor. shakki ʃʌkki ‫شکی‬ ch. of nu. suspicious
404 1197 shame ʃæm nb shaam ʃa:m ‫شام‬ mor. shaam ʃa:m ‫شام‬ no ch. evening
405 1198 share ʃeə nb sher ʃeɪr ‫شیر‬ mor. sher ʃeɪr ‫شیر‬ ch. of nu. lion
406 1199 she ʃiː nb she ʃiː ‫شی‬ syll. sheer ʃiːr ‫شیر‬ no ch. milk
407 1200 sheer ʃɪə nb sheer ʃi:r ‫شیر‬ mor. sheer ʃiːr ‫شیر‬ ch. of nu. milk
408 1201 shine ʃaɪn ʃa: sha ʃa: ‫شا‬ syll. shad ʃa:d ‫شاد‬ no ch. happy
96
409 1202 shirk ʃɜː(r)k nb sharq ʃɜːrk ‫شرق‬ mor. sharq ʃɜːrk ‫شرق‬ no ch. the east
410 1203 shirt ʃɜː(r)t nb shart ʃɜːrt ‫شرط‬ mor. shart ʃɜːrt ‫شرط‬ ch. of al. condition
411 1204 shock ʃɒk nb shouk ʃɒk ‫شوق‬ mor. shouk ʃɒk ‫شوق‬ no ch. fondness
412 1205 shook ʃʊk nb shuk ʃʊk ‫شک‬ mor. shukr ʃʊkr ‫شکر‬ add. of onset thanks
413 1206 shore ʃɔː(r) nb shore ʃɔːr ‫شور‬ mor. shore ʃɔːr ‫شور‬ no ch. noise
414 1207 show ʃəʊ nb sho ʃəʊ ‫شو‬ syll. shola ʃəʊ ‫شعلہ‬ no ch. flame
415 1208 shrub ʃrʌb nb shrab ʃra:b ‫شراب‬ mor. shrab ʃra:b ‫شراب‬ no ch. wine
416 1209 shun ʃʌn nb shun ʃʌn ‫شن‬ syll. roshun rɒʃʌn ‫روشن‬ no ch. lit
417 1210 sick sɪk nb sik sɪk ‫سک‬ mor. sik sɪk ‫سک‬ no ch. bake
418 1211 silver sɪlvər sɪl sil sɪl ‫سل‬ mor. sil sɪl ‫سل‬ no ch. a rocky piece
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
1212 vər var vər ‫ور‬ mor. var vər ‫ور‬ no ch. a suffix
419 1213 sim sɪm nb sim sɪm ‫سم‬ syll. marasim məra:sɪm ‫مراسم‬ no ch. relations
420 1214 sing sɪŋ nb seeng si:ŋ ‫سینگ‬ mor. seeng si:ŋ ‫سینگ‬ ch. of nu. horn
421 1215 sir sɜːr nb sar sɜːr ‫سر‬ mor. sar sɜːr ‫سر‬ no ch. head
422 1216 skim skɪm nb sukm sʊkm ‫سقم‬ mor. sukm sʊkm ‫سقم‬ ch. of nu. flaw, defect
423 1217 skull skʌl nb kal kʌl ‫کل‬ mor. kal kʌl ‫کل‬ om. of a c. machine
424 1218 sky skaɪ nb sikai sɪkaɪ ‫سکائی‬ mor. sikai sɪkaɪ ‫سکائی‬ ad. of v. toasting
425 1219 slam slæm nb salam səla:m ‫سالم‬ mor. salam səla:m ‫سالم‬ ch. of nu. a greeting
426 1220 slim slɪm nb saalim sa:lɪm ‫سالم‬ mor. saalim sa:lɪm ‫سالم‬ ad. of v. nb
427 1221 sly slaɪ nb sily sɪlaɪ ‫سالئی‬ mor. sily sɪlaɪ ‫سالئی‬ ad. of v. seam
428 1222 snow snəʊ nb suno sʊnəʊ ‫سنو‬ mor. suno sʊnəʊ ‫سنو‬ ad. of v. listen
429 1223 sofa səʊfə səʊ so səʊ ‫سو‬ mor. so səʊ ‫سو‬ no ch. sleep
1224 fə fa fə ‫فا‬ syll. wafa wəfə ‫وفا‬ no ch. faithfulness
430 1225 sola səʊlə nb sola səʊlə ‫سولہ‬ mor. sola səʊlə ‫سولہ‬ no ch. sixteen
431 1226 sonnet sɒnɪt sɒ so sɒ ‫سو‬ mor. so sɒ ‫سو‬ no ch. sleep
97
1227 nɪt nit nɪt ‫نت‬ mor. nit nɪt ‫نت‬ ch. of al. always, eternal
432 1228 sook suːk nb sook suːk ‫سوکھ‬ mor. sook suːk ‫سوکھ‬ ch. of al. to dry
