The Pocket Professional™

Mathematics Pac

Owner’s Manual

SPARCOM®

Edition 2: October, 1991

Manual Reorder No. 11071-A Software Reorder No. 10071-1A

Notice

Disclaimer

Sparcom Corporation shall not be liable for any errors, loss of profit, or any
other commercial damage, including but not limited to special, consequential,
incidental or other damages, resulting from or in any way connected with the
furnishing, performance, or use of this manual or software. This manual, the
accompanying software, and the examples contained in them are provided
“as 1s” and are subject to change without notice. Sparcom disclaims any
other warranties, expressed or implied, including but not limited to the
implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
For warranty information, see Appendix A.

Acknowledgements
This manual and the accompanying software are © Copyright Sparcom
Corporation 1991, all rights reserved. Reproduction, transmission in any
form or by any means, adaptation, or translation of this manual is prohibited
without prior written permission of Sparcom, except as allowed under the
copyright laws. The owner of this manual is granted a one-user,
non-commercial license to use the enclosed software, and may not copy,
distribute, or transfer the software under any circumstances without prior
written consent of Sparcom.

Portions of this manual are Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1990 and

are used with permission. Sparcom wishes to express appreciation to Joseph
Horn for permission to use his FRACT algorithm and to Wayne Scott for
permission to use his PROOT algorithm in the Pocket Professional
Mathematics Pac. Pocket Professional and Sparcom are registered
trademarks of Sparcom Corporation. Portions of this software were licensed
from Armstrong Publishing (Corvallis, Oregon).

Sparcom Corporation
897 N.W. Grant Avenue
Corvallis, OR 97330 U.S.A.
 Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Getting Started
- Installing and Removingthe Card . .. ... .. e e 1
To Install the ApplicationCard . . . . . .. e L N)
To Remove an Application Card . . . ... .. e 12
Accessing the MathematicsPac . . . ... .. ... I 1-3
~ RAM Requirements and the MATHD Directory . .. .. ... ... 1-4
Usingthe MammMenu . ... ... ................ ... 14
Itemsinthe MainMenu . ... .................... 1-5
Summary of Operations . . . . ....... e 1S
- Moving Around the Screen . . . ......... i 16
. Viewing Items Too Wide for the Display .. . . . .. e 1-6
Scrolling Equations Too Wide for the Dlsplay ...... 1T
Changing the FontSize . ............... 1T
- UsingtheSearchMode .. ................ e 1-8
- Editing TextEntries ... .. ................. cee ... 18
AlphaLock ... ..... ... ... . .. ... ..., e e e 1-9
- How to Load Data from the Stack- . . ... ... 1-9
System Flags . ......... I e 1-10
Flag Preservation . . ... ... ..........c0...... ... 110
User Flags Controlling Font Size-and Units . . . .. ..e 1-10
Chapter 2: Algebra |
Using Algebra .. ........ e e e e e e e e e e e e e 2-1
Items in the AlgebraMenu . . . . ... ... ..e e e e e 2-1
- Summary of Operations (Algebra) . ................. 2-2
- ClosestFraction .. .............. .. ... .. ...... 2-3
- GCD&LCM ........ e e e e e e e 2-5
- Polynomial Root Finder . . ...... e e e e e e e e 2-6
Prime Factorization . ... ............ e 2T
ReducingaFraction . ....................... ... 2-8
Chapter 3: Geometry | o
- Using Geometry . ........... e e e e e e e e e e L0341
Items in the GeometryMenu .......N2
~ Summary of Operations (Geometry) . ... .... ... 32
Choosing a Categoryfrom the GeometryMenu . . ... ... ... 3-3
Items in a CategoryMenu . . ... ....o233
Summary of Operations (Category) . . . . ... ........... 3-4
© Choosing a Topic from a CategoryMenu . . . ... ........ 3-4
SolvmgaSmgle Equation . ... .. N

‘Mathematics Pac | i-1

 Markingthe Equation . .. ............... ... ..., 3-5
Listingthe Variables . . . ... .................... 3-6
EnteringaValue ............... ... ... ..... .36
Solvingthe Equation . .................... e 3-7
Solving Multiple Equations . .. ................ e 3-8
Listingthe Variables . . .................... ....38
Markingthe Equations . . ... .................... 3-8
‘Enteringthe Values . . . ........... e e e e e e 3-9
Using the HP 48SXStack for Calculations . . ............ 3-10
Using the Wanted Feature . . ............. e e e e e 3-11
Solving the Equations . . . . . ... ........... e 3-12
ConvertingaValue ...................... e . 3-12
Copying aResulttotheStack .. ................. ..3-13
Managing Unitsand Solving . . . . ... ... ... ........... 3-13
PlottingOne Equation . . . ... ... ................. .3-15
Choosing the Equation . . . ......................315
Holding Other Variables Constant for Plotting . ..........3-15
Plottingan Equation . . ... .................. L0317
Specifying the X and Y AxesRanges . .. .............. 3-18
The Graphics Environment . . . . ... ... ... .. ......... 3-19
Summary of Operations (Graphics Environment) . .. ... ... .3-20
- Summary of Operations (FunctionMenu) ... ...........3-20
Managing Unitsand Plotting . . . ... ... .............. 3-21
Multiple Plots of an Equation . . . ... ... .. NS92
What You Should Know Aboutthe Solver . . . ... ... ....... 3-23
What Does Multiple Equation Solver Mean" e e e e 324
Speeding Up Computing Time . ... ........ e e e e 3-24
“Bad Guess(es)” Message . . . . .. ..o v v v v ... e 3-25
Summary of Operations (Equations Screen) . ... ......... 3-26
Summary of Operations (Variable Screen) . . ... .. ..e3-27
Summary of Operations (Solver Screen) . .. ........... .328
Chapter 4: Trigonometry
Using Trigonometry . . .. ... ... ......c.0....e .4
Items in the TrigonometryMenu . . ... .............. 4-1
~ Summary of Operations (Tngonometry) e e e e e e 42
TrigonometrySections . .. ...............c0vv.....43
Summary of Operations (Trigonometry sectlons) .......... 4-4
Chapter 5: Hyperbolics
Using Hyperbolics . ........ e, e 5-1
Items in the Hyperbolics Menu ..... e e e e e e e v 511

i-2 Mathematics Pac

 Summary of Operations (Hyperbolics) . . ... ........... 5-2
Hyperbolics Sections . . . . . ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... 5-3
Summary of Operations (Hyperbolics) . .. ... ... ... .... 5-3
Chapter 6: Calculus
UsingCalculus . . ... ... ... ... ... .. . . .... 6-1
Items in the CalculusMenu . . . ... .. ... ........... 6-1
Summary of Operations (Calculus) . ......... e 6-2
Integrals . . .. ... . ... ... 6-3
Choosing a Section from the IntegralMenu . . . .. ... ... .. 6-3
Viewing an Integral in EquationWriter Format . .. ... ... .. 6-4
SolvinganIntegral . ......... ... ... ... .. .. .. ... 6-4
Entering Limits of Integration . . . .. ... ... .......... 6-5
Entering Valuesof Constants . . . ... ............... 6-5
SimplifyingtheResult . . . .. ..... ... ........... 6-6
ViewingtheResult . ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6-6
Derivatives . . . . . . o i e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 6-7
Solvinga Derivative . . . .. ... ... ... ... . ......... 6-8
Entering Functions and Constants . . . ... ............ 6-8
Simplifyingthe Result . . . ... .. ... .. ............. 6-9
ViewingtheResult . ... ... ... ... .. ............ 6-10
SEIIES . . . i e e e e e e e e e e e e e 6-10
Taylor Series . . . . . . . . . . .. e 6-11
Binomial Series . . . . ... ... ... . oo 6-12
Other Series . . . . . . . . . . i i e 6-12
VectorAnalysis . . . . ... ... . .. ... e 6-13
Summary of Operations (Calculus Sections) . . . .......... 6-14
Chapter 7: Linear Algebra
Using Linear Algebra . . . .. ... ... ... ............. 7-1
Items in the Linear AlgebraMenu . . ... ... .......... 7-1
Summary of Operations (Linear Algebra) . ............. 7-2
EnterorEditMatrix . .. ... .... ... ... . ... ..., 7-3
EnteringaNewMatrix . ... ............ ... . .... 7-3
Editing an Existing Matrix . ... ... ... ............. 7-4
Characteristic Polynomial . . . ... ... ................ 7-4
Determinant . . . . . . . ... . e 7-5
Eigenvalues . . ... ... ... ... .. 7-5
Trace . .. . . . i i i e e e e e e 7-6

