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325 viewsWork Book Ansys Work Bench
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Tanushree SoniCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 241
1
Introduction
1.1 Some Basic Concepts
‘The finite element method (FEM), or finite element analysis (FEA), is based on the idea of
building a complicated object with simple blocks, or, dividing a complicated object into
smaller and manageable pieces. Application of this simple idea can be found everywhere
in everyday life (Figure 1.1), as well as in engineering. For example, children play with
LEGO® toys by using many small pieces, each of very simple geometry, to build vari-
‘ous objects such as trains, ships, or buildings. With more and more smaller pieces, these
objects will look more realistic.
In mathematical terms, this is simply the use of the limit concept, that is, to approach or
representa smooth object with a finite number of simple pieces and increasing the number
of such pieces in order to improve the accuracy of this representation.
1.1.1 Why FEA?
Computers have revolutionized the practice of engineering. Design of a product that used
to be done by tedious hand drawings has been replaced by computer-aided design (CAD)
using computer graphics. Analysis of a design used to be done by hand calculations and
many of the testing have been replaced by computer simulations using computer-aided
engineering (CAE) software. Together, CAD, CAE, and computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM) have dramatically changed the landscape of engineering (Figure 1.2). For example,
acar, that used to take five to six years from design to product, can now be produced start-
ing from the concept design to the manufacturing within a year using the CAD/CAE/
CAM technologies.
Among all the computational tools for CAE, the FEMis the most widely applied method
or one of the most powerful modern “calculators” available for engineering students and
professionals, FEA provides a way of virtually testing a product design. It helps users
understand their designs and implement appropriate design changes early in the product
development process. The adoption of FEA in the design cycle is driven by market pres-
sure since it brings many benefits that will help companies make better products with
reduced development costs and time-to-market.
1.1.2 Finite Element Applications in Engineering,
‘The FEM can be applied in solving the mathematical models of many engineering prob-
Jems, from stress analysis of truss and frame structures or complicated machines, to
dynamic responses of automobiles, trains, or airplanes under different mechanical, 2 Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
o)
HGURE 1.
Objects built with simple and small pieces: (@) a fire engine built with LEGO® (hitp://legewikia.com/
‘wiki/10020_Santa_Fe_Super_Chief); ancl (b) a house built with many elements—bricks, beams, columns, pan
ls, and so on.
Design Design
market evaluation.
cAM
FIGURE 1.2
A sketch of the computer-aided product development process,
thermal, or electromagnetic loading, There are numerous finite element applications
in industries, ranging from automotive, aerospace, defense, consumer products, and
industrial equipment to energy, transportation and construction, as shown by some
examples in Table 1.1. The applications of the FEA have also been extended to materials
science, biomedical engineering, geophysics, and many other emerging fields in recent
years
TABLE 1.1
Examples of Engineering Applications Using FEA
Field of Study Examples of Engineering Applications
Structural and solid mechanics Offshore siractare ralability analysis, vehicle crash simulation,
nuclear reactor component integrity analysis, wind turbine blade
design optimization
Heat transfer lectronies cooling, modeling, casting modeling, combustion engine
heat-transfer analysis,
Fluid flow Aerodynamic analysis of race car designs, modeling of airflow
patterns in buildings, seepage analysis through porous media
Blectrostaties/electromagneties Field calculations in sensors and actuators, performance prediction of
antenna designs, electromagnetic interference suppression analysis, Introduction 3
© - (a)
FIGURE1.3
Examples of FEA using ANSYS Workboich: (a) wind load simulation of an offshore platform (Courtesy of
ANSYS, Inc, hup.//wormansys.com /Industries/Energy/Oilri+Gas); (6) modal response of a steel frame
building with concrete slab floors (hitp:d/wrwwisve co uk/modelling/); (0) undeehood flow and thermal man-
agement (Courtesy of ANSYS, Inc, hitp,//www ansys.com /Industsies/A utomotive/Ap plicationsHlighlights/
Underhood); and (d) clectsic Beld pattern of antenna mounted on helicopter (Courtesy of ANSYS, Inc, http://
www ansys.com /Industeies Electron ioewiesSamiconductos/Dafensesterarcspace + Blectsonics).
1.1.3 FEA with ANSYS Workbench
Over the last few decades, many commercial programs have become available for con-
ducting the FEA. Among, a comprehensive range of finite element simulation solutions
provided by leading CAE companies, ANSYS® Workiench is a user-friendly platform
designed to seamlessly integrate ANSYS, Inc’s suite of advanced engineering simulation
technology. It offers bidirectional connection to major CAD systems. The Workbench envi-
ronment is geared toward improving productivity and ease of use among engineering
teams. It has evolved as an indispensible tool for product development ata growing, num-
ber of companies, finding applications in many diverse engineering fields (Figure 1.3).
1.1.4 A Brief History of FEA
An account of the historical development of FEM and the computational mechanics in
general was given by O. C. Zienkiewricz recently, which can be found in Reference [I]. The
foundation of the FEM was first developed by Courant in the early 1940s. The stiffness
method, a prelude of the FEM, was developed by Tuzner, Clough et al, in 1956. The name
“finite element” was coined by Clough in 1960. Computer implementation of FEM pro-
grams emerged during the early 1970s, To date, FEM has become one of the most widely
tised and versatile analysis techniques. A few major milestones are as follows:
1043—Courant (Variational methods which laid the foundation for FEM)
1956 —Turner, Clough, Martin, and Topp (Stiffness method)
1960—Clough (Coined “Finite Element,” solved plane problems}
1970s—Applications on “mainframe” computers 4 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
@y
FIGURE 1.4
(@)A plate with @ hole (CAD model); and (b) A FEM discretization (mesh)
19803—Microcomputers, development of pre- and postprocessors (GUI)
16605 —Analysis of large structural systems, nonlinear, and dynamic problems
2000s—Analysis of multiphysics and multiscale problems
1.1.5 A General Procedure for FEA
Toconduct an FEA, the following, procedure is required in general:
* Divide the CAD/geometric model into pieces to create a “mesh” (a cellection of
elements with nodes, Figure 14)
+ Descrilve the behavior of the physical quantities on each element
+ Connect (assemble) the elements at the nodes to form an approximate system of
equations for the entire model.
+ Apply loads and boundary conditions (eg, to prevent the model from moving).
+ Solve the system of equations involving unknown quantities at the nodes (eg, the
displacements}
* Calculate the desired quantities (eg, strains and stresses) at elements or nodes
In commercial FEA software, this procedure is typically rearranged into the following,
phases:
+ Preprocessing (build FEM models, define element properties, and apply loads and
constraints)
+ FEA solver (assemble and solve the FEM system of equations, calculate element
results)
+ Postprocessing (sort and display the results)
1.2 An Example in FEA: Spring System
A glimpse into the steps involved in an FEA is provided through a simple example in this
section. We will look at a spring elementand a spring system to gain insight into the basic
concepts of the FEM. Introduction 13
‘Then we write the element stiffness matrix for each element
Finally, applying the superposition method, we obtain the global stiffness matrix as
follows:
a wets
ks 0 0
ky kh 0
K=|0 0 -ks
0 bk 0
0 0 &
‘The matrix is symmetric, banded, but singular, as it should be.
After introducing the basic concepts, the section below introduces you to one of the
general-purpose finite element software tools—ANSYS Workbench.
