Roll NO: 2018-ME-25

Lab Report of
Thermodynamics
Submitted to………… Engineer Wasif Nouman
Submitted by…. Usama Kaleem

HP
HP
Roll NO: 2018-ME-25
 Table of Content

Sr No Experiment Name Page No

1. Vapor Pressure 3-6
Thermometer, Thermistors,
RTD

2. Dead Weight 6-7

3. K type Thermocouple 8-9
4. J type Thermocouple 10-11
5. Effect of resistance and 12-13
thermocouple
6. U tube manometer 14-15
7. Inclined Tube manometer 16-17
Thermodynamics Lab Report
8. Digital Manometer 17-18
9. Positive Gauge Pressure 18-19

10. Negative Gauge Pressure 19-20

11. DEMONSTRATION OF IC 20-22
ENGINE TEST BED:

12. Single stage compressor 22-25

introduction to part

13. Variation Flow rate in Single 25-27

Stage Compressor with
compression ratio

1
14. Investigate Flow rate in 27-29
Single Stage Compressor
with compression ratio

15. Investigation of Variation of 30-32

Isothermal Efficiency with
Compression Pressure
Ratio:

16. Volumetric efficiency with 32-36

single stage compression
ratio:

17. INVESTIGATION OF 36-38

COMPRESSOR
PERFORMANCE to Electric
Power

18. To calculate of the 39-41

compressor performance
relative to shaft power:

19. To find the variation of 41-44

Power of Single Stage
Compressor

20. INVESTIGATION OF THE AIR 44-47

COMPRESSOR
PERFORMANCE RELATIVE
TO HEAT LOSS:

2
Experiment#01(03 parts)
(a) Vapor Pressure Thermometer

Theory:
Vapor pressure thermometer is an instrument that is used to measure the vapor
pressure of liquid with the help of gauges. Vapor pressure thermometer uses a highly
volatile liquid, but only partially occupies the thermometer volume.
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to measure system of gas thermometers consists
of a capillary tube. A device used to measure temperature by measuring pressure
exerted by the given volume of a substance.
To find the temperature changes with the help of the
thermometer.
Apparatus:
 Thermometer
 Ice cubes
 Water
 Capillary tube

Procedure:
 Firstly I check the apparatus.
 Then I put the ice cubes into the vessel and water into the vessel.
 Then I put the capillary tube into the ice cubes and attached the pressure
gauge and thermometer and noted the reading.
 Then I put this gauge into the water and put also some ice cubes into the
water and start the water to boil and as the water starts boiling, again I
noted the reading.
 Repeat the experiment twice or thrice.

Observation and Calculations:

Sr no Ice point Room Boiling
temperature Temperature temperature
1. 4⁰C 30⁰C 95⁰C

3
Conclusion:
From this experiment we can find the variations of temperature at different levels
with great accuracy .We use the thermometer and gauge to find this pressure and I
notice the temperature that it will decrease when we put tube in the cold ice and
begin to rise when we put this into hot water.
(b) Thermistors
Thermistors:
“A thermistor is a heat sensitive resistor. It is depended on the temperature. And
used for measuring temperature with resistance and comes in different sizes.”
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to measure the temperature with the help of
thermistor.
Apparatus:
 Thermistor
 Ice cubes
 Water
 Capillary tube

Procedure:
 Firstly I check the apparatus.
 Then I put the ice cubes into the vessel and
water into the vessel.
 Then I put the capillary tube into the ice cubes
and attached the thermistor noted the
reading.
 Then I put this gauge into the water and put
also some ice cubes into the water and start
the water to boil and as the water starts
boiling, again I noted the reading.
 Repeat the experiment twice or thrice.

4
Observation and Calculations:
Sr no Ice point Room Boiling
temperature Temperature temperature
1. 2.3⁰C 34.8⁰C 100.4⁰C

Conclusion:
From this experiment we can find the variations of temperature at different levels
with great accuracy .We use the thermistor to find this pressure and I notice the
temperature that it will decrease when we put tube in the cold ice and begin to rise
when we put this into hot water.

(c) RTD
Theory:
RTD stands for Resistance Temperature Detector. RTD is simply a temperature
sensor which uses the application of resistance to find the temperature. RTD are
much more accurate and reliable.
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to measure
Apparatus:
 RTD
 Ice cubes
 Water
 Capillary tube

Procedure:
 Firstly I check the apparatus.
 Then I put the ice cubes into the vessel and water into the vessel.
 Then I put the capillary tube into the ice cubes and attached the RTD and
noted the reading.

5
  Then I put this gauge into the water and put also some ice cubes into the
water and start the water to boil and as the water starts boiling, again I
noted the reading.
 Repeat the experiment twice or thrice.

Observation and Calculations:

Sr no Ice point Room Boiling
temperature Temperature temperature
1. 47⁰C 80⁰C 168⁰C

Conclusion:
From this experiment we can find the variations of temperature at different levels
with great accuracy .We use the thermometer and gauge to find this pressure and I
notice the temperature that it will decrease when we put tube in the cold ice and
begin to rise when we put this into hot water.

Experiment#02:
Dead Weight Gauge
Theory:
Dead Weight Gauge is a pressure measuring instrument which uses metal weights
and a piston to generate pressure with high accuracy over a wide range of
hydraulic pressures.
Objective:
The purpose of the experiment is to get the accurate
value of pressure using the burden gauge for
showing the values of pressure with the help of
dead weight apparatus.
Apparatus:
 Weights
 Base plate
 Burdon gauge
 Weight support
 Oil

6
Procedure:
 Firstly I set up the apparatus.
 I check out weather the oil we put into the gauge pipe is leaking or not.
 Then I put oil into the gauge.
 I open the screw of the gauge.
 Then I put different weights on the gauge and
noted the reading simultaneously.
 I repeated this process with different weights for
six to seven times with different weights and noted
the reading at the Burdon gauge of the meter.