Chapter 8: Transforms
Using Transforms . . ... ... ... ... ... ............ 8-1

Mathematics Pac
 Items in the TransformsMenu . . . . ... .. ... ... ...... 8-1
Summary of Operations (Transforms) . ... ............ 8-2
TransformsSections . . .. ... ... . ... .. ... . . .. ... 8-3
Summary of Operations (Transforms Sections) . ... ... .. .. 8-5
Chapter 9: Miscellaneous
Using Miscellaneous . . .. .............. P. .91
Items in the MiscellaneousMenu . . . .. ... ... ... ... .. 9-1
Summary of Operations (Miscellaneous) . . ... ... .. .. ... 9-2
Constants Library . . . . . . . ... .. .. ... . . .. .. 9-3
Greek Alphabet . . . . ... ... ... L o 9-4
Standard Prefixes . . . .. .. ... ... . ... L. 9-4
QuadricSurfaces . .. ... ... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. L. ..95
Summary of Operations (Miscellaneous Sections) . . . .. ... .. 9-6
Chapter 10: Programmable Functions
AlgebraFunctions . .. ... .. ... ... ... ... .. .. ... .. 10-1
FRACT . o oo e e e e e e e e e s10-1
GCD .......... e e e e e e e e e e e 10-2
LCM . e e e e e 10-2
PROOT . . .. e e e e e e 10-2
PRIME . . . . ottt 10-3
REDUC . . o oo et e e e e i 10-3
Trigonometry Functions . . . . .. ... ... ... ... ....... . 10-3
COT, SEC, CSC, ACOT, ASEC,ACSC . ... ........... 10-3
Hyperbolic Functions . . . ... ... ... ... ........ ... 10-4
COTH, SECH, CSCH, ACOTH, ASECH,ACSCH ... .. ... 10-4
Calculus Functions . . ... ... ... ... ... . ... 10-4
BINO . . . . e e 10-4
STORE . . . .. e 10-5
TYLRX .......... e e e e e 10-5
Transforms Functions . . . ... ...........e e e e 10-6
ERF . . . . e 10-6
ERFC ............... e e e e e e 10-6
JO e.. 10-7
L e e e e e e 10-7
Linear AlgebraFunctions . . . ... ... ... ............. 10-7
CPOLY . .ttt ittt et10-8
EIVAL . . . e e e . 10-8
TRACE . ......... . . . ..o .... e e 10-8
Utilities . . . . v v ot e e e e ee .. 108
dertUBASE . ................ e e e e e e e ... 109

" i-4 ' Mathematics Pac

 FLAG . .. e 10-9
TORAD . . . . . e e 10-9
SLVINTEG . .. ... . . ettt 10-9
Appendix A: Warranty and Service
Pocket Professional Support . . .. .................LA
Limited One-Year Warranty . ... ................... A-1
WhatIsCovered . ............. e e e e e e e e A-1
WhatIsNot Covered . . ... ... ... ... .. ... ....... A-1
If the Card Requires Service . . . . ... ... ... ... ....... A-2
Service Charge . ... ... ... ... . .. . . ... .. A-2
Shipping Instructions . . . . . ... ... ... ... ..., A-2
Environmental Limits . . . ... ...... e e e e e A-2
Appendix B: Summary of Operations
Appendix C: Geometry Reference
Categoriesand Topics . . . . . . . .. .. i it C-1
- Coordinate Systems . . . . .. e e e e e e e C-3
XY <->Polar . ... ... C-3
XYZ <->Cylindrical ... ........ ... ... . . ... ... C-4
XYZ <->Spherical . ........... ... ... ... P C-4
Circles . . . . . . e C-5
Circle . . . . . e C-5
Sector/Segment . . . ... ........... e e e e C-6
Triangles . . . . . . . . .. . e C-7
Right Triangle . ... ... .............. e C-7
Equilateral Triangle ... ............. e e e e e e C-8
General Triangle . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ..... C-9
Laws of SIN, COS, TAN . . . . . . .. . . . i C-10
Polygons . .. .................. e e e e e e e e e C-11
Rectangle ................. e e e e e e e e e C-11
Parallelogram ... .......... ... ... ... ... C-12
Rhombus . ... ... ... .. ... . . . . C-13
Trapezoid ... ... ... ... .. ... C-13
General Quadrilateral . . ... ... ... ... ... .. ... C-14
Regular Polygons . . ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... C-15
Planar Bounded Sohds ........................... C-16
Cube . . . e e e C-16
Rect. Parallelepiped . . .. ... ... ... ............. C-17
Pyramid . .......... ... . . .. . . . . . . ... C-17
Tetrahedron . . ... ... ... ... .. ... ... . .. ... ... C-18
CylindersandCones . ... ... ..... ... ... .. ... ... C-18

Mathematics Pac i-5

 Cylinder . .. .. . . . . . . . e C-19
Cone . .. e e e e e e e e e e C-19
FrustumofCone ... ... ... ... . ... .. ... .. C-20
Spherical Figures . . . . . ... ... ... . ... . . . .. C-21
Sphere . . . . L e e e e C-21
Zone/Segment,1Base ... .......... .. .. 0. C-21
Zone/Segment,2Bases . .. .. ... .00l n e e C-22
Ellipsoid . ... .. ... ... i e C-23
Circular Torus . . . .. ... ... . it C-23
AnalyticGeometry . . ... .. .. ... . e C-24
Parabolas (e=1) ... ... ... ... . ... ... .. C-24
Ellipses (e<1) . . . . . ..ot ittt C-25
Hyperbolas (e>1) ... ... ... .. ... . ... ... ... C-26
Appendix D: Calculus Reference
Section1: Elementary . ... ... ............... ... D-1
Section2: A +BX . ... ... e D-1
Section3: A + BXandC+DX . ... ............... D-2
Section4: A+ BX N . ... .. e D-2
Section5: CT2(+/-)X"2,X72-C™2 ..o oo D-3
Section 6: the SQRT(A+BX) ... ... .. ... .. ... .... D-3
Section 7: theSQRT(X™24+AT2) ... o v i ittt D-4
Section 8: the SQRT(X™2-AT2) .. ... it i i .. D-5
Section9: the SQRT(A™2-X"2) . ... oo vt ii v it D-5
Section10: SIN(X) . ........... e e e e D-6
Section11l: COS(X) .. ... . . i i D-7
Section12: SIN(X)andCOS(X) ....... ... ... ... D-9
Section 13: Other Trigonometric Functions . . ... .. P D-11
Section 14: Inverse Trigonometric Functions . .. ... ... ... D-11
Section 15: LogarithmicForms . . ... ... ............ D-12
Section 16: Exponential Forms . . .. ... .. .. ... ...... D-12
Section 17: HyperbolicForms . . .. .. ... ............ D-13

Mathematics Pac
 Getting Started

Chapter 1
Getting Started
In This Chapter
Sparcom’s Pocket Professional™ software is the first ofits kind, developed to
provide speed, efficiency and portability to students and professionals in the
technicalfields. When you slide the Pocket Professional™ Mathematics Pac
into your HP 48SX, your calculator is instantly transformed into an electronic
“textbook,” ready to efficiently solve your mathematical problems. The Pac
is organized into eight separate sections: Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry,
Hyperbolics, Calculus, Linear Algebra, Transforms, and Miscellaneous... all
available 1n an efficient, menu-driven format.
This chapter covers:

Installing and Removing the Card

Oo000000ugoaod

RAM Requirements and the MATHD Directory

Using the Main Menu
Moving Around the Screen
Viewing Items Too Wide for the Display
Scrolling Equations Too Wide for the Display
Changing the Font Size
Using the Search Mode
Editing Text Entries
Alpha Lock
How to Load Data from the Stack
System Flags

Installing and Removing the Card

The HP 48SX has two ports for installing plug-in cards. You can install your
Mathematics Pac card in either port. Be sure to turn off the HP 48SX while
installing or removing the card. Otherwise, user memory may be erased.