433 1229 soon suːn nb soon suːn ‫سون‬ mor. soon suːn ‫سون‬ no ch. silence
434 1230 sora ˈsɔːrə nb sora sɔːrə ‫سورا‬ mor. sorana sɔːrəna ‫سورانا‬ no ch. restless
435 1231 sow səʊ nb so səʊ ‫سو‬ mor. so səʊ ‫سو‬ no ch. sleep
436 1232 sub sʌb nb sub sʌb ‫سب‬ mor. sub sʌb ‫سب‬ no ch. all
437 1233 such sʌʧ nb such sʌʧ ‫سچ‬ mor. such sʌʧ ‫سچ‬ no ch. true, truth
438 1234 suck sʌk nb suk sʌk ‫سک‬ syll. sukkat sʌkkʌt ‫سکت‬ no ch. power
439 1235 suffer ˈsʌfə nb safar sʌfər ‫سفر‬ mor. safar sʌfər ‫سفر‬ no ch. ourney
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
440 1236 sun sʌn nb sun sʌn ‫سن‬ mor. sun sʌn ‫سن‬ no ch. jute
441 1237 sung sʌŋ nb sung sʌŋ ‫سنگ‬ mor. sung sʌŋ ‫سنگ‬ no ch. stone
442 1238 sunk sʌŋk nb sunk sʌŋk ‫سنک‬ syll. sunki sʌŋkɪ ‫سنکی‬ no ch. mad
443 1239 sunny sʌni nb sani sʌni ‫سنی‬ mor. sani sʌni ‫سنی‬ no ch. used utensil
444 1240 sure ʃʊə nb shore ʃɔ:r ‫شور‬ mor. shore ʃɔ:r ‫شور‬ ch. of nu. noise
445 1241 swear sweə nb swer swaer ‫سویر‬ mor. swer swaer ‫سویر‬ ch. of nu. early, morning
446 1242 table tæbəl tæ tae tæ ‫ٹے‬ syll. ratae rətæ ‫رٹے‬ no ch. learned by heart
447 1243 table bəl bal bəl ‫بل‬ mor. bal bəl ‫بل‬ no ch. twist
448 1244 tail teɪl nb tail teɪl ‫تیل‬ mor. tail teɪl ‫تیل‬ ch. of al. oil
449 1245 take teɪk nb take teɪk ‫ٹیک‬ mor. take teɪk ‫ٹیک‬ no ch. support, back of
chair
450 1246 tacky tæki nb tiki tɪki ‫ٹکی‬ mor. tiki tɪki ‫ٹکی‬ ch. of nu. placed
451 1247 tango tæŋgəʊ nb taango ta:ŋgəʊ ‫ٹانگو‬ mor. taango ta:ŋgəʊ ‫ٹانگو‬ no ch. hang it
452 1248 tank tæŋk nb taank ta:ŋk ‫ٹانک‬ mor. taank ta:ŋk ‫ٹانک‬ ch. of nu. stitch
453 1249 taper ˈteɪpə nb tapparh təppər ‫تپڑ‬ mor. tapparh təppər ‫تپڑ‬ ch. of al. a cushion
454 1250 tariff ˈtærɪf nb taarif ta:ri:f ‫تعریف‬ mor. taarif ta:ri:f ‫تعریف‬ ch. of nu. praise
98
455 1251 teak tiːk nb theek thi:k ‫ٹھیک‬ mor. theek thi:k ‫ٹھیک‬ ch. of al. correct
456 1252 thaw θɔː nb tho θɔː ‫تھو‬ syll. thok θɔːk ‫تھوک‬ no ch. a lot
457 1253 theme θiːm nb tham θʌm ‫تھم‬ mor. tham θʌm ‫تھم‬ ch. of nu. stop
458 1254 theory ˈθɪəri θɪ thi θɪ ‫تھی‬ mor. thi θɪ ‫تھی‬ no ch. was
1255 əri ari əri ‫اری‬ mor. ari əri ‫اری‬ no ch. an add. term
459 1256 thus ðʌs nb dus ðʌs ‫دس‬ mor. dus ðʌs ‫دس‬ no ch. ten
460 1257 thy ðaɪ nb daai ðaɪ ‫دائی‬ mor. daai ðaɪ ‫دائی‬ no ch. nurse, midwife
461 1258 talk tɔːk nb toke tɔːk ‫ٹوک‬ mor. toke tɔːk ‫ٹوک‬ no ch. interrupt
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
462 1259 tan tæn nb thaan ta:n ‫ٹھان‬ mor. thaan ta:n ‫ٹھان‬ ch. of nu. to determine
