Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and

Perspectives, 7e
Chapter 6: Remembering Development in Nursing
Question 1
The nurse’s research is directed toward testing a specific hypothesis deduced from a
theory. Which research approach does this work represent?
1. Dynamicism
2. Positivist
3. Constructivist
4. Naturalistic
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale: The positivist approach deals with natural law and assumes that there is a
body of facts and principles to be discovered and understood that is independent of the
context. In this approach, hypotheses are deduced from the theory to be tested in
research. The dynamic approach is also referred to as constructivist. In this approach
theories are inductively constructed and give insights into social contexts and personal
meanings. This approach uses naturalistic settings and observational methods.
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Evaluation; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 1. Describe the nature of knowledge development.
Page Number: p. 100

Question 2
The nurse strongly believes that truth is based in experiences. Which research approach is
this nurse most likely to favor?
1. Hard science model
2. Positivist
3. Cause and effect
4. Constructivist
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale: In the constructivist approach, truth is found in one’s experiences, and
research uses naturalistic settings and observational methods to describe phenomena. The
positivist approach represents what many people regard as hard science and attempts to
look at cause and effect.
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and

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processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Planning; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 1. Describe the nature of knowledge development.
Page Number: p. 100

Question 3
Which option is the most general in the scope of nursing theories and looks at the nature
of things?
1. Grand theory
2. Middle-range theory
3. A concept
4. Philosophy
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale: A philosophy looks at the nature of things and aims to provide the meaning of
nursing phenomena. It is the most general in the scope of nursing theories. A grand
theory is broad and complex and tends to be very general. Middle-range theory has a
narrower scope and is derived from earlier works, such as philosophies and grand
theories. A concept is the abstract idea or mental image of a phenomenon.
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 1. Describe the nature of knowledge development.
Page Number: p. 101

Question 4
Which strategy would be most useful in integrating nursing theory and nursing practice?
1. Link nursing theories to medical theories.
2. Present theories in a compelling, practice-focused manner.
3. Define theories in terms of advanced nursing education.
4. Require each nurse to identify a personal nursing theorist.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale: There is a gap between nursing theory and practice. This gap must be bridged
to achieve theory-based practice. Nursing theories must be seen as supporting and
guiding practice, and must be communicated in ways that are compelling to nurses who
must apply them in a clinical setting. Nursing theories do not have to be linked to medical

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theories and doing so may decrease their usefulness in nursing. A part of the gap between
theory and practice is based upon the disconnect between academia and practice, so it
would not be helpful to define theories in terms of advanced nursing education. Requiring
each nurse to identify a personal nursing theorist is not a practical solution.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Planning; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 1. Describe the nature of knowledge development.
Page Number: p. 99

Question 5
Why has nursing theory not been formally integrated into everyday nursing practice?
(Select all that apply.)
1. Historically, nursing education was accomplished following an apprenticeship model.
2. Nursing theories were developed by nurses in graduate school at a time when advanced
education in nursing was uncommon.
3. The theoretical basis of nursing was developed centuries ago and does not apply to
current nursing practice.
4. There is little evidence that nursing theories are applicable in today’s nursing practice.
5. Insufficient numbers of nursing theories exist to guide nursing practice.
Correct Answer: 1, 2
Rationale: The gap between nurse theorists and practicing nurses can be attributed in
part to the development of nursing theories in the 1960s by nurses who were pursuing
graduate degrees in nursing and related fields. Few other nurses knew or cared about such
matters. Until the 1950s nursing practice was based on principles and traditions passed on
through an apprenticeship form of education. Nursing theories are current and do apply to
today’s nursing practice. Although there is room for the development of new nursing
theories, sufficient numbers exist to guide practice.
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 1. Describe the nature of knowledge development.

