Chapters 1-3 Revised After Proposal

Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
Governments around the world have made several means to reduce the
adverse health effects of smoking. One of its initiatives is crafting policies to also
place restrictions on the locations in which people can smoke, including
government buildings, office buildings, shopping centres, restaurants and bars
(Buddelmeyer and Wokins, 2005). This government effort can make an important
contribution to public health especially nowadays that the use of tobacco continues
to be an alarming threat and a major cause of health problems worldwide (as
cited by WHO, 2009).
In fact, according to the World Health Organization, about 4 million people
die every year of tobacco-related diseases. If current global trends continue, it is
estimated that tobacco will kill more than eight million people annually by 2030,
and three-quarters of these deaths will be in low and middle-income countries
like the Philippines. With this alarming statistics, a number of anti-smoking
campaigns are being implemented around the country. Locally, one of which is
the Ordinance No. 005 series of 2016, otherwise known as the Comprehensive
Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City.
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It is fortunate that such an ordinance exists to support anti-smoking efforts;
however, for this initiative to be effective, it is important that it receives broad public
support. Qualitative studies of the attitude, perceptions, and conceptualization of
local people like the LGU, academe and NGOs can help the government officials
identify the steps needed to promote public support for anti-smoking efforts. Such
studies can also generate narratives and quotes that can help translate findings on
perceptions and attitudes into effective public education campaigns and related
policy changes. Even DOH Secretary Ona (2011) stressed that the DOH shall
continue to support the conduct of studies to provide quality data for more
informed policy development.
As such, a study of the conceptualization of the Comprehensive Anti-
Smoking Ordinance is needed. Hence, the researcher is motivated to pursue this
study. Exploring this topic is timely and it offers new significant insights because
it is a newly amended ordinance. Consequently, it means that new results will be
obtained and will offer new bases for an informed policy improvement. With this
paper, implementers will be given feedback which can help increase their
understanding and awareness of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance,
and can assist with developing strategies to develop its implementation practices.
This study may also serve as a guide to improve its implementation and to
respond to the problems which have already existed and those that are to exist.
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Theoretical Framework
This study is based on Albert Badura’s Social Cognitive Learning theory
(1997 cited by Bektas, et, al., 2010). This theory states that the social structure
affects the health status as well as personal characteristics and that in order to
develop health it is not enough just to change the behaviors of an individual but
that it is also necessary to change the social systems in which the individual
operates. The theory emphasizes simultaneous and reciprocal effects of
environment and behavior, and suggests that behavior is affected by both
external stimuli and internal cognitive factors.
In relation to this study, the theory means that if the government lays down
policies that prohibit smoking-related activities, the behaviour of an individual
may change. Since it is the ordinance that necessitates the citizen to quit or
regulate smoking, it therefore creates a positive external motivation for citizens to
change their smoking habits in response to the governments’ ordinance. It
implies that if the ordinance is well drafted and well conceptualized, the
ordinance will be an effective means to regulate the citizens’ smoking behaviour.
Another related theory is the Theory of Planned Behavior by Icek Ajzen
(as cited by Chang, 2017). It is used to elucidate health behaviors and guide
interventions, such as smoking cessation programs. This theory assumes that an
individual’s attitude, social norms and perceived control over a behavior influence
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his intention to perform the behavior. That intention, in turn, predicts whether the
behavior will occur.
Assuming this theory is true, the appeal is that if intention influences
behavior, then interventions such as the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking
Ordinance can strategically identify and target factors--in this case, attitudes,
norms and perceived behavioral control about quitting smoking--that influence
intention.
This study is also anchored on the Ecological Models of Health Behavior
(Nuru, 2014) which emphasizes the environmental and policy contexts of
behavior, while incorporating social and psychological influences. Ecological
models lead to the explicit consideration of multiple levels of influence, thereby
guiding the development of more comprehensive interventions. The core concept
of an ecological model is that behavior has multiple levels of influences, often
including intrapersonal (biological, psychological), interpersonal (social, cultural),
organizational, community, physical environmental, and policy.
In the context of this study, ecological model suggests that public policy
can regulate or support healthy practices/actions. The implementation of the
Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance systematically target mechanisms of
change at several levels of influence. It is expected that smoking behavior
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change will be maximized when environments and policies support healthful
choices, when social norms and social support for healthful choices are strong,
and when individuals are motivated and educated to make those choices. It is
important to note that motivation and skill in individual cannot be effective if
environment and policies unsupported. It is therefore timely to conduct this study
in order to determine how the ordinance affects the direct beneficiaries and the
vulnerable ones who are the youth.
This study is further based on the Health Belief Model by Rosenstock et.,
al. (1994, cited by WHO, 2009) which states that changing a health behavior is
assumed to be related to the individual’s beliefs and perceptions about engaging
in adopting or stopping the behavior. According to his article, the key elements
that determine whether a smoker will quit include perceived susceptibility to the
consequences of smoking behavior, perceived severity of those consequences,
and perceived and actual barriers to change (e.g. costs of quitting, beliefs about
efficacy of treatment), as well as perceived benefits (decreased risk, better
health). In addition, cues to action that stimulate motivation and increase
readiness to change must be present to initiate a change in smoking behavior.
Integrating this theory in this study, it implies that the ordinance may serve
as a factor for change in the citizens’ smoking prevalence and perception. With
the provisions on penalty, the Tandaganons will be warned about the
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consequences they may face if they violate the ordinance. If they perceive that
they will suffer consequences, smoking cessation will start. For those who are
not into smoking, possible instances of smoking will be avoided.
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of the study was to conceptualize the Comprehensive Anti-
Smoking Ordinance in Tandag City based on the understanding of the LGU,
academe and NGOs.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following problems:
1. What is the functional role of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance
in our society?
2. What are the differences between the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking
ordinance of 2015 and that of 2016?
3. What are the qualities of an effective anti-smoking ordinance?
4. Which provisions of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance
are favourable?
4.1 extent of smoke-free spaces
4.2 exemptions/designated smoking areas
4.3 signage
4.4 penalties
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4.5 task force
5 What are some reasons why anti-smoking ordinance become ineffective?
6 Which provisions of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance are
ineffective and therefore have to be changed?