Table:
Sr Applied Applied Area( Theoreti Practic Err
n weight( weight( m2) cal value al or
o. Kg) N) value
1 0.5 kg 4.9 N 18mm 0.1492 0.32
2 1 kg 9.8 N 18mm 0.29850 0.53
3 1.5 kg 14.7 N 18mm 0.44776 0.72
4 2.5 kg 24.5 N 18mm 0.74628 1.13
5 3 kg 29.4 N 18mm 0.89534 1.32
6 3.5 kg 34.3 N 18mm 1.04479 1.51
7 4 kg 39.2 N 18mm 1.19404 1.70

Conclusion:
We conclude from the experiment that when I applied pressure to the piston the
piston moves downward and the liquid moves and this liquid will send the pressure
reading to the meter and we can measure the accurate value.
Sources of Errors:
 Possible air leakage from the valves.
 Possible pushing down on the piston while spinning the weight.
 Possible loss of pressure in the piston hydraulics

7
Experiment#03
K-Type Thermocouple
Theory:
It is made of two terminals. One terminal is positive and the other terminal is
negative. These terminals are made of constantan and iron and both of them form a
junction that produces the voltage. Different wires are used for making the two
wires. It has a larger temperature range.
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to find the variation between the Temperature
and the Voltage. K-type thermocouple Due to its reliability and accuracy, K type
thermocouple is used extensively at larger temperatures
Apparatus:
 Water
 Ice cubes
 K type thermocouple
 Voltmeter

Procedure:
 Firstly I set up the apparatus according to the requirement.
 Then I put ice cubes into the vessel and put the ice
cubes.
 Then I put the water into the cattle.
 I set the k type thermocouple into the
temperature measuring machine.
 I connected the other wire with the voltmeter.
 I started to heat the water in the cattle.
 As the water starts boiling I noted the reading of
voltage in the voltmeter and noted the reading of
temperature on the device.
 I noted the reading simultaneously until the water
starts to boil and as the water starts boiling I stop for calculating the
reading.

8
Observations and Calculations:
Sr no. Temperature(c) Voltage(mV)
1. 17.1 -0.9
2. 20 -0.7
3. 25 -0.5
4. 30 -0.3
5.. 35 -0.1
6. 40 0
7. 45 0.1
8. 50 0.3
9. 55 0.6
10. 60 0.8
11. 65 1.0
12. 70 1.1
13. 75 1.4
14. 80 1.6
15. 85 1.8
16. 90 2.0
17. 95 2.2
18. 100 2.4

Conclusion and Result:

We found out the relationship between voltage and temperature. Voltage
decreases as temperature of water increases over time. Through this k type
thermocouple we can easily find the larger temperature with the variation of
temperature.

9
Experiment#04
J-Type Thermocouple
Theory:
It is made of two terminals. One terminal is positive and the other terminal is
negative. These terminals are made of constantan and iron and both of them form a
junction that produces the voltage. Different wires are used for making the two
wires. It has a smaller temperature range.
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to find the variation
between the Temperature and the Voltage. J-type
thermocouple is made up of two dissimilar conductors
in contact with one another, which produce a voltage
when heated.
Apparatus:
 Water
 Ice cubes
 J type thermocouple
 Voltmeter

Procedure:
 Firstly I set up the apparatus according to the requirement.
 Then I put ice cubes into the vessel and put the ice cubes.
 Then I put the water into the cattle.
 I set the J type thermocouple into the temperature measuring machine.
 I connected the other wire with the voltmeter.
 I started to heat the water in the cattle.
 As the water starts boiling I noted the reading of voltage in the voltmeter
and noted the reading of temperature on the device.
 I noted the reading simultaneously until the water starts to boil and as the
water starts boiling I stop for calculating the reading.

10
Observations and Calculations:
Sr no. Temperature(c) Voltage(mV)
1. 3.3 -1.5
2. 10 -1.7
3. 20 -2.1
4. 30 -2.5
5.. 40 -2.9
6. 50 -3.2
7. 60 -3.6
8. 70 -3.9
9. 80 -4.2
10. 90 -4.5
11. 100 -4.9

Conclusion and Result:

We found out the relationship between voltage and temperature. We can
see the Voltage decreases as temperature of water increases over time.
Through this j type thermocouple we can easily find the temperature with
the variation of voltage

11
Experiment#05
Effect of resistance using K -type thermocouple.
Theory:
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of charges. And K type thermocouple has a
very wide range for measuring the temperatures. And used to check the relation
between them. The resistance wire is made of Copper and those two ends are to be
attached to the temperature measuring device machine.
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to find the relation between the temperature and
resistance using the help of the resistance wire. And also the effect of the resistance
and that resistance wire is made of the copper.
Apparatus:
 Resistance wire
 K type thermocouple
 Ice cubes
 Water
 Kettle
 Voltmeter
 Thermometer

Procedure:
 Firstly I set up the apparatus according to the requirement.
 Then I put the ice cubes in the vessel and water into the kettle.
 I arranged the thermocouple to the temperature measuring device and
attached both of its ends to the resistance wire which is made up of copper.
 Then I connected the DMM to the thermocouple wires.
 I put one wire into the cold water and other wire into the hot water.
 I put thermometer into the hot water which is in the kettle.
 Then I started to notice the reading and repeated the experiment many times
to get the accurate value.

12
Table:

Sr No Temperature Voltage
1 5 -1.3
2 10 -1.5
3 15 -1.7
4 20 -1.9
5 25 -2.0
6 30 -2.2
7 35 -2.4
8 40 -2.6
9 45 -2.8
10 50 -2.9
11 55 -3.2
12 60 -3.3
13 65 -3.5
14 70 -3.7
15 75 -3.8
16 80 -4.0

Conclusion:
From this we conclude that as the temperature increases gradually, the voltage will
decrease. The voltage will be in the negative value. And the relation between them
is reverse. So thermocouple can calculate the value of voltage even after for the
smaller and larger value.

13
 Pressure Measuring Devices
Theory:
The instrument which is used to measure and display the output pressure in an
integral unit is known as pressure measuring devices. There are following devices
used to measure pressure are as follow:
 U tube manometer
 Inclined manometer
 Digital pressure gauge
 Positive pressure gauge
 Negative pressure gauge

Experiment#06
U- tube manometer:

Theory:
Pressure measuring devices using liquid columns in vertical or
inclined tubes are called manometers. One of the
most common is the water-filled u-tube manometer
which is used to measure pressure difference in
orifices located in the airflow in air handling or
ventilation system.

Objective:
U-tube manometer is a U shaped manometer. It
consists of the mercury and water in the U shaped
tube.
Its basic purpose is to measure the Pressure Gas.

14
 Apparatus:
 Pipes
 Gas Cylinder
 U- Tube manometer
 Air pressure
 Regulator

Procedure:
 First of all I check the all apparatus.
 Then I put the gases into the gas cylinder.
 And then through gas pipes attached to the cylinder passing gas.
 Then I check the pressure in the u tube of the level of the mercury.
 I notice the height of the mercury level.
 Then I attached the pipe with U tube manometer.
 I open the pressure and the pressure applied to the mercury level and
begins to move and I notice the reading.
 I repeat the experiment many times to get the accurate value.

Sr no Pressure(p) Height(h1) Height(h2) P+ῤgh1+ῤgh2

1.

2.

