Chapter 2

METHOD

This chapter describes the methodology used to achieve the purpose

of the study. It describes the research design, research locale, respondents

of the study, sampling procedures, the research instrument, the statistical

tools and structural equation modeling (SEM) employed in this

investigation.

Research Design

The study will employ quantitative approach in research, which

specifically utilize path analysis. A quantitative research is a method

which emphasize objective measurements and the statistical,

mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls,

questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical

data using computational techniques. It also focuses on gathering

numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a

particular phenomenon (Babbie, 2010).

Meanwhile, path analysis is a form of multiple regression statistical

analysis that is used to evaluate causal models by examining the

relationships between a dependent variable and two or more independent

variables. Typically path analysis involves the construction of a path

 25

diagram in which the relationships between all variables and the causal

direction between them are specifically laid out. When conducting a path

analysis, one might first construct an input path diagram, which illustrates

the hypothesized relationships. In a path diagram, researchers use arrows

to show how different variables relate to each other. An arrow pointing

from, say, Variable A to Variable B, shows that Variable A is hypothesized

to influence Variable B. (Crossman, 2019).

Path analysis is an appropriate approach for the study since it tries

to investigate how students’ academic performance is being influenced by

some variables namely, teacher classroom management, teaching methods,

parental involvement and motivation. The study also seeks to find the

interrelationship among the abovementioned variables, thus trying to

determine which variable affects the other in order to establish a model

that shows a flow of influence between and/or variables.

Research Respondents

The respondents of the study will be the Grade 10 students from

different secondary schools in Banaybanay District in the Division of

Davao Oriental. Using the Slovin’s formula, the number of respondents is

determined. Through the use of Raosoft cample size calculator at 5%

degree of freedom and 95% level of confidence, as sample size of 247 is

determined from a total population of 646.

 26

Table 1 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study

comprising of 247 Grade 10 students from secondary public schools. These

students are enrolled for the school year.

Table 1

Distribution of the Respondents of the Study

________________________________________________________________________
Schools Population Sample Percentage
________________________________________________________________________
Leandro G. Japos National High School 52 20 8.09%

Manuel B. Guinez Sr. National High School 448 171 69.23%

Donguila-Pacres National High School 70 27 10.93%

Puntalinao National High School 76 29 11.74%

________________________________________________________________________
Total 646 247 100%

The stratified random sampling method will be used in selecting the

participants to ensure equal representation for every school. This

technique will be employed since the Banaybanay District has four (4)

secondary schools with varying number of Grade 10 students.

 27

Legend:

- The location of the respondents.

Figure 2. The vicinity map of the respondents

Research Instrument
 28

There will be four (4) sets of survey questionnaire that will be used

to gather data in order to determine the extent or level of classroom

management, teaching methods, parental involvement, and motivation.

The Classroom management survey questionnaire will be an

adopted questionnaire authored by Rashid, Abbass, Hussain, Khalid, and

Ahmad Salfi (2014). The rating will be based on the five (5) point scales

with 1 representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3 (Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes)

and 5 (Always) will be used as a basis of determining the responses of the

students.

For the classroom management, the researcher will employ a

parameter limit and descriptive equivalents as follows:

Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation

Equivalent

4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the

classroom management item is
always manifested

3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the

classroom management item is
oftentimes manifested.

2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the

classroom management item is
sometimes manifested.

1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the

 29

classroom management item is

seldom manifested

1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the

classroom management item is
never manifested

The teaching methods survey questionnaire will be an adopted

questionnaire authored by Juuti, Lavonen, Uitto, Byman and Meisalo

(2009). The rating will be based on the five (5) point scales with 1

representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3 (Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes) and 5

(Always) will be used as a basis of determining the responses of the

students.

For teaching methods, the five orderable categories in parental

involvement are categorized below:

Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation

Equivalent

4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the

teaching methods item is
always manifested

3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the

teaching methods item is
oftentimes manifested.
 30

2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the

teaching methods item is
sometimes manifested.

1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the

teaching methods item is
seldom manifested

1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the

teaching methods item is never
manifested

The Parental involvement survey questionnaire will be an adopted

questionnaire authored by Gafoor (2001). The rating will be based on the

five (5) point scales with 1 representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3

(Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes) and 5 (Always) will be used as a basis of

determining the responses of the students.

For parental involvement, the five orderable categories in parental

involvement are categorized below:

 31

Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation

Equivalent

4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the

parental involvement item is
always manifested

3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the

parental involvement item is
oftentimes manifested.