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Page Number: p. 100

Question 6
What are the four concepts that have historically been identified as the focus of nursing
theory?
1. Assessment, goals, interventions, and evaluation.
2. Pain, anxiety, stress, and fatigue.
3. Disease, death, care, and cure.
4. Person, environment, health, and nursing.
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale: The four concepts that are the focus of nursing theory are person,
environment, health, and nursing. Assessment, goals, interventions, and evaluation are
steps of the nursing process. Pain, anxiety, stress, fatigue, disease, death, care, and cure
are all aspects of the care that nurses provide.
Cognitive Level: Remembering
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Planning; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 2. Differentiate among the terms concept, conceptual framework,
and conceptual model.
Page Number: p. 101

Question 7
The nursing faculty is revising their program’s curriculum and is developing a conceptual
framework. What will this faculty develop?
1. A document that relates concepts by defining their significance to one another.
2. An overall view or orientation to focus thoughts.
3. A system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon.
4. A specific outline of the curriculum’s topics and contents.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale: A conceptual framework is a group of related concepts that provides an
overall view or orientation to focus thoughts. A theory is a system of ideas proposed to
explain a given phenomenon. Theories also relate concepts by using definitions that state
the concepts’ significant relationships. A specific outline of curriculum topics and
contents is a topic outline.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.

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AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Planning; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 2. Differentiate among the terms concept, conceptual framework,
and conceptual model.
Page Number: p. 102

Question 8
The nursing faculty is revising their program’s curriculum and plan to use a specific
theory as a basis of their work. What is a theory?
1. A document that relates concepts by defining their significance to one another.
2. An overall view or orientation to focus thoughts.
3. A graphic illustration of a conceptual framework.
4. A specific outline of the curriculum’s topics and contents.
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: Theories relate concepts by using definitions that state significant
relationships between concepts. A conceptual framework is a group of related concepts
that provides an overall view or orientation to focus thoughts. A graphic illustration of a
conceptual framework is a conceptual model. A specific outline of curriculum topics and
contents is a topic outline.
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 2. Differentiate among the terms concept, conceptual framework,
and conceptual model.
Page Number: p. 102

Question 9
The nursing faculty is revising their program’s curriculum and is developing a conceptual
model. What will this faculty develop?
1. A graphic illustration of a conceptual framework.
2. An overall view or orientation to focus thoughts.
3. A system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon.
4. A specific outline of the curriculum’s topics and contents.
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: A conceptual model is a graphic illustration of the program’s conceptual
framework. A conceptual framework is a group of related concepts that provides an

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overall view or orientation to focus thoughts. A theory is a system of ideas proposed to
explain a given phenomenon. Theories also relate concepts by using definitions that state
the concepts’ significant relationships. A specific outline of curriculum topics and
contents is a topic outline.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Implementation; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 2. Differentiate among the terms concept, conceptual framework,
and conceptual model.
Page Number: p. 102

Question 10
Which option is an example of an inferential concept?
1. Rash
2. Equilibrium
3. Pain
4. Powerlessness
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale: Inferential concepts are indirectly observable and include such ideas as pain
and temperature. Rash is a concrete or readily observable concept. Equilibrium and
powerlessness are nonobservable or abstract concepts.
Cognitive Level: Remembering
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 2. Differentiate among the terms concept, conceptual framework,
and conceptual model.
Page Number: p. 101

Question 11
The nurse is planning a research study to test a theory. Which approach is generally best
for this endeavor?
1. Deductive using quantitative research methods.

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2. Inductive using quantitative research methods.
3. Deductive using qualitative research methods.
4. Inductive using qualitative research methods.
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: Generally speaking, theory testing uses a deductive approach and applies
quantitative research methods. Theory generation uses an inductive approach and is the
result of qualitative research. Inductive approach using quantitative research methods and
deductive approach using qualitative research methods are not as commonly used in
theory testing.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Planning; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 3. Analyze the development of knowledge in nursing.
Page Number: p. 102

Question 12
The nurse’s research is designed to generate a new theory. What research approach has
this nurse most likely chosen?
1. Deductive using quantitative research methods.
2. Inductive using quantitative research methods.
3. Deductive using qualitative research methods.
4. Inductive using qualitative research methods.
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale: Generally speaking, theory testing uses a deductive approach and applies
quantitative research methods. Theory generation uses an inductive approach and is the
result of qualitative research. Inductive approach using quantitative research methods and
deductive approach using qualitative research methods are not as commonly used in
theory generation.
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Evaluation; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 3. Analyze the development of knowledge in nursing.

