Chapter 2

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and

in-depth search done by the researcher. This also presents the outline of the recent

developments in the field of technology. Furthermore, the aforesaid chapter will

produce various study with the proposed scheme and significant specification of the

system involve and software to be used.

2.1 STUDIES AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Foreign Literature

 
EMarketer (2014) declares that there are approximately 4.55 billion users of

mobile devices. This number was projected to rise to 5.13 billion users in 2017. This is

around 69.4 percent of the globe’s total population. Experts however, have noted that

this growth in expected users does not follow the projected growth rate, which was

predicted to decrease from 8.5 percent in 2012, to only 3.6 percent in 2017.

According to their figures, this number is predicted to increase to 5.13 billion

users by 2017, corresponding to 69.4 percent of the world’s population. However,

although a growth in the number of users is expected, the growth rate is expected to

decrease from 8.5 percent in 2012 to 3.6 percent in 2017.

This growing number is mainly attributed to the rise of web browsing, which

experts note is the key motivator for users to purchase, use, and place great value on
their smartphones. EMarketer states that the 1.55 billion mobile internet user

population in 2012 has now ballooned into 2.97 billion in 2017. The respondents

admitted to using internet mobile at least once every month.

This trend of mobile internet users, and subsequently, the utilization of the

smartphone, has given businessmen and marketers a new, more modern and

responsive platform by which to relay information, advertise and promote their

products. With this in mind however, another pertinent factor should also be

addressed: the speed of internet connectivity.

As mentioned by Abdellah, et.al., (2012), the presence of wireless sensor

networks is a relatively new technology, and a behemoth which requires exact models,

bases and algorithms. The most utilized of which is the categorically-defined

anonymous asynchronous distributed mobile systems, as its algorithms depend on the

traditional communication model, making for a speedier data transfer.

Abdellah et.al., clearly outlined their designed distributed broadcast algorithm,

which aligns itself with population protocols, as well as Angluin's definitive model for

pairwise interactions of anonymous finite-state agents. Abdellah et.al., however

presented a more complicated algorithm, expanded on the original Angluin model, and

introduced maintenance protocols to ensure that the whole system moves faster and

more efficient in the transmission of information.

With wireless internet at top speed, it was only a matter of time before the news

sources caught up with the technology. Hadland, et. al., (2017) noticed a sudden spike
in mobile phone footage featured in local, national, and international broadcasts from

the mid-2000s onwards. The 2005 coverage of the London bombings were splattered

with mobile phone footage from major media organizations, including the British

Broadcasting Corporation, CNN, and Al Jazeera. More so, these news moguls began

to develop their own programs, softwares and applications for data gathering and

reporting. Broadcast journalism entered into a phase of virtual coverage, with

information and raw footage delivered in real-time, with less manpower, and with

single, handheld devices. This pattern was officially incorporated by Channel 4, the

BBC and ITV in their coverage, though all three channels agree that the utilization of

mobile phone footage is far from reaching its true potency in the 21 st century.

Cell broadcast technology provider One2Many firmly believes that the

smartphone has now transformed itself as the premier tool for information, and the

community is highly aware of this. Mes (2012), One2Many Managing Director, was

quoted saying that “there is no better use of mobile technology than for Emergency

Alerts. Our customers have requested and even demanded LTE support on our Cell

Broadcast systems which are already in use on CDMA, GSM, 3G and Wi-Fi networks”

Cell Broadcast technology is another aspect of this mobile trifecta that enables

the common man to exchange information in real time. It helps in the dissemination of

text messaging and now e-mails. Now, transmitting a message to a million users is

achievable in just one second; thus, this technology powers most of the world’s

location-based and instant messaging services.

  Local programmers have decided to utilize this technology through the creation

of mobile applications. Mendiola (2012) is one of the advocates of My News

Philippines, an app released on March 18, 2012 for Android 2.2. version users, which

brings news updates from various sources to subscribers. Sources and articles span

the spectrum of ABS-CBN News, GMA News, Inquirer News, Asian Correspondent

News, Senate of the Philippines News, PhilStar News, SunStar Philippines News and

more.

Furthermore, Ochoa (2013) introduced the Philippine Atmospheric,

Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA)’s launch of its very

own android application. This program, pioneered in September 2011, provides a

regular weather forecast, which keeps up to date with PAG-ASA’s set system. It also

features satellite imaging, severe and emergency weather bulletins, typhoon tracking,

and free quick access to storm warnings.

From a technical perspective, the National Telecommunication Commission

(2016), states that the cell broadcast service (CBS) available in the Philippines also

enables comprehensive location and tracking systems. Government agencies such as

the National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) and Philippine

Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) have also tapped this resource

to transmit important messages in times of crises and emergencies.

Going forward, Endo (2017) mentions that Indonesia and the Philippines are

now collaborating to create a terrestrial (ground-based) digital broadcasting system.

from business offerings and related hardware appropriate for this kind of technology.

In light of this, Philippine-based GMA Network has already invested 416 million pesos

($8.33 million) in facilities and equipment, while its major rival ABS-CBN Corp. has

launched technology testing in major cities. As an added feature, ABS-CBN also

initiated a one-segment broadcast for handheld devices. Finally, the country seeks to

popularize an exhaustive emergency warning protocol that helps inform mobile users

about typhoons and other emergencies.