463 1260 tap tæp nb tup tʌp ‫ٹپ‬ mor. tup tʌp ‫ٹپ‬ ch. of nu. sound of leakage
464 1261 tell tɛl nb tul tʌl ‫ٹل‬ mor. tul tʌl ‫ٹل‬ ch. of nu. postpone
465 1262 tend tɛnd nb tind tɪnd ‫ٹنڈ‬ mor. tind tɪnd ‫ٹنڈ‬ ch. of nu. bald head
466 1263 than ðæn nb daen ðæn ‫دین‬ mor. daen ðæn ‫دین‬ no ch. giving
467 1264 them ðɛm nb dum ðʊm ‫دم‬ mor. dum ðʊm ‫دم‬ ch. of nu. tail
468 1265 then ðɛn nb deen ði:n ‫دین‬ mor. deen ði:n ‫دین‬ ch. of nu. religion
469 1266 there ðeə nb der ðer ‫دیر‬ mor. der ðer ‫دیر‬ ch. of nu. delay
470 1267 thesis θiːsɪs θiː thi θiː ‫تھی‬ mor. thi θiː ‫تھی‬ no ch. was
1268 sɪs sis sɪs ‫سس‬ syll. sis sɪs ‫سسکی‬ no ch. sob
471 1269 thick θɪk nb thak θʌk ‫تھک‬ mor. thak θʌk ‫تھک‬ ch. of nu. tired
472 1270 thin θɪn nb thun θʌn ‫تھن‬ mor. thun θʌn ‫تھن‬ ch. of nu. teats
473 1271 though ðəʊ nb do ðəʊ ‫دو‬ mor. do ðəʊ ‫دو‬ no ch. two, give
474 1272 three θriː nb three θriː ‫تھری‬ syll. suthree sʊθriː ‫ستھری‬ no ch. clean
475 1273 thumb θʌm nb thum θʌm ‫تھم‬ mor. thum θʌm ‫تھم‬ no ch. pillar, column
476 1274 tick tɪk nb tik tɪk ‫ٹک‬ mor. tik tɪk ‫ٹک‬ no ch. sound of clock
477 1275 tin tɪn nb tin tɪn ‫ٹن‬ syll. tind tɪnd ‫ٹنڈ‬ no ch. bald head
99
478 1276 tip tɪp nb tip tɪp ‫ٹپ‬ mor. tip tɪp ‫ٹپ ٹپ‬ no ch. flow of tears
479 1277 tongue tʌŋ nb taang ta:ŋ ‫ٹانگ‬ mor. taang ta:ŋ ‫ٹانگ‬ ch. of nu. leg
480 1278 too tuː nb too tuː ‫تو‬ mor. too tuː ‫تو‬ no ch. you
481 1279 torture tɔːrʧə tɔːr tor tɔːr ‫ٹور‬ syll. batore bətɔːr ‫بٹور‬ no ch. wangle
1280 ʧər char ʧər ‫چر‬ mor. char ʧər ‫چر‬ no ch. graze
482 1281 tour tʊər nb toor tʊ:r ‫طور‬ mor. toor tʊ:r ‫طور‬ ch. of nu. name of a
amountain
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
483 1282 tow təʊ nb tow təʊ ‫ٹو‬ syll. toke təʊk ‫ٹوک‬ no ch. interrupt
484 1283 tub tʌb nb tub tʌb ‫ٹب‬ mor. tubbar tʌbər ‫ٹبر‬ no ch. family
485 1284 tuck tʌk nb tak tʌk ‫تک‬ mor. tak tʌk ‫تک‬ no ch. upto
486 1285 tv tiːviː tiː tee tiː ‫ٹی‬ syll. roti rɔti ‫روٹی‬ no ch. bread
1286 viː ve viː ‫وی‬ syll. raavi ra:vi: ‫راوی‬ no ch. reporter
487 1287 ugali u:ga:li nb uga li u:ga: li ‫اگا لی‬ mor. uga li u:ga: li ‫اگا لی‬ no ch. got grown
488 1288 ugly ʌgli nb agli ʌgli ‫اگلی‬ mor. agli ʌgli ‫اگلی‬ no ch. next
489 1289 umber ʌmbər nb ambar ʌmbər ‫امبر‬ mor. ambar ʌmbər ‫امبر‬ no ch. sky
490 1290 undo ʌnduː nb anda ʌndaː ‫انڈہ‬ mor. anda ʌndaː ‫انڈہ‬ ch. of nu. egg
491 1291 upper ʌpər nb ooper ʊ:pər ‫اوپر‬ mor. ooper ʊ:pər ‫اوپر‬ ch. of nu. upstair, above
492 1292 vase vɑːz nb vaaz vɑːz ‫واز‬ syll. parvaaz pərvɑːz ‫پرواز‬ no ch. flight