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Page Number: p. 102

Question 13
According to Carper, which way of knowing reflects the science of nursing?
1. Empirical knowing
2. Personal knowing
3. Esthetic knowing
4. Ethical knowing
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: In Carper’s framework, empirical knowing represents the science of nursing
that emphasizes generation of theory that is systematic and controlled by factual
evidence. Esthetic knowing represents the art of nursing. Personal knowing focuses on
interpersonal processes and the therapeutic use of self. Ethical knowing represents a
pattern of knowing related to what ought to be done and focuses on matters of obligation.
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 3. Analyze the development of knowledge in nursing.
Page Number: p. 102

Question 14
The nurse says she knows a particular fact is true because “God says it is true.” Which of
Kneller’s types of knowing is this nurse describing?
1. Rational
2. Empirical
3. Intuitive
4. Revealed
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale: Kneller’s framework describes five kinds of knowledge: (1) revealed
knowledge that is disclosed by God; (2) intuitive knowledge that comes from a process of
discovery nurtured by experience; (3) rational knowledge that uses principles of formal
logic; (4) empirical knowledge that is tested by observation or experiment; and (5)
authoritative knowledge that is vouched for by authorities in the field.
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,

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practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 3. Analyze the development of knowledge in nursing.
Page Number: p. 102

Question 15
Why do most nursing theories reflect such strong influence from other disciplines such as
sociology?
1. Those disciplines are more professional than nursing.
2. The theorists who developed nursing theories were often doing graduate work in those
disciplines, not nursing.
3. Nursing theories were developed by non-nurses.
4. Nursing is not an independent entity, but a spin-off from other disciplines such as
sociology and psychology.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale: At the time that many nursing theories were developed, advanced education
in nursing did not exist, so nurses were doing graduate work in related fields such as
sociology and psychology. It does not mean that those disciplines are more professional
than nursing or that nursing is not an independent entity. These theories were developed
by nurses.
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 3. Analyze the development of knowledge in nursing.
Page Number: p. 102

Question 16
The psychiatric nurse’s practice is based on Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Model. The
nurse has developed a relationship with a client in which the client has assumed the
power. How would Peplau identify this phase of the relationship?
1. Orientation
2. Identification
3. Exploitation
4. Resolution
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale: Peplau’s model identifies the four phases listed as options. Exploitation
occurs when the client derives full value from what the nurse offers and the power in the

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relationship shifts from the nurse to the client. In orientation the client seeks help, and the
nurse assists the client in understanding the problem and the extent of the need for help.
During the identification phase, the client assumes a posture of dependence,
interdependence, or independence in relation to the nurse. The nurse’s focus is to assure
the person that the nurse understands the interpersonal meaning of the client’s situation.
Resolution is the final phase in which old needs and goals are put aside and new ones
adopted.
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 4. Compare the theoretical approaches of selected nurse theorists.
Page Number: p. 103

Question 17
What is the underlying theme of Virginia Henderson’s work?
1. Nurses move in stages from novice to expert in the field.
2. Nursing is best provided when culture is considered.
3. Control of the environment of healing is the most important aspect of nursing.
4. Nursing is independent from and interdependent with other health care disciplines.
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale: Virginia Henderson formulated a definition of the unique function of nursing
that defined nursing as unique and separate from medicine. Novice to expert is the theme
of Benner’s work. Leininger’s work is based upon cultural competence. Controlling the
environment of healing is central to the work of Nightingale.
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 4. Compare the theoretical approaches of selected nurse theorists.
Page Number: p. 103

Question 18
The nursing school’s curriculum is based on Orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing.

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How would this curriculum describe nursing interventions designed for individuals who
are unable to perform some (but not all) self-care activities?
1. Wholly compensatory
2. Partly compensatory
3. Supportive
4. Educative
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale: Orem postulates that nursing systems form when nurses prescribe design, and
provide nursing that regulates the individual’s self-care capabilities and meets therapeutic
self-care requirements. She identifies three types of nursing systems: (1) wholly
compensatory in which the client is unable to control and monitor their environment and
process information; (2) partly compensatory designed for individuals who are unable to
perform some (but not all) self-care activities; and (3) supportive-educative designed for
persons who need to learn to perform self-care measures and need assistance to do so.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 4. Compare the theoretical approaches of selected nurse theorists.
Page Number: p. 105