15
Experiment#07
Inclined manometer:

Theory:
An inclined tube manometer is a slightly curved tube with a liquid inside,
typically a form of oil mixture. Inclined tube manometers are easy to
use and reliable.
Objective:
The objective of the inclined tube
manometer is to measure the pressure
with great accuracy. Inclined tube
manometer forms an angle and from
which it will give us the accurate value.
Apparatus:
 Pipes
 Gas cylinder
 Inclined tube manometer
 Air Pressure
 Regulators
Procedure:
 First of all I check the apparatus whether it is working correctly or
not.
 Then I pushed the gases into the gas cylinder.
 I notice the height of the incline plane and inclination also.
 Then I applied pressure at the large diameter side and the fluid of
mercury in the inclined tube moves upward to the datum line.
 I notice the reading wisely.
 And repeated the experiment many times.

Conclusion:

16
 Inclined tube manometers are basic, reliable and dependable indicators for
positive, negative and differential pressures. And from this we can measure
the pressure with great accuracy.

Experiment#08:
Digital Pressure Gauge:
Theory:
Gauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to the ambient
atmospheric pressure .Digital pressure gauge is used to measure the pressure
with the help of gages.
Objective:
The objective of this is to measure the pressure using the digital manometer.
From this we can find the pressure with great accuracy. Its basic purpose is to
convert the applied pressure into the form of signals and then these signals are
to be shown in the reading of the digital pressure
gauge meter.
Apparatus:
 Pipes
 Gas cylinder
 Inclined tube manometer
 Air Pressure
 Regulators

Procedure:
 First of all I check the apparatus whether it is working correctly or not.
 Then I pushed the gases into the gas cylinder.
 After that I attached the gas tubes to the digital manometer and after that
little bit of pressure is applied.
 The digital meter shows the reading in the digital form.
 I notice the reading and repeated the experiment many times.

17
 Conclusion:
From digital pressure manometer we can find the pressure with very good
accuracy. The result is shown on the digital meter and the exact value comes
and the chances of possible errors are to be minimized with this.
Experiment#09
Positive gauge Pressure:
Theory:
Gauge Pressure:
Gauge pressure is the pressure related to the atmospheric pressure. Gauge
pressure is positive for pressure above atmospheric pressure, and negative
for pressure below it. And Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge pressure
and atmospheric pressure. There are two types
of gauge pressures;

 Positive gauge pressure

 Negative gauge pressure

Positive gauge pressure is defined as the

pressure above the atmospheric pressure
called as positive gauge pressure.

Objective:
To measure the pressure in atmospheric units. And to measure the pressure
above the atmospheric pressure only.
Apparatus:
 Pipes
 Gas Cylinder
 Positive gauge pressure
 Air pressure
 Regulator

Procedure:
 First of all I check the apparatus whether it is working correctly or not.

18
 Then I pushed the gases into the gas cylinder.
 Then I applied the pressure to the gases and through the tube the gases
begins to pass to the gauge.
 The gauge will show us the reading of the pressure.

Conclusion:
From this experiment we conclude that we must calculate the pressure
above atmospheric and can be used to measure the positive gauge values
only.

Experiment#10
Negative gauge Pressure:

Gauge Pressure:
Gauge pressure is the pressure related to the atmospheric pressure. Gauge
pressure is positive for pressure above atmospheric pressure, and negative
for pressure below it. And Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge pressure
and atmospheric pressure. There are two types of gauge pressures;

 Positive gauge pressure

 Negative gauge pressure

Theory:
Negative gauge pressure is defined as the pressure below the atmospheric
pressure is known as the negative gauge pressure.
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to measure the atmospheric pressure
and that atmospheric pressure must be below the level.

19
 Apparatus:
 Pipes
 Gas Cylinder
 Negative gauge pressure
 Air pressure
 Regulator

Procedure:
 First of all I check the apparatus whether it is working correctly or not.
 Then I pushed the gases into the gas cylinder.
 Then I applied the pressure to the gases and through the tube the gases
begins to pass to the gauge.
 I closed the room and windows also and open the
button of the fans for vacuum.
 The gauge will show us the reading of the pressure.

Conclusion:
From this experiment we conclude that we must
calculate the pressure below atmospheric and can be
used to measure the negative gauge values only. It can
be used to measure the small values only.

Experiment#11
DEMONSTRATION OF IC ENGINE TEST BED:
Objective:
An engine is a machine which converts chemical
energy into mechanical energy. There are two types of
engines internal and external combustion engines. A
heat engine in which the heat source is a combustible
mixture that also serves as the working fluid is called
as an internal combustion engine.
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to calculate the fuel
consumption of the petrol that how much it has to be
consumed.

20
Apparatus: The apparatus that is used in an internal combustion engine are as
follows:
 Fuel Gauge
 Thermometer
 Tachometer
 Dynamometer
 Power Supply
 Water Supply
 Stop Watch

Procedure:
First of all I check the all apparatus whether all the apparatus is working correctly
or not. Then I begin to calculate the reading by giving the power supply. The
power supply is attached to the machine and that machine is attached to the
computer where on monitor I get the desired readings of temperature fuel gauge
pressure etc. All of these components that have been mentioned in apparatus have
sensors that take readings and then display on its respective meter. I calculated this
reading two or more times to get the accurate values.
Explanation of Parts attached:
Fuel Gauge:
Fuel gauge contains two pipettes, one of 8ml and the other is 16ml,
and control valves that are used for fuel supply. It is mounted on the test bed frame
and it connects the fuel tank and the engine under test. When the pipettes get filled
to their required readings fuel supply is cut off so that engine draws fuel only from
pipettes. I recorded the time taken for the fuel consumption I can calculate the flow
rate.
Dynamometer:
It is connected to the ic engine
test bed and that will be connected
through the sensors. A dynamometer is a
device used for the calculation of engine
power, torque etc.
Tachometer:
Tachometer is the device
that is used to measure the RPM
(Revolution Per Minutes). The RPM of
the engines are displayed on the digital
screen on the test bed panel. The

21
changes in RPM can be calculated as
load is increased or decreased.
Stop Watch:
A stop watch is basically used to
calculate the time so that we noticed
that how much it works during a
certain interval of time. It is
connected to the IC Engine test bed
so that we notice the reading after
every regular interval of time.