7 What is the perceived impact of the Anti-Smoking ordinance in the following
sectors:
7.1 Business;
7.2 Tourism; and
7.3 Health?
8 How can Tandaganons contribute to the successful implementation of the
ordinance?
Significance of the Study
This study may provide insight to the following individuals, groups or
sectors, in the academic and non-academic community:
Department of Health (DOH). The findings of the study shall offer
feedback and additional information that would be a useful tool in crafting
appropriate actions to help improve the implementation of the ordinance. In this
way, the DOH can determine what support they can give to strengthen the
implementation of the ordinance.
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Department of Tourism (DOT). With the findings of the study, the DOT
could think of appropriate actions or any form of support relative to the successful
implementation of the ordinance. The success of the ordinance is also beneficial
to the Department of Tourism as this will lead for more tourist visits and good city
image.
Businessmen. The business industry especially those that are not related
in smoking could benefit much from this study as this will provide them the
avenue to understand and appreciate the implementation of the ordinance. They
could also take this chance to channel their concerns in the implementation of
the ordinance to improve or protect their business establishments.
Non-Government Organizations. This study offers avenue for Non-
Government Organizations to state their opinions about the implementation of
the ordinance. In doing so, it is demonstrated that their opinion matters and that
they are significant in the society.
Local Government Unit of Tandag City (LGU). This study shall
determine how well conceptualized the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking ordinance
is. Hence, it provides development implication that would be a significant
feedback to the policy makers and implementers.
Tandaganons. The findings of this study shall give the readers,
particularly the Tandaganons, deeper and better understanding of the intention of
passing the ordinance. This will also provide encouragement to them to become
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active partakers in the implementation of the ordinance in the city. Through this
study, the citizens will attain a certain level of awareness in the anti-smoking
ordinance in the locality. This will ultimately encourage them to commit
themselves in accordance to the provisions of the ordinance. Consequently, they
can educate their fellow Tandaganons about the significance of the ordinance.
As the direct beneficiaries of the ordinance, it is important to intervene early in
order to prevent the long-term negative consequences of smoking.
Youth. They will be aware of the ordinance and they can show
involvement in the implementation of the ordinance by quitting smoking,
encouraging others to avoid smoking, and be responsible youths in the city.
Future researchers. This study can be a springboard for more
researches regarding anti-smoking. This serves as a stepping stone for
upholding developmental research relative to this study.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study was confined only at conceptualizing the Comprehensive Anti-
Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City. The current study focused specifically on a
limited number of research participants. It is limited only to a representative
sample of Tandaganons consisted by 28 Key Informants who are consisted of
the City Mayor, Vice mayor, Sangguninang Panglungsod members and
Sangguniang bayan Members. Apart from them, the other Key Informants are the
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representatives coming from the Academe and the NGOs. As to the time frame,
this study was conducted on February 2018.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are operationally and conceptually defined for the
purpose of clarity and understanding:
Anti-Smoking task force. is a particular group organized by the City
government to spearhead, implement, and monitor activities related to anti-
smoking ordinance.
Conceptualization. is the process of development and clarification of
concepts. • In other words, clarifying one's concepts with words and examples
and arriving at precise verbal definitions.
Extent of smoke-free spaces. refers to places where a person is allowed
to smoke.
Exemptions/designated smoking areas. refer to places where a person
is not allowed to smoke
Signage. is generally defined as any kind of graphic display intended to
convey information to an audience. In this study, signage tends to serve a few
common purposes: to promote, identify, provide information, and give directions
or to raise anti-smoking awareness.
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Ordinance. is a law passed by a municipal government. In this study, the
term ordinance is specifically used to refer to Comprehensive Anti-Smoking
Ordinance of Tandag City 2016.
Ordinance No. 005 series of 2016. is otherwise known as the
Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City. This ordinance
declares that it shall be unlawful for any person to smoke or allow smoking of any
tobacco product, or use Electronic Device Systems, Shisha and the like, in all
forms of Public Conveyances, Government-owned Vehicles, Accommodation
and Entertainment Establishments, Workplaces, Enclosed or Partially enclosed
Public places, Public Building, and Public outdoor Spaces, except duly
designated smoking areas.
Penalties. are punishments imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract.
Tandaganon. is a term used to refer to the residents of Tandag City.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the literature and studies done prior to this
research. This will provide the background and the current issues related to the
research topic.
Smoking in the Philippine Context
The most recent survey says that twenty-eight percent or 17.3 million
Filipino adults age 15 years and older are current tobacco smokers. This is
according to the results of the 2009 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS).
Almost half (48 percent or 14.6 million) of adult males and 9 percent (2.8 million)
of adult females are current smokers.
Statistics also shows that the Philippines ranks 15th out of the 23
countries in the Western Pacific with youth smokers. In the report made by the
World Health Organization (WHO)’s Global Youth and Tobacco Survey (GYTS)
2005-2014, 13.7 percent of students aged 13 to 15 years surveyed in the
Philippines admitted to being “current tobacco users” (Crisostomo, 2016).
Similarly, the National Youth Commission (NYC) is alarmed by the rising
number of youth smokers in the country and called on the government to
significantly increase tobacco prices to make these less accessible to teens. The
group also cited the low price of cigarettes here in the Philippines as a reason
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behind smoking addiction among young people. NYC called on the government
to strengthen the imposition of the current ban on selling tobacco products to
minors, as well as to pass House Bill 5727, which significantly increases the
prices of these items (Aragones, ABS-CBN News, 2012).
Smoking among youth is not only the problem. Smoking has also been
increasing among women. In the Philippines, the number of women who smoke
is constantly on the rise. It is a phenomenon that, in recent years, smoking
seems to affect the youngest most of all: 30% of girls between the ages of 13
and 15 smoke regularly. According to a recent study conducted by the Southeast
Asia Tabacco Control Alliance, 18.7% of Filipino young women between the ages
of 13 and 25 smoke cigarettes. The numbers go up if the sample is restricted to
teenagers between 13 and 15: 3 out of 10 already have the smoking habit.
Among female smokers, 60% say that they smoked their first cigarette at the age
of 18, while the remaining 40% say they started when they were still very young
(Digal .2008).
Smoking incidence is dropping rapidly among the upper classes, and is
seen as almost vulgar. But the middle and lower classes still think it’s glamorous
to smoke. Among young people in the outsourcing industry (for example, call
centers), smoking incidence is also very high, and is seen as a way of reducing
work-related stress (Tan, 2014).
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Malacañang is reportedly finalizing an executive order that will impose a
nationwide smoking ban. The prohibition, officials say, will be patterned after the
ban in President Duterte’s home city of Davao. The President has said he