Question 19
Which statement best reflects the essence of Madeleine Leininger’s work?
1. Caring and curing cannot exist independently of each other.
2. Persons of all cultures tend to expect similar interventions from nursing care providers.
3. Both differences and commonalities exist in the ways cultures practice caring.
4. Western cultures practice caring at a superior level to that practiced in non-Western
cultures.
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale: Central to Leininger’s work is the belief that cultures have differences in their
ways of perceiving, knowing, and practicing care, but that there are also commonalities
about care among cultures. She says there can be no cure without caring, but that there
may be caring without curing. She emphasizes that human caring, although a universal
phenomenon, varies among cultures in its expressions, processes, and patterns; it is
largely culturally derived. She does not believe one culture is superior to any other.
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.

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AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 4. Compare the theoretical approaches of selected nurse theorists.
Page Number: p. 112

Question 20
The nurse who bases practice on the theory of unitary human beings will focus on which
set of concepts?
1. Caring factors, transpersonal caring relationships, and caring moments/situations.
2. Regulator, cognator, stimuli, and adaptation.
3. Energy fields, universe of open systems, pattern, and pandimensionality.
4. Self-care deficit, self-care agency, and therapeutic self-care demand.
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale: The major components of Martha Rogers’ theory of unitary human beings are
energy fields, openness, pattern, and pandimensionality. Caring factors, transpersonal
caring relationships, and caring moments/situations are a part of Jean Watson’s Human
Caring Theory. Regulator, cognator, stimuli, and adaptation are portions of Callista Roy’s
Adaptation Model. Self-care deficit, self-care agency, and therapeutic self-care demand
are parts of Dorothea Orem’s general theory of nursing.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Implementation; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 4. Compare the theoretical approaches of selected nurse theorists.
Page Number: p. 104

Question 21
A hospital’s nursing assessment form reflects first-level and second-level assessment.
From this information, the nurse seeking employment at this facility determines that
nursing service follows which theorist?
1. Orem
2. Roy
3. Benner
4. Leininger
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale: Roy’s Adaptation Model states that assessment involves two levels. First-
level assessment includes collecting data about output behaviors related to the four

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adaptive modes. Second-level assessment includes collecting data about internal and
external stimuli that are influencing the identified behaviors. The other theories and
models listed do not direct that assessment involves two levels.
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Diagnosis; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 5. Identify the relationship between nursing process and nursing
theory
Page Number: p. 117

Question 22
The nurse reviewing medical records finds that nurses working in a particular hospital
state nursing diagnosis in terms of the client’s limitations to maintaining self-care. The
record reviewer determines that this nursing service follows which theorist?
1. Orem
2. Roy
3. Benner
4. Leininger
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: Orem’s work is the self-care deficit theory of nursing. Roy’s work is the
Adaptation Model. Benner’s work focuses on the development of a nurse from novice to
expert. Leininger’s work focuses on cultural aspects of care.
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Diagnosis; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 5. Identify the relationship between nursing process and nursing
theory.
Page Number: p. 117

Question 23
While planning care, the nurse works with the client and chooses a wholly compensatory
nursing system to help the client achieve an optimal level of self-care. What is true about

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this situation?
1. Most nursing theorists support a different form of planning.
2. Nursing theories do not lend themselves to the action of planning nursing care.
3. Orem’s general theory of nursing involves this type of planning.
4. This type of planning is only supported by the caring theorists.
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale: The wholly compensatory nursing system is a part of Orem’s general theory
of nursing. Planning is used by many different theorists and many use the same general
planning principles. It is not true that planning is only supported by the caring theorists.
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Evaluation; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 5. Identify the relationship between nursing process and nursing
theory.
Page Number: p. 117

Question 24
How is nursing research related to nursing conceptual models?
1. There is little relationship; researchers choose subjects based on need or interest.
2. These models drive nursing research and provide a way to organize findings.
3. Nursing research has proved that most conceptual models are false.
4. Nursing research can be undertaken only if it is tied to a conceptual model.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale: Conceptual models can drive nursing research, and nursing research can help
to develop and prove new theories. Nursing research can be undertaken without a current
model in hopes of generating new theories and models. There is no evidence that nursing
research has proven that most conceptual models are false.
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 5. Identify the relationship between nursing process and nursing
theory.