2
1.3 Overview of ANSYS Workbench
ANSYS Workbench is a simulation platform that enables users to model and solve a wide
range of engineering problems using the FEA. It provides access to the ANSYS family
of design and analysis modules in an integrated simulation environment. This section
gives a brief overview of the different elements in the ANSYS Workbench simulation envi-
ronment or the graphical-user interface (GUD). Readers are referred to ANSYS Workbench
user’s guide [2] for more detailed information.
1.3.1 The User Interface
The Workbench interface is composed primarily of a Toolbox region and a Project Schematic
region (Figure 1.8). The main use of the two regions is described next. 4 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Toolbox Region Project Schematic Region
ee
FIGURE 1.8
ANSYS ‘Workbench ser interface
1.3.2 The Toolbox
The Toolbox contains the following, four groups of systems:
Analysis Systems: Predefined analysis templates to be used to build your project,
including static structural, steady-state thermal, transient thermal, fuid flow,
modal, shape optimization, linear buckling, and many others.
Component Systems: Component applications that can be used to build or expand an
analysis system, including geometry import, engineering data, mesh, postpro-
cessing, and others
Custom Sysiems: Coupled-field analysis systems such as fluid solid interaction, pre-
stress modal, thermal-stress, and others.
Design Exploration: Parametric optimization studies such as response surface optimi-
zation, parameters correlation, six sigma analysis, and others.
1.3.3 The Project Schematic
A project schematic, that is, a graphical representation of the workflow, can be built by
dragging predefined analysis templates or other components from the Toolbox and drop-
ping them into the Project Schematic window. “Drag” here means to move the mouse while
holding down the left mouse button, and “drop” means to release the mouse button.
To build a project for static structural analysis, for instance, drag, the Static Structural
template from the Zool#ox and drop it into the rectangular box that appears in the Project
Schematic window. A standalone analysis system that contains the components needed for
static structural analysis is added to the project schematic as shown in Figure 19a. The
system consists of seven individual components called cells
Alternatively, a standalone analysis can be created by double-clicking, For example,
double-click the Steady-State Thermal template from the Tooléoy, and an independent Introduction 15
FIGURE 1.9
Defining Standalone analysis systems in the project schematic: (a) a standalone system: (b] two independent
standalone systems: (c) meving a system in a top-botiom configuration: and (d) moving « system in aside-by-
side canfig eration,
Steady-State Thermal system will be placed in the delault location below the existing Sialic
Structural system, as shown in Figure 1.9b.
A system can be moved around another system in the project schematic. To move a sys
tem, click on the header cell (Le, the cell titled Steady Staiv Thermal for the thermal system)
and drag it to anew place. Once you drag the header cell, dashed rectangles appear for the
possible new locations to drop the system. This is illustrated in Figures 1c and d for two
systems with initial top-bottom and side-by-side configurations, respectively.
To delete a system, click on the down arrow button at the upper left corner of the system,
from the Project Schematic window, and then choose Delete from the drop-down context
menu.
Tn some cases, a project may contain two or more analysis systems that share data, For
example, a downstream modal analysis may use the same material, geometry, and model
data from the preceding structural analysis. To build such a project, create a standalone
system for Static Structural analysis. Then, drag the Modal analysis template from the
Toolbox and drop it onto the Model cell of the Static Structural system, Immediately before
the subsequent system is dropped, bounding boxes will appear on the Engineering Data,
Geometry, and Model cells of the first system, as shown in Figure 1.10a. After the system
is released, a project including two linked systems is created, as shown in Figure 1.10b,
where the linked cells indicate data sharing, at the Made! and above levels. 16 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
o)
— |
Big soar om 20 comersten v5 #2, @ Serena
5 30 comeny Ps @cemey 2,
# 1G ve a4 0 mes 25
«| 5 @ sw 7. 5/\@ sw ra
7 © Gi Sato ce 5 |G scien Pa
7 @ Resits ?.) 7 @ Rests 2.)
FIGURE 1.10
Defining linked analysis systems in the project schematic: (3) dropping the second (subsequent) system onto
the Model cell of the first system to share data at the madel and above levels; (2) two systems that ave inked,
1.3.4 Working with Cells
Cells are components that make up an analysis system, You may launch an application by
double-clicking a cell. To initiate an action other than the default action, right-click on a
cell to view ils context menu options. The following list comprises the types of cells avail-
able in ANSYS Workbench and their intended functions:
Engineering Data: Define or edit material models to be used in an analysis.
Geometry: Create, import, or edit the geometry model used for analysis.
Model/Mesh: Assign material, define coordinate system, and generate mesh for the
model
Selup: Apply loads, boundary conditions, and configure the analysis settings.
Solution: Access the model solution or share solution data with other downstream
systems.
Results: Indicate the results availability and status (also referred to as postprocessing)
As the data flows through a system, a cell’s state can quickly change. ANSYS Workbench
provides a state indicator icon placed on the right side of the cell. Table 1.2 describes the
indicator icons and the various cell states available in ANSYS Workbench. For more infor-
mation, please refer to ANSYS Workbench user's guide [2]
1.3.5 The Menu Bar
The menu bar is the horizontal bar anchored at the top of the Workbench user interface. It
provides access to the following, functions:
Pile Mere Create a new project, open an existing project, save the current project,
and so on.
View Ment: Control the window workspace layout, customize the toclbox, and so on
Tools Menu: Update the project and set the license preferences and other user options.
Uptits Menue Select the unit system and specify unit display options
Help Menus: Get help for ANSYS Workbench. Introduction W
TABLE 1.2
Indicator Icons and Descriptions of the Various Cell States,
Cell State Indicator Description
Uafulliled ‘Need upsteam data to proceed
Refeesh requited A ceftach action Is naedad ae a result af ehanges made on
upstream data
Attention required User interaction wlth the cell is needed to proceed
Update reguived ‘An update action is needed as a sesult of changes made on.
upstzeam dara
Up todate Data are up to date and no attention is sequiced
Input changes pending ‘Av update or refresh action is needed to recalculate based
on changes made to upsteeam cells
Tatezcupted Solution has been interupted, A sesume or update action
‘all make the solves continue ftom the intereapted point
Pending Solution is in progress
we Bee od
Sours: Courtesy of ANSYS Werkbonch User's Cuide, Release 145, ANSYS, Ine, 2012.
In the chapters that follow, the use of ANSYS Workbench will be presented in a step-by-
step fashion in the context of real-world problem solving that may involve different mod-
eling concepts or different physics. It is worth noting that, although a commercial finite
element program enables you to deal with a wide range of engineering, problems with
complex geometry, constraints, and material behaviors, it is your responsibility to under-
stand the underlying physics to be able to setup a problem correctly. Your FEA results, no
matter how pretty they may look, are only as good as the assumptions and decisions you
have made in building your model.
1.4 Summary
In this chapter, the basic concepts in the FEM are introduced. The spring system is used
as an example to show how to establish the element stiffness matrices, to assemble
the finite element equations for a system from element stiffness matrices, and to solve
the FE equations. Verifying the FE results is emphasized. ANSYS Workbench environ-
mentis briefly introduced. The concepts and procedures introduced in this chapter are
very simple and yet very important for studying the finite element analyses of other
problems. 40 Finite Element Medeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
‘Substituting this into the second equation and rearranging, wehave
wool ahi)
Solving this, we obtain the displacements,
s|__a_ for] _ fous]
haf 2520«10" |P J [o.cozessf
From the global FE equation, we can calculate the seaction forces,
Bz 6 05 05 B00}
Ry o = on 500]
By | = 1260 x 10°] 6 0.0 FN)
Fax 115 500]
By 6 05 7 500
Check the results!