493 1293 vast vɑːst nb vast vʌst ‫وسط‬ mor. vast vʌst ‫وسط‬ ch. of nu. middle
494 1294 veer vɪə nb veer vi:r ‫ویر‬ mor. veer vi:r ‫ویر‬ ch. of nu. brave
495 1295 vie vaɪ nb vie vaɪ ‫وائی‬ mor. karvie kərvaɪ ‫کروائی‬ no ch. got done
496 1296 viz vɪz nb viz vɪz ‫وز‬ syll. vizarat vɪza:rʌt ‫وزارت‬ no ch. ministry
497 1297 vocal vəʊkəl vəʊ vo vəʊ ‫وہ‬ mor. vo vəʊ ‫وہ‬ no ch. he, that
1298 kəl kal kəl ‫کل‬ mor. kal kəl ‫کل‬ no ch. machine
498 1299 vomit vɒmɪt vɒ vo vɒ ‫وہ‬ mor. vo vɒ ‫وہ‬ no ch. he/she/they
100
1300 vɒmɪt mɪt mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ mor. mit mɪt ‫مٹ‬ no ch. erase, remove
499 1301 vow vaʊ nb vao vaʊ ‫واؤ‬ syll. bulvao bʊlvaʊ ‫بلواؤ‬ no ch. call someone
500 1302 war wɔːr nb waar wa:r ‫وار‬ mor. waar wa:r ‫وار‬ ch. of nu. attack
501 1303 weigh weɪ nb way weɪ ‫وے‬ syll. karhway kerhweɪ ‫کڑوے‬ no ch. bitter
502 1304 weir wɪər nb weer wi:r ‫ویر‬ mor. weer wi:r ‫ویر‬ ch. of nu. brave
503 1305 wheel wiːl nb weel wiːl ‫ویل‬ syll. taaweel ta:wiːl ‫تاویل‬ no ch. reason
urdu Roman
syll. Urdu
504 1306 who huː nb hoo huː ‫ہو‬ mor. how hoo haʊ huː ‫ہاؤ ہو‬ no ch. noise
505 1307 wish wɪʃ nb wish wɪʃ ‫وش‬ syll. kaawish ka:wɪʃ ‫کاوش‬ no ch. struggle
506 1308 woe wəʊ nb wo wəʊ ‫وہ‬ mor. wo wəʊ ‫وہ‬ no ch. he, she, etc.
507 1309 work wɜːrk nb waraq wərʌk ‫ورق‬ mor. waraq wərʌk ‫ورق‬ ad. of v. page
508 1310 xhosa kɔ:sə nb kosa kɔ:sə ‫کوسا‬ mor. kosa kɔ:sə ‫کوسا‬ no ch. to curse
509 1311 yaar ya:r nb yaar ya:r ‫یار‬ mor. yaar ya:r ‫یار‬ no ch. friend
510 1312 yakka yækə nb yakka yʌkkə ‫یکہ‬ mor. yakka yʌkkə ‫یکہ‬ no ch. horse cart
511 1313 yarrow jærəʊ nb yaaro ja:rəʊ ‫یارو‬ mor. yaaro ja:rəʊ ‫یارو‬ ch. of nu. friends
512 1314 yay jeɪ nb ye jeɪ ‫یہ‬ mor. ye jeɪ ‫یہ‬ no ch. this
513 1315 yawn jɔːn nb yon jɔːŋ ‫یوں‬ syll. galyon gʌljɔːŋ ‫گلیوں‬ ch. of al. streets
514 1316 yet jɛt nb yat jət ‫یت‬ syll. yat jət ‫عنایت‬ no ch. favour
1317 jɛt nb yaat ya:t ‫یات‬ syll. yaat ya:t ‫عنایات‬ no ch. favours
515 1318 zeal ziːl nb zael zæl ‫ذیل‬ mor. zael zæl ‫ذیل‬ ch. of nu. under, down
516 1319 zero zɪərəʊ zɪərəʊ zeeruh zɪərʊ:h ‫ذی روح‬ mor. zeeruh zɪərʊ:h ‫ذی روح‬ ch. of nu. animate
517 1320 zebu ziːbuː ziː zee ziː ‫ذی‬ mor. zee ziː ‫ذی‬ no ch. endowed with
1321 buː bu buː ‫بو‬ mor. bu buː ‫بو‬ no ch. smell
518 1322 zen zɛn nb zain zæn ‫زین‬ mor. zain zæn ‫زین‬ ch. of nu. a name
519 1323 zing zɪŋ nb zang zʌŋ ‫زنگ‬ mor. zang zʌŋ ‫زنگ‬ ch. of nu. rust
520 1324 zombie zɒmbi zɒm zoum zɒm ‫زعم‬ mor. zoum zɒm ‫زعم‬ no ch. vanity
101
1325 bi be bi ‫بی‬ mor. be bi ‫بی‬ no ch. an add. term