Mathematics Pac 1-1

Getting Started

To Install the Application Card

1. Turn the HP 48SX off. Do not press until you have completed the
installation procedure.
2. Remove the port cover. Press against the grip lines and push forward.
Lift the cover to expose the two plug-in ports, as shown below:

3. Select either empty port for the Pocket Professional™ card, and
position the card just outside the slot. Point the triangular arrow on
the card toward the HP 48SX port opening, as shown below:

’E_—E
The Pocket
Professional

4. Slide the card firmly into the slot. After you first feel resistance, push
the card about 1/4 inch further, until it is fully seated.
S. Replace the port cover.

To Remove an Application Card

1. Turn the HP 48SX off. Do not press until you have completed the
removal procedure.

1-2 Mathematics Pac

 - Getting Started

2. Remove the port cover. Press against the grip lines and push forward.
Lift the cover to expose the two plug-in ports, as shown above.
3. Press against the card’s grip and slide the card out of the port, as
shown below:

4. Replace the port cover.

Accessing the Mathematics Pac

After you turn on your HP 48SX by pressing (04, there are three ways to start
the Pac.
Method 1: Press [LeraY] to display all libraries available to the HP 48SX.
Find and press :MA to enter the Mathematics Pac library directory. The
screen displays newmenukeys (softkeys) along the bottom, as shown:

{ HOME }
4:
3s
2.

1
WA RN X e A G R

Press © (the first softkey) to start the application. To display a screen

containing the revision numberand product information about the
Mathematics Pac, press ABQUT: (the sixth softkey). For information about
the other softkeys available at this menu, see Chapter 10, “Programmable
Functions.”
Method 2: Type [¢J [©J MATH [ENTER] to start the application.
Method 3: Add the command MATH to the CST (custom) menu. (For
more information, refer to Chapter 15 of the HP 48SX Owner’s Manual,

Mathematics Pac ' 1-3 -

Getting Started

“Customizing the Calculator.”) After the command has been added to CST,
press - to start the application.

RAM Requirements and the MATHD Directory

The Mathematics Pac requires a certain amount of the RAM in your HP

48SX to be unused in order to work correctly. This RAM is used for
temporary storage during menu display and calculations, and for storing
global variables and user integrals in the MATHD directory. We
recommend that you have at least 4000 bytes free when you operate the
Mathematics Pac. In a very few cases, more RAM will be required, and in
most cases, less is necessary, but if you have at least 4K free, you should have
no trouble. (For more information, refer to Chapter 5 of the HP 48S§X
Owner’s Manual, “Calculator Memory.”)
When you execute the Mathematics Pac for the first time, the software
creates the directory MATHD in the HOME directory of the HP 485X,
using a small amount of free RAM. All operations performed by the
Mathematics Pac take place in the MATHD directory. It is, therefore, the
only place where global variables are created or purged by the Mathematics
Pac. You may purge this directory (using the command PGDIR) if you are
very low on RAM, but you will lose all stored integrals and variable values. If
you purge the MATHD directory, the Mathematics Pac will automatically
recreate it the next time you execute the Pac. (For more information, refer to
Chapter 7 of the HP 48SX Owner’s Manual, “Directories.”)

Using the Main Menu

After you start the application, the Main menu appears:

Mathemat ics
ALGEERA
E
GEOMETRY
TRIGOMOMETRY
HYPEREOLICS
CALCULUS
LINEAR RLGEEBRA
TRANSFORMS
MISCELLANEDUS
e S AL ARISR LR T

The Main menu lists the eight major subjects. A subject is selected by
moving the arrow to the desired item and pressing [ENTER].

1-4 Mathematics Pac

 Getting Started

ltems in the Main Menu

Each item in the Main menu is briefly described below and is discussed in
detail in the remainder of this manual.

item Description
Algebra Demonstrates several commonly used algebraic
functions.
Geometry Includes over 150 equations describing the most
useful two- and three-dimensional geometric fig-
ures.
Trigonometry Provides quick access to 100 trigonometric identi-
ties for reference. |
Hyperbolics Provides quick access to 100 hyperbolic identities
for reference.
Calculus Spans several major areas within symbolic mathe-
matics, including over 300 integrals, nearly 50 deriv-
atives, and the 20 most common series in calculus.
Linear Algebra Provides basic tools for use in matrix analysis.
Transforms Includes over 150 reference formulas.
Miscellaneous Contains commonly used mathematical reference
data.

Summary of Operations

Action
Displays a screen containing the revision number and prod-
uct information about the Mathematics Pac. Pressing any
key erases the screen and returns to the Main menu.
Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Prompts for or to select items, and then
sends those items to an IR printer.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.

Mathematics Pac 1-5

Getting Started

Prompts for or - to select items, and then

copies th items to the stack. The items are placed in a
list if & was chosen.

Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the

screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
ENTER Moves down one level in the menu structure.

[on]-[uTH) Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

\

A complete summary of operations is given in Appendix B, “Summary of

Operations.”

Moving Around the Screen

Use the and keys to move the arrow up and down in a menu. Press
to move the arrow to the bottom of the screen, or to page down one
screen at a time if the arrow is already at the bottom of the screen. Press
to move the arrow to the top of the screen, or to page up one screen at a
time. Press to move the arrow to the end of the menu or press
to move the arrow to the beginning of the menu.

Viewing Items Too Wide for the Display

If the text of a menu item is too wide to fit within the dlsplay, an ellipsis (...)
appearsat the endofthe line. On some screens, the “MIEW: softkey will be
present —press - VAE to display the entire text of an 1tem up to one entire
screen size. Once the full text has been displayed, press - [E or (A to
return to the menu. At all screens, including those screens where +VIEW:is
not present, pressing (2 (1) will perform the same function. If an item does
fit entirely on the screen, or (2] (1) will beep and do nothing.

1-6 Mathematics Pac

 Getting Started

Scrolling Equations Too Wide for the Display

Equations can be viewed in EquationWriter format by moving the arrow to

the desired equation and pressing [ENTER]. This builds and displays the
EquationWriter form of the equation. If the EquationWriter form fits on the
screen, pressing returns to the list of equations from which the
equation was selected. If the EquationWriter form is too large for the
screen, the cursor keys are activated for scrolling, and pressing returns to
the list of equations from which the equation was selected. If the
EquationWriter form is too tall for the screen, the help messages are not
displayed, so as not to obscure any part of the equation, but the cursor keys
are still activated.

WARNING: While the HP 48SX is building the

EquationWriter format version of an equation, any
key presses may cause strange behavior, resuiting
in no display of the equation. Therefore, do not press
any keys until the equation has been drawn, erased,
and re-drawn with the accompanying messages. |f
you change your mind during a long equation build,
press to abort the build process and return to the
equation screen.