opposes even smoking areas inside buildings, such as those in airports, since
the smoke still seeps out of the rooms. This is good news for public health.
Children, the elderly and ailing are particularly vulnerable to the sickening effects
of second-hand smoke (The Philippine Star, 2016).
The Health Risks of Smoking
Smoking is bad for one’s health. It harms nearly every organ of the body.
Cigarette smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancer deaths. It is also responsible
for many other cancers and health problems. These include lung disease, heart
and blood vessel disease, stroke and cataracts. Women who smoke have a
greater chance of certain pregnancy problems or having a baby die from sudden
infant death syndrome (SIDS). Smoking is also bad for other people - they
breathe in the second-hand smoke and can get many of the same problems as
smokers do. Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of health problems. The
earlier you quit, the greater the benefit (NIH: National Cancer Institute, 2015).
Seymour (2017) also agrees that quitting smoking reduces health risks.
The chances of having a stroke reduce to half of that of a non-smoker in 2 years,
and the same as a non-smoker in 5 years. Risks for cancers of the mouth, throat,
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esophagus, and bladder drop by half within 5 years. The risk for lung cancer
drops by half after 10 years. A year after quitting smoking, the risk of a heart
attack is reduced by half. After 15 years, it is the same as someone who has
never smoked. Overall, once someone stops smoking, their health will improve
and their body will begin to recover.
A study by Hugo et, al (2015) revealed that cigarette smoking constitutes
a significant health hazard in college students in Douala. Youth population and
especially male students should be continuously targeted by preventive
measures and sensitization campaigns against tobacco use. Parents should be
aware on the influence of their smoking behavior on initiation of smoking in their
children and should be encouraged to quit smoking.
Writing an Effective Ordinance
An ordinance is generally used to designate a local law of a municipal
corporation, duly enacted by the proper authorities that prescribe general,
uniform, and permanent rules of conduct, relating to the corporate affairs of the
municipality. An ordinance, a local law, or a regulation enacted by a city council
or other similar body under powers delegated to it by the state is legislative in
nature by its own definition (USLegal, 2016).
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A local ordinance is a municipal legislative enactment. It is passed in
pursuance of express legislative authority is a law and has the same effect as a
local law, and it may prevail over a general law upon the same subject.
Therefore, an ordinance is equal to a municipal statute and it governs matters not
already covered by federal or state law (USLegal, 2016).
Commonly, ordinance has been defined as a piece of legislation enacted
by a local government unit. All local government units, from the barangay to the
province, can pass an ordinance. But such power is subject to various limitations,
one of which is that said ordinance must be valid. To check if an ordinance is
valid, the Supreme Court of the Philippines has laid down the guidelines for a
valid ordinance (Carlos, 2015).
First, the ordinance must not exceed the corporate powers of the local
government unit can enact. The power of the local government units to enact
ordinances has a wide scope provided that it is beneficial for the general welfare
of its constituents, consistent with the provisions of the Constitution for local
autonomy (Carlos, 2015). Second, said ordinance must be passed in accordance
with the procedure required by law like the required quorum, majority of votes,
public consultation and others (Carlos, 2015).
The two abovementioned requirements are known as the formal
requirements of a valid ordinance. Besides the formal requirements, the
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ordinance must also comply with the following substantial requirements: it must
not contravene the Constitution or any statute; it must not be unfair or
oppressive; it must not be partial or discriminatory; it must not prohibit but it can
regulate trade; it must be general and consistent with public policy; and lastly, it
must not be unreasonable (Carlos, 2015).
When a city council adopts an ordinance, it decides how to enforce the
new law. NPlans fact sheet (2009) explains that there are different ways a local
government can enforce laws.
The first part of enforcing an ordinance is the implementation. It refers to
how the local government will carry out the local ordinance. Implementation
clauses assign the responsibility to specific departments or officials. The
implementation clause(s) should designate the department(s) or offcial(s)
responsible for implementing and administering the law’s requirements; authorize
or direct the official to issue additional regulations (if necessary) for how to
implement the law; authorize any other powers the official will need to administer
the law, such as delegating authority to other employees, entering into contracts,
or issuing citations; and designate those authorized to issue citations for
violations.
The second part is Enforcement. Enforcement refers to the way
government ensures that its citizens abide by the law and the consequences for
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failing to do so. There are four major types of enforcement: Civil enforcement,
Administrative enforcement, Criminal enforcement, and Citizen Enforcement.
1. Civil Enforcement- A city or county can file a civil lawsuit to enforce a
law, remedy a wrong, or protect a right. If someone is violating an ordinance, the
city or county may sue for an injunction, civil penalties, or both.
An injunction is a court order requiring a party to take or refrain from
certain action. A city or county may sue for an injunction to stop a person or
business from violating an ordinance. Civil penalties are similar to the damages
(money) a private party may receive in a civil lawsuit. Where state law permits, a
city or county may file a lawsuit to collect civil penalties for the violation of an
ordinance. When establishing civil penalties in an ordinance, a local government
must comply with the requirements of state law, including any caps on the
amount it may impose. The government also must ensure the process for
imposing the penalties is fair, and the penalty must be reasonably related to a
legislative goal. The amount of the civil penalties must not be oppressive or
unreasonable.
State or local law may determine how the collected financial penalties can
be used. State law may also permit a local government to collect court costs and
attorneys’ fees for successfully prosecuting a civil lawsuit.
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2. Administrative Enforcement
In some states, a city or county may be authorized to enforce ordinances
by imposing an administrative financial penalty. Administrative enforcement
occurs within the local government, rather than through a lawsuit in court. The
agency or department issues a citation or notice of the violation, holds a hearing
that is less formal than a court proceeding to hear evidence, and then determines
whether a violation occurred and what the penalty should be.
3. Criminal Enforcement
In some states, cities and counties are authorized to make violations of an
ordinance a crime. The county’s district attorney or a city attorney would bring an
action in criminal court to prove the ordinance was violated. A criminal violation of
a local ordinance is usually either a misdemeanour (less serious than a felony,
and usually punishable by a fine or brief confinement in a city or county jail) or an
infraction (punishable by a fine but not incarceration).
The Local Government Code of the Philippines Section 511 states that:
(a) ordinances with penal sanctions shall be posted at prominent places in
the provincial capitol, city, municipal or barangay hall, as the case may be, for a
minimum period of three (3) consecutive weeks. Such ordinances shall also be
published in a newspaper of general circulation, where available, within the
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territorial jurisdiction of the local government unit concerned, except in the case
of barangay ordinances. Unless otherwise provided therein, said ordinances shall
take effect on the day following its publication, or at the end of the period of
posting, whichever occurs later.