A general MEC can bedescribed as,
daw
where 4) are constants and 14/s are nodal displacement components, In FE software,
users only need to specify this relation to the software. The software will take care of
the solution process,
2.6 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Problem Description: Truss bridges can span long distances and support heavy weights
without intermediate supports. They are economical to construct and are available in a
wide variety of styles. Consider the following planar truss, constructed of wooden tim-
bers, which can be used in parallel to form bridges. Determine the deflections at each joint
of the truss under the given loading conditions.
Matoriak: Douglas fir
BLGPa
29
Member eross ceation:
Height = 6 em
Ok SDK ae Width Gem,
Solution
Tosolve the problem with ANSYS? Workbench, we employ the following steps
Step 1: Start an ANSYS Workbench Project
Launch ANSYS Workbencl and save the blank project as "Woodsrussavbyy." Bars and Trusses a
Step 2: Create a Static Structural (ANSYS) Analysis System
Drag the Static Structure! (ANSYS) icon from the Analysis Systems Toathax window
and drop it inside the highlighted green rectangle in the Project Sohiersatie win
dow to create a standalone static structural analysis system,
ie yeu Tee une
Die omen. sve sve neat | yaar ater Funan | hous Qeareashes
Step 3: Add a New Material
Double-click (or right-click and choose Fai) on the Engineering Date cell in the
above Project Schematic to edit or add a material. In the following Engineering
Data interface which replaces the Project Sekensatie, click the empty box high-
lighted below and type aname, for example, “Douglas Fir,” for thenew material.
1 omwwepeeoney
[Y inesrnces
= ape ematy Terpenme I 42 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Select “Douglas Fir” from the Quiline window, and double-click Isotropic Elasticity
under Linear Elastic in the leftmost Toolbox window. Enter “1.31£10" for Young's
Modulus and “0.29" for Poisson's Ratio in the bottom center Properties window.
Click the Retum to Project button to go back to the Project Schematic,
Te Es ven Tame Une
ew ome. ae Ese. | Dp.
Step 4: Launch the DesignModeter Program
Ensure Line Bodies is checked in the Properties of Schematic A&: Geometry window.
Double-click the Geometry cell to launch Design Modeler, and select “Meter” as
Tengith unit in the Units pop-up window. Bars and Trusses 43
Step 5: Create Line Sketch
Click the Skeiching tab and select Seitings. Turn on Stow it 2D and Snap under
Gri options. Use the default value of “5 ne” for Major Grid Spacing and “5” for
Minor Steps per Major.
Click a start point and then an end point in the Graphics window to draw a line,
‘Draw 13 linesas shown in the sketch below. After completion, click Generate to
create a line sketch,
Step 6: Create Line Body from Sketch
Check off the Grid options under Settings of Sketching Toolboxes. Switch to the
‘Modeling tab. Note that a new item named SkeichI now appears underneath
XYPlane in the Tree Outiine.
Select Lines front Sketches from the Concept drop-down menu. 44
Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Select Skeichi from the Tree Ouiline and click Apply to contirmon the Base Objects
selection in the Details of Linzi. Click Generaic to complete the line body
creation.
ie ese OS SFRQRNAOTY
a
‘SP KE
prereset =
ie
Step 7: Create a Cross Section
Select a Cross Section of Reciangular from the Concept drop-down menu, A new:
item named Recif is now added underneath the Cross Section in the Tree Outline, Bars and Trusses 45
In the Detwifs of Rectt under Dimensions, enter “0.06 m" for both Band Hi.
Step 8 Assign Cross Section to Line Body
Select the Zine Body underneath iPars, I Rody in the Tree Ouifine. In the Deiaifs of
Line Body, assign Recit to the Crass Section selection. Click Close DesignModeler
toexit the prmgram 46 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Step % Launch the Static Structural (ANSYS) Program
Double-click the Mod coll to launch the Static Structural (ANSYS) program, Note
that in the Detaits of "Line Body” the material is assigned to Structural Stee! by
default. Click to the right of the Assignment field and select Douglas Fir from the
drop-down context menu,
ia
@ mae D sae
Step 10: Generate Mesh
In the Details of “Mesh,” enter a faisly large number, say, “10m,” for the Element
Sizz, to ensure each member is meshed with only one element. In the Outing of
Projeci, right-click on Mesh and select Generate Mesh.
Gan AS DS a Ome TN OOD
ALLIEN Hiner Bars and Trusses a7
Step 11; Apply Boundary Conditions
In the Ouline of Project, right-click on Static Structural (AS) and select Insert and,
then Fixed Support. After completion, a Fixed Support item isadded underneath
Statie Structural (AB) in the project outline tree.
TEAS FOODO SST RR RGAS
Select the two points as shown below in the Graphics window. In the Details of
“Fixed Suppors,’ lick Apply to confismon the Geoneiry selection, After comple-
tion, a Fixed Support boundary condition will be added to the selected two
points, 48 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Step 12; Apply Loads
In the Ouline of Project, rightclick on Static Structural (AS) and select Insert and.
then Feree,
SEGR RB RGEN SC
Le Ome
Select the three points as shown below in the Graphics window. In the Details of
“Force,” click Apply to confirm en the Geometry selection. Also underneath,
the Details, change the Define By selection to Cormpenents and enter “-80000N”
for the Y Cemponent. A downward red arrow will appear on the selected three
[points in the Grapteies window.
—o
i ae fe fo Hi
Altematively, the load can be applied to each of the three points individually
by inserting Force three times under Static Structural (45). In this case, enter
“300008 for the ¥ Conmponent of each individual Farce item. Bars and Trusses 49
Step 13; Retrieve Solution
Insert a Total Defernaation itemby right-clicking on Sofution (AG) in the Outline tree.
Right click on Sohution (46) in the Outline tree and select Solve. The program will start
to solve the model,
After completion, click Total Deformation in the Outline to review the total deformation
results. 50 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Modeling tips: To get the reaction force, a Forae Reaction probe can be inserted by
right-clicking on Solution (A6}in the Outline tree as shown below.
In the Details of "Force Reaction,” select the Fixed Support as the Rowndary Condition. Bars and Trusses SL
Right-click on Sefution (A6) in the Outline tree and select Eualtaie All Resulis,
Note here that the reaction force is found to be 90,000 N in the positive Y-direction.
This is because a boundary condition has been applied earlier to the two fixed ends in
one step (Gee Step 11}, To avoid summing of the force reaction, two fixed conditions can
be inserted instaad in Step 11, one for each end, The reaction forces at an individual
support can then be displayed by selecting the support of interest from the drop-down
menu of Boundary Condition in the Details of “Force Reaction.” 52 Finite Element Medeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
= J J+
2.7 Summary
In this chapter, we studied the bar elements which can be used in truss analysis. The con-
cept of the shape functions is introduced and the derivations of the stiffness matrices using
the energy approach are introduced. Treatment of distributed loads is discussed and sev-
eral examples are studied. A planar truss structure is analyzed using ANSYS Workbench.
I provides basic modeling, techniques and shows step-by-step how Workbench can be used
to determine the deformation and reaction forces in trusses.
—<__€9Ki HS.