Changing the Font Size

The default font for the Mathematics Pac displays information in condensed,
uppercase letters only. Pressing :FONT.. will toggle the information to a
larger font, which is case-sensitive:

Mathemat ics
4

»Algebra
Geometry
Trigonometry
HgTerbollcs
Calculus
Linear Algebra
REOUT] 33T[PRINT[VIEW|FONT| QUIT|

The font size will remain the same until :FONT

Mathematics Pac | 1-7

Getting Started

Using the Search Mode

When menu lists are long, itis faster to locate an item using the search mode.
To initiate a search, press to display the following screen:
PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Search for:

4
T ITED .|

The HP 48SX is now locked in alpha-entry mode, as indicated by the alpha

annunciator at the top of the screen. Alpha entry mode activates the white
capital letters printed to the lower right of many keys. (For more
information, see the section below entitled, “Alpha Lock,” and refer to
Chapter 2 of the HP 48SX Owner’s Manual, “The Keyboard and Display.”)
To perform a search, enter the first letter or letters of the desired string and
press [ENTRR]. The search function is case-sensitive, and will scan through all
information in the current menu. To enter a lowercase letter in the alpha
entry mode, precede the letter with [&). To abort the search, press (AT

Editing Text Entries

The softkeys present at the search screen and at many data input screens are
command line editing keys. They allow you to edit the search string or input
data. Their functions are summarized below:

Key Action
Moves the cursor to the beginning of the current word.
Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next word.
Deletes all characters in the current word prior to the cursor.
Deletes all characters in the current word between the
cursor’s current position and the first character of the next
word. -
Toggles between insert and type-over modes.

1-8 Mathematics Pac

 Getting Started

Clears the command line if there is text present, or aborts

text entry if the command line is already blank.
ENTER Accepts the current command line as the entry and returns
to the previous menu orlist.

(For more information, refer to Chapter 3 of the HP 488X Owner’s Manual,

“The Stack and Command Line.”)

Alpha Lock

System flag —60 controls whether or not Alpha Lock modeis set. The default
setting for flag —60 is clear, which means that pressing places the HP
48SX in alpha-entry mode for only one character, and you must press
to lock alpha-entry mode. If flag —60 is set, however, then pressing only
once locks alpha-entry mode. The examples in this manual assume that flag
—60 is clear, so that each keystroke turns on alpha-entry mode only for
the following character. (For more information, refer to Chapter 2 of the HP
48SX Owner’s Manual, “The Keyboard and Display.”)

How to Load Data from the Stack

At all data input screens,it is possible to load in values from the HP 48SX
stack, even while the Mathematics Pac is executing. This is achieved through
a limited version of the Interactive Stack, which operates from inside the
input routine. To activate the Interactive Stack, press (&), or if that doesnt
work, press (@) 2] to display the EDIT menu and then press “TSTK: | At
this point, unless the stack is empty, the screen will display the contentsof the
stack. You may move the arrow up and down the stack with (@]
(4 and (@], and
when you reach the desired value, press "ECHO. to copyit onto the
command line for editing. To exit the Interactive Stack and return to the
commandline, press or (AY). After returning to the command line, you
can edit the value with the editing softkeys described above. (For more
information, refer to Chapter 3 of the HP 48SX Owner’s Manual, “The Stack
and Command Line.”)

Mathemafics Pac | 1-9

Getting Started

System Flags

Flag Preservation
Executing the Mathematics Pac will not change the flag settings or stack
depth on your HP 485X, unless you push @ : at some point to leave
results on the stack. For your convenience, most flag settings are preserved
during operation of the Mathematics Pac, including the alpha-lock setting.
However, for the software to operate properly, some system flags are
temporarily modified during execution:
[J Angle mode is set to Degrees, except for integrations
O Clock display is turned off
[J Radix mark is set to “.” (period)
[ User Mode is turned off
When you press or : to exit the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX
stack, or when you press . at the solver screen to access the HP 48SX
stack, all system and user flags are restored to their previous settings.

WARNING: Pressing multiple times in rapid suc-

cession may abort the Mathematics Pac without
resetting the state of your HP 48SX. Do not do this!
The Pac is designed to be tolerant of any user oper-
ation, including a few presses, but it cannot
properly restore your stack and flag settings if you |
push too many times in a row.

User Flags Controlling Font Size and Units

The dispay font size is controlled by the setting of user flag 57. If flag 57 is
clear, the small display font will be used;if flag 57 is set, the large display font
will be used. Changes in the display font during operation of the
Mathematics Pac are preserved after you quit to the HP 48SX stack.
The state of units (on or off) is controlled by the setting of user flag 61. If flag
61 is clear, units are on;if flag 61 is set, units are off. Changes in the units
status during operation of the Mathematics Pac are preserved after you quit
to the HP 48SX stack.

1-10 Mathematics Pac

 Algebra

Chapter 2
Algebra
In This Chapter
Algebra demonstrates several commonly used algebraic functions.
This chapter covers:

Using Algebra
Oooodn

Closest Fraction
Greatest Common Divisor/Least Common Multiple
Polynomial Root Finder
Prime Factorization
Reducing a Fraction

Using Algebra

To get to the Algebra section, follow these steps:

1. Press to display all libraries available to the HP 48SX.
2. Find and press M . to enter the Mathematics Pac library
directory.
3. Press the first softkey, :MATH. | to start the application.
4. At the Main menu, move the arrow to Algebra (by pressing and
[¥]) and press [ENTER].
Alagebra

IAL ROOTFINDER
CTORIZATION
RACTION

INESER NGNS

Items in the Algebra Menu

Each entry in the Algebra menu is briefly described below and is discussed in
detail later in this chapter.

Mathematics Pac 2-1

Algebra

ltem Description
Closest Fraction Closest Fraction takes as input a real num-
ber, a complex number, an algebraic ob-
ject, or a unit object, along with a
maximum denominator, and returns the
closest fraction.
GCD & LCM GCD & LCM take as input two integers and
return the greatest common divisor (GCD)
and least common multiple (LCM) of those
two integers.
Polynomial Root Finder Polynomial Root Finder takes as input a se-
ries of real or complex coefficients of a
polynomial expression, and returns all
roots — both real and complex — of that
polynomial.
Prime Factorization Prime Factorization takes as input an inte-
ger and returns a list of the prime factors
that uniquely describes the integer.
Reducing a Fraction Reducing a Fraction takes as input two inte-
gers (the numerator and denominator) and
returns two integers (the reduced numera-
tor and denominator).

Summary of Operations (Algebra)

Action
Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Returns to the Main menu.

Prompts for to select items, and then

sends those items to an IR printer.
Prompts for iONE @ L ALLE to select items, and then
coples'thoseitemstothe stack“Theitems are placed ina
list if ALLo was chosen.
Moves up one level in the menu structure.

2-2 Mathematics Pac

 Algebra

Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the

screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
Executes the selected function.

@6 Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

A complete summary of operations is given in Appendix B, “Summary of

Operations.”

Closest Fraction

Upon choosing Closest Fraction from the Algebra menu, the following
screen appears:
PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter object to reduce
and max. denominator:
<obj> <int>

T3 IO G

Closest Fraction takes as input a real number, a complex number, an

algebraic object, or a unit object, along with a maximum denominator, and
returns the closest fraction.

The '<’ and >’ symbols shown in many entry

prompts in the Mathematics Pac bracket the type(s)
of object(s) to be entered on the command line, and
are not meant to be included as a part of the entry.

Exampie 1: Calculate what the closest fraction to .4175 is, with a maximum
denominator of 100. Type in .4175 100 as your input:

Mathematics Pac 2-3

Algebra

| PRG |
|t HOME MATHD 3
Enter object to reduce
and max., denominator:
<objr> <int>
4175 166
£2KIP[KIPH]£TEL[UEL>[IN:s[t5TH

Pressing displays a “Solving...” message and then the following screen:

Press to save the result to the stack as an algebraic object, or or

to return to the Algebra menu without saving the result on the stack.
Example 2: Calculate the closest fractions of all the coefficients of
321X "2+ .981X +.571, with a maximum denominator of 16. Type in
321 X923 981 I Xx] .57 16 as your input:
ALG PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter object to reduce
and max. denominators:
<obj> <int>
LERTZH 981 %X+, 571" 16

Pressing displays a “Solving...” message and then the following screen:

‘ Result:
'S/16%K2+1 ¥R+4/7"!