2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the

parental involvement item is
sometimes manifested.

1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the

parental involvement item is
seldom manifested

1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the

parental involvement item is
never manifested

The motivation survey questionnaire will be an adopted

questionnaire authored by Njiru (2003). The rating will be based on the

five (5) point scales with 1 representing “Never”, 2 (Seldom), 3

(Sometimes), 4 (Oftentimes) and 5 (Always) will be used as a basis of

determining the responses of the students.

For motivation, the five orderable categories in parental

involvement are categorized below:

 32

Range of Means Descriptive Interpretation

Equivalent

4.30 – 5.00 Very High If the measure described in the

motivation item is always
manifested

3.50 – 4.20 High If the measure described in the

motivation item is oftentimes
manifested.

2.70 – 3.40 Moderate If the measure described in the

motivation item is sometimes
manifested.

1.90 – 2.60 Low If the measure described in the

motivation item is seldom
manifested

1.00 – 1.80 Very Low If the measure described in the

motivation item is never
manifested

To assess the level of students’ achievement in science, grades of the

Second Quarter in the subject Science will be utilized as data. To determine

the academic achievement in Science of the students, the guidelines in

DepEd Order No. 8 series of 2015 will be the basis in plotting the five

orderable gradations.
 33

For the academic achievement in Science, the guidelines in DepEd

Order No. 8 series of 2015 will be the basis in plotting the five orderable

gradations. The following scaling will be utilized:

Transmuted Descriptive Description

Grade Equivalent

90 -100 Outstanding If the measure described the

(84.00 - 100) science achievement
is very high.

85 - 89 Very Satisfactory If the measure described the

(76.00 – 83.99) science achievement is
high.

80 – 84 Satisfactory If the measure described the

(68.00 – 75.99) science achievement is
moderate.

75 – 79 Fairly Satisfactory If the measure described the

(60.00 – 67.99) science achievement
is low

74 and below Did not meet If the measure described the

(0 – 59.99) Expectations science achievement is
very low.

Data Gathering Procedure

In gathering data, the researchers will observe the following steps:

Seeking Permissions to Conduct the Study from Authorities. The

researcher will send a letter of permission to conduct study to the Office of

Schools Division Superintendent of the Division of Davao Oriental, Dr.

 34

Lorenzo E. Mendoza, CESE at the Government Center, Dahican, City of

Mati, Davao Oriental.

General Orientation and Seeking of Consent from Research

Participants. In the process of conducting the study, the researcher will

conduct a brief orientation about his study or the purpose of the study on

the respondents. Also, the researcher will do the process of making the

respondents aware on how they were selected, how their responses would

be given emphasis and importance, and how the assurance of

confidentiality would be strictly observed as to the gathering and

tabulation of data. Also, the act of giving and explaining technical terms

used within the study will be practiced. It was on this process that the

respondents will get acquainted and be informed as to what the study will

be all about and how their participation would be of help on the success of

the study. The introduction and giving short discussion with regards to the

instruments being used on the study would minimize the ambiguity,

anxiety, and complication that the respondents might encounter on the

conduct of it.

Administration and Retrieval of Questionnaires. Upon the

approval, the researcher will personally distribute the research

instruments to the respondents. With the help of the respective class

advisers, it will be properly distributed and retrieved afterwards.

 35

Also, the researcher will be ready to entertain questions and

clarifications about the survey questionnaire items.

Checking, Collating and Processing of Data. At this point, the

researcher will tally and tabulate all the data that will be gathered from the

respondents utilizing various scales and subjected the data set for

statistical analysis. The analysis and interpretation of the statistical results

including the conclusions and the formulation will follow.

Statistical Treatment of Data

This research will employ different statistical tools for analyzing the

data.

Mean. It is the sum of the sampled values divided by the number of

items in the sample (Bradfield, 1998). It will be used to determine the level

of the variables such as classroom management, teaching methods,

parental involvement, motivation and academic performance in science of

the students. It will be used to answer the research questions 1, 2, 3, 4, and

5.

Pearson Product Moment Coefficient Correlation. It is a measure of

the linear correlation between two variables X and Y (Moriya, 2008). It will

be used to find the relationship between the variables classroom

management, teaching methods, parental involvement, motivation and

 36

academic performance in science of the students. This statistical tool will

be used to answer the research question 6.

