Learning Competencies

1. Describe where the internal heat comes from.

2. Describe how magma is formed.
3. Describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such as
compression, pulling apart and shearing.
4. Explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of new
landforms.
5. Explain how the sea floor spreads.
6. Describe the evolution of ocean basis.
Where does the strength of the volcano come from?
 Endogenic Processes
▪Are internal processes that occur beneath the
Earth
▪Results in the reshaping of Earth’s landforms
▪Gets its energy from beneath the Earth when
radioactive elements decay
▪Heat is transferred upward and warms the
mantle through convection current
Endogenic Processes are geological processes that occur
beneath the surface of the Earth.
It is associated with energy originating in
✘the interior of the solid earth.
✘ The ground we live on is moving all the time.
✘ The Forces within the earth that cause the ground to
move are called ENDOGENIC FORCES.
▪There are important endogenic processes that play an
important role in the formation of different landforms
1.Tectonic processes
▪Folding
▪Faulting
▪Shearing
2. Volcanism- a phenomenon in which materials are
erupted from Earth’s interior onto the surface through
volcanoes.
Continental Drift and Plate Boundaries
▪Early in the 20th century,
most geologists believed
that ocean basins and
continents were fixed.

▪ Alfred Wegener
proposed a revolutionary
explanation that
continents move called
continental drift.
Plate Boundaries
▪ A fracture separating one plate from the other

▪ All major interactions among individual plates

occur along their bounderies.

▪ There are 3 distinct types of boundaries based on

the type movement:

1. Convergent

2. Divergent

3. Transform
Convergent Boundary
▪ Occurs when two plates move toward each other

▪ Crust is destroyed when two plates converge

▪ Heavier plate dives (subducts) beneath the more

buoyant plate

▪ Subduction zones- regions where subduction occurs

 THREE TYPES OF
CONVERGENT PLATE
BOUNDARIES
1. Oceanic Continental Convergence
2. Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
3. Continental-Continental Convergence
 Oceanic Continental
✘forms trenches,
destructive
earthquakes and
rapid uplift of
mountain ranges as
well as the building
of volcanic arc
 OCEANIC-OCEANIC
▪Also forms
trenches
( Mariana’s
Trench)
▪Volcanic
Arc
 Continental-Continental
▪Forms
mountain
range like
the
Himalayan
Range
Divergent Boundary
▪ Occurs when two plates move away
▪ Occur along the crest of ocean ridges
▪ When two plates move apart, there is
upwelling of magma from hot mantle below
▪ As the magma cools, new seafloor is created
called sea floor spreading
▪ Spreading rate is too slow
▪ Can also occur within the continent
forming a rift
▪ Continental rifting may initiate volcanic
activity and generate a rift valley
▪ Further rifting may form a narrow sea
and eventually result in an ocean basin
and ridge system
Sea- Floor Spreading
 Divergent Boundary
✘Mid-oceanic
ridges are
mountain
ranges at
divergent
boundaries in
oceanic crust.
✘Real Life Example:
Mid-Atlantic Ridge

✘Mid-Atlantic Ridge
runs through
Atlantic Ocean
from Arctic Ocean
to an area off the
southern tip of
South America.
Transform Fault Boundary
✘A transform fault boundary
occurs where two plates slide
past one another.
✘Most transform faults occur
within the ocean basin but
there are a few that can be
found in continental plates
✘A transform
fault
boundary
occurs
where two
plates slide
past one
another.
✘Real World
Example
✗San Andreas
Fault
Ocean Basin: Evolution and Characteristics
 TECTONIC
FORCES
Theories AND
and Plate Boundaries
PROCESSES

1.Folding
2.Faulting
ROCKS UNDERGO DEFORMATION

➢ Deformation- refers to the change in

the original shape and size of a rock.
• Caused by tectonic process or stress
subjected to the rocks
• Folding and faulting
FOLDING
• Folding or folds occur when rocks are pushed
towards each other from the opposite sides.
• The rock layers bend into folds
• Produced by horizontal compressive stresses
such as continent-continent collisions
• May occur in groups may be large scale or
small scale
KIND OF TECTONIC PROCESS AND THEIR CORRESPONDING
DEFORMATION
 FOLDS ARE BENDS IN THE ROCK!
• Common types
1. Anticline- upward arch
2. Syncline- downward arch
• Limbs- sides of the fold
• Dome –circular or elliptical anticline in
which the limbs dips away in all
directions.
• Basin- a circular or elliptical syncline in
which the limbs dip toward the center.
ANTICLINE
SYNCLINE
FAULTING
• Fracturing and displacement of brittle rocks
strata along a fault plane.
• FAULTS- are fractures along the crust in
which displacement has occurred
• Faults differ based on the relative
movement of the blocks on either side of the
fault
Types of Faults
1. Dip Slip Fault- vertical movement of two blocks
• Normal fault
• Reverse fault
1. Strike-Slip Fault- dominant displacement is
horizontal and parallel
• Transform fault
Dip Slip Fault
• Movement of two blocks is vertical
•Example
1. Normal Fault- the hanging wall block
moves down relative to the foot wall block
2. Reverse Fault- the hanging wall moves up
relative to the foot wall block
Faulting
Normal Fault Reverse Fault
Strike Slip Fault ( Transform)
VOLCANISM
 Volcanism
• One of the endogenic processes
• A phenomenon in which materials are
erupted from Earth’s interior onto
the surface through the volcanoes
• VOLCANO- is a vent or a series of
vents on the crust
• Vulcan- the Roman God of Fire
particulary the fire of volcanoes,
metalworks
 Volcanoes
• The vent is like a chimney, it is
where magma, ash and gases
are released.
• The mouth of the vent is called
a crater
• Caldera- the large almost
circular depression formed by
either by the collapse or
explosion of the volcano
 VOLCANISM AND TECTONICS

How are volcanic activities related to the subduction zones?

