LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

4MM FROG EMBRYO

WHOLE MOUNT
PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER
OLFACTORY  ectodermal thickening on the lateral OLFACTORY PIT EVAGINATION ECTODERM
PLACODE  cavity = OLFACTORY PIT surface of the
head anterior
LENS PLACODE  paired thickenings of the head Anterior to the LENS VESICLE EVAGINATION ECTODERM
ectoderm olfactory pit
EYE LENS
OTIC LENS  Formed a closed chamber as a EVAGINATION
result of of the evagination of the
otic placode
NOTOCHORD Extends from
the midbrain up
to the posterior
end of the body
SOMITES Mesoderm subdivided into segments Can be seen by MESODERM
flanking the
notochord on
each side
STOMODEUM  ectodermal rudiment of the MOUTH ECTODERM
mouth
 formed by the invagination
antero-ventral ectoderm of the
head, which is in contact with the
anterior wall of the foregut
 separated from the endodermal
OROPHARYNGEAL  will eventually rupture MOUTH
MEMBRANE
SUCKERS ectodermal thickenings ventrolateral to
the oral region
HEART loose mesodermal cells which will beneath the MESODERM
become organized floor of the
foregut and
anterior to the
mass of yolk
DIVERTICULUM OF median LIVER
THE FOREGUT posteroventrall
y directed
ENDODERMAL YOLK serves as nutrition

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

for continued
growth and
differentiation of
the embryo
PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER
PROCTODEUM will later break to open into the ANUS ECTODERM
hindgut
TRANSVERSE SECTION
LEVEL OF THE PROSENCEPHALON & NASAL RUDIMENTS
PROSENCEPHALON cavity = PROSOCOEL anterior part of
the embryonic
brain
MESENCHYME  embryonic connective tissue PREDOMINANT MESODERM
derived from MESODERM and CONNECTIVE TISSUES
NEURAL CREST CELLS
HEAD MESENCHYME  fills the spaces between the MEESODERM
presumptive epidermis (skin
ectoderm) and the walls of the
prosencephalon
 a mesoderm with additional cells
of neural crest origin
OLFACTORY paired pigment invaginations on found in the ECTODERM
PLACODE either side of the prosocoel head
mesenchyme
EPIDERMIS outermost skin layer ECTODERM
LEVEL OF THE MESENCEPHALON & OPTIC CUPS
MESENCEPHALON  has a thick roof mid-region of MIDBRAIN
 brain cavity = MESOCOEL the developing
embryonic brain
ORAL CAVITY more or less spherical in appearance cavity at the
cranial end of
the alimentary
canal
ORAL PLATE  thickened region where the  PHARYNGEAL
cranial portion of the MEMBRANE
alimentary canal comes in  OROPHARYNGEA
contact with the ectoderm L MEMBRANE
portion of the head

STOMODEUM ectodermal rudiment of the mouth MOUTH INVAGINATIO MOUTH ECTODERM

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

formed by the invagination of the N

ectoderm at the anteroventral region
of the head
HYPOPHYSIS  A solid ingrowth or a nodular between the ANTERIOR PORTION OF INVAGINATIO RATHKE’S POCKET
aggregation of cells oral & brain THE N ENDOCRINE GLAND
 May be used to describe an cavity PITUITARY GLAND PITUITARY GLAND
embryonic portion of a
developing gland:
 Invagination of the
stomodeum to form
which fuses with the
infundibulum to form
the PITUITARY GLAND
 An ENDOCRINE GLAND
formed from an
ingrowth from the
stomodeum (rathke’s
pocket) & the
infundibulum

PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER

INFUNDIBULUM  Funnel-like depression of mesencephalon POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE
the prosencephalon appears dorsal PITUITARY GLAND W/
 Smaller, ventral component to a portion of STOMODEUM
of the diencephalon with the
thin roof & thick sides prosencephalon
MANDIBULAR ARCH most cranial  CAUDAL BORDER OF THE
branchial arch STOMODEUM
 MAXILLARY PROCESS
CRANIAL TO THE
STOMODEUM