Press to save the result to the stack as an algebraic object, or or

to return to the Algebra menu without saving the result on the stack.
Example 3: Calculate what the closest fractional componentsare of
(.333,.568), with a maximum denominator of 10. Type 333
568 10 as yourinput:

2-4 Mathematics Pac

 Algebra

' - PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter object to reduce
and max. denominator:
<obj> <int>
(.333,.366) 10

Pressing displays a “Solving...” message and then the following screen:

Result:
"1 /3+4/7%1"'

Press to save the result to the stack as an algebraic object,or or

to return to the Algebra menu without saving the result on the stack.

GCD & LCM

Upon choosing GCD & LCM from the Algebra menu, the following screen
appears: | | |

' PRG
{ HOME MATHD )}
Enter two 1ntegers-
<int> <int>

4 |
e DEL> TR

GCD & LCM take as input two integers and return the greatest common
divisor (GCD) and least common multiple (LCM) of those two integers.
Example: Calculate GCD and LCM for the integers 24 and 60. Type in 24
60 as your input:
PRG
{ HOME MATHD } )
Enter two integers:
£int> <int>

24 60

Mathematics Pac . 25
Algebra

Pressing displays a “Solving...” message and then the following screen:

Press to save the results to the stack as tagged objects, or or to

return to the Algebra menu without saving the results on the stack.

Polynomial Root Finder

Upon choosing Polynomial Root Finder from the Algebra menu, the
following screen appears:
PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter coefficients of
CN¥x"N+,.+c2¥x2+,.+cO=0:
SCN> W <c2r> o LcB>

£3FIPSHIP3] €DELJOEL[INSS|PETH]

Polynomial Root Finder takes as input a series of real or complex coefficients

of a polynomial expression, and returns all roots —both real and complex—of
that polynomial.
Example 1: Calculate theroots of .321X ™2+ .981X +.571. Type in .321
981 .571 as your input:
PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter coefficients of
CN¥X""N+,+c2¥x 2+,+cO=0:
SCNy w £c2> . LcB>
.321 .981 .571+4

Pressing displays a “Solving...” message and then the following screen:

2-6 Mathematics Pac

 Algebra

Press (579 to save the result to the stack as a list, or [ENTER] or (TN to return to
the Algebra menu without saving the result onthe stack.
Example 2: Calculate the roots of
X"N62¥X"54+4*X M 412X N3 4+24* X ™ 2-12¥ X + 60 Typein 1 -
(s7c] 2
CA] (=] 4 (=] 12 CE] [F<] 24 (=] 12 CA] (<] 60 as your input:
PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter coefficients of
CHN*¥x "N+,+c2¥x 2+,+cB=0:
<cH>» . <cz2> m_<cB>
1 -2 ¢4 -12 24 -1Z 60+
RNEEIDS

Pressing displays a “Solving...” message and then the following screen:

es
(-.1230464%7°4163.1.63971508632)
(-.123046474163.-1.699715034632)
(2.04701100823.1.08084389838)
(2.04701100823.-1.08084383838)
(-.823964534065.1.73258478047)
+*
PRESS [5TO01 TO SAVE TO_ STACK ..
PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST..|

The small “ +” symbol indicates that more thanfive roots were found.
However, only five roots can be displayed here —to view the remaining roots,
press - to copy the result to the stackas a list, and then quit the Pac to
examine them.

NOTE: For large-order polynomials, computatlon

times may exceed one minute or more. |

Prime Factorization

Upon choosing Prime Factorization from the Algebra menu, the following
SCreen appears:

Mathematics Pac | 27
L Algebra

o ' PRG
{ HOME MRTHD }
Enter an integer to
prrime factorize!
1Kint>

R << 1 P[SKIPH €DEL [DEL® INS 8]1STK

Prime Factorizationtakes as input an integer and returnsa list of the prime

factors that uniquely describethe integer.
Example: Calculate the prime factorization of 1492. Type in 1492 as your
input: '

| | | PRG
{ HOME MATHD 3
Enter an integer to
Prime factorize:
<int?
1492’¢

Press [§79) to save the result to the stack as a list, or [ENTER] or {ATN) to return to
the Algebra menu without saving the result on the stack.

Reducmg a Fraction

Upon choosmgReducmg a Fractlon from the Algebra menu,the followmg

screen appcars - .

o | - MathematicsPac
 Algebra

PRG
{ HOME MATH }
Enter numerator and
denominator to reduce:
<num> <den>

£5kIP[ZkIP3]€0ELJUEL®|IN3of+3TK]

Reducing takes as input two integers (the numerator and denominator) and
returns two integers (the reduced numerator and denominator).
Example: Reduce the fraction 336/1728. Type in 336 1728 as your input:
PRG
{ HOME MATH ¥
Enter numerator and
denominator to reduce:
<num> <den>

336 1725+

Pressing displays a “Solving...” message and then the following screen:

Press to save the result to the stack as a list, or or to return to

the Algebra menu without saving the result on the stack.

Mathematics Pac | 2-9

 Geometry

Chapter 3
Geometry
In This Chapter
Geometry includes over 150 equations describing the most common and
useful two- and three-dimensional geometric figures. Each of the equation
sets is described in detail in Appendix C, “Geometry Reference.”
This chapter covers:

Using Geometry
OoOooooaoon

Solving a Single Equation

Managing Units and Solving
Solving Multiple Equations
Plotting One Equation
The Graphics Environment
Managing Units and Plotting
Multiple Plots of an Equation
What You Should Know About the Solver

Using Geometry

To get to the Geometry section, follow these steps:

1. Press to display all libraries available to the HP 48SX.
2. Find and press & . to enter the Mathematics Pac library
directory.
3. Press the first softkey, “MATH.| to start the application.
4. At the Main menu, move the arrow to Geometry (by pressing and
[¥]) and press [ENIRR].

Geometry
SCOORDINATE SYSTEMS
CIRCLES
TRIRMGLES
POLYGONS
PLANAR EOUNDED 3OLIDS
AND CONES
OMETRY
MM ERAR G E TN

Mathematics Pac 3-1

Geometry

Items in the Geometry Menu

Each of the eight categories in the Geometry menu is briefly described below
and is discussed in detail in Appendix C, “Geometry Reference.”

ltem Description
Coordinate Systems Equations describing the relationships be-
tween Cartesion, polar, cylindrical, and
spherical coordinates.
Circles Equations describing circles, sectors, and
segments.
Triangles Equations describing triangles, including
the laws of sines, cosines, and tangents.
Polygons Equations describing common quadrilater-
als and regular polygons.
Planar Bounded Solids Equations describing planar bounded sol-
ids, including inscribed and circumscribed
| sphere radii.
Cylinders and Cones Equations describing right circular cylin-
ders and cones.
Spherical Figures Equations describing spherical figures, in-
cluding zones and segments of spheres.
Analytic Geometry Equations describing analytic geometry fig-
ures.

Summary of Operations (Geometry)

Action
Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Returns to the Main menu.

Prompts for iONE or ZAL to select items, and then

sends those items to an IRpnnter
Prompts for ZONE @ & to select items, and then
coplesthose items tothe stack. The items are placed in a
listif :.ALE.. was chosen.

3-2 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

Moves up one level in the menu structure.

Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
ENTER Moves down one level in the menu structure.

[on]-{utH) Dumps the current screen to an IR P printer.

A complete summary of operations is given in Appendix B, “Summary of

Operations.”