Magma and Other
Volcanic Materials
Magma production at the subduction zones
occurs due to the following conditions:
1. Increased temperature due to friction- friction heats
rock up as one plates moves downward. The additional heat
contributes to melting.
2. Addition of water to the asthenosphere- a subducting
plate is covered by oceanic crust w/c is covered with seawater.
3. Pressure-relief-melting –melting due to pressure relief
happens when rocks in the asthenosphere flow upward as a
subducting plate descends.
 Magma Production
1. If generated from a subduction zones is andesitic.
• Richer in silica than basalt therefore more viscous
• Trapped gases can not escape easily
• Explosive eruption with ash production

2. If generated in a divergent plate is facilitated by pressure-relief

melting.
• Basaltic , oozing of magma
• Associated with spreading
3. Magma formed in the
mantle plume/ hot spots
• Not related to plate boundaries
• Formation of volcano occurs as
the magma breaks through the
weak lithosphere
• If mantle plumes rises beneath
the sea it forms submarine
volcanoes and volcanic islands (
ex. Hawaiian Islands)
Magma from the molten core goes to the crust through the subduction zones, divergent
zones and hot spots.
• How and why do volcanoes erupt?
Hot, molten rock
(magma) is buoyant (has
a lower density than the
surrounding rocks) and
will rise up through the
crust to erupt on the
surface.
• Same principle as hot air
rising, e.g. how a hot air
balloon works

• When magma reaches the

surface it depends on how
easily it flows (viscosity)
and the amount of gas
(H2O, CO2, S) it has in it
as to how it erupts.
 How and why do volcanoes erupt?
✓Large amounts of gas and a
high viscosity (sticky)
magma will form an
explosive eruption!
Think about shaking a
carbonated drink and then
releasing the cap.
✓Small amounts of gas and
(or) low viscosity (runny)
magma will form an effusive
eruption
Where the magma just trickles
out of the volcano (lava flow).
 The Composition of Magma Determines
• High whether itcontent
is explosive or not!
• More likely to be !!!
• High content
• More likely to be !!!
• Why?
• Silica has a thick, stiff consistency
• Flows slowly
• Tends to Harden in the
volcano’s vent
What erupts from a volcano?
1. Gases- sometimes react w/ the
lava on the walls of rocks to form
brightly colored sublimates.
• Water Vapor
• Carbon dioxide

• Toxic gases
-carbon monoxide
-sulfur dioxide
-Hydrogen sulfide
- Hydrochloric Acid
 Liquid (Lava)
• Magma that flows out to the earth’s surface
• Temperature range of 500C – over 1400C
• darkens with it cools and forms a frothy crust
• Mixture of oxides (silicon oxide )
CLASSIFICATION –based on percentage of SiO2
1. Granitic – SiO2 content is greater than 65%,
more viscous , explosive eruption
2. Intermediate- SiO2 content is between 56% to
60%, andesitic , varying types of eruption
3. Basaltic- SiO2 content is less than 52%
- Less viscous, flows easily
 Solids
• Known as pyroclastics (fire-broken
fragments)
• Depending on the size and shape they
may be named as follows
1. Volcanic Blocks- large volcanic rocks
with size greater than 32 mm in
diameter
Volcanic blocks
2. Cinders or lapilli- consists of small
particles about 4 to 32 mm in diameter Volcanic ash
3. Volcanic Ash- less than 2mm
4. Volcanic Dust- less than 0.2 mm in
diameter
Lapilli
 Other Pyroclastics
• Ash clouds may cause rains that brings
about mudflow called lahar
• Behaves like wet concrete , moves
downhill and bury everything in its path
• Flooding due to lahar was the major cause
of damage in Pampanga
• Nuee ardente ( French term for moving
clouds)
• Mixture of hot gases and fine ash
• Denser than air, flows down slope
• Very hot, burns everything in its path
• The ash flow has
released most of its
gases when it stops
flowing.
• Leaves behind a mixture
of volcanic ash and rock
fragments
• Rocks formed is ash flow
tuff
1. Where does the internal heat comes from?
2. Describe how magma is formed.
3. Describe how rocks behave under different types
of stress such as compression, pulling apart and
shearing.
4. Explain how the movement of plates leads to
the formation of new landforms.
5. Explain how the sea floor spreads.
6. Describe the evolution of ocean basis.
Volcanic Activity and Prediction
• Used to describe the type or classification of a volcano after it
has erupted
1. Active Volcanoes ( Philippine Institute of Volcanology &
Seismology ) PHIVOLCS
• Volcanoes that have erupted within historical time in the last
600 years or having erupted in the last 10,000 years based on
the analysis of datable material.
• Examples: Mayon, Taal, Canlaon
Dormant volcanoes are volcanoes which have not
erupted for more than 10,000 years but the
potential to be active again.
• Examples: Mt.Arayat, Mt. Apo, Mt. Makiling
Extinct Volcanoes are volcanoes that have not
erupted for the last 10,000 years
• Very unlikely to erupt again
• Example: Mt. Landong, Mt.Cuyapo, Mt. Batulao