2.8 Review of Learning Objectives
Now that you have finished this chapter you should be able to
1. Set up simplified finite element models for truss structures.
2. Derive the stiffness matrix for plane bar elements using direct and energy
approaches,
3, Explain the concept of shape functions and their characteristics for bar elements.
4, Find the equivalent nodal loads of distributed forces on bars.
5, Determine the displacement and stress of a truss using, hand calculation to verify
the finite element solutions.
6. Apply the general bar element stiffness matrix to the analysis of simple trusses.
7. Create line sketches and new material definition in ANSYS Workbench.
8. Perform static structural analyses on trusses using ANSYS Workbench.
PROBLEMS
21 A bar assembly is loaded with force P at one end and constrained at the other
end, as shown in the figure below. Determine:
a. The displacement at node 2 and node 3
‘b. The stress in the bar assembly. Bats and Trusses
22
23
24
A simple structure with the profile shown below is loaded with force P, and
constrained at one end. Young's modulus £ is the same for all the bars. The
cross-sectional areas are shown in the figure. Use 1-D bar elements to approxi-
mate the deformation and the stresses in the structure.
The plane truss is loaded with force P as shown below. Constants E and A for
each bar are as shown in the diagram. Determine:
a. The nodal displacements
b. The reaction forces
c. The stresses in bar elements
The plane truss is loaded with force P as shown below. Constants E and A for
each bar are as shown in the diagram. Determine,
a, The nodal displacements
b. The reaction forces
c. The stresses inbar elements 54
25
26
27
Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
The plane truss is loaded with force P as shown below.
each bar are as shown in the diagram. Determine:
a. The nodal displacements
b. The stresses in bar elements
The plane truss is supported as shown below. Young's modulus £ is the same
for all the bars. The cross-sectional areas are shown in the figure. Suppose that
the node 2 settles by an amount of 8 as shown. Determine the stresses in each
bar element using the FEM.
The plane truss is loaded with force P as shown below. Young's modulus E is
the same for all the bars. The cross-sectional areas are shown in the figure.
Determine:
a. The nodal displacements
b. The stresses in each bar element Bars and Trusses 55
2.8 The plane truss is loaded with force P as shown below. Young’s modulus E is
the same for all the bars. The cross-sectional areas are shown in the figure.
Determine the nodal displacements and the reaction forces.
29 The roof truss shown below is made of Douglas fir timbers of a 5 mm x5 mm
ctoss section. Use ANSYS Workberich to determine the truss deformation and the
support reaction forces.
1kN
kN LKN 0.25 m
1kN KN 0.25 m
02m
Foto
02m 025m 025m 025m 025m 0.2m
2.10 The truss tower crane shown below is made of structural steel rectangular bars
of a 3mm x3 mm cross section, Use ANSYS Workbench to determine the truss
deformation and the support reaction forces.
kN +
05m 05m 05m ~~ OSm_—OSm 56 Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
211 The truss bridge shown below is made of Douglas fir timbers of a 4mm x 4mm.
cross section, Use ANSYS Workbench to determine the truss deformation and the
support reactions.
—T—~ TE os m
035
b5m.
1 | {
SKN LSI 1SKN 15KN 15k
I i I |
I |
asm asm osm! OS m osm osm
2:12 The truss transmission tower shown below is made of structural steel mem-
bers of a 2.5mm x2.5 mm cross section. Use ANSYS Workbench to determine
the truss deformation and the support reactions.
bem
pgm
bam
Lam
lem
08m 0Sm0smlmosmosm osm, Beams and Frames
77
and.
Fax -2338 Ib
Fev 3825 Ib
Ma} [112,641 Ib- in,
(Check the resitits: Draw the free-body diagram ofthe frameas shown below. Equilibrium
is maintained with the caleulated forces and moments. Recall that the problem we
solved is the ane with the equivalent loads, not the one with the distributed load. Thus,
the corresponding FBD for the FE model should be applied for verifying the results.
3000 Ib j3000 Ib
2,000 Ib-in.
60,364 Ib-in, 112,641 Ib-in.
2888 Ib
2210 Ib 3825 1b
3.6 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Problem Description: Steol framing, systems provide cost-effective solutions for low-rise
buildings. They have high strength-to-weight ratios, and can be prefabricated and custom-
designed. Consider the following two-storey building constructed with structural steel
Tbeams. Determine the deformations and the stresses in the frame when a uniform load
of 50 KN/m is applied on the second floor as shown below.
Material Structural steel
Line pressure: 50 kNIm.
bean size: W356 x VPL
‘Beam depth = 355.6 mm
Flange width = 171.5 mm.
‘Web thickness = 11.5 mm
Flange thickness =7.8 mm.
Solution
‘To solve the problem with ANSYS® Workbench, we employ the following steps:
Step 1: Start an ANSYS Workbench Project
Launch ANSYS Workberich and save the blank project as “Steelfreme.sobpj.” 78 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Step 2: Create a Static Structural (ANSYS) Analysis System
Drag the Static Structure! (ANSYS) icon from the Analysis Systems Toathax window
and drop it inside the highlighted green rectangle in the Project Sohiersatie win
dow to create a standalone static structural analysis system,
a ee ed
=
Step 3: Launch the DesignModeler Program
Double-click the Geometry cell to launch PesignMadeler, and select “Meter” a
Jength unit in the Unis pop-up window. Ensure Line Bodies is selected in the
Properties of Soematic A3: Geometry window.
‘Turn on ‘Line
Bodies’ to
fensble beam
modeling.
i semper ee)
Step 4: Create Line Sketch
Click the Skeiching tab and select Settings. Turn on Show i 2D and Snap under
Grid options. Use the delault value of “Sint” for Major Grid Spacing and “5” for
Minor-Steps per Major. Beams and Frames 79
Click a start point and then an end point in the Graphies window to draw a line,
Draw 10 fines.as shown in the sketch below, After completion, click Generate to
create a line sketch.
grec SF aqupactiven
Step 5: Create Line Body from Sketch
Check off the Grid options under Settirgs of Sketching Toolboxes. Switch to the
Modeling tab, Note that a new item named Skeich? now appears undemeath
XY Plane in the Tree Outline,
Select Lines front Skeickes from the Concept drop-down menu. Click Zoom te Fit. 80 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Select Skeichi from the Tree Ouiline and click Apply to contirmon the Base Objects
selection in the Details of Linzi. Click Generaic to complete the line body
creation,
Seaqamacy
Eee ere ES =
Step 6: Create Line Body through Translation
Select Body Operation from the Create deop-down menu, A new item named
BodyOpl is now added to the Tree Outline.
J igvagamacsinen
aime Goo enin Beams and Frames 81
In the Details of BodyOpt, click anywhere on the Type cell and select Translate from
the drop-down menu.
Select the line body from the Graphics window and then click Appfy to confirm.
‘on the Bodies selection in the Details of BedyOpi. After completion, change the
Preseroe Rodties? selection to Yes. This will help preserve a copy of the solected
line body at the current location while translating it to a new location. 82 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
In the Details of BadyOpt, change the Direction Definition to Coordinates, and enter
“6° for the Z Offeet. Click Generate. After completion, the line body will be
copied backward by 6m.
Step 7: Create Line Body from Points
Select Lines Fron: Points from the Concept drop-down menu, After completion, a
new itemnamned Line? is added to the Tree Outline.