(b) Any public officer or employee who violates an ordinance may be
meted administrative disciplinary action, without prejudice to the filing of the
appropriate civil or criminal action.cralaw
(c) The secretary to the sanggunian concerned shall transmit official
copies of such ordinances to the chief executive officer of the Official Gazette
within seven (7) days following the approval of the said ordinance for publication
purposes. The Official Gazette may publish ordinances with penal sanctions for
archival and reference purposes.cralaw
4. Citizen Enforcement
In some states, a local ordinance may allow for an individual citizen to
enforce the ordinance in certain limited circumstances. (This is called a “private
right” of enforcement.) Generally, this right is only for cases where the individual
has suffered injury or damage different from what the general public has
experienced.
Impact of the Anti-Smoking ordinance
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According to a new study, public smoking bans appear to significantly
reduce the risk of heart attacks, particularly among younger individuals and non-
smokers. Researchers find that smoking bans can reduce the number of heart
attacks by as much as 26 percent per year. The researchers performed a
systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 reports from 11 geographic locations
in the United States (MT, CO, NY, IN, OH), Canada and Europe to compare the
rates of heart attacks before and after public smoking bans were instituted.
Collectively, the studies involved 24 million people and observations of the effect
of the bans ranged from two months to three years (American College of
Cardiology, 2009).
The Cancer Council (2017) recognize the effectiveness of smoke free
legislation in reducing exposure to tobacco toxins and changing smoking
behaviours. In an article, it cited different studies showing that Smoke free
legislation leads to reductions in population exposure to second hand smoke.
Smoke free environments have generally been followed by reduction in children's
overall exposure to second hand smoke. Smoking bans have shown to be
helpful to smokers who are trying to quit by encouraging more quit attempts and
increasing the chances of a successful quit attempt. A number of studies have
identified the positive impact of smoke free legislation on the initiation and
prevalence of youth smoking.
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Legal context of the Anti-Smoking ordinance
Ordinance No. 005 series of 2016 is otherwise known as the
Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City. This ordinance
declares that it shall be unlawful for any person to smoke or allow smoking of any
tobacco product, or use Electronic Device Systems, Shisha and the like, in all
forms of Public Conveyances, Government-owned Vehicles, Accommodation
and Entertainment Establishments, Workplaces, Enclosed or Partially enclosed
Public places, Public Building, and Public outdoor Spaces, except duly
designated smoking areas.
The following are the essential features of the ordinance:
1. It is unlawful for any person to smoke or allow smoking of any
tobacco product, or use any Electronic Device Systems, Shisha and the like.
2. Smoking is not allowed in all forms of public conveyances,
Government-owned Vehicles, Accommodation and entertainment
Establishments, Workplaces, Enclosed or Partially Enclosed Public Places,
Public building, and Public Outdoor Spaces.
3. There is a designated smoking area where a person is allowed to
smoke without violating this ordinance.
4. Every smoking area shall have highly visible and prominently
displayed “smoking area” sign and a graphic depiction and corresponding
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explanation of the ill effects of smoking to the smoker’s health or exposure to
second-hand smoke.
5. Government and private establishments should post and display
8x13 inches “this is a non-smoking establishment” sign at all entrances. “No
Smoking” signs should be displayed in the most visible locations in the area
where smoking is prohibited.
6. It is prohibited to knowingly allow or tolerate smoking any tobacco
product.
7. Ashtrays or any receptacles for dispensing cigarette refuse should
be removed from establishments where smoking is prohibited.
8. Selling of cigarettes or any tobacco product is strictly prohibited in a
non-smoking area.
9. Penalty for first offense is P1,000.00
10. Penalty for second offense is P2, 000.00 or two months
imprisonment or both at the discretion of the court.
11. Penalty for third and subsequent offense is P5,000.00 or four
months imprisonment or both at the discretion of the court.
12. In case of a minor, the City Social Welfare and Development officer
shall meet with the child and his/her parents or guardians for proper smoking
cessation counselling.
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13. For every apprehension, a cash award of 30% of the penalty
actually paid shall be given to the deputized enforcer.
14. Should the apprehension be based on a tip or text message from a
civilian, the cash award of 10% of the penalty actually paid shall be given to the
civilian and 20% to the deputized officer.
15. Person violating this ordinance shall be allowed to pay P500.00 to
the City treasurer’s office to avoid being criminally prosecuted within 3 days from
apprehension.
Measures to reduce smoking
To help achieve a large reduction in smoking in the 2010s or 2020s,
governments, health professionals, journalists, and other opinion leaders should
appreciate the full eventual hazards of smoking cigarettes from early adulthood,
the substantial benefits of stopping at various ages, the eventual magnitude of
the epidemic of tobacco-attributable deaths if current smoking patterns persist,
and the effectiveness of tax increases and other interventions to reduce cigarette
consumption (Jha and Peto, 2014).
Tan (2014) emphasizes that cooperation has to be done to stop young
people from picking up the habit. That includes e-cigarettes, which may be
smokeless but whose main ingredient is the highly addictive nicotine. If people
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don’t work harder on reducing the number of young smokers, the costs of caring
for their smoking-related illnesses will be tremendous.
Experts encourage clinicians to support community smoking bans and
other tobacco control measures including tax increases on cigarettes, expanded
cessation services including telephone quite lines and educational campaigns.
So far, bans on smoking in public places and workplaces have been instituted in
32 states and many cities across the country. As the United States increasingly
institutes policies to protect non-smokers from second hand smoke, authors say
these efforts will yield great public health benefits in the form of reduced disease,
disability and deaths (American College of Cardiology, 2009).
Demir, et.,al (2015) stated that smoking is quite common among high
school students in Turkey. Although the rate of the seeking professional help is
low, we found that such adolescents are aware of the anti-smoking laws.
Significant measures to increase awareness about the hazards of smoking
among students in Turkey include more decisive implementation of the anti-
smoking laws, implementation of better quality educational programs in schools,
improving academic performance, and providing comprehensive information on
the harmful effects of smoking. Establishing health centers for students to receive
guidance and professional help in schools might also be useful in order to assist
students who want to quit smoking rather than waiting for those students to seek
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help at health care facilities. Family support and professional help will help
decrease the prevalence of smoking and increase the rate of smoking cessation
among adolescents. Anti-smoking campaigns should take into consideration the
opinions of the adolescent population before outlining action plans for tobacco
control.
Insights gained:
The literatures emphasized the urgency of quitting smoking in as early as
now. Medical experts advise smokers to stop smoking to keep away from health
risks and extend years in their life span.
Majority of the surveys conducted by World Health Organization and the
National Government reveal an alarming statistics on the increase of fatality due
to smoking.. This data is common even among countries worldwide. However,
developed countries have shown a declining rate of smoking prevalence in these
countries and risks of smoking have channelled to developing countries like the
Philippines.