Choosing a Category from the Geometry Menu

Each ofthe eight categories of equations contains a series of related topics.
Each topic includes a title, an equation or set of equations, a complete list of
variables and descriptions, a default set of units for all variables, and
(usually) a picture to illustrate the topic.
Example: Investigate the category of Planar Bounded Solids. To examine
this category, move the arrow to Planar Bounded Solids and press [ENTER]:

Planar Bounded Solid.

S>CUBE
RECT. PARALLELEPIPED
PYRAMID
TETRAHEDRONM

LI SOLYE] PICT UP_|

Items in a Category Menu

Each entry in the Planar Bounded Solids category menu is briefly described
below and is discussed in detail in Appendix C, “Geometry Reference.”

ltem Description
Cube Equations describing cubes.
Rect. Parallelepiped Equations describing rectangular parallelepipeds.
Pyramid Equations describing pyramids.

Mathematics Pac | 3-3

Geometry

I Tetrahedron Equations describing tetrahedrons. |

Summary of Operations (Category)

Action

Displays the equation screen for the current topic.

Returns td the Main menu.
Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Displays a picture for the current item, if one exists.
Prompts for SONE @ or i ALL. to select items, and then
sends those ltems to an IRpnnter
Displays the solver screen of the current topic.
Prompts for or to select items, and then
copies those items to the stack.
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the variable screen for the current topic, including
descriptions and default units.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
ENTER Displays the equation screen for the current topic.
i Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

A complete summary of operations is given in Appendix B, “Summary of

Operations.”

Choosing a Topic from a Category Menu

Once you have chosen a category, as described above, then a menu of topics
will be displayed.

Example (cont.): We have just chosen Planar Bounded Solids from the
Geometry menu. A topic is selected by moving the arrow to the desired item
and pressing [ENTRR]. Let’s investigate the equation set describing a

3-4 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

Tetrahedron To do this, move the arrow to Tetrahedron and press - [E or

PEQNS. . After the “Loading data...” message,this screen will be displayed:

Tet rahedron
3 K=1/4Y%A-2%{3
T=43K
m-ummaua

[MHIN [MAFE YARS[SOLVE[ PICT UP

This screen displays the six equations that describe a Tetrahedron.

Solving a Single Equation

Example (cont.): Calculate the volume of a tetrahedron with side length 2.

Marking the Equation

The first step in solving this problem is to select the equation necessary to
solve it. Since we are interested in only the volume, it makes sense to only
solve that one equation. To do this, mark the volume equ. ionby moving the
arrow down to the second-to-last equatlon and pressing {MARBK. . Observe
that after marking an equation, the arrow is automatically incremented one
location for convenience, so that more than one equation can easily be
marked:

Tetrahedron
K=1.’E§fl*iiifl

[MAIN [MAEE] YARS [SOLYE] PICT UP_|

To make sure this is the equation we want, we can display it in the

EquationWriter format. To do this, move the arrow back to the marked
equation by pressing [a]. Press to display the equation in
EquationWriter format. After the “Building equation...” message and a
brief pause, you will see the equation. When you have finished viewing the
equation, press or to return to the equation screen.

Mathematics Pac 3-5

Geometry

Listing the Variables

Before solving the equation, let’s check the variable screen. Press &
to display all the variables used in the current set of equations. After the
“Updating subset...” message, the following screen is displayed:

Tetrahedron
A (M) SIDE A
¥ (M*3): VOLUME

MAIN JECNS VIEK[SOLYE]PICTUP

Note that only variables contained in the marked equations will be shown at
the variable screen.
Now, let’s solve the equation. First, press SOLVEto go to the solverlevel:

Tetrahedron
oo

RGILE T EERR G LT T

Entering a Value
By default, no units are present, which is what we want. Now,set the value of
A to 2. Make sure the arrow is pointing at A, and press [ENIR]. Enter the
value for A by typing 2 (don’t press any of the unit softkeys; those will be
covered in the next section):
: PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Set a, side a:

NIRRT NG

Press to accept the value and return to the solver screen:

3-6 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

Tetrahedron

EEILE CETTE LR T T T

The triangular tag next to A indicates that the valueis user-defined, or

known.

NOTE: Some variables are uppercase letters, while

others are lowercase letters; however, when dis-
played in the small font, all variables appear as
uppercase. For this reason, the lowercase and up-
percase versions of a letter are never both used,
because it would be impossible to tell them apart.
(Both r and R would appear as R in the small
font.) Most pictures in this manual were captured in
the small display font, so all variables are referenced
as if they were uppercase.

Solving the Equation

Press G0 to solve the equation. After the “Storing values...” message
and the “Updating knowns...” message, you will see an informational
message describing which equation is being solved for which variable. Then
the found value will be displayed, and the solver screen will reappear:

Tet rahedron
bA: 2
3¥Y: G4yaE08041579

[MAIN [ENOR[HANT CRLC CONY UP

The asterisk (*) tag next to V indicates that its value was just found in the
last calculation.

Mathematics Pac | ' 3-7

Geometry

Solving Multiple Equations

Example: Calculate the radius ofthe circle circumscribing a triangle about
which you know only the lengths of the three sides: 2_cm, 1_in, and V3_cm.
The first step in solving this problem is to find the equations necessary to
solve it. Starting at the Main menu, execute the following steps:

Listing the Variables

Move the arrow to Geometry and press [ENTER]. Then move the arrow to
Trlangles and press [ENTER]. Then move the
arrow to General Trlangle and
press :VARSE to examine the variables. After the “Loading data...
message, this screen will be displayed:

eneral Trlangle
2230

2
J
:
d
) f]

radius. This is the variable for which we will be solving. Now press ?
to view the equation set:

v General Trlangle
3> GR+HB+HC=100_
A*B=E~34C - axe*cxcuS(aax
BrE=C"2+A~3-2XCXAXCOS(OR)
li‘ ~2+B*B-2XAXBXCOS(OC)
JeXHEC
{=kC;$Ei$IN(QHHSMWBJV(E*SINU--.
K=
SAXBXC/(HXRC
BEEHMEHIHEHJH!IMI"EEI

Marking the Equations

This screen makes evident the advantage of the solver: we don’t know which
equations are necessary to find RC from A, B, and C, S0 we sxmply use all
of them and let the solver do the work. Therefore press SOLVEto goto
the solver level:

3-8 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

eneral Triangle

"oomnub)
v
_}.

TRTTORET
Owmx

oos
-
0
T: 0
HEIN [ENDH]RANT CRLE JCONY UP

Note that A has the value 2 already stored in it; this is a remnant of the
previous example, but does not affect the current problem.

Entering the Values

By default, no units are present, which is what we want. Set the value of A
by moving the arrow to A and pressing [ENTR]. Clear the current value of 2
by pressing (AJand then enter a new value for A by typing 2 and pressing
~ to append units of centimeters:
PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Set a, side ai

Z_Cme
R ECEECIT G

Press to accept the value and return to the solver screen:

.
ha .%eneral Triangle
-:..
:':QQONW

: 0
A
=

E:
C:
0
0
M: 0
[FAIN JENDW]ANT] CHLC JCONY UP

The arrow is automatically moved down one location for convenience,

although this meansthat the specified value for A has been scrolled up off
the screen. Press to look at A. Since units are off, the value for A was
converted to the default unit of meters, and therefore displays as .02. The
triangular tag next to A indicates that the value is user-defined, or known.
Set the value for B (1_in) in a similar fashion;it will display as .0254.