Ieee Seance
aust SANA Beams and Frames 83
In the Graphics window, select a start point and Ctrl-select an end point to draw:
a line, Draw six new lines connecting the two planar frames as shown below.
Click Apply to confirm on the Poatt Segments selection in the Details of Line2
Click Generate to complete the line creation.
"Note that the line bodies created in alll previons steps now merge into a single line
body. Check off the Crass Section Alignments from the View drop-down menu
to switch-off the display of loaal coordinate systems, 84 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Step 8 Create a Cross Section
Select a Cress Section of I Section from the Concept drop-down menu, A new item:
named 11 is now added undemeath the Cress Section in the Tree Outine.
wean,
In the Details of I under Dimensions, enter “0.1715" for WI and W2, “0,3556" for
W3, "0.0073" for ff and 2, and "0.0115" for £3. Beams and Frames 85,
Step % Assign Cross Section to Line Body
Select the Zine Body underneath iPars, f Rody in the Tree Outfine, In the Details of
Lite Boity, assign TI to the Cross Section selection,
sah FREDO CS HARRBAOK Se A
vr [mene hese
‘Turn on the Cross Seetion Solids from the View drop-down menu to view the frame
aga solid structure. 86 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Note that some beams in theabove structure are used as E-beams. To fi the mis-
aligned cross sections, turn on the Edge Selection Fitter and select the eight Line
‘edges shown below from the Graphics window. In the Details of Line Rody Edges,
enter "90" for Rotate to turn the beams 90° about their neutral axes.
Cirl-liek ines
tomake
multiple
selections.
‘The adjusted frame shown below now has all the Learns oriented in the strong-
axis configuration. This completes the geometry creation of a frame structure,
Click Close Designtlodeler to exit the program, Beams and Frames 87
Step 10: Launch the Static Structural (ANSYS) Program
‘Double-click the Medef cell to launch the Static Séructioal (ANSYS) program. From.
its Units drop-down menu, select Metrie (mt, Kg, N, 3 V, A). Note that in the
Details of "Line Rady" the material isassigned to Structural Stef by default.
Step 11: Generate Mesh
In the Details of “Mesh,” enter "0.2 m" for the Elenrent Size. In the Outine of Project,
right-click on Mest and select Generate Mesit
SeRRIRDQQE SS Oe 88 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
“After completion, the meshed structure appears in the Graphics window. You may
deselect the Ruder from the View drop-down menu to tum off the ruler display
in the Graphics window.
Step 12: Apply Boundary Conditions
In the Outline of Projees, tight-click on Statie Sruchial (A5) and select Insert and.
then Fixed Support. After completion, a Fixed Support item is added underneath
Static Structural (A5) in the project outline ttee. Beams and Frames 89
Select the six points as shown below in the Graphics window. In the Details of "Fixed
Supper," click Apply to confirm on the Geometry selection. After completion,
a Fixed Support boundary condition will be added to the selected six points.
Step 13: Apply Loads
In the Outline of Project, right-click on Static Structural (AS) and select Insert and
then Line Pressure. 90 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Select the line as shown below in the Graphics window. In the Deiwils of "Line
Pressure,” click Apply to confirm on the Geometry selection,
STAY WG TOO Shee RORlT RM
In the Details of "Line Pressure,” change the Define By selection to Compenents and,
enter” 50000" for the ¥ Component, A downward red arrow willappear on the
selected line in the Graplies window. Beams and Frames OL
Repeat the stepsof adding a line pressure, and insert the second Line Pressure item.
undemeath Static Séructurel (45) in the Project Outline troe. Apply the same
exact load to the selected line highlighted in the following figure.
liek on the line
and applyitto
the gesmmetry_
selection of ine
‘Repeat the steps until the same load is applied to all seven edges highlighted in
the figure below.
TY eEOBC ES STAR RTACT IS
Alternatioe Procedure: Note that the Late Pressure item in the Outline can be cop-
ied and pasted under Static Structural {A5) for repeated use. To make a copy,
right-clickon Line Pressure and select Copy from the menu. To paste, right-click
on the Static Structural (AS) and select Paste. Remember to apply each newly
pasted Linz Pressure to a different line edge on the Geometry selection in the
Desails of "Line Pressure” until the same load is applied to all seven exiges. 92 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Step 14; Retrieve Solution
Tnsert a Total Deformation itemby right-clicking on Solution (6) in the Outline tree.
SERRRGACE Te Beams and Frames 93
Right-click on Sofudion (46) in the Ouifine treeand select Soice. The program will
start to solve the model.
Ee wR BOO SoS
"Sineacioon
After completion, click Total Deformation in the Ouifine to review the total defor
mation results.
WENT Oe STAR AGATE Oe oe oO Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Click Direct Stress under Beart Toa! in the Quifine to review the axial stress results
in beams,
Click Mininnan Comirined Stress under Ream Tool to retrieve the linear combination
of the Direct Sfress and the Minimum Bending Stress results in beams. Beams and Frames 3
Click Maximum Consbined Stress under Beare Too! to retrieve the linear combination
of the Direct Stress and the Masizaum Bending Stress results in beams,
Sraaiqmaazns
Close the Static Structural (ANSYS) program, Save project and exit Workbench,
Modeling tips: A group of points can be constructed in DesignModeler through a text
file that contains the following five columns: group number, pointnumnber,x- coordinate,
yy coordinate, and 2-coordinate. The data columns ean be separated by spaces or Tabs.
For example, to create five points with their coordinates given as x()) yi, and 21), type
the data in the following formin Notepad or WordPad, and saveas a text file, for example,
“points txt," in local disk:
1 1 x1) yu 20)
1 2 202) 4) 20)
1 3 2) 3) 20)
1 4 x6) x8) 26)
all 5 a5) ya) 25)
‘Then, follow the steps described in the following figure:
Chick
generate to
create the
points in the
graphics
‘window. 96 Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
nn
3.7 Summary
This chapter is devoted to the beam element and frame analysis. We have studied the
beam element, which can be used in frame analysis. The concept of the shape functions is
further explored and the derivations of the stiffness matrix using the energy approach are
emphasized. Treatment of distributed loads is discussed and several examples are stud-
ied. A two-story building structure with [-beams is analyzed using ANSYS Workbench.
It provides useful modeling techniques in constructing concept line models, and shows
step-by-step how Workbench can be used to determine the deformation and stresses in
beams and frames.
Coe
3.8 Review of Learning Objectives
Now that you have finished this chapter, you should be able to
Set up simplified finite element models for beams and frames.
Derive the element stiffness matrix for plane beams using direct/energy approach.
Explain the concept of shape functions and their characteristics for beam elements
. Find the equivalent nodal forces of distributed loads on beams.
arene
Determine the deflection and rotation at a point of a beam using hand calculation
to verify the finite element solutions.
a
Apply the general beam element stiffness matrix to the analysis of simple frames.
7. Create line models from concept points, sketches, or by body translation in
Workbench
8. Perform static structural analyses on beams and frames using Workbench.
PROBLEMS
31 Using Equation 311, derive the results of the equivalent nodal forces and
moments for a beam element with uniformly distributed lateral load
3.2. The cantilever beam is supported by a spring at the end as shown in the figure.
Using FEM, determine the deflection and rotation at the node 2. Beams and Frames 97
23. Using PEM, determine the nodal displacement, rotations, and reaction forces
for the propped cantilever beam shown below. The beam is assumed to have
constant Ef and length 21.. It is supported by a roller at mid length and is built
inat the right end.