521 1326 zone zəʊn nb zeen zi:n ‫زین‬ mor. zeen zi:n ‫زین‬ ch. of nu. saddle
522 1327 zoo zuː nb zu zuː ‫ذو‬ mor. zu zuː ‫ذو‬ no ch. dual
523 1328 zulu ˈzuːluː zuː zu zuː ‫ذو‬ mor. zu zuː ‫ذو‬ no ch. dual
1329 luː lu luː ‫لو‬ mor. lu luː ‫لو‬ no ch. hot air in summer
102
(Miscellaneous Words)
582 with ch. of v. 114 20%
582 with ch. of c. 32 5%
582 with ch. of v. c. 5 1%
In table 4.16, five hundred and two miscellaneous English words are analyzed into five
hundred and eighty two syllables/morphemes. Four hundred thirty one are found in Urdu
language without any change, with different meaning. One hundred and fourteen are used
with the change of only a single vowel sound, thirty two with the change only of a single
consonant sound, and five are found with the change of one vowel and one consonant sounds
both. It shows that seventy four percent English language morphemes/syllables are found in
Urdu language without any change, twenty percent with the change of one vowel, five
percent with the change of one consonant, and only one percent with the change of one vowel
and one consonant sounds both.
Four hundred ninety five syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in
Urdu language, that is eighty five percent and eighty seven, which is fifteen percent, are used
as syllable in Urdu language.
103
(Total)
1328 with ch. of v. 209 16%
1328 with ch. of c. 98 7%
1328 with ch. of v. c. 11 1%
In table 4.17, one thousand twenty three English words are divided into one thousand three
hundred and twenty eight syllables/morphemes. One thousand and ten syllables/morphemes
are found in Urdu language without any change, with different meaning. Two hundred and
nine are used with the change of only a single vowel sound, ninety eight with the change only
of a single consonant sound, and eleven are found with the change of one vowel and one
consonant sounds both. It shows that seventy six percent English language
morphemes/syllables are found in Urdu language without any change, sixteen percent with
the change of one vowel, seven percent with the change of one consonant, only one percent
with the change of one vowel and one consonant sounds both.
One thousand and fifty four syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme
in Urdu language also, that is seventy nine percent and eighty two hundred seventy four,
which is twenty one percent, are used as syllable in Urdu language.
104
5. CONCLUSION
Possessing identical speech organs, all humans articulate nearly similar syllables. It is the
reference of the word which makes it different in different languages. Because of the
different reference, we scarcely pay heed to this natural phenomenon of producing almost
same syllables. Some people are unable to produce some particular sounds. It is because of
the language setting in which they are brought up and acquired their mother tongue not the
lack of articulators.
In this paper, two languages English and Urdu are studied with this point of view that
different languages possess same syllables. One thousand twenty three English language
words were collected and analyzed. Firstly, these one thousand words were divided into one
thousand three hundred twenty eight syllables and then compared with the syllables and of
Urdu language. Mostly syllables of English language were found also in Urdu language
without any change but the change of reference. For example, banana /bənɑ:nə/ in English is
a fruit name whereas in Urdu /bənɑ:nə/ is a verb which means to make, mono syllabic
morpheme bee /bi:/ in English refers to an insect, like honey bee but the same mono syllabic
morpheme bee /bi:/ in Urdu is an addressing term used to address ladies, like bee amman (bi:
- ʌmma:ŋ), mono morphemic morpheme see /si:/, a verb in English, is also a verb in Urdu
language see /si:/ used as an imperative term which means stitch or sew. The magnitude of
the words used in both languages without any change is seventy six percent.
Sixteen percent syllables of English and Urdu languages had only the difference of a vowel
sounds mainly the nucleus or a monophthong to a diphthong. For example, zeal /zeal/ in
English is zeil /zeɪl/ (under or following) in Urdu, wear /wɪər/ in English is weer /wi:r/
(brave) in Urdu, war /wɔ:r/ in English is waar /wa:r/ (attack) in Urdu and pet /pɛt/ in English
is peit /peɪt/, (belly) in Urdu.
Seven percent syllables of English and Urdu languages had only the difference of one
consonant sound either onset or coda. For example, daisy / deɪzi/ in English is /deɪsi/ (of
one’s country) in Urdu. Many a words which have the difference only of one consonant had
only the difference of an allophone. For example, tail / teɪl / in English is tail /teɪl/ (oil) in
Urdu and just /ʤʌst/ in English is just /ʤʌst/ (leap) in Urdu.
Only one percent syllables of English and Urdu languages had the difference of a vowel and a
consonant sounds both. For example, bend /bɛnd/ in English is bund /bʌnð/ (close) in Urdu.
105
Moreover, a syllable in English may be a morpheme in Urdu and a morpheme in English may
be a syllable in Urdu and vice versa. Many a morpheme and syllable enjoy the same position
in both the languages. For example, a morpheme such /sʌtʃ/ in English is also a morpheme in
Urdu /sʌtʃ/ means truth.
This paper showed that though, English and Urdu languages look radically different from one
another but in fact they possess similar syllables. Although, they have alphabets consist of
quite distinct symbols but even then they have many similar sounds. For example, English
alphabet begins with ‘a b’ and Urdu with ‘aliph bey’. These sets of sounds produce similar or
slightly different combinations of sounds and consequently similar or slightly different
syllables. Syllables in English and Urdu are same but their references are different, their
combinations are different due to which both the languages seem to be quite dissimilar. This
paper discovered that syllables in English can serve as phonemic syllables in Urdu language
and syllables in Urdu are helpful in teaching English pronunciation.
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106
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Syllables in Urdu can serve as phonemic syllables in English language