It is also interesting to note that there has also been a trend of increase
among youth smokers and among women. Statistics shows that Filipino youth
starts smoking in as early as 13 years old and a growing number of young
professionals are also into smoking.
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Fortunately, the government continues to exert efforts to address the
problem. From the National Government down to the LGUs, smoking cessation
programs have been implemented. With proper monitoring through researches
such as this academic undertaking, the ordinance will improve and will hopefully
address the improvement of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance.
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Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter establishes the practicability of the study. It presents and
discusses the Research Design, Research Locale, Research Sample, Sampling
Design, Data Gathering Procedure, Research Instrument, and the Statistical
Treatment that were used for the study.
Research Design
To realize the purpose of this paper, the researcher used a quantitative-
qualitative research design that exploratory in nature. This paper is mainly
qualitative as this has focused more on conducting open ended surveys and
interviews to form a sound conceptualization of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking
Ordinance in Tandag City.
Research Locale
This study was conducted in Tandag City, Surigao del Sur. Tandag is the
provincial Capital of Surigao del Sur, Philippines. It has a population 44,327
people in 8,449 households and is politically subdivided into 21 barangays. With
an area of 291.73 km², Tandag City is one of the major cities of the province of
Surigao Del Sur in terms of urban area. Based on urban area it is the 27th
biggest city of the province. Its urbanization status is classified as partly urban.
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Tandag City has started its Anti-smoking campaigns three years ago with
the signing of Ordinance Number 02-2015 also known as The Comprehensive
Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City on March 31, 2015 by former city mayor
Roxanne Pimentel. This ordinance is 90 percent patterned to the Task Force
Davao City Anti-Ordinance and it has been effective in Davao City.
In the following year, the ordinance was amended and is presently called
as the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City 2016. On
September 2016, smokers were not allowed in public places of the city. The city
government thru the Anti-Smoking Task Force (ASTF) prohibit lighting up in
public conveniences, government-owned vehicles, accommodations, and
entertainment establishments, work places, enclosed or partially enclosed public
places, public buildings, and public outdoor spaces, except in duly designated
smoking areas duly approved and certified by the ASTF, private dwellings and
private vehicles (PIA, 2016).
Research sample
The participants of this study are composed of 25 Key Informants which
will be consisted of the City Mayor, Vice mayor, Sangguniang Panglungsod
members and Sangguniang bayan Members. Apart from them, the other Key
Informants are the representatives coming from the Academe and the NGOs.
These Key Informants are currently in their present positions during the time this
29
study was conducted, which is within February 2018. Moreover, they were
chosen as the main participants for they are well aware of the ordinance and they
form the best representative sample of the Tandaganons. The primary criteria
for choosing them are their knowledge and willingness to participate in this study.
Such type of sampling is called selective sampling. In selective sampling, the
researcher identified the group/individuals that met the needs of the research.
This group is known as the “primary unit of analysis”
Data Collection Procedure
In order to document the needed data of the research, the researcher
utilized the following procedures:
Permission. The researcher secured permission from the City Mayor to
allow the conduct of the study and to do face-to-face interview with some of the
city officials. After this, the researcher asked permission from each of the
research participants from the Academe and the NGOs. Once approved, the
researcher arranged an interview session with them based on the participants’
convenience.
Survey Questionnaire. The researcher personally administered and
retrieved the questionnaire to ensure that there is 100% retrieval.
Interview. In the interview, the researchers utilized a conversational
approach to put the interviewee at ease and willing to give information. This
approach allowed a degree of freedom and adaptability in getting information
30
from the interviewee, let the participants contribute as much detailed information
as they desire and permitted me to ask probing questions as means of follow-up.
Data Analysis
Frequency count and Percentage Rank–After the retrieval of the
questionnaires, the data were tallied and treated with Frequency count and
Percentage Rank. This statistical treatment were used to determine the profile of
the respondents and their conceptualization of the ordinance.
Content Analysis. After conducting interviews and transcribing the
interview records, the next step was content analysis. Content analysis is a
research tool focused on the actual content and internal features of media. It is
used to determine the presence of certain words, concepts, themes, phrases,
characters, or sentences within texts or sets of texts and to quantify this
presence in an objective manner. Using this method, the researcher determined
the themes that prevailed in the responses of the key informants. The recurring
themes that were evident in the data became the result of this study. This result
formed the conceptualized idea of the research participants in the
Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance.
Validation and Credibility
Member check. The researcher used member check as primary method
of addressing validation concerns. Member check was used by asking some
31
participants to review both the data collected and the interpretation of that
interview data. Participants are generally appreciative of the member check
process knowing that they have the chance to verify their statements.
Peer Debriefing. Using this method, the researcher presented the drafts
of his work to the adviser, other instructors, student peers, and to the participants
themselves. Engaging in this kind of dialogue is an important factor to remain
detached and analytic enough to generate themes. Their feedback on the early
drafts of the data is important. The feedback of the adviser was also critical.
Thick Description. Thick description is another method for providing
credibility because it helps the readers to understand the findings of the study
and determine the transferability of the findings. The best way for the researcher
to establish credibility is to make clear the steps he took to generate the concepts
and themes. Through this, he explained the process that he went through in the
study. The researcher provided adequate description of the context and the
participants working in it, and illustrated participants’ views using their own words
as much as possible.
Ethical Considerations
The researcher followed ethical considerations to protect the rights and
confidentiality of the participants. A dialogue was done to the participants
32
informing them the purpose and process of the study. The conduct of the study
was conducted at the convenience of the participants.
On the conduct of this study, the researcher saw to it that the respondents
understand what it means to participate in the study so that they can decide in a
conscious and deliberate way whether they want to participate or not. Once they
refuse the request, they were not be forced to give their consent. The researcher
is very careful not to let out statements that could harm them psychologically and
emotionally. The researcher included explaining the impact and benefits of the
research study to minimize psychological and social harm to the research
participants. It was also made sure that the researcher’s action will have positive
societal implication. The researcher also projected a professional image so that
the key informants will feel that they are given value. The researcher made the
data gathering efforts less conspicuous and intrusive without having deception.
More importantly, the researcher was very careful to strictly comply with the
research ethics set for this qualitative study.
33
References Cited
American College of Cardiology, (2009). Banning Smoking in Public Places And