Power Supply:
To run these machines we need a power and that power is supplied by the power
supply is needed to power these sensors and instruments. Water supply is needed
to provide load to the engine and measurement of torque etc.
Water Supply:
We needed the water supply to provide load to the engine and for the measurement
of torque. It is connected
Time AVF1, DVF1 Fuel
to the IC Engine test bed machine.
Calculated DPT1 Engine Air & Exhaust DTS2 Calculated Parameters (Engine)
Consumption Parameters
(Energy) Engine
Torque &
Speed

Time Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel Heat Of Inlet Ambient Exhaust Airbox Ambient Orifice Air To Spee Po Air Specific Therm Volumet Engine Number BME
Consum Consu Densi Calorifi Combust Air Air Gas Differential Air Diame Mass rq d w Fuel Consump al ric Capaci Of Cycles P
(s) ption mptio ty c Value ion Enthal Temperat Temperat Pressure Pressure ter Flow ue er Ratio tion Efficien Efficienc ty [2 or 4]
n py ure ure Rate (rev. cy y (bar
(mL.min (kg.m (MJ.kg- (W) (Pa) (mbar) (mm) (N ( (kg.kWh- (%) (cc)
-1) (kg.s - -3 )
(W) (°C) (°C) (x10-3 m) min- W
(%) )
1) 1)
1) kg.s-1 ) 1) )
0.0 740 4
3. 121 2.1 2
9 -3 9
9 1
8. 0. 0. 2
7 0 7. 2
0 4 0.0
0
8 3 9 5
0 4
4 0 3
4 6
3 0

77.3 740 4 99 2.1 3 - 9 1 0 0 3 0 4 2 4 0.0

3 9 2 9 8. . . 9 . 0 0
. 3 9 5 3 0 4 3 0
8 0 6 4 3
149.5 740 4
3. 201 2.1 4
7 -8 9
9 1
8. 0. 0. 3
4 7 9. 2
0 4 0.0
1
8 6 9 5
0 7
3 0 6
6 9
9 0

211.0 740 4
3. 0 2.1 5
5 0 9
9 1
8. 0. 0. 4
2 0 0. 2
0 4 0.0
0
8 2 8 5
0 0
0 0 2
9 0
0 0

266.1 740 4
3. 201 2.1 6
2 -8 9
9 1
8. 0. 0. 5
5 0 6. 2
0 4 0.0
0
8 9 8 5
0 7
3 0 1
2 2
9 0

318.0 740 4
3. 0 2.1 5
8 0 9
9 1
8. 0. 0. 0 0 N
a 2
0 4 Na
N
8 1 8 5
0 0
0 0 N 0

22
 Experiment#12
Single stage compressor introduction to part

Compressors:
A Compressor is a mechanical devices
which is used to compress gases. It is
widely used in industries and has
various application. Compressors are
similar to pumps because both
increases the pressure of the fluid and
both can transport the fluid with the
help of a pipe.
Types:
 Single Stage Compressor
 Two stage Compressor
 Multistage Compressor
Single stage Compressor:
A single stage compressor work using
the force of piston and valve. It is
designed to house one cylinder that
compresses air with the help of
a single piston stroke. This cylinder is
connected to a power supply that
provides the force needed to compress the air. After this we get the desired output
through the manometer to notice the height, RPM, temperature, voltage and other
values in the devices attached to the single stage compressor.
Working Of Single Stage Compressor:
It is very simple type of compressor. First of all the air is the given air that we input is
to be sucked into the compressor and then after this air is snared into the single
stage compressor where the gases gets to be compressed when the pressure applied
at a given value. Then this compressed air is moved towards the storage tank where
the gases is to be stored and then some little bit of pressure is applied

23
simultaneously to get the exact result. Now In the storage take, the compressed air
serves as energy for the streaking of tools that a single stage compressor is built to
accommodate.
Parts Of Single Stage Compressor:
 Pump
 Pulley
 Belt
 Motor
 Safety Valve
 Tank
 Wheel
 Drain Cock valve
 Pistons
 Pressure Gauge
 Check Valve

Pump:
It is a mechanical device that uses suction or pressure to raise or move liquid,
compress gases, and force air into the other objects such as tires , compressors and
other objects .In single stage compressor the given air is passed through or by the
pump and then it passes to the storage tank.
Pulley:
A pulley is a wheel with a grooved rim around which a thick wire. It acts to change
the direction of a force applied to the thick wire and it is basically used to attain
heavy weights. There are two pullies used in the single stage compressor that is to
be enclosed with the safety guards. In single stage compressor when the given air is
sucked into the compressor through pump then the pulleys begins to rotate that
will create a force and motion and that motion will be the rotatory motion and
reciprocating motion.
Belt:
Belts are the helping materials that will help the pulleys to rotate to and fro without
the pulleys there will be no motion in the pullies and no reciprocating and no
rotatory motion is established. So belts help the pulleys to rotate continuously and
these belts vary with size to size.
Motor:

24
A motor is device that is used to generate electricity and the motor in single stage
compressor provides the compressor to move. It will provide the power to the
compressor and that will be calculated and used later.
Valve:
Compressor has both safety and drain type of valves which are operated by valve
operating mechanism comprising of cam, camshaft, follower, valve rod, rocker
arm, valve spring etc. Valves are generally of spring loaded type and made out of
special alloy steels by forging process.
Types:
 Safety Valve
 Drain cock valve
 Check Valve

Safety valve:
The basic purpose of safety valve in single stage compressor is to safe the limit of
pressure of liquid air and gases. When the pressure or air gases reach their
maximum values then the safety valve opens and notify that it has reached its
maximum value.
Drain Cock Valve:
It is the type of valve which is at the lower part of the compressor and attached to
tank at the bottom. The basic purpose of drain cock valve is to expel the liquid or
gases that are to be used in the experiment. It is very important in the single stage
compressor.
Check Valve:
It also a type of valve in the single stage compressor and it allows the fluid or gases
just to flow only in one direction only. Check valves also have a controlled parameter
and are set to a certain pressure that is to be given and allowed.
Pistons:
Piston is a cylindrical part which reciprocates inside the cylinder and is used for
doing work and getting work. Piston has piston rings tightly fitted in groove
around piston and provides a tight seal so as to prevent leakage across piston and
cylinder wall during piston's reciprocating motion. Pistons are manufactured by
casting or forging process. Pistons are made of cast iron, aluminum alloy .Single
Stage Air Compressor also have two pistons for pumping air. First piston
compresses air and sends it into the second storage tank, or cylinder, where
compressed air is stored for longer and future use.

Pressure Gauge:
A pressure gauge is a device used to calculate the pressure difference.