Mathematics Pac | 3-9

Geometry

Using the HP 48SX Stack for Calculations

To enterthe value of v3cm for C, we mustfirst evaluatethesquar root
This cannot be doneinside the Mathematics Pac, so press (M1] & -
temporarily suspend execution:
HALTY
{H OME MATHD }
4:
3
P
1:
"

Now we have full use of the HP 48SX stack and functions, so type 3 and press
[=]). While we are at the stack, we can also perform other operations, such as
changingthe display notation. Change it to FIX 4 by typing 4
FIX . Then press {&UINE. to continue operation:

ene
C: 0.0000
aR: 0.0000
0B: 0.0000
6C: 0.0000
H: 0.0000
T: 0.0000
M: 0.0000
[MAINJEGNS VAR[HALTPICTUP

Make sure the arrow is pointing at C and press [ENTER]:

PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Set ¢y side c:

¢
RGN NG

Press to access the Interactive Stack:

JECHO (o0 copy the value in stack level 1 onto the command line for
editing. Then press [ENTR ] or (AT to exit the Interactive Stack and return to
the command line to fimsh entering the value for C:

3-10 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Set ¢y side ci

1.732030868737 ¢
IRNNT
Press [€] to remove the extra space, and press ¢ “CM_. to append units of
centimetersto the value. Then press [ENIRR] to returnto the solver screen:

v G
-
Rz-‘: & X
tOwmE

‘=°Q

<;°45°°
aCa=s
-

The value for C will display as .0173.

Using the Wanted Feature

Now, we could press :€ALC. to solve the equations. However, the solver
would systematically search through all the equations, and would continue
solving past the point at which it had found a value for RC. Therefore, to
expedite the process, mark RC as a wanted variable. The solver will
terminate immediately upon finding values for all wanted variables.
Movethe arrow down to RC (bypressing @) (¥] [@¥]) and press [\x1) (NxT]

eneral Triangle
l)
-nw;g:v;: -x
oo
oo
Seo
e
m:’ fi—z

0.
0.0000
, 0.
Lo= <
"""'-c:rc;- <
<
-~

RO
+

flflfi"flflflflflflllflfl"flflllfl]l

keyis a toggle, just llke the IKNOW:! key, so pressing it agam when the arrow
is pointing to RC would remove the question mark (?) tag.

Mathematics Pac 3-11

Geometry

Solving the Equations

Now, press i€ . to solve the equation set. After the “Storing values...”
message and the “Updating knowns...” message, you will begin to see a series
of informational messages describing which equation is being solved for
which variable. In each case, the found value will be briefly displayed, and
the solver will continue systematically searching for new equations to solve,
until RC has been found. (In this example, values for 6A, 6B, 6C, K, and
H will be found before RC is calculated.)

General Triangle
’

LH
*»

T:
M:
xK:
R
™se

R
»

&
+

P
m

[flflflflflflfllflflfllflfllfiflfl!lfl]l

The asterisk (*) tags next to several variables indicate that their values were
just found in the last calculation.
You may note that a value of 805.46 was found for 6B, which is not the
principal value. To fix this, copy the value of 6B to the stack, halt and do a
360 MOD operation on 6B, return to the Pac, and load the value back into
6B by using the Interactive Stack. An alternative to this cuambersome
process is to seed 6B with a guess, as expained in a later section in this
chapter entitled, “What You Should Know About the Solver.”

Converting a Value
Now, let’s find out what the Value of RC is in millimeters. Turn units on by
pressing (i) 6 ) WONITS
-~ General Triangle
0189_M
WNI XX T AT
® W
m"Qf.-
¥

flmmmmm

3-12 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

[« Convert to:

This is a list of all the dimensionally consistent units to which you can convert
the value of RC. Move the arrow down to the MM choice and press [ENIRR].
After the “Converting value...” message, the following screen will be
displayed:

HHNT [CALC JCONY up_|

Copying a Result to the Stack

To copythe final resulttothe stack, make sure the arrow is pointing at RC
and press (1) () -

Send what data?

ONE_| Vg

Select 2. ONED: to copy only the value of RC to the stack, tagged with the
variable name. When you quit the Pac later, you will see both the value we
placed there earlier, when finding V3, and also the value of RC, tagged with
the variable name.

Managing Units and Solving

The solver can work either with units or without units. In general, the solving
operations work much faster when units are off, but you may want to work
with units in order to view answers in the desired units. There are several
important points to the behavior of the unit manageras it relates to the solver:

Mathematics Pac 3-1 3‘

Geometry

. When units are on, values can be entered in any unit, as chosen from
the menu presented at the entry screen. The default SI unit is always
the first softkey, and entering a value without appending a unit will
cause the default unit to be appended.
When units are off, all values are considered to be SI units, so that
equations can be solved without yielding inaccurate results. If a value
is entered with a unit from the entry screen, the value is automatically
converted to the default SI units, and then the unitis stripped. Thus,
if units are off, and 2_cm is entered for a variable, you will see .02 at
the solver screen, because the value has been converted to meters.
When units are on, the units of a desired or wanted variable can be
specified in advance, in a manner similar to specifying a guess. Simply
enter a value in the desired units into the variable. Then press
“,':"11 e —,!—-:

¢ to toggle the variable back to an unknown state,or press

T¢ to mark the variable as wanted. Then press 1CALC
solvefor the variable; the answer will be returnedinthespemfied
units. The alternative to this process is to press £ »
the found Value to the desired units,after solving hasbeen completed.
. When ~ is pressed, all the valuesin the variables are stored in
global copies of the variables, inside the MATHD directory.
Therefore, after many uses of the Mathematics Pac, you may begin to
notice that variables already seem to contain values when you go to
solve equations. This is normal — the Pac is automatically loading in
existing values from the global variables for convenience, if the units
are dimensionally consistent with the units required for the variable.
. Once solving with units takes a noticeably longer time, the following
procedure is recommended to yield the quickest results. This
procedure assumes that there is only one, or possibly two, variables in
which you are interested, and that the units on the other known
variables areirrelevant. StartW1th units turned off (i.e., the softkey
appears as . ‘UNIT! ). Enterall knownvalues in the
correct units by makmg use of the automatic conversion feature. This
means that many of the values will look strange, but this is not
important, since they are all consistent. Then solve for the desired
variable(s). After the solver has completed, turn units on, to append
default SI units to all variables. Then, select the desired variable(s),
and press ¥&ONVE to convert them to the final units. This procedure
gives the best of both worlds: no units for fast solving, but units for
convenient results.

Mathematics Pac
 Geometry

Plotting One Equation

Example: Plot how the volume of a right circular cone varies with the radius
of the base for a cone with altitude 7.
The first step in solving this problem is to find the equation necessary to solve
it. Starting at the Main menu, execute the following steps:

Choosing the Equation

Move the arrow to Geometry and press [ENTRR]. Then move the arrow to
Cylinders and Cones and press [ENTER]. Thenmove the arrow to Cone and
press - or .k . to display the equations. After the “Loading
data...” message, this screen will be displayed:

(Gl a1 S SOLYE] PICT UP

Since we are interested in the variation of volume with base radius, the
equation to plot is the last one. We have decided that the independent
variableis the base radius (although it could be the altitude), so we must
enter a value for the altitude,so it can be held constant while the baseradius
varies. This must be done at the solver screen. Before pressing [SOLVE|
first move the arrow down to the volume equation (the last one) and press
4;.0—{1
ve
«4—.

Cone

A NE ENANTEE

Holding Other Variables Constant for Plotting

Marking the volume equation will prevent the unneeded varlables S, L, and
T from appearing at the solver screen. Now, press SOLVE. After the
“Updating subset...” message, the following screen W1ll bedlsplayed

Mathematics Pac 3-15

Geometry

[FAIN[ENOMH]HANT CRLCJCONYUP

If you have been following step-by-step through thischapter unitswill

currently be turned on. Turnthem off by pressing1) (1) (1) (U
After the “Removing units...” message, the following screen will be dlsplayed

[MAIN[CLEAR]PURGCALEC JUNITS] UP

Set the value of H by moving the arrow to H and pressing [ENTRR]. Press
to clear the previous value and type 7 as your input (don’t press any of the
unit softkeys); then press to accept that value and return to the solver
screen: |

[PAINJCLERE[PURGCHLE JUNITE] UP

Now, we are ready to plot the equation, because a value for H has been
entered.