Workplaces Is Good For The Heart, Study Finds
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090921173121.htm
Aragones, S. (2012). Number of youth smokers rising: group. ABS-CBN News.

Retrieved from http://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/03/16/12/number-youth-
smokers-rising-group
Bektas et.al. (2010). (An Approach to Children's Smoking Behaviors Using Social
Cognitive Learning Theory (PDF Download Available). Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49660244_An_Approach_to_Ch
ildren
%27s_Smoking_Behaviors_Using_Social_Cognitive_Learning_Theory
[accessed Oct 23 2017].
Buddelmeyer and Wokins, (2005). The Effects of Smoking Ban Regulations on

Individual Smoking Rates. Retrieved from ftp.iza.org/dp1737.pdf
Carlos, J.P. (2015). What makes an ordinance valid? Retrieved from

http://www.eaglenews.ph/what-makes-an-ordinance-valid/
Chang, A. (2017). Theory of Planned Behavior & Smoking. Retrieved from

https://www.livestrong.com/article/221185-theory-of-planned-behavior-
smoking/
Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance No.005-2016. Retrieved from Tandag

City Hall, Surigao del Sur.
34
Crisostomo, S. (2016). Phl 15th among 23 Western Pacific countries with youth
smokers. Retrieved from
http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/03/1599054/phl-15th-among-
23-western-pacific-countries-youth-smokers
Demir, et.al.( 2015). The impact of anti-smoking laws on high school students in
Ankara. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4723004/ J Bras
Pneumolv.
Digal, S. (2008). Philippines: teenage smoking at alarming levels. Retrieved from

http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Philippines:-teenage-smoking-at-
alarming-levels-13937.html
Hugo, B., Mbatchou Ngahane, Huguette Atangana Ekobo, and Christopher

Kuaban. (2015). Prevalence and determinants of cigarette smoking
among college students: a cross-sectional study in Douala, Cameroon.
Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4685632/
Jha, P. and Richard Peto. (2014). Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting, and of
Taxing Tobacco. Retrieved from
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1308383#t=article
NIH: National Cancer Institute. (2015). Smoking . Retrieved from

https://medlineplus.gov/smoking.html
NIP Fact sheet. (2009). Change Lab Solutions. Retrieved from

https://changelabsolutions.org/publications/enforcement-ordinances
Nuru, H. (2014). Ecological model. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/acchank/ecological-model.
Ona, E.T. (2011). Foreword. Philippines Country Report Global Youth Tobacco
Survey (GYTS). Retrieved from
www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/gyts/en/
PIA, (2016). Tandag City starts full implementation of anti-smoking ordinance.