34. The 2D frame is supported as shown in the figure. Constants E, A, [of the beam
and the length L are given. Using FEM, determine the displacement and rota-
tion at node 2.
35 The plane frame is subjected to the uniformly distributed load and is fixed
at the ends as shown in the figure. Assume E = 30 x 10° psi, A= 100 in2, and
I= 1000 ins for both elements of the frame. Using FEM, find the displacement
and rotation of node 2,
1000 Ibitt
3.6 Using ANSYS Workbench, solve the frame problem in Problem 3.5, and deter-
mine the reaction forces and moments at the two fixed ends. 98, Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
37 The physical construction of two representative beam connections is shown in
the figure below, where an I-beam is connected to a floor slab through a slotted
bolt hole in (a), and is connected to a column through an angle bracket in (b).
What simplified support conditions would you use to represent the physical
construction in the two cases and explain your reasons?
38 The bike frame shown in the figure below has hollow circular tubes (24 mm
outer diameter and 2mm thick) and is made of aluminum alloy. Use ANSYS
Workbench to determine the deformation and stresses of the frame members.
Point coordinate (mm)
x oy oe
1409 490 9
2-150 350 0
3 450 300° 0
4 0 0 0
5 600 50 50
6 600 50 50
7 450 50 50
8 450 50 50
29 The hoist frame shown in the following figure has 76 mm wide and 3 mm thick
square tubes and is made of structural steel. Use ANSYS Workbench to deter-
mine the deformation and the stresses in the frame. Beams and Frames 99
310 The frame structure is constructed with structural steel Lbeams of given cross-
section dimensions and is used to support a uniform load of 6 KN/m as shown,
below. Use ANSYS Workbench to determine the deformation and stresses in the
frame members.
fom ES em
£
311 The following bridge structure is used to carry a uniform load of 50 kN/m on
the bridge surface. Use ANSYS Worktench to determine the deformation and
stresses in the bridge if structural steel -beams of the given cross-section are
used.
o2m im ism ism im 02m ‘Two-Dimensional Elasticity 19
4.4.7.2 Averaged Stresses
Stresses are usually averaged at nodes in FEA software packages to provicle more accurate
stress values. This option should be turned off at nodes between two materials or other
geometry discontinuity locations where stress discontinuity does exist.
EXAMPLE 4.2
A square plate with a hole at the center is under a tension load p in x direction as shown
in the figure.
HT
‘The dimension of the plate is 10 in. x 10 in, thickness is 0.1 in, and radius of the hole is
Lin. Assume E = 10% 10° psi, v= 03, and p = 100 psi, Find the maximum stress in the plate,
FE Analysi
This is a plane stress case. From the knowledge of stress concentrations, we should
expect the maximum stresses occur at points A and B on the edge of the hole. Value of
this stress should be around 3p 300 psi), which is the exact solution for an infinitely
large plate with a circular hole.
We use the ANSYS to do the modeling (meshing) and analysis, using quadratic tri-
angular (16), linear quadrilateral (Q4), and quadratic quadrilateral (Q8) elements. The
FEM results by using the three different elements are compared and their accuracies and
efficiencies are discussed. One mesh plot and one stress contour plot are shown below.
——————
An FE mesh (T6, 1518 elements) “8005 6LS 137856 210787 283719,
2845101991 174322247253 BROIL
FFE stress plat and deformed shape
(T6, 1518 elements) 120 Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
TABLE 4.1
FEA Stress Results
Elem. Type No. of Elem. ‘Total DOFs. ‘Max. ¢ (psi
a 506 02 31242
a 3852 7014 322.64
ot 31,349 64,106 922.38
16 1518. 6254 92048
16 2562 104g 321.28
16 24516 100,702 922.24
es Sol 3188 320.58
es 67 13376 321.70
es a8 88636 322.24
The stress calculations with several meshes are listed in Table 4.1, along with the
number of elements and DOFs used.
‘The converged results are obtained with all three types of elements with the differ-
ences in the maximum stress values less than 0.05%. However, Q8 and T6 elements are
more efficient and converge much faster than the Q4 elements which are a linear rep-
resentation and cannot model curved boundaries accurately. If the required accuracy
is set at 1%, then the mesh with 501 Q8 elements should be sufficient. Note also that
we need to check the deformed shape of the plate for each model to make sure the BCs
are applied correctly. Fewer elements should be enough to achieve the same accuracy
with a better or “smarter” mesh (mapped mesh). We will redo this example in the next
chapter employing the symmetry features of the problem,
4.4.8 General Comments on the 2-D Elements
a. Know the attributes of each type of elements:
T8and Q4: Linear displacement, constant strain and stress
Toand Q8: Quadratic displacement, linear strain and stress
b. Choose the right type of elements for a given problem:
When in doubt, use higher order elements (16 or Q8) or a finer mesh.
c. Avoid elements with large aspect ratios and corner angles (Figure 4.17):
Aspect ratio =L,.u/Lain Where Land L,,;, are the largest and smallest character-
istic lengths of an element, respectively.
d. Make sure the elements are connected properly:
Do not leave unintended gaps or free elements in FE models (Figure 4.18) ‘Two-Dimensional Elasticity 121
eee
SS 6
Elements with distorted shapes
Z\ LJ
Elements with normal shapes
FIGURE 4.17
Hlements with distorted (irregular) and normal (regular) shapes.
B D
Improper connections (gaps along AB and CD}
FIGURE 4.18,
Unintended gaps in the FE mesh,
4.5 Case Study with ANSYS Workbench
Problem Description A combination wrench is a convenient tool that is used to apply
torque to loosen or tighten a fastener. The wrench shown below is made of stainless steel
and has a thickness of 3mm. Determine the maximum deformation and the distribution
of von Mises stresses under the given distributed load and boundary conditions.
Material Stainless steel
E=193GPa
v=027
Boundary conditions:
Hexagon on the right end is
fixed on all sides.
125 Pressure p = 2 MPa
a: an (All units are in millimeters)
Solution
‘To solve the problem with ANSYS Workbench, we employ the following steps:
Step 1: Start an ANSYS Workbench Project
Launch ANSYS Workbench and save the blank project as “Wrench. wbpj" 122 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Step 2: Create a Static Structural (ANSYS) Analysis System
Drag the Static Structure! (ANSYS) icon from the Analysis Systems Toathax window
and drop it inside the highlighted green rectangle in the Project Sohiersatie win
dow to create a standalone static structural analysis system,
= [Eisen isin)
Stop 3: Add a New Material
Double-click (or right-click and choose Fai) on the Enginzering Date coll in the
above Project Schematic to edit or add a material. In the following, Engineering
Data interface which replaces the Project Sckensatic, click the empty box high
lighted below and type 'Stainless Stee!” as name for the new material
Sree
i Sees)
Select “Stainless Stee!” from the Ouiline window, and double-click Isefrepic
Elasticity under Linear Elastic in the leftmost Toolbox window. Enter “19329”
for Young’s Modulus and “0.27” for Poisson's Ratio in the bottom center ‘Fwo-Dimensional Elasticity 123
Properties window. Click the Refurn io Project button to go back to the Project
Schersatic.