Regression Analysis. It is a set of statistical processes for estimating

the relationships between a dependent variable (often called the 'outcome

variable') and one or more independent variables (often called 'predictors',

'covariates', or 'features') (Mogull, 2004). It will also be used to derive the

value of a criterion from several other independents, or predictor

variables. Also, it would determine which of the exogenous variables:

classroom management, teaching methods, parental involvement,

motivation predict the endogenous variable which and academic

performance in science of the students. It will be used to answer the

research questions 7 and 8.

Structural Equation Modelling will be used to assess the best fit

among the models and to determine the validity of the hypothesized

model. It will be used to answer the research question 9.

Ethical Consideration

This is to guarantee systematic practices in research, the ethical

codes need to be emphasized and applied towards the respondents. Also

the context concerning the agreement of both the researchers and the

respondents. This quantitative paper revolves around the key principles of

ethical research which includes consent, confidentiality, anonymity, harm

 37

and reciprocity, and reflecting to the issue of power, empowerment and

ownership (Halai, 2006).

The study will also follow the standards that are being set

internationally which is to protect the key respondents. The privacy of the

respondents will be considered. The data that will be collected shall

remain confidential which is the appropriate thing to do with the group of

people.

Respect for persons needs an obligation of the researcher not to

exploit the weaknesses of the research respondents. Self-sufficiency will be

avoided in order to maintain friendship, trust, and confidence among the

respondents and the researchers. Beforehand, the researcher will ask

permission from the Schools Division Superintendent by sending a

permission letter to conduct the study before conducting the research.

Prior to the conduct of the study, the researcher will do an

orientation to the respondents and will utilize informed consent (and

informed assent if study involves children below 18 y/o) wherein the

consent/assent contains all the details about the study including how they

will participate in the study and the benefits that they could get from the

study.

The researcher shall ensure that the respondents will voluntarily

participate. There must be absence of coercion in high level and that they
 38

are free to withdraw from the study. Upon withdrawal, their data will no

longer be included in the study. This voluntary participation and freedom

of withdrawal will all be stipulated in the informed consent/assent. That

in the entire duration of the data gathering, the researcher will ensure that

no harm will be incurred to the respondents by having the data collection

in the safest place possible like their classrooms.

The researcher must ensure observance to Data Protection Policy,

where the participants’ identity will never be divulged in the study. This

will be done by not including their names and any information related to

them. The schools where they belong will also be assigned with code

names. Also, the raw data of the study will be stored in a safe box and will

be accessed only by the researcher and the analyst if needed. This will be

done to pay respect for the individuals concerned in the study.

Consent is another most important way of showing respect to

persons during research. This is to let all respondents became aware on the

purpose and objectives of the research study that they are going to involve.

Written consent will be provided for them to get their approval. After

getting their nod, they will have to actively participate in the answering of

the survey questionnaires. Of course, they will be informed on the results

and findings of the study. (Creswell, 2012).

 39

Beneficence requires a commitment of minimizing risks to the

research respondents rather maximizing the profits that are due to them.

The respondents will benefit from the study by being to exposed to

academic stimuli. They will be oriented on how educational practitioners

deal and address problems they are experiencing. Anonymity of the

respondents will be kept in order not to put each participant into risks. At

all times, respondents will be protected, so every files of information will

not be left unattended or unprotected (Bricki and Green, 2007).

Confidentiality towards the results and findings including the

safeguard of the respondents, coding system will be used. Meaning, the

respondents’ identities will be hidden. All materials including survey

questionnaires and others should be destroyed after the data will be

analyzed. At first, respondents will have to refuse to give positive answer

to the request, but then as we will go on, they wanted also to offer help in

the research. They will not be required to write their names in the

questionnaires (Maree and Van Der Westhuizen, 2007).

Justice requires a reasonable allocation of the risks and benefits as

results of the research. It is very important to acknowledge the

contributions of all the respondents as they generally part of the success of

the research. They must be given due credits in all their endeavors. Time of

the respondents will not be wasted. Data gathering will be done in a

 40

reasonable length of time. The researcher will also ensure that classes will

not be interrupted during the data gathering thus it will be done during

free time. Random sampling technique will strictly be observed to ensure

that everybody will have the chance to be included in the study, hence fair

selection will be observed. The respondents will not able to spend any

amount of money during the conduct of the study. Sensible tokens will be

given to them as a sign of recognition to their efforts on the study. The

researcher is hoping that through this study, they will be set free into

whatever negative experiences they had and maintain a good name into

what positive contributions they could offer in this study.