ADHESIVE GLAND paired ectodermal thickenings found in the secrete adhesive  CEMENT GLANDS
ventral surface mucus for  MUCOUS
of anuran attachment to GLANDS
embryos floating objects  ORAL SUCKERS
OPTIC VESICLE first indication of the formation of the VAR. ECTODERMAL PARTS OF EVAGINATION
eye THE EYE EXCEPT THE LENS &
CORNEA
OPTIC CUP  double-walled structure formed lateral to the INVAGINATIO
by the invagination of the optic infundibulum N

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

vesicle
 inner layer should be thicker than
the outer layer

FOREGUT  a cavity EVAGINATION

 walls are composed of endoderm
OPTIC STALK connection of the optic cup w/ the
brain
LEVEL OF THE RHOMBENCEPHALON
SECTION THROUGH THE ANTERIOR PHARYNX
PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER
RHOMBENCEPHALO  has a thin roof most caudal HINDBRAIN
N  cavity = RHOMBOCOEL region of the
brain of the
developing
embryo
NOTOCHORD  round structure lying dorsal to provides skeletal DEGENERATES MESODERM
 defines the anterior/posterior the gut & support during
axis in the developing embryo ventral to the early development
hindbrain
PHARYNX  broad region of the foregut EVAGINATION
 paired evagination corresponds
to pharyngeal pouches
OTIC VESICLE paired invaginations of the otic laterally located INNER EAR INVAGINATIO AUDITORY VESICLE
placode & slightly N
ventral to the
brain
SECTION THROUGH THE EMBRYONIC HEART
PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER
HEART  appears suspended within beneath the MESODERM
the pericardial coelom by enlarged
the dorsal mesocardium foregut
PERICARDIUM  pericardial coelom is delimited by
a thin layer of somatic mesoderm
 formation is brought by the
migration of the heart mesoderm
to the midventral region of the
pericardial cavity
 made up of loose mesenchymal

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

cells, which will soon organize into

a continuous endothelial lining of
the heart, the endocardium
ENDOCARDIUM inner layer LINING OF THE HEART
EPIMYOCARDIUM outer layer MUSCLE OF THE HEART
SECTION THROUGH THE LIVER DIVERTICULUM
MESOMERES  paired bulges of tissue below the PRONEPHROS/PRONEPHRIC
horizontal level KIDNEY (collective term
of the form pronephric tubules)
notochord
LIVER  rudiment of the liver
DIVERTICULUM  extremely deep groove on the
floor of the pharynx

SECTION THROUGH THE PRONEPHROS

PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER
ENDODERMAL YOLK increased mass of the yolky nutrient supply for
endoderm the developing
embryo
SPINAL CORD  structure that replaces the
hindbrain
 smaller than the hindbrain & its
thick lateral sides touches almost
touches at the roof part unlike
the hindbrain
PRONEPHROS  paired structure lateral side initial excretory DEGENERATES; REPLACED
 appear as spherical structures organ found in the BY MESONEPHRIC KIDNEY
clustered together (some are developing IN ADULTS

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

more elongated) embryos

 functional in larval amphibians &
fish
SOMITE  segmented mesodermal blocks either side of SCLEROTOME
 arise from the dorsal mesoderm the spinal = AXIAL SKELETON
 Will differentiate into: cord
 SCLEROTOME MYOTOME
 MYOTOME SCLEROTOME = MUSCLE
 DDERMATOME (above the
neural tube & DERMATOME
notochord) = DERMAL LAYERS OF THE
SKIN

SECTION THROUGH THE MIDGUT

SPINAL CORD gradually tapers off in diameter from
the rhombencephalon to its caudal
end
SUBNOTOCHORDAL  a small knot of cells can be wedged DEGENERATES ENDODERM
ROD identified between the
 a transient structure of endodermal notochord &
origin & unknown function that will the midgut
later disappear