‘De item. ae Boos [vn |sinones etek Fite (Searemesooener [OM
Step 4: Launch the DesignModeler Program
Ensure Surface Baties is checked in the Properties of Schenutic A8: Ceometry win-
dow (elect Properties from the View drop-down menu to enable display of this
window). Select 2D for Analysis Fype in this Properties window. Double-click
the Geonretry cell to launch DesigntMadefer, and select “Miffimeter" in the Units
pop-up window. 124 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Step 5: Create Surface Sketch
Click on the Skefcking tab. Select the Draw toolbox and then Rectangle, Draw a
rectangle in the X¥-plane in the Grapties window by first clicking on the Y-axis,
and then dragging anywhere to the right. This makes the left side of the rect-
angle coincide with the Y-axis, Select the Dimensions toolbox to specify one
horizontal (HD and two vertical dimensions (V2 and V3) as shown below.
[GUa e) om oo imal BRNO SS RGR NAR RTT
mee a dd
slimes.
=o
Select the Draw toolbox and then Circie, Draw a circle by fisst clicking on the Kaxis
for the center of the circle and then at a comer of the rectangle for a pointon
the citele, as shown below. The letter C indicates the center has a coincident
relation with Xaxis,and the letter P indicates the cursor ison the corner point.
‘Select Dimensions and specify a radius of 20 mm: for the circle.
GHB S| Sue oo x [SF RRQN ACR He. iA
weed eee
free bl not
6 Oona ‘Fwo-Dimensional Elasticity 125
Draw another circle on the left by first clicking on the X-axis and then at the
upper-left comer of the rectangle, Make sure letters C and P show up as you
draw. Specify a radius dimension of 12.5 nn,
es /S*4aqmaczver a
Select the Draw toolbox and then Polygon. Draw a siv-sided polygon (set n= 6)
in the Graphics window by first clicking, at the center of the right circle. Then,
drag the cursor anywhere inside the citcle and click when there isa letter Ff
showing above the top edge of the polygon. The letter H indicates the edge is
a horizontal line. Select the Dimensions toolbox and specify the polygon side
length as? nz. 126 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Select the Modify toolbox and then Trin. Click on unwanted line segments and,
arcs (@ total of four lines and four arcs) in the Graphics window to tim them
away. The trimmed sketch looks like the following.
pipnes:/S+Qgqmaczitee a
Sin Sis Gham Bina
Select the Drave toolbox and then Rectangle. Draw a rectangle on the left as shown
below. Select the Dimensions toolbox and specify one horizontal dimension
(117) and two vertical dimensions (V8 and V9) as given helow.
SHE G) ome oo luey epee S| SeRQRMAaT Kel a
ears
3
ee ee ‘Fwo-Dimensional Elasticity 127
Select the Macify toolbox and then Trim. Trim away unwanted line segments
and arcs @ tolal of two lines and two arcs) by clicking on them. The trimmed
sketch looks like the following.
pipnes:/S+Qgqmaczitee a
Sie SO har
Select the Modify toolbox and then Fife’. Set the radius of fillot as 2.5 mm: Clickon,
two intemecting edges to define a fillet. Craate bo fillets as shown below at
the corners of the rectangle.
[Se naamack ver in 128 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Step 6; Create Surface Body
Switch to the Modeling tab and select Surfaces fron: Skeiches from the drop-down
menu of Concept.
Pram SSL
Se nto
T gaan, a eS RAT GS Om
Poe
Select Skeicht from the Tree Oudline and click Apply on the Base Objects selection in
the Details of SurfaceSK1, Then click Generate. ‘Fwo-Dimensional Elasticity 129
A Suofce Batty is now created from the surface sketch, Set the Thickness to 3m in
the Details of Surface Body, Exit the DesignModeler.
Zee) ono
Step 7: Launch the Statie Structural Program
Double-click on the Model cell to launch the Static Structural program. Click on
Ceomesry in the Outline. In the Details of "Geometry,” the following options are
available for 2D Beltaoior: plane steess, axisymmetric, plane strain, generalized
plane strain {assuming a finite length in the z direction, as opposed to the infi-
‘nite value assumed for the standard plane stain option), and by body (allow.
ing you to set 2D behavior options for individual bodies that appear under
Geometry in the outline). Choose Plen Stress as the desired 2D Bekawior.
Sse aQaggagne o> | 130 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
In the Details of "Sw fece Body,” click to the right of the Material Assignment field
and select Stainless Stee from the drop-down context menu,
ae Se
Step 8: Generate Mesh
Rightlick on Mesh in the Project Oulfine tree, Select Inseré and then Meftad from.
thecontext menu, Click on the surface body in the Grsphics window, and apply
itto the Geomeiry solection in the Details of "Automatic Method.”
Fo Bt DS 9 Quene |FY HOME ES TERA RHAGEIG
ed de dol in noe
ace ‘Fwo-Dimensional Elasticity 131
Right click on Mest in the Project Outline, Select Insert and then Sizing from the
‘context ment,
In the Details of “Body Sizing,” enter ““1.5e-3m! for the Element Size. Click on the
sutface body in the Graphics window and apply it to the Geometry selection. In
the Ouatine of Project, right-click.on the Mest and select Generate Mesit. 132 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
The following mesh plot will show up.
Step 9%: Apply Boundary Conditions
Right-click on Static Structural (45) and select Insert and then Fixed Support from.
the context menu. ‘Fwo-Dimensional Elasticity 133
CULClick all six sides of the polygon as highlighted in the Graphies window. You
must turn on the Edge Selection filter to select a line. Click Apply on the Geometry
‘selection field in the Details of "Fixed Support.”
Step 10: Apply Loads
In the Outline, right-click on Static Structural (AS), Choose Insertand then Pressure, 134 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
In the Details of “Presstae”, click on the arc as shown below and apply it to the
Geometry selection. The Edge Selection ftter must be tured on to allow this
selection. Choose Vector for the Define By field, and enter "26" for Magnitude.
Click on the vertical line as shown below and click Appiy to confirm on the
Direction selection. Make sure the vector is pointing downward. If not, click the
left of right arrow at the bottom left comer to toggle direction.
Step 1: Retrieve Solution
Insert a Toial Deformation itemby right-clicking, on Solution (A6) in the Quafine tree,
(aver oo ety 9 See DD ae TT WR ROB S SERA REACT OG Te
[tarot estan cee Ae le de de ae min
er comer Swe as lrg > Gimeno Rivest [omen ‘Fwo-Dimensional Elasticity 135
Insert an Equinalent Stress item by rightclicking, on Solusion (46) in the Outline
tree.
Dest EO ERO Se staaamack
14 Henne
a itt | nee
Right-click on Solution (A6} in the Ouifine tree and select Sotve. The pmgram will
start to solve the model, After completion, click Total Deformation in the Outline
to review the total deformation results, As shown below, the maximum defor-
mation occurs at the two end tips on the left side of the wrench with a magni
tude of 0.138 nmr under the assigned pressure load.
Hen HU DOO SeRARNAGE DSO
rime e Ae As de ded Hitters
od co jae Res ae 136 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
Select Eyuinlent Stress in the Oudline to review the von Mises stress distribution,
The following figure shows that the maximum von Mises stress is located
at the two entrant corners on the right sicle of the wrench with a magnitude
of 165.68 MPa, which is below 207 MPa, the yield strength of stainless stee!
Decrease the element size in the Details of “Body Sizing” and solve again to see
if there is any increase in the solution accuracy.