Retrieved from
https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/247252367/tandag-city-starts-full-
implementation-of-anti-smoking-ordinance
35
Philippines: Tandag LGU holds anti-smoking ban orientation. (2016). Retrieved

at https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philippines+
%3a+Tandag+LGU+holds+anti-smoking+ban+orientation.-a0460581736
Seymour, T.(2017). Why is smoking bad for you? Retrieved from

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10566.php.
Tan, M.L. (2014). Young smokers. Retrieved from

http://opinion.inquirer.net/71814/young-smokers#ixzz4wN6yrrwa
The Cancer Council. (2017). A Smoke-free Environment. Retrieved from

http://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/15-9-effectiveness-of-smokefree-
legislation-in-reducing-exposure
The Local Government Code of the Philippines- Chan robles Virtual Law library.
Retrieved from www.chanrobles.com/localgov4.htm#.WnT1AnmYPIU.
The Philippine Star. (2016). Editorial - Smoke-free Philippines. Retrieved from

http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2016/10/17/1634346/editorial-smoke-
free-philippines
USLegal. (2016). Ordinances, Resolutions, and Other Legislation. Retrieved from

https://municipal.uslegal.com/ordinances-resolutions-and-other-
legislation/
WHO, World Health Organization, (2009). Health Belief Model. Gender, Women,
and the Tobacco Epidemic: 8. Quitting Smoking and Beating Nicotine
Addiction. Retrieved from
www.who.int/tobacco/publications/gender/women_tob_epidemic/en/
36
Appendix A
Survey Questionnaire
(For the Research Participants)
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-SMOKING

ORDINANCE OF TANDAG CITY
Name (Optional) _____________________________________
I. Profile of the Respondents

Direction: Kindly answer the following by filling only the blank and/or checking
marks inside the blank provided for each item.
1.1 Gender: _____ Male _____ Female
1.2 Civil status:

_____ Single
_____ Married
_____ Widowed
others, please specify _______________
1.3 Occupation:
_____ Government Employee
_____ Self-employee
_____ Private Employee
others, please specify _______________
1.4 Do you smoke?:

_____ Yes
_____ No
37
1.5 Category:
_____ LGU
_____ Academe
_____ NGO
_____ Others, pls. specify ______________
ll. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-SMOKING

ORDINANCE OF TANDAG CITY
Direction: The questions below will determine your conceptualization of the

Ordinance No. 005-2016 otherwise known as the Comprehensive Anti-
Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City. As such, please write your perception on
the space provided.
1. What is the functional role of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

Ordinance in our society?
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. What are the differences between the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

ordinance of 2015 and that of 2016, if you are aware of?
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What are the qualities of an effective anti-smoking ordinance? Please
check and explain why.
________public learning
________publication
________ others, please specify
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
38
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. Which provisions of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

Ordinance are favourable? Please check.
Explanation
______extent of smoke-free spaces
______exemptions/designated
smoking areas
______signage
______penalties
______task force
________ others, please specify
39
5. What are some reasons why anti-smoking ordinance become

ineffective? Please check and explain.
________not clear
________weak enforcement
________excessive penalty
________ others, please specify ____________________
___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. Which provisions of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking
Ordinance are ineffective and therefore have to be changed?
___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. What is the perceived impact of the Anti-Smoking ordinance in the following
sectors:
a. Business;
b. Tourism; and
c. Health?
________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
8. How can Tandaganons contribute in the successful implementation of the

ordinance?
40
_____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Thank you for taking the time to answer this survey. May God bless you.
Appendix D.1
LETTER OF PERMISSION ADDRESSED TO THE CITY MAYOR
April 9, 2018
ALEXANDER T. PIMENTEL
Mayor
Sir:
Greetings of serenity.
With my objective for professional upgrading, I would like to ask your kind
approval to let me conduct a survey and an interview to some of your
constituents in Tandag City particularly in the LGU, Academe, and NGOs.
This undertaking is in line with my present research study entitled “THE

ORDINANCE IN TANDAG CITY “, as a requirement for my Master of Arts in
Public Administration at Surigao del Sur State University, Graduate School.
This study aims to determine Tandaganons’ conceptualization of the

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance. It is hoped that with this discussion, a
detailed understanding of the said ordinance will be produced.
May my humble request merit your approval. Thank you.
Very respectfully yours,
41
MOISES U. PALOMO
Masterand
Noted:
ANECITO P. AMBRAY, PhD

Thesis Adviser
ERNESTO BUNIEL, Ed. D

Dean, Graduate Studies
Approved:
ALEXANDER T. PIMENTEL
Mayor
42
Appendix D.2
LETTER OF PERMISSION ADDRESSED TO THE CITY COUNCILOR
April 9, 2018
IMELDA C. FALCON
City Councilor
Madam:
I am currently undertaking a research study entitled, “THE

ORDINANCE IN TANDAG CITY “. This is one of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Arts in Public Administration at Surigao del Sur State University,
Graduate School.
In line with this undertaking, I will be in need of research participants who will
help form a detailed understanding of the ordinance. As such, please grant me to
have you as one of the research participants for the said research instruments.
As a research participant, you are humbly requested to answer a survey
questionnaire. You are personally my choice as I know of your expertise in this
particular field and I am confident that your participation will immensely help
improve my academic paper.
MOISES U. PALOMO
43
Masterand
Noted:

Thesis Adviser

Approved:
IMELDA C. FALCON
City Councilor
44
Appendix D.2
LETTER OF PERMISSION ADDRESSED TO THE ACADEME
April 9, 2018
IMELDA C. FALCON
Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
Saint Theresa College
Madam:

Graduate School.
help form a detailed understanding of the ordinance. As a research participant,
you are humbly requested to answer a survey questionnaire. As such, please
grant me to have you as one of the research participants for the said research
instruments. You are personally my choice as I know of your expertise in this
45
MOISES U. PALOMO
Masterand
Noted:

Thesis Adviser

Approved:
IMELDA C. FALCON
46
Appendix D.2
LETTER OF PERMISSION ADDRESSED TO THE ACADEME
April 9, 2018
ROMEO S. PATAN, Ed.D.