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Page Number: p. 117

Question 25
The nurse’s practice is based upon the theory of Jean Watson. What is the primary theme
of this theory?
1. Caring
2. Cultural care
3. Goal attainment
4. Environment
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale: Jean Watson’s theory is the theory of human caring. Leininger’s theory
concerns transcultural nursing. King’s theory is the goal-attainment theory. Nightingale’s
theory concerns the environment.
Cognitive Level: Understanding
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research,
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Assessment; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 5. Identify the relationship between nursing process and nursing
theory.
Page Number: p. 110

Question 26
The nursing instructor is preparing information to present to students on the development
of nursing knowledge. In which order should the instructor review this information?
1. Theory
2. Concept
3. Paradigm
4. Conceptual model
5. Conceptual framework
Correct Answer: 2, 5, 4, 1, 3
Rationale: Concepts, the building blocks of theory, are abstract ideas or mental images
of phenomena. Concepts are words that bring forth mental pictures of the properties and
meanings of objects, events, or things. A conceptual framework is a group of related
concepts. It provides an overall view or orientation to focus thoughts. A conceptual
model, a term often used interchangeably with conceptual framework, is a graphic
illustration or diagram of a conceptual framework. A theory is a supposition or system of
ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon. A theory goes one step beyond a
conceptual framework; a theory relates concepts by using definitions that state significant
relationships between concepts. Theories are not discovered; individuals who think and
see the world in different ways create them. These worldviews provide contrasting

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paradigms (structures for organizing theory) and provide different traditions in and
approaches to science and knowledge development.
Cognitive Level: Application
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Implementation; Teaching/Learning
Learning Outcome: 3. Analyze the development of knowledge in nursing.
Page Number: pp. 100–102

Question 27
The student nurses are preparing a poster to explain the evolution of nursing theories. In
which chronological order should the students display information about these theorists?
1. Roy
2. King
3. Peplau
4. Rogers
5. Watson
6. Leininger
Correct Answer: 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6
Rationale: Hildegard Peplau, a psychiatric nurse, introduced her interpersonal concepts
in 1952. Martha Rogers first presented her theory of unitary human beings in 1970.
Imogene King first published Toward a Theory of Nursing: General Concepts of Human
Behavior in 1971. Roy’s adaptation model published in book form in 1976. Jean
Watson’s theory of the science of caring was first published in 1979. Madeleine
Leininger first published her cultural care diversity and universality theory in 1985.
Cognitive Level: Application
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Planning; Nursing Process
Learning Outcome: 4. Compare the theoretical approaches of selected nurse theorists.
Page Number: pp. 103–105, 107, 109, 111

Question 28
A clinical instructor is assisting a student understand the nurse-client relationship. In

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which order should the instructor introduce the phases of this process?
1. Old needs and goals are put aside and new ones are adopted.
2. The client uses the available services on the basis of self-interest and needs.
3. The nurse assists the client to understand the problem and the extent of the need for
help.
4. The nurse’s focus is to assure the person that the nurse understands the interpersonal
meaning of the client’s situation.
Correct Answer: 3, 4, 2, 1
Rationale: This nurse-client relationship evolves in four phases: 1. Orientation. During
this phase, the client seeks help, and the nurse assists the client to understand the problem
and the extent of the need for help. 2. Identification. During this phase, the client assumes
a posture of dependence, interdependence, or independence in relation to the nurse
(relatedness). The nurse’s focus is to assure the person that the nurse understands the
interpersonal meaning of the client’s situation. 3. Exploitation. In this phase, the client
derives full value from what the nurse offers through the relationship. The client uses the
available services on the basis of self-interest and needs. Power shifts from the nurse to
the client. 4. Resolution. In this final phase, old needs and goals are put aside and new
ones are adopted. Once older needs are resolved, newer and more mature ones emerge.
Cognitive Level: Application
Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment
Client Need Sub: Management of Care
QSEN Competencies: III.A.1. Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and
processes.
AACN Essential Competencies: III.1. Explain the interrelationships among theory,
practice, and research.
NLN Competencies: Knowledge and Science; Knowledge; Defining the relationships
between research and science building, and between research and EBP.
Nursing/Integrated Concepts: Implementation; Teaching/Learning
Learning Outcome: 4. Compare the theoretical approaches of selected nurse theorists.
Page Number: p. 103

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