25
 Experiment#13
Variation Flow rate in Single Stage Compressor with compression ratio
Theory:
A single stage compressor work using the force of piston and valve. It is designed to
house one cylinder that compresses air with the help of a single piston stroke. This
cylinder is connected to a power supply that provides the force needed to compress
the air. After this we get the desired output through the manometer to notice the
height, RPM, temperature, voltage and other values in the devices attached to the
single stage compressor.
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to find the input and the output pressure and the
pressure ratio. When the pressure is applied and given to the inlet valve then the
motor accelerates and the pulley begins to rotate and the pressure will be stored in
the storage tank and we have
to calculate th
Procedure
As we know when the pressure
is applied and given to the inlet
valve then the motor
accelerates and the pulley
begins to rotate and the
pressure will be stored in the
storage tank and we have to
calculate that. Firstly, I noted
that all the readings were to be
zero. Then I start the motor and
the motor begins to start and
collects the pressure and that
pressure will be used
simultaneously to calculate the
readings of the manometer temperature and pressures respectively. Temperature
and pressure in the inlet tank decreases due to the expansion of the air. While in the

26
Sr Time Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet Po = Poutlet + Motor heig 𝐏𝐨
No. (t) Temperatu Temperatur Pressure Pressure Pi= Pinlet + Pambient Speed ht( 𝐏𝐢
re e (Bar) (bar) Pambient (bar) RPM mm
(⁰C) (⁰C) (bar) )

1 10 19.9 32.7 0 100 1.01 2.01 2930 48 1.99

2 20 19.9 40.9 0 150 1.01 2.51 2919 45 2.48
3 30 19.8 48.6 0 180 1.01 2.81 2909 43 2.78
4 40 19.8 53.7 0 190 1.01 2.91 2904 41 2.88
5 50 19.8 60.4 0 240 1.01 3.41 2899 39.5 3.37
6 60 19.5 64.8 0 260 1.01 3.61 2886 35 3.57
7 70 19.2 70.8 0 310 1.01 4.11 2860 28 4.06
8 80 19.1 73.4 0 400 1.01 5.01 2845 24 4.96
9 90 19.00 75.8 0 440 1.01 5.41 2837 22 5.35
10 100 18.93 78.1 0 480 1.01 5.81 2830 20 5.75
storage tank, temperature and pressure increases due to compression of the air. I
calculated the readings with great accuracy and calculate the readings four to five
times.

Table:

Po = Poutlet + Pambient ……………… (1)

Pi = Pinlet + Pambient ……………….. (2)

𝐏𝐨
Compression pressure ratio = ………… (3)
𝐏𝐢
From(1)
Po = Poutlet + Pambient
Po = (100 x 103) + (1.01 x 105)
Po = 2.01 x 105 Pa
From(2)
Pi = Pinlet + Pambient
Pi = 0 + (1.01 x 105)
Pi = 1.01 x 105 Pa
From(3)

27
 𝐏𝐨
Compression pressure ratio =
𝐏𝐢
2.01 x 105
Compression pressure ratio =
1.01 x 105
= 1.99 ≈ 2

Experiment#14
Investigate Flow rate in Single Stage Compressor with compression ratio
Theory:
A single stage compressor work
using the force of piston and
valve. It is designed to house one
cylinder that compresses air with
the help of a single piston stroke.
This cylinder is connected to a
power supply that provides the
force needed to compress the
air. After this we get the desired
output through the manometer
to notice the height, RPM,
temperature, voltage and other
values in the devices attached to the single stage compressor.
Objective:
The objective of the experiment is to find the input and the output pressure and the
pressure ratio. When the pressure is applied and given to the inlet valve then the
motor accelerates and the pulley begins to rotate and the pressure will be stored in
the storage tank and we have to calculate that.
Procedure:
As we know when the pressure is applied and given to the inlet valve then the motor
accelerates and the pulley begins to rotate and the pressure will be stored in the
storage tank and we have to calculate that. Firstly, I noted that all the readings were
to be zero. Then I start the motor and the motor begins to start and collects the
pressure and that pressure will be used simultaneously to calculate the readings of
the manometer temperature and pressures respectively. Temperature and pressure
in the inlet tank decreases due to the expansion of the air. While in the storage tank,
temperature and pressure increases due to compression of the air. I calculated the
readings with great accuracy and calculate the readings four to five times.

28
 Table:

Sr No. Time Inlet Temperature Outlet Temperature Inlet Pressure Outlet Pressure
(t) (⁰C) (⁰C) (Bar) (bar)

1. 10 19.9 32.7 0 100

2. 20 19.9 40.9 0 150
3. 30 19.8 48.6 0 180
4. 40 19.8 53.7 0 190
5. 50 19.8 60.4 0 240
6. 60 19.5 64.8 0 260
7. 70 19.2 70.8 0 310
8. 80 19.1 73.4 0 400
9. 90 19.00 75.8 0 440
10. 100 18.93 78.1 0 480

Pi=Pinlet + Pambient
(bar)
Po = Poutlet + Pambient
(bar)
Motor Speed RPM height(mm) 𝐏𝐨
𝐏𝐢
(qv) =
6.737
√𝒉(𝑻𝟏+𝟐𝟕𝟑.𝟏𝟓)
√𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
1.01 2.01 2930 48 1.99 2.514
1.01 2.51 2919 45 2.48 2.434
1.01 2.81 2909 43 2.78 2.379
1.01 2.91 2904 41 2.88 2.323
1.01 3.41 2899 39.5 3.37 2.280
1.01 3.61 2886 35 3.57 2.145
1.01 4.11 2860 28 4.06 1.917
1.01 5.01 2845 24 4.96 1.775
1.01 5.41 2837 22 5.35 1.699
1.01 5.81 2830 20 5.75 1.620

29
 3

2.5

2
Flow Rate

1.5
rate
1

0.5

0
1.99 2.48 2.78 2.88 3.37 3.57 4.06 4.96 5.35 5.75
Compression Ratio

Calculations:

Po = Poutlet + Pambient ……………… (1)

Pi = Pinlet + Pambient ……………….. (2)

√𝒉(𝑻𝟏+𝟐𝟕𝟑.𝟏𝟓)
Air Flow (qv) = 6.737 ……….. (3)
√𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝐏𝐨
Compression pressure ratio = ………… (4)
𝐏𝐢
From(1)
Po = Poutlet + Pambient
Po = (100 x 103) + (1.01 x 105)
Po = 2.01 x 105 Pa

From(2)
Pi = Pinlet + Pambient
Pi = 0 + (1.01 x 105)
Pi = 1.01 x 105 Pa
From(4)
𝐏𝐨
Compression pressure ratio =
𝐏𝐢
2.01 x 105
Compression pressure ratio = = 1.99 ≈ 2
1.01 x 105

30
 Experiment#15
Investigation of Variation of Isothermal Efficiency with Compression
Pressure Ratio:
Theory:
A single stage compressor work using the force of piston and valve. It is designed to
house one cylinder that compresses air with the help of a single piston stroke. This
cylinder is connected to a power supply that provides the force needed to compress
the air. After this we get the desired output through the manometer to notice the
height, RPM, temperature,
voltage and other values in the
devices attached to the single
stage compressor.
Objective:
The objective of the
experiment is to find the
relation between isothermal
efficiency and compression
pressure ratio.
Apparatus:
 Pump
 Pulley
 Belt
 Motor
 Safety Valve
 Tank
 Wheel
 Drain Cock valve
 Pistons
 Pressure Gauge
 Check Valve

Procedure:
As we know when the pressure is applied and given to the inlet valve then the motor
accelerates and the pulley begins to rotate and the pressure will be stored in the
storage tank and we have to calculate that. Firstly, I noted that all the readings were

31
 to be zero. Then I start the motor and the motor begins to start and collects the
pressure and that pressure will be used simultaneously to calculate the readings of
the manometer temperature and pressures respectively. Temperature and pressure
in the inlet tank decreases due to the expansion of the air. While in the storage tank,
temperature and pressure increases due to compression of the air. I calculated the
readings with great accuracy and calculate the readings four to five times.