Bie Se RA RBAQE DG
Modeling tips: ANSYS Workbench can work with native geometric models created in
other CAD systems such as Sclidiorks, CATIA, or Pro/E. Tt also allows geometry to be
imported in neutral file formats such as IGES, Parasolid, and SAT.
To import a part created in SolidWorks, for example, you can right-click on the Geometry
cell. Then choose haport Geomeiry and browse to select the Solid Works part file.
Next, double-click the Geometrycell tolatinch DesignModeler. Click Generatein DesignModeler
toload the geometry. Then, choose Surfaces From Faces from the Concept menu,
Fin Cte Cnt Ta Tools View Hep
EO) Ot CEN Tines From Points
me AAA AAS 5 ies frm etches
“er [Bi Lines From Edges
—— 20 Curve
Sesrounie + |i) wens So pete
pennsane = © Surfaces From Edges
= Safer Ferm
es WS oven oe
nome
Cross Section ‘Fwo-Dimensional Elasticity 137
Click on the front wrench face and apply it to the Faces selection in the Deiails of
SuifFromFacel. Click Generale to complete the surface creation
Se RGR maaR/ alee
EE fees
In the Tree Outline, a new Wrench item is now added underneath 2 Parts, 2 Baties. Right-
click on the first Wrench item in the Outline, and choose Suppress Body in the context menu,
This will hide the solid wrench and display only the new surface model. Click on the new
Wrench item, and enter a “3 mnr” for the Thickness in the Details of Surface Body and exit
DesignModeler. Double-click on the Model cell in the Project Schematic o launch the Siatéc.
Siructteral program. A concept wrench suriace is now ready for downstream analysis
5 © 2Ports 2 Bodies
oly
J Wren © Heo
==
Generate
fe Rename 138 Finite Element Modeting and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
4.6 Summary
The 2D elasticity equations are reviewed in this chapter and 2D elements for analyzing
plane stress and plane strain problems are discussed. FE formulations for 2-Dstress analy
sis are introduced. It is emphasized that linear triangular (13) and linear quadrilateral (Q4)
elements are good for deformation analysis and not accurate for stress analysis. For stress
analysis, quadratic triangular (16) and quadratic quadrilateral (Q8) elements are recom-
mended. Bad-shaped elements with large aspect ratios and large or small angles should
be avoided in an FE mesh. A wrench model is built and the stress is analyzed in ANSYS
Worktench to show how to conduct a2-D FEA
—<_2,9aAXA NSN _£€£i—~——_——
4.7 Review of Learning Objectives
Now that you have finished this chapter you should be able to
1. Develop the FE formulations for -D stress analysis problems.
2, Create amesh for a2-Dstress analy sis problem and be able tojudge the mesh quality.
3. Apply the load and constraints to the FE model correctly.
4, Conduct 2-D stress analysis of an FE model using ANSYS Workbench.
PROBLEMS
41 List the boundary conditions in Example 411 ‘Two-Dimensional Elasticity 139
42d
The plate shown below is constrained at the left end and loaded with a linearly
varying pressure load at the right end. Constants £, y, and thickness f are given.
Suppose we have found the displacement field as follows:
ow
gue tw)
Find:
a. strains in the plate;
b. stresses in the plate;
¢. check if or not the equilibrium equations are satisfied by the stresses;
d. check if or not the boundary conditions are satisfied by the solution.
Optional:
Assume E=10X 10° psi, v=0.3, p,= 100 psi, L=12 in, h=4in, and thickness
£=0.1 in. Use ANSYS Workbench to check your results.
Derive the shape functions in Equation 4.17 for T3 elements and prove
(Equation 4.18).
From Equation 4.27, prove detJ = sys ~ astfis = 2A and discuss why “bad-
shaped” elements can cause numerical errors in the FEM.
‘The torque arm shown below is a5 mm thick automotive component made of
structural steel with a Young’s modulus of 200 GPa and a Poisson's ratio of 0.3.
Using ANSYS Workbench, determine the deformation and von Mises stress di
tributions under the given load and boundary conditions.
F,=400N
Boundary condition:
The left bolt hole is fixed, 140
46
Ay
48
Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
A bicycle wrench shown below is made of stainless steel with a Young's modulus
of 193 GPa and a Poisson's ratio of 0.27. The wrench is 2 mm thick. Using ANSYS
Workbench, determine the location and magnitude of the maximum deforma-
tion and the maximum von Mises stress under the given load and boundary
conditions.
F=50N
R=2mm
=2mm ‘The side lengths of the hexagons
from left to right are 9,7,
‘and 5 mim, respectively.
Q © ©)) = SSS.
‘The smallest hexagon is fixed on
all sides.
AON force is applied on the
6mm 2mm 20mm 2mm top edge af the wrench.
Consider a straight and long hexagonal pipe under internal pressure as shown
below. The pipe is made of stainless steel with a Young's modulus of 193 GPa
and a Poisson's ratio of 0.27. Using ANSYS Workbench, determine the maximum
in-plane deformation and the maximum von Mises stress under the given load
and boundary conditions.
30 mm
— “The radius ofthe internal
hole is 20 mm.
The internal pressure
p=20MPa
Boundary condition
‘The hexagonal pipe is
fixed on the bottom,
Consider a straight and deep tunnel under external pressure. The tunnel is
made of concrete witha Young’s modulus of 29 GPa and a Poisson's ratio of 0.15.
Using ANSYS Workbench, determine the maximum in-plane deformation and
the maximum in-plane von Mises stress under the given load and boundary
conditions.
D
F P
> oem, The extemal pressure
2am p=iMPs
12m
Boundary contin
The tunnel fixed on
the bottom,
dam = 16m Odm ‘Two-Dimensional Elasticity 141
49 Using ANSYS Workbench, design a steel shelf bracket. Some dimensions of the
bracket are fixed as shown in the figure. The three holes have the same diam-
eter, which can be changed in increment of 0.2 cm in the design. The goal is
using as less material as possible for the bracket, while supporting the given
distributed load p.
a. For steel, use E = 200 GPa, v = 03, and yield stress 6, = 250 MPa.
b. Usea factor of safety =2.5 for the design.
c. Report the configuration and dimensions of the bracket of your final design.
p= 250 Nie?
Fillet eadius:§ cm
Bracket thickness:
F=02em,
4.10 Similar to the previous problem, design a steel bracket. Some dimensions of the
bracket are fixed as shown in the figure, while others canbe changed. The shape
and topology of the bracket can also be changed. The goal of this design is using,
least material for the bracket, while supporting the given loads.
a. For steel, use E = 200 GPa, v = 0.32, and yield stress ay = 250 MPa.
b. Use a safety factor of 3 for the design.
©. Report the configuration and dimensions of the bracket of your final design.
Radius ofall three holes: R = 10 mms
thickness: 8 mm.
60 mm,
60 mm 150 Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench
are reduced, in the sense that a user only needs to provide a good initial mesh for the
model (even this step can be done by the software automatically)
Error estimates are crucial in the adaptive PEA. Interested readers can refer to Reference
[5] for more details. In the following, we introduce one type of the error estimates.
We first define two stress fields:
o—element by element stress field (discontinuous across elements)
o—averaged or smoothed stress field (continuous across elements)
Then, the error stress field can be defined as
or=0-0 Gal)
Compute strain energies,
u=du, u fore oav 612)
= fie" E7o'aV (13)
Un = fstetocav 6.14)
where M is the total number of elements and V, is the volume of the element i
One error indicator—the relative energy error is defined as
ue
=