Foreign Studies

Pielot, et. al., (2014), explained in their study on In-Situ Mobile Phone

Notifications that one of the pitfalls of mobile technology’s interactivity is the insanely

large amount of received notifications per day, which includes messages, emails,

updates and system upgrades. This constitutes 63.5 notifications on average per day,

which manages to divert user attention, and increase unnecessary phone activity.

Furthermore, respondents admitted to checking these notifications within a few

minutes after its first arrival, and this phenomenon doesn’t change whether the phone

was entered into silent mode or not. There is also a persistently high expectation for

fast reaction times during personal exchanges, which causes the user to glue

themselves to certain application, while ignoring the presence and functionality of

others.

As discovered by the researchers, this high social need causes discomfort and

anxiety to most users, though more studies are needed to understand the relationship
across populations and cultures. This also includes further study on individual and

group behavior.

Chadwick, (2014) presented an alternative perspective in her research entitled

“Revolutionizing the Newsroom: How Online and Mobile Technologies Have Changed

Broadcast Journalism”. She interviewed journalists based in the United States in 2013,

to understand how mobile phones have transformed the way these journalists collect,

present and project the new. Thirteen television journalists interviewed for the study

confessed that a strong online presence is now very important in the newsroom, as

online-generated stories are better absorbed by the audience, as opposed to news

beats from the community or the streets. Digital assets are also regularly used by

journalists in their field reporting, and they follow online trends to dig up better stories.

This online presence has also affected their regular schedules, daily work habits, and

overall interactions with audiences and co-workers.

Umair, (2016) explained on his study about Mobile Reporting and Journalism fo

r Media Trends, News Transmission and its Authenticity, that new technologies have p

ermanently effaced the traditional image of the newsroom. He also extrapolates that th

ough this revolutionary mobile movement has helped them gain audiences, the techno

logy is not without its faults and limitations. The journalist now spends more time onlin

e rather than keeping their eyes and ears peeled on the community. Interaction is quic

kly gained on the feeds but never in the grassroots.

Westlund, et. al., (2015) explained on their study about Accessing the News in

an Age of Mobile Media: Tracing, Displacing and Complementary Effects of Mobile

poured considerable time and resource to the development of their own applications

and programs. Programmers in the workplace are now as abundant as the journalist.

And the device manufacturers have also hopped up on this trend by making their

mobiles app and user-friendly. Response times are faster than ever, and widescreen

phones for single-media use in Sweden, America and Asia are becoming a norm.

Local Studies

Viray, et. al., (2014) on their study about The Convergence of Philippine FM

Broadcast Radio with the New Media described how convergence with the Internet

and the mobile phone modified or transformed FM broadcast radio in the Philippines.

Previous studies have shown how digital convergence of FM broadcast radio changed

the landscape with the emergence of a consumer-centered chain, device dependence,

and the mobile applications. Organizational practices have also adapted to the

evolving times by taking a consumer-driven and cost-efficient approach. The study

rests upon a framework involving several communication theories, namely: the Media

Convergence Theory, along with the Political Economy Theory and the Four Laws of

Media.

Findings of the study show that there has been an increase in audience reach

with the fusion of FM broadcast radio with the Internet and the mobile phone. This

convergence allowed FM radio to fit in the mobile lifestyle of the listeners. In addition,

social media have become an avenue for feedback. With respect to the FM radio

industry, there have been partnerships among stations, enabling the sharing of goals
and resources. There have also been changes in the listening experience of the

listeners, wherein more activities can be done while listening, at the same time, by

being simply alone.

Ramirez, et. al., (2013). SagipPinoy: Web and Mobile Based Philippine

Emergency Quick Response Portal explained that this application can provide

interaction between the concerned citizens and the emergency units. This application

can help Filipino citizens in case of emergencies, disasters and calamities such as car

accidents, crimes, earthquakes, typhoons, fire accident, and just a click of the fingertip

emergency units will be aware of the emergency being triggered by the users. This

study aims to design and develop an application that can locate nearest emergency

units; to send location details to the emergency units and to broadcast alarm to at

least five nearest emergency teams and for the emergency units they can locate the

accident area; they can also send notifications to the victims that they are responded.

The users will be the Filipino citizens and the Philippine response teams. They will be

benefitted in a way that their request will be easily responded by the emergency teams

and their lives will be saved by them. The softwares to be used to develop will be

Notepad++, BootStrap, Adobe Photoshop, PHP, HTML, WampServers in web side,

while Java Eclipse, Android API, SQLite. Integration testing, test plan, load testing and

stress testing is used to test the reliability and acceptance of the said proposed study.

De Guzman, et. al., (2014) introduced their study about Mobile Emergency

Response Application using Geolocation for Command Centers. It is a combination of

a mobile and web application for responding to emergency requests for ambulance,
fire truck and police by people in a certain area or city. The mobile application would

detect user’s current location through geolocation and send to the web application

deployed in a command center the name, age, mobile number and location of the user

for easily dispatching of emergency units.

2.2 SUMMARY