Calculation:

Isothermal Efficiency:

Sr No. Time Inlet Temperature Outlet Temperature Inlet Pressure Outlet Pressure Load
(t) (⁰C) (⁰C) (Bar) (bar)

1. 10 19.9 32.7 0 100 1.5

2. 20 19.9 40.9 0 150 1.5
3. 30 19.8 48.6 0 180 1.5
4. 40 19.8 53.7 0 190 1.7
5. 50 19.8 60.4 0 240 1.9
6. 60 19.5 64.8 0 260 1.9
7. 70 19.2 70.8 0 310 2.0
8. 80 19.1 73.4 0 400 2.1
9. 90 19.00 75.8 0 440 2.4
10. 100 18.93 78.1 0 480 2.7
Pi=Pinlet + Pambient Po = Poutlet + Pambient Motor Speed height(mm) 𝐏𝐨 (qv) = ɳiso=
(bar) (bar) RPM 𝐏𝐢 √𝒉(𝑻𝟏+𝟐𝟕𝟑.𝟏𝟓) 𝑾.𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒐
6.737
√𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
𝑾.𝑫𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍

1.01 2.01 2930 48 1.99 2.514 54.64%

1.01 2.51 2919 45 2.48 2.434 54.93%
1.01 2.81 2909 43 2.78 2.379 56.2%
1.01 2.91 2904 41 2.88 2.323 60.2%
1.01 3.41 2899 39.5 3.37 2.280 62.14%
1.01 3.61 2886 35 3.57 2.145 62.15%
1.01 4.11 2860 28 4.06 1.917 67.006%
1.01 5.01 2845 24 4.96 1.775 69.8%
1.01 5.41 2837 22 5.35 1.699 73.9%
1.01 5.81 2830 20 5.75 1.620 74.2%

32
 𝑊.𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑜
ɳiso = = Isothermal work / Actual work
𝑊.𝐷𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
Isothermal Work:
𝑃2
W.Diso= mRtln
𝑃1
P1 = Pinlet + Patm = 0+1.01= 1.01 bar Patm=1.01bar
P2 = Poutlet + Patm=1.6+1.01=2.61 bar
Air Flow Rate:

ℎ×𝑇 48∗19.9
qv = 6.734√ =√ =2.547 litre/s
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 1.01
mair -= qv× ƍ air
𝑃
ƍair = 1 = 1.213×10-3kg/liter
𝑅×𝑇1
mair = 2.97×10-3kg/s
𝑷𝟐 2.61
W.Diso = mairRTln = (2.97)(287)(16.9)ln = 234.7 watts
𝑷𝟏 1.01

Actual Work:
W.Dactual = (Ʈ)(w)
r = 0.112m , m=1.5kg , g=9.81
Ʈ = m×g×r = 1.648
n=rpm
2𝜋𝑛
w= = 306.8
60
W.Dactual = (Ʈ)(w)
= (1.648)(260.2)
= 428.83 watts
𝑾.𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒐
ɳiso=
𝑾.𝑫𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
234.7
=
428.83
ɳiso= 54.64%

Conclusion:
We notice that the difference causes variation in temperature, pressure, rpm etc. We can
calculate thermal efficiency by the above following parameters.

33
 Experiment#16
Volumetric efficiency with single stage compression ratio:

Theory:
A single stage compressor work using the force of piston and valve. It is designed to
house one cylinder that compresses air with the help of a single piston stroke. This
cylinder is connected to a power supply that provides the force needed to compress
the air. After this we get the
desired output through the
manometer to notice the height,
RPM, temperature, voltage and
other values in the devices
attached to the single stage
compressor.
Objective:
The objective of the
experiment is to calculate the
volumetric efficiency with the
help of the compression ratio.
Apparatus:
 Pump
 Pulley
 Belt
 Motor
 Safety Valve
 Tank
 Wheel
 Drain Cock valve
 Pistons
 Pressure Gauge
 Check Valve

Procedure:
First of all the air is the given air that we input is to be sucked into the compressor
and then after this air is snared into the single stage compressor where the gases
gets to be compressed when the pressure applied at a given value. Then this
compressed air is moved towards the storage tank where the gases is to be stored

34
 and then some little bit of pressure is applied simultaneously to get the exact result.
Now In the storage take, the compressed air serves as energy for the streaking of tools that
a single stage compressor is built to accommodate. Now by noticing the reading I will
calculate all the readings and calculate the volumetric efficiency with the help of formula.

Table:

Sr No. Time Inlet Temperature Outlet Temperature Inlet Pressure Outlet Pressure
(t) (⁰C) (⁰C) (Bar) (bar)

1. 10 19.9 32.7 0 100

2. 20 19.9 40.9 0 150
3. 30 19.8 48.6 0 180
4. 40 19.8 53.7 0 190
5. 50 19.8 60.4 0 240
6. 60 19.5 64.8 0 260
7. 70 19.2 70.8 0 310
8. 80 19.1 73.4 0 400
9. 90 19.00 75.8 0 440
10. 100 18.93 78.1 0 480

Pi=Pinlet + Pambient
(bar)
Po = Poutlet + Pambient
(bar)
Motor Speed RPM height(mm) 𝐏𝐨
𝐏𝐢
(qv) =
6.737
√𝒉(𝑻𝟏+𝟐𝟕𝟑.𝟏𝟓)
√𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
1.01 2.01 2930 48 1.99 2.514
1.01 2.51 2919 45 2.48 2.434
1.01 2.81 2909 43 2.78 2.379
1.01 2.91 2904 41 2.88 2.323
1.01 3.41 2899 39.5 3.37 2.280
1.01 3.61 2886 35 3.57 2.145
1.01 4.11 2860 28 4.06 1.917
1.01 5.01 2845 24 4.96 1.775
1.01 5.41 2837 22 5.35 1.699
1.01 5.81 2830 20 5.75 1.620

35
 Current(Amp) Volumetric Efficiency = (qv / vs )*100
Load
1.5 5.625 76 %
1.5 5.625 77.7 %
1.6 5.725 76.3 %
1.7 5.825 74.9 %
1.9 5.925 74.1 %
2.0 6.25 73.2 %
2.1 6.601 70.9 %
2.2 6.875 70.4 %
2.2 7.5 70.1 %
2.3 7.59 68.7 %