SECTION THROUGH THE HINDGUT

PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER
PROCTODEUM an ectodermal invagination that base of the tail will later break into the ANAL PIT ECTODERM
meets with the endoderm of the hindgut forming the
hindgut ANUS
CLOACAL PERFORATED; form the ENDODERM
MEMBRANE POSTERIOR OPENING OF
(ectodermal & THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

endodermal plate)
DORSAL FIN a flat extension of the body wall along the dorsal DEGENERATES during the
midline of the metamorphosis of the
trunk & tail tadpole
HINDGUT posterior most CLOACA
region of the COLON
embryonic gut SMALL INTESTINE
RECTUM

10mm FROG EMBRYO

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LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

WHOLE MOUNT

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

7mm FROG EMBRYO

WHOLE MOUNT

= formed by a circular knob of cells separated from the brain

• Formed external gills
• Notochord extends up to the tail
• Functional heart
• The HEAD & TRUNK are bloated
• Has changed its shape (became a tadpole)
• LIVER DIVERTICULUM can be identified
• Much elongated tail
• HINDGUT
= powerful swimming organ
= at the time that the midgut is excluded, the hindgut does not lose its cavity
= with lateral segmented somites and finfolds on the dorsal and ventral sides
– persists as the cloaca
• FOREBRAIN differentiated into:
= its dorsal wall becomes extended into the tail rudiment as the post anal gut
= TELENCEPHALON (has 2 hemispheres)
– later in embryonic development, it is broken up
= DIENCEPHALON
– eventually disappears
• Stomodeum is deeply invaginated
= in amphibians, it gives rise to the URINARY BLADDER
• Olfactory pit surrounded by large pigmented cells
– ventral evagination
• EPIPHYSIS

TRANSVERSE SECTION
Level of the Telencephalon & Olfactory Pits
PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER
OLFACTORY PIT Began as 2 Lateral to the
thickenings ventral portion of
(placodes of the
ectoderm) prosencephalon

Olfactory placodes
invaginated &
lengthened to form
pits

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

Appears as a cavity
on the lateral
surface of the head
ORAL CAVITY Large identation on
the ventral surface
of the embryo

Oral plate now has

become perforated

Embryo now has

an open mouth
TELENCEPHALON Paired hemisphere occupying the
anterior region of
the forebrain
DIENCEPHALON Posterior division
of the
prosencephalon
HEAD MESENCHYME
EPIPHYSIS

10mm FROG EMBRYO

TRANSVERSE SECTION
PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER
TELENCEPHALON  paired anterior division of EVAGINATION
 each unit is roughly the prosencephalon
hemispherical but

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

flattened at the
midline
 each contains a cavity
= LATERAL VENTRICLE
 LATERAL VENTRICLE
> formed by the
evagination of the of
the side of the neural
tube at the anterior
end of the neurocoel
LAYERS OF THE BRAIN WALL
EPENDYMAL LAYER One-cell thick, ciliated CILIA aids in the
layer surrounding the movement of the
neurocoel cerebrospinal fluid
in the ventricles of
the brain & in the
central canal of the
CNS
MANTLE LAYER broad layer adjacent to the GRAY MATTER
ependymal layer of the CNS
MARGINAL LAYER  outermost layer WHITE MATTER
 contains neuroblasts of the CNS
from the inner layer
& nerve fibers

NASAL ORGAN  a tubular organ at the region of the INVAGINATION OLFACTORY ECTODERM
formed from the telencephalon; lies ORGAN
invagination of the ventrolateral to it
ectoderm
 the olfactory nerve
connecting the
olfactory lobes to the
brain arises from the
OLFACTORY
EPITHELIUM

PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER

EXTERNAL NARIS  opening of the nasal ECTODERM
cavity to the outside
 marks the point of

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

the original
ectodermal
invagination
INTERNAL NARIS  opening of the nasal CHOANA
cavity to the buccal
region