Roll No: BR 586562

Registration No: 03PLE6050

Zafar Iqbal Bhatti

Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics

Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (Lahore Campus)

M.A TEFL Programme

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

SYLLABLES IN URDU CAN SERVE AS PHONEMIC SYLLABLES IN ENGLISH

Chairman Department of English Language and Linguistics

Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

Zafar Iqbal Bhatti

Roll no: BR586562

Registration no: 03PLE6050

Address: Railway Colony, Raiwind

Cell no: 0333-4327460

Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics

Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (Lahore Campus)

Who took care of me for twenty two years

When I grew up enough to serve her

She passed away.

4.14 Suffixes ……………………………………………………………………..65

1.2. Purpose of the study

1.3. Significance of the study

1.4. Research questions

This study will answer the following research questions:

Weingarter et al (2007) produced a study of morphemes, syllables and graphemes in written

3.1 Research design

3.2 Sample and demographics

3.3 Data collection

3.4 Research procedure

1. Change of nucleus ch. of nu.

4. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Table 4.1 PRONOUNS

Table 4.2 PREPOSITION

Ninety one syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu

Table 4.3 CONJUNCTION

Twenty five syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu

Table 4.4 DETERMINERS

Eight syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,

Table 4.5 AUXILIARIES

Nineteen syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,

Table 4.6 ALPHABET

Nineteen syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,

Table 4.7 COUNTING

Twenty one syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu

Table 4.8 COLOURS

Twenty two syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu

Table 4.9 FRUIT

10 343 avocado ævəʊkɑː æ ae æ ‫ اے‬mor. ae æ ‫ اے‬no ch. an add. term

363 ɪn in ɪn ‫ اِن‬mor. in ɪn ‫ اِن‬no ch. these

Table 4.10 VEGETABLES

. mor. Trans. n into n Trans u mor. Word in Trans. Trns. English

No urdu Urdu . Trns Roman

Fifty syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,

Table 4.11 MEAT

Five syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu language,

Table 4.12 ANIMALS

Forty eight syllables/morphemes of English language are used as morpheme in Urdu