80%
78%
76%
Volumetric efficiency

74%
72%
70% Volumetric efficency

68%
66%
64%
1.99 2.48 2.78 2.88 3.37 3.57 4.06 4.96 5.35 5.75
Compression Ratio

Calculations:
𝑨𝒊𝒓𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 ( 𝒒𝒗 )
Volumetric Efficiency (ղv) =
𝑺𝒘𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 ( 𝑽𝒔 )
Compressor speed ( Nc )= motor speed / 1.976
Nc = 2930 /1.976
Nc = 1482.793 per minute
√𝒉(𝑻𝟏+𝟐𝟕𝟑.𝟏𝟓)
Air Flow ( qv ) = 6.737
√𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎

= 6.7374√50(19 + 273.15) /√1.01 × 105

q
v = 2.5622 liter per second
Swept volume per revolution = 0.135 liter
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ×𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Swept volume =
60

36
 Vs = (1482.793 × 0.135) / 60
= 3.336 liter per second
Volumetric Efficiency:
𝑨𝒊𝒓𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 ( 𝒒𝒗 )
Volumetric Efficiency (ղv) =
𝑺𝒘𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 ( 𝑽𝒔 )
= 2.562 / 3.336
= 0.76
= 76 %

Conclusion:
I notice that due to expansion of air in the suction tank and compression of air in the storage
tank, more resistance is created. As a result, motor’s speed is reduced and current is
increased. Hence , volumetric efficiency varies with the compression ratio

Experiment#17
INVESTIGATION OF COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE to Electric
Power
Theory:
A single stage compressor work
using the force of piston and
valve. It is designed to house one
cylinder that compresses air with
the help of a single piston stroke.
This cylinder is connected to a
power supply that provides the
force needed to compress the air.
After this we get the desired
output through the manometer to
notice the height, RPM,
temperature, voltage and other
values in the devices attached to
the single stage compressor.

Objective:

37
 The objective of this experiment is to study experimentally electrical power of the
compressor. In this experiment, air is compressed in the storage tank. After this
pressure difference between inlet & storage tank is created .And we know that
power is the product of the voltage and current.
Apparatus:
 Pump
 Pulley
 Belt
 Motor
 Safety Valve
 Tank
 Wheel
 Drain Cock valve
 Pistons
Procedure:
As we know when the pressure is applied and given to the inlet valve then the motor
accelerates and the pulley begins to rotate and the pressure will be stored in the
storage tank and we have to calculate that. Firstly, I noted that all the readings were
to be zero. Then I start the motor and the motor begins to start and collects the
pressure and that pressure will be used simultaneously to calculate the readings of
the manometer temperature and pressures respectively. Temperature and pressure
in the inlet tank decreases due to the expansion of the air. While in the storage tank,
temperature and pressure increases due to compression of the air. I calculated the
readings with great accuracy and calculate the readings four to five times.

Table:
Sr No. Time(sec) Inlet Temperature Outlet Inlet Outlet
Temperature Pressure Pressure

1 15 24.2 26.9 0 20
2 30 24.2 32 0 80
3 45 23.9 36 0 100
4 60 23.8 41.5 0 140
5 75 23.6 45.2 0 150
6 90 23.6 48.3 0 160

38
 7 105 23.5 51 0 170
8 120 23.4 53.3 0 200
9 135 23.3 56 0 280
10 150 23.3 59.2 0 360

Motor Manometer Current Voltage Power=V*I*cos(0.6)

Speed height
RPM

2433 48 5.725 220 272.052

2905 45 5.725 220 255.0488
2902 43 5.825 220 247.9703
2904 41 5.925 220 240.4958
2899 39.5 6.25 220 244.4063
2886 35 5.925 220 205.3013
2860 28 6.256 220 173.4163
2845 24 6.875 220 163.35
2837 22 7.5 220 163.35
2830 20 7.59 220 150.282

Conclusion:
We notice that the difference causes variation in temperature, pressure, rpm etc.
We can calculate thermal efficiency by the above following parameters

39
 Experiment#18
To calculate of the compressor performance relative to shaft
power:
Theory:
A single stage compressor work using the force of piston and valve. It is designed to
house one cylinder that compresses air with the help of a single piston stroke. This
cylinder is connected to a power supply that provides the force needed to compress
the air. After this we get the
desired output through the
manometer to notice the height,
RPM, temperature, voltage and
other values in the devices
attached to the single stage
compressor.
Objective:
The objective of the experiment
is to calculate compressor
performance relative to shaft
power.
Apparatus:
 Pump
 Pulley
 Belt
 Motor
 Safety Valve
 Tank
 Wheel
 Drain Cock valve
 Pistons
 Pressure Gauge
 Check Valve

Procedure:
As we know when the pressure is applied and given to the inlet valve then the
motor accelerates and the pulley begins to rotate and the pressure will be stored in
the storage tank and we have to calculate that. Firstly, I noted that all the readings

40
 were to be zero. Then I start the motor and the motor begins to start and collects
the pressure and that pressure will be used simultaneously to calculate the readings
of the manometer temperature and pressures respectively. Temperature and
pressure in the inlet tank decreases due to the expansion of the air. While in the
storage tank, temperature and pressure increases due to compression of the air.
And I will calculate the shaft power by using the formula.
Table:
Sr No. Time(sec) Inlet Temperature Outlet Inlet Outlet
Temperature Pressure Pressure

1 15 24.2 26.9 0 20
2 30 24.2 32 0 80
3 45 23.9 36 0 100
4 60 23.8 41.5 0 140
5 75 23.6 45.2 0 150
6 90 23.6 48.3 0 160
7 105 23.5 51 0 170
8 120 23.4 53.3 0 200
9 135 23.3 56 0 280
10 150 23.3 59.2 0 360
Motor Manometer Current Load τ = F.R = mg.R ω= Shaft
Speed height (2πN_em)/60 Power = τ
RPM ×ω

2490 46 5.725 1.5 1.64808 260.7611 429.7552

2905 45 5.725 1.5 1.64808 304.2212833 501.381
2902 45 5.825 1.6 1.757952 303.9071133 534.2541
2904 43 5.925 1.7 1.867824 304.11656 568.0362
2899 41 6.25 1.9 2.087568 303.5929433 633.7709
2886 38 5.925 2 2.19744 302.23154 664.1357
2860 34 6.256 2.1 2.307312 299.5087333 691.0601
2845 30 6.875 2.2 2.417184 297.9378833 720.1707
2837 22 7.5 2.2 2.417184 297.1000967 718.1456
2830 20 7.59 2.3 2.527056 296.3670333 748.9361

41
 Calculation:

Shaft Power =τ × ω
where
τ = F.R = mg*R = (0.5)(9.81)(0.112) = 0.55 Nm
and
2𝜋𝑁𝑒𝑚 (2𝜋)2908
ω= = = 304.37 /s
60 60
Hence,
Shaft power = 0.55 × 304.37 = 167.40 W

Conclusion:
I noticed that the speed of motor will decrease due to compression of air in the suction tank
and expansion of air in the storage tank .And because of this the motor will require more
power to drain out more air from inlet tank which in turn will vary the variables i.e. rpm,
temperature, pressure, speed.