FRONTAL ORGAN  arises as an beneath the “THIRD EYE” EVAGINATION

evagination of the epidermis
diencephalic roof
together w/ the
epiphysis
 it migrates forward
from the region of
the diencephalon to
the region of the
telencephalon
 contains
photoreceptors
JACOBSON’S ORGAN  saccular structure picking up the smell EVAGINATION VOMERONASAL
 formed by the of food from the ORGAN
evagination of the buccal region
nasal organ
BUCCAL CAVITY  saccular structure
 region where the
nasal cavity & the
mouth opens
 derived from the
STOMODEUM
 at this region, jaws
are tipped w/ horny
material & tooth
germs
 ORAL PAPILLAE =
lobose structures that
are external to the
jaws
PRECHORDAL hyaline cartilages beneath the CHONDROCRANIUM TRABECULAR
CARTILAGE telencephalon = cartilaginous CARTILAGE
cranium
MELANOCYTE stellate cells scattered

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

over the dorsolateral

region of the brain &
lateral to the nasal
organs

fine granules of melanin

= light brown;
individually; black in
aggregate
MESENCHYME stellate mesodermal forms a LOOSE MESODERM
cells filling up the space RETICULUM with
between the organs & the outermost cells
epidermis forming the DERMIS
OF THE
INTEGUMENT
EPIDERMIS outer layer of the skin
composed of two strata
of ectodermal cells

note the free melanin

granules &some
melanocytes

LEVEL OF THE DIENCEPHALON & THE EYE

PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER
DIENCEPHALON ventrally elongated posterior
subdivision of the
possesses a cavity prosencephalon
called III VENTRICLE

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

INFUNDIBULUM funnel-like evagination EVAGINATION

of the diencephalic
floor

evaginates the
posterior or neural
lobe of the pituitary
together with the
stomodeum

seen as a smaller,
ventral component of
the diencephalon with
a thin roof and thick
sides
MESENCEPHALON middle region of the dorsal to the
brain diencephalon

bears the 3rd & 4th

cranial nerves
possesses a cavity (the
CEREBRAL
AQUEDUCT)
PITUITARY BODY oval mass beneath the thin ENDOCRINE GLAND
floor of the HYPOPHYSIS
infundibulum
derived from the
infundibulum and a
solid ingrowth from
the stomodeum
if tracing is continued
posteriorly, the
hypophysis disappears
and the tip of the
notochord (flanked by
parachordal cartilages)
will be seen

PARTS CHARACTERISTICS LOCATION FUNCTION FATE MOVEMENT SYNONYM GERM LAYER

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

EYE
LAYER OF THE
OPTIC CUP
RETINA thick inner layer of the
optic cup
LAYER OF THE OPTIC CHIASMATA innermost sublayer the axons of the
GANGLIAN CELLS = the region where the of the nerve cells in this
optic nerves cross in retina sublayer form the
the floor of the OPTIC NERVE
diencephalon
LAYER OF THE middle layer of the
BIPOLAR NEURONS cells that will synapse
the receptor & the
ganglian cells
RODS & CONES outermost PHOTORECEPTORAL
sublayer of the PROCESS
retina

PIGMENTED formed from the outer wall of the IRIS

EPITHELIUM median half of the optic cup
optic vesicle

LENS spherical body partly enclosed by

the optic cup
formed by the
thickenings of the
inner wall of the lens
vesicle
LENS EPITHELIUM one-cell thick outer
layer
LENS FIBERS columnar cells at the core of the LONG FIBERS
lens ARRANGED IN
LAYERS
CORNEA superficial covering of
the eye
CHOROID & SCLERA

PHARYNX

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 LAB EXERCISE 4 ORGANOGENESIS [DATE]

HYPOBRANCHIAL
CARTILAGES
THYROID
SKELETAL MUSCLES
ORAL SUCKERS

10mm FROG EMBRYO

10mm FROG EMBRYO

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