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I.
Con la técnica
de
skimming, identifique en el párrafo en el cual se encuentra la información de los siguientes

temas.
a. Para qué son usados los motores eléctricos. Párrafo _______

b. El conmutador. Párrafo _______
c. Razó n por la que la armadura da vueltas. Párrafo _______
d. Los electroimanes. Párrafo _______
e. Efecto de poner imanes juntos. Párrafo _______
f. La armadura. Párrafo _______
In an electric motor an electric current and magnetic field produce a turning

movement. This can drive all sorts of machines, from wrist-watches to trains. The
motor shown in Fig.1 is for a washing machine. It is a universal motor, which can
run on direct current or alternating current.
An electric current running through a wire produces a magnetic field around the
wire. If an electric current flows around a loop of wire with a bar of iron through it,
the iron becomes magnetized. It is called an electromagnet; one end becomes a
north pole and the other a south pole, depending on which way the current is
flowing around the loop.
If you put two magnets close together, like poles –for example, two north poles-
repel each other, and unlike poles attract each other.
In a simple electric motor, like the one shown in Fig.2, a piece of iron with loops of
wire round it, called armature, is placed between the north and south poles of a
stationary magnet, known as the field magnet. When electricity flows around the
armature wire, the iron becomes an electromagnet.
The attraction and repulsion between the poles of this armature magnet and the
poles of the field magnet make the armature turn. As a result, its north pole is close
to the south pole of the field magnet. Then the current is reversed so the north pole
of the armature magnet becomes the south pole. Once again, the attraction and
repulsion between it and the field magnet make it turn. The armature continues
turning as long as the direction of the current, and therefore its magnetic poles,
keeps being reversed.
To reverse the direction of the current, the ends of the armature wire are connected
to different halves of a split ring called commutator. Current flows to and from the
commutator through small carbon blocks called brushes. As the armature turns, first
one half of the commutator comes into contact with the brush delivering the
current, and then the other, so the direction of current keeps being reversed.
A battery, like other parts of your vehicle, is subject to wear and tear and
should be checked regularly. In particular, pay attention to the battery’s
trouble spots, shown here. A battery that’s kept clean lasts longer than a
cruddy one.
The parts of the battery to check.

Before you work on your battery, be sure to read all the safety measures
involved. Here’s a rundown:
• Never work on a battery with a lit cigarette in your mouth. Batteries are filled with sulfuric
acid that generates hydrogen gas. If you get acid deposits on your skin or clothes, wash
them off with water immediately.
• Disconnect the battery whenever you work on it, but be sure to shut the engine off first!
On most modern vehicles, computers control functions of the engine, fuel and ignition
systems, automatic transmissions, and other stuff. Be extremely careful not to
inadvertently send a shot of unwanted voltage into one of the computers and destroy it.
• Always remove the negative cable from the battery if you plan to work on wiring under
the hood. This prevents you from possibly damaging electrical components or receiving a
shock.
• When removing and replacing both battery cables, always remove the negative cable
first and replace it last. If you attempt to remove the positive clamp first and your wrench
slips and touches something metal, your wrench can fuse to the part like an arc welder.
• Tie the cables back while you work on the battery. Don’t allow anything made of metal to
connect the terminal posts; this can damage the battery. If the cables are connected to the
posts when something else interferes, you can destroy the onboard computers.
Don’t let all the cautions listed here turn you off the idea of checking your vehicle’s battery. It’s
easy to check your battery. Just locate it and follow these steps:
• Clean off powdery deposits on the positive and negative terminals.The deposits that form
in lovely colors on the top of your terminals are made by battery acid. Before you clean it,
remove the cables (negative first) from both terminals by undoing the nut on each cable
clamp and wiggling the cable until the clamp comes off the terminal post.To brush the
deposits off the terminal posts and cable clamps, sprinkle some baking soda onto each
terminal, dip an old toothbrush or disposable brush in water, and scrub the deposits away.
You can use a battery terminal brush (inside the cap) and clamp cleaner.If
your cables and clamps won’t clean up completely with baking soda and water, rotate an
inexpensive battery terminal brush on each terminal to shine it and ensure a good, solid
electrical connection. You can also shine the insides of the cable clamps with the clamp
cleaner that’s usually sold as one unit with the brush. A soapless steel wool pad may also
do the job.
• Dry everything with a clean, disposable, lint-free rag.Try to avoid getting the powdery stuff
on your hands or clothes. If you do, wash it off with water right away.
• Reconnect the terminals to the battery, replacing the positive cable first and the
negative cable last.After the battery terminals are reconnected, coat the terminals with
thick automotive grease or petroleum jelly to prevent corrosive deposits from forming
again.
• Examine the battery cables and clamps to see whether they’re frayed or corroded.If the
damage looks extensive, the cables and clamps may need to be replaced; otherwise, the
battery may short-circuit, which could damage onboard computers. Have a professional
check it out.If you’ve been having trouble starting your engine, if your headlights seem
dim, or if the battery is old, check to see whether the electrolyte in the battery is strong
enough. If it’s weak, the battery may need to be recharged or replaced before it dies and
leaves you stranded.
Check the battery case and the terminals.If you see major cracks in the
battery case or obvious terminal damage, replace the battery regardless of its
electrical performance.

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I.

skimming, identifique en el párrafo en el cual se encuentra la información de los siguientes

a. Para qué son usados los motores eléctricos. Párrafo _______

In an electric motor an electric current and magnetic field produce a turning

The parts of the battery to check.

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