Experiment#19
To find the variation of Power of Single Stage Compressor
Theory:
A single stage compressor work using the force of piston and valve. It is designed to
house one cylinder that compresses air with the help of a single piston stroke. This
cylinder is connected to a power supply that provides the force needed to compress
the air. After this we get the
desired output through the
manometer to notice the
height, RPM, temperature,
voltage and other values in
the devices attached to the
single stage compressor. And
the power is the cross product
of voltage and current.

Objective:
The objective of the
experiment is to calculate

42
 the power of the single stage compressor when the pressure is applied to te tank.
When the pressure difference is created then I will notice that there will be a little
change in the current also.
Procedure:
First of all the air is the given air that we input is to be sucked into the compressor
and then after this air is snared into the single stage compressor where the gases
gets to be compressed when the pressure applied at a given value. Then this
compressed air is moved towards the storage tank where the gases is to be stored
and then some little bit of pressure is applied simultaneously to get the exact result.
Now In the storage take, the compressed air serves as energy for the streaking of tools that
a single stage compressor is built to accommodate. Now I will notice the reading of the
pressure voltage and current also and calculate the readings with the help of this formula as
follows:
P=VI

Table:
Sr No. Time(sec) Inlet Temperature Outlet Inlet Outlet
Temperature Pressure Pressure

1 15 24.2 26.9 0 20
2 30 24.2 32 0 80
3 45 23.9 36 0 100
4 60 23.8 41.5 0 140
5 75 23.6 45.2 0 150
6 90 23.6 48.3 0 160
7 105 23.5 51 0 170
8 120 23.4 53.3 0 200
9 135 23.3 56 0 280
10 150 23.3 59.2 0 360

43
 Motor Speed Manometer height Current Voltage Power=V*I
RPM

2433 48 5.725 220 274.8

2905 45 5.725 220 257.625
2902 43 5.825 220 250.475
2904 41 5.925 220 242.925
2899 39.5 6.25 220 246.875
2886 35 5.925 220 207.375
2860 28 6.256 220 175.168
2845 24 6.875 220 165
2837 22 7.5 220 165
2830 20 7.59 220 151.8

Conclusion:
When the pressure difference is created then I will notice that there will be a little
change in the current also.

Experiment#20
INVESTIGATION OF THE AIR COMPRESSOR PERFORMANCE
RELATIVE TO HEAT LOSS:
Theory:
A single stage compressor work using the force of piston and valve. It is designed to
house one cylinder that
compresses air with the help of
a single piston stroke. This
cylinder is connected to a power
supply that provides the force
needed to compress the air.
After this we get the desired
output through the manometer
to notice the height, RPM,
temperature, voltage and other
values in the devices attached to
the single stage compressor.

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 Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to calculate experimentally the heat loss
relative to compressor performance.

Apparatus:
 Pump
 Pulley
 Belt
 Motor
 Safety Valve
 Tank
 Wheel
 Drain Cock valve
 Pistons
 Pressure Gauge
Procedure:
Firstly, I noted that all the readings were to be zero. Then I start the motor and the
motor begins to start and collects the pressure and that pressure will be used
simultaneously to calculate the readings of the manometer temperature and
pressures respectively. Temperature and pressure in the inlet tank decreases due to
the expansion of the air. While in the storage tank, temperature and pressure
increases due to compression of the air. Then I used the formula to calculate the
heat loss.
Table:

Sr No. Time(sec) Inlet Temperature Outlet Inlet Outlet

Temperature Pressure Pressure

1 15 24.2 26.9 0 20
2 30 24.2 32 0 80
3 45 23.9 36 0 100
4 60 23.8 41.5 0 140
5 75 23.6 45.2 0 150
6 90 23.6 48.3 0 160
7 105 23.5 51 0 170
8 120 23.4 53.3 0 200
9 135 23.3 56 0 280

45
 10 150 23.3 59.2 0 360

Motor Manometer Current Load τ = F.R = mg.R ω= Shaft

Speed height (2πN_em)/60 Power = τ
RPM ×ω

2490 46 5.725 1.5 1.64808 260.7611 429.7552

2905 45 5.725 1.5 1.64808 304.2212833 501.381
2902 45 5.825 1.6 1.757952 303.9071133 534.2541
2904 43 5.925 1.7 1.867824 304.11656 568.0362
2899 41 6.25 1.9 2.087568 303.5929433 633.7709
2886 38 5.925 2 2.19744 302.23154 664.1357
2860 34 6.256 2.1 2.307312 299.5087333 691.0601
2845 30 6.875 2.2 2.417184 297.9378833 720.1707
2837 22 7.5 2.2 2.417184 297.1000967 718.1456
2830 20 7.59 2.3 2.527056 296.3670333 748.9361

𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 (qv) = mo = qv.ƿ Q=moCp∆T Heat loss

𝑹𝑻𝟏 6.737
√𝒉(𝑻𝟏+𝟐𝟕𝟑.𝟏𝟓)
√𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
1.18 2.514 2.96 0.00805 -429.747
1.18 2.434 2.87 0.022 -501.359
1.184 2.379 2.81 0.034 -534.220
1.185 2.323 2.75 0.048 -567.988
1.185 2.280 2.70 0.058 -633.712
1.185 2.145 2.54 0.063 -664.072
1.186 1.917 2.27 0.062 -690.998
1.186 1.775 2.10 0.063 -720.107
1.186 1.699 2.01 0.066 -718.079
1.187 1.620 1.94 0.069 -748.867

Calculation:

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 Q = moCp∆T – WActual
Actual Work done = τ × ω

where
τ = F.R = mg.R = (1.4)(9.81)(0.112) = 1.538 Nm
and
2𝜋𝑁 (2𝜋)2908
ω= 𝑒𝑚
= = 304.37 /s
60 60
Hence, actual work = 1.538 × 304.37 = 468.12 J
Now,
mo = qv.ƿ
ℎ(𝑇1 +273.5) 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠
mo= (6.7279√ )×( )
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑅𝑇1
52(18.8+273.5) 1.01×105
mo= (6.7279√ )×( )
1.01×105 287×291.8
−𝟑
mo = 3.15× 𝟏𝟎 kg/s
And
moCp∆T = (3.15×10−3 )(1.005)(28.9 − 18.8)
= 0.0318 J

Heat Loss Q = 0.0318-468.12

Q = -468.06 J

Conclusion:
I noticed that speed of motor will decrease due to compression of air in the
suction tank and expansion of air in the storage tank. Because of this the motor
will require more power to drain out more air from inlet tank which in turn will
vary the variables.

47