Surigao del Sur State University
Madam:

Graduate School.
help form a detailed understanding of the ordinance. As a research participant,
you are humbly requested to answer a survey questionnaire. As such, please
grant me to have you as one of the research participants for the said research
47
MOISES U. PALOMO
Masterand
Noted:

Thesis Adviser

Approved:
ROMEO S. PATAN
48
Appendix D.3
LETTER OF PERMISSION TO THE VALIDATORS
April 9, 2018
IMELDA C. FALCON
Municipal Health Officer
Surigao del Sur
Madam:

Graduate School.
In line with this undertaking, I will be in need of research validators who will help
fine tune the survey questionnaire and interview guide for the respondents. As
such, please grant me to have you as one of the validators for the said research
particular field and I am confident that your guidance will immensely help improve
my academic paper.
MOISES U. PALOMO
49
Masterand
Noted:

Thesis Adviser

Approved:
IMELDA C. FALCON
Municipal Health Officer
50
Appendix D.4
VALIDATION SHEET
Dear Validator,
Please spare time to peruse the following researcher-made (but adapted from
operational manual) questions prepared for the purpose of the study, “THE
ORDINANCE IN TANDAG CITY”. Kindly fill-in the necessary information and
check appropriate boxes. Thank you very much.
MOISES U. PALOMO
Masterand
Name of Evaluator : _________________________________
Degree : _________________________________
Position : _________________________________
Number of Years in Service : _________________________________
Points Equivalent
1-Poor 3-Good 5-Excellent
2-Fair 4-Very Good
1.) Clarity of Direction and Questions 5 4 3 2 1

The vocabulary level, language structure and concepts of the
questions suit the level of respondents. The test direction and
items are written in a clear and understandable manner.
2.) Presentation/Organization of Items
The items are organized in a logical manner
3.) Suitability of Items
The items appropriately represent the substance of the
research. The questions are designed to determine the
conditions, knowledge, skills and attitudes that are supposed to
be measured.
51
4.) Adequateness of Items per Category

The items represent the coverage of the research adequately.
The number of questions is representative enough of all
questions needed for the search.
5.) Attainment of the Purpose
The instrument as a whole fulfils the objective for which it was
constructed.
6.) Objectivity
No aspect of the questionnaire suggests bias on the part of the
research.
Remarks:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
_____________________________
Signature over Printed Name
52
Curriculum vitae
BENNY M. CUADRADO
bennymarbanicuadrado@gmail.com
09105051438
PERSONAL
Name : Benny M. Cuadrado

Age : 42
Date of Birth : July 30, 1975
Place of Birth : Bagsac, Madrid, Surigao del Sur
Citizenship : Filipino
Sex : Male
Civil Status : Married
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Iglesia Ni Cristo
AFFILIATIONS:
Department of Education (DepEd)

Secondary School Teacher II
Carmen Integrated School
Maitom, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur
53
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Graduate School : Saint Theresa College of Tandag, Inc.

Course : Master of Arts in Education (MAED)
Major : Educational Administration
Year Graduated : March 29, 2017
Collegiate : Surigao del Sur Polytechnic State

College
Course : Bachelor of Science in Secondary
Education
Major : Mathematics
Year Graduated : March 31, 2000
Secondary : Jacinto P. Elpa High School

Capitol Hills, Tandag City
1992-1994
Madrid Provincial High School
Madrid, Surigao del Sur
1990-1991
Elementary : Patong-Patong Elementary School

Patong-Patong, Madrid Surigao del Sur
1984-1990
SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED
 Electrical Installation and Maintenance NC II

 Housekeeping NC II
 Masonry NC II
 International Training On Educational Management
 International Training On Instructional Materials Development and
Action Research
 Trainers Methodology Level I (TMC-I)
(Electrical Installation and Maintenance)
LISENSURE EXAMINATION
 PRC LET PASSER
54
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Republic of the Philippines

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

place restrictions on the locations in which people can smoke, including

government buildings, office buildings, shopping centres, restaurants and bars

to be an alarming threat and a major cause of health problems worldwide (as

cited by WHO, 2009).

In fact, according to the World Health Organization, about 4 million people

die every year of tobacco-related diseases. If current global trends continue, it is

and three-quarters of these deaths will be in low and middle-income countries

like the Philippines. With this alarming statistics, a number of anti-smoking

Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City.

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

It is fortunate that such an ordinance exists to support anti-smoking efforts;

support. Qualitative studies of the attitude, perceptions, and conceptualization of

informed policy development.

As such, a study of the conceptualization of the Comprehensive Anti-

Smoking Ordinance is needed. Hence, the researcher is motivated to pursue this

it is a newly amended ordinance. Consequently, it means that new results will be

understanding and awareness of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance,

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

This study is based on Albert Badura’s Social Cognitive Learning theory

operates. The theory emphasizes simultaneous and reciprocal effects of

environment and behavior, and suggests that behavior is affected by both

external stimuli and internal cognitive factors.

policies that prohibit smoking-related activities, the behaviour of an individual

regulate smoking, it therefore creates a positive external motivation for citizens to

change their smoking habits in response to the governments’ ordinance. It

ordinance will be an effective means to regulate the citizens’ smoking behaviour.

Another related theory is the Theory of Planned Behavior by Icek Ajzen

interventions, such as smoking cessation programs. This theory assumes that an

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

behavior will occur.

Assuming this theory is true, the appeal is that if intention influences

behavior, then interventions such as the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

norms and perceived behavioral control about quitting smoking--that influence

This study is also anchored on the Ecological Models of Health Behavior

(Nuru, 2014) which emphasizes the environmental and policy contexts of

behavior, while incorporating social and psychological influences. Ecological

models lead to the explicit consideration of multiple levels of influence, thereby

guiding the development of more comprehensive interventions. The core concept

of an ecological model is that behavior has multiple levels of influences, often

including intrapersonal (biological, psychological), interpersonal (social, cultural),

organizational, community, physical environmental, and policy.

can regulate or support healthy practices/actions. The implementation of the

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance systematically target mechanisms of

change at several levels of influence. It is expected that smoking behavior

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

change will be maximized when environments and policies support healthful

important to note that motivation and skill in individual cannot be effective if

environment and policies unsupported. It is therefore timely to conduct this study

vulnerable ones who are the youth.

assumed to be related to the individual’s beliefs and perceptions about engaging

consequences of smoking behavior, perceived severity of those consequences,

efficacy of treatment), as well as perceived benefits (decreased risk, better

health). In addition, cues to action that stimulate motivation and increase

readiness to change must be present to initiate a change in smoking behavior.

the provisions on penalty, the Tandaganons will be warned about the

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

not into smoking, possible instances of smoking will be avoided.