NOTE: What is important at the solver screen is that

H be marked as a known variable. It is also critical
that R be an unknown variable—if R is marked as
known,it will not be allowed to vary as the indepen-
dent variable by the plotter. In a complex equation,
it must be the case that all but one of the variables
on the right-hand side of the equation be marked as
known at the solver screen before plotting. |

3-16 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

Return to the equation screen by pressing JEQNS and move the

arrow down so it points at the volume equation (the last one):

Cone
$= JCR 2+l 2D
Ls wWER%S
I= WERX(R+5D
b= 1/3%¥wER"2%H

inmmmmmmanmmiammsumnllmzlfl

NOTE: Pressing OT will plot the equation cur-

rently selected by the arrow, not necessarily the
marked equation. The reason for this is that none,
one, some, or all of the equations may be marked at
any one time.

Plotting an Equation
To begin the plottlng process, press (W] (%7 :PLOT.. . After the
“Processing...” message, the following screen W1ll be dlsplayed

Clear PICT first?

i+ T

For this example, we are starting a new plot, so press 2. to clear the
graphics screen, PICT, before begmnmg the plot. If you should decide to
abort the plotting process here, pressing (AT would return to the equation
screen. After the “Purging variables...” and “Storing values...” messages,
the following screen will be displayed:

{ HOME MATHD }

<Min> <Hax>

Mathematics Pac 3-17

Geometry

Specifying the X and Y Axes Ranges |

Now, you must choose the rangé for the X axis (the R axis in this case). You
are required to enter both a minimum and a maximum value for the
independent variable.

NOTE: If units are off, the range values you enter are
assumed to be in Sl units and should not be entered
as unit objects. For example, type 3 for 3_m and .03
for 3_cm. When units are off, it is not possible to
enter plot ranges in units other than defauit Sl units.

NOTE: If units are on, the range values you enter are
assumed to be in the units of the independent vari-
able. For example, if R contained a value in centi-
meters, the X axis prompt would assume the axis
| ranges you entered were in centimeters. (For more
information, see a later section entitled, “Managing
Units and Plotting.”)

Let’s vary the base radius of the cone from 0 to 5. Separate the values by
pressing [sc]):

{ HOME MATHD }

<Min> <Hax>
B 54

Press to accept the X range values. The following screen will be

displayed:
PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter uert1ca1 range
for V (m
or ENTER for AUTO:

AREARTN[TIRCFA

Mathematics Pac
 Geometry

Now, you must choose the range for the Y axis (the V axis in this case). You
are given a choice between fixing the Y axis and having the HP 48SX
autoscale it for you. If you fix the axis, you are required to enter both a
minimum and a maximum value for the dependent value. If you decide on
autoscaling, simply press at this screen. For our example, press
to autoscale. After the “Autoscaling plot...” and “@ to exit plot...”
messages, the plot will begin. At any time, you can press (AT to abort the
plotting process. After the plot is complete the Graphics environment of the
HP 48SX will be activated:

AR ETRETRI N

The “[AM) to exit plot...” message was to remind you that pressing will
return to the equation screen when you have finished examining the plot.

The Graphics Environment

The HP 48SX Graphics environment provides extremely usefulfunctionsfor
graphically analyzing functions. Explaining in detail the functionality of the
Graphics environmentis beyond the scope of this manual, but the behavior of
selected, useful softkeys at the Graphics environment and the Function menu
is explained below. For a complete description of all the softkeys available,
refer to Chapter 18 of the HP 48SX Owner’s Manual, “Basic Plotting and
Function Analysis.

WARNING: The SLOPE ~E.softkeys atthe

Function menu will only work correctly when the plot
was made with units turned off, because the HP 48SX
has difficulty taking derivatives of variables contain-
ing unit objects. When units are turned off, these
functions work correctly.

Mathematics Pac 3-19

Geometry

Summary of Operations (Graphics Environment)

Action

Redraws the plot with the cursor position at the center of

the screen.
Displays the coordinates of the cursor position.
Displays the Function menu for analyzing function plots.
Toggles display of the softkeys on and off.
Unnecessary in the Mathematics Pac.
Places a mark (X) at the cursor location.
Pastes in a graphics object (GROB) from the stack at the
cursor location.
Copies the rectangle bounded by the mark and the cursor
location to the stack as a graphics object (GROB).
Zooms in on the rectangle defined by the mark and the cur-
sor.
Displays the ZOOM menu, which rescales and recenters
the plot.
Exits the Graphics environment and returns to the equation
screen.
ENTER Copies the coordinates of the cursor position to the stack.

(on]-furt] Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

Temporarily displays the plot status menu, including the
axis ranges, until is released.
Copies PICT (the plot) to the stack.

Summary of Operations (Function Menu)

Action

Displays the area under the function defined by the X axis

value of the mark and cursor.
Returns to the Graphics environment menu.

3-20 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

Moves the cursor to the nearest extremum on the function.

Plots the flrst dernvatlve of the functlon

Displays the function valueat the X axis value of the cursor,
and moves the cursor to that pointon thefunction.
Unneededin the Mathematlcs Pac.
Moves the cursor to the nearest root and d|splays the coor-
dinate of the root.
‘Displays the slope of the function at theX axis value of the
cursor, and moves the cursor to the point at which the
slope was calculated.

A complete ’summar'y of 'Operatio'ns is given in Appendix B, “Summary of

Operations.”

Managing Units and Plotting

The plotter can work either with units or without units. In general, plotting
works much faster when units are off, but you may want to work with units in
order to simplify plotting. There are several important points to the behavior
of the unit manageras it relates to the plotter that you should understand:
1. When units are on, X and Y axis range values are entered in the units
of the independent and dependent variables,as set at the solver
screen. For example, to enter 0_cm to 3_cm as the X axis range, set
the units of the independent variable to centimeters at thesolver
screen, toggle the variable back to unknown by pressing IKNOWE
and later enter 0 (&) 3at the X axis range prompt.
2. When units are off, X and Y axis range values are entered in the
default SI units of the independent and dependent variables. For
example, to enter 0_cm to 3_cm as the X axis range, type 0 (] .03 at
the prompt,since the default units for the independent variables will
be meters.

Mathematics Pac - 3-21

Geometry

3. Plotting with units may take up to 10 times as long as plotting without

units. Therefore, in cases where only the qualitative shape of the plot
is important, it is reccommended that you plot without units so that you
get your results faster. In cases where the Graphics environment will
be utilized to analyze a plot, it may be necessary to plot with units, so
that the coordinates are in the desired units. (The coordinates will
always be in default ST units for plots done with units off, and this may
be inconvenient in some cases.)

Multiple Plots of an Equation

Example (cont.): Plot how the volume of a right circular cone varies with the
radius of the base for a cone with altitude 21, and compare to the result for a
cone with altitude 7.
We have already selected the appropriate equation, but to make the new plot
for an altitude of 21, we must change the value stored in H. First, we must
leave the Graphics environment, where we were examining the plot for a
cone with altitude 7. Press to return to the equation screen:

| C one
S={(R~2+H2)
L=wwXR¥S
T=wXRX(R+5)
FPVU=1/3XwER 2XH

GRS Y AN

Press 8OLEVEto return to the solver screen, move the arrow down to H,
cavaloe
3 ¥

and press [ENTRR] to edit the value of 7 stored there:

PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Set hy altitude:

7. 8660
IIRTOT

Press to clear the value of 7 from the command line, type 21, and press
[ENTER] to accept that value:

3-22 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

[FAIN JENDR[HANT] CHLE JCONY UP_|

Press (1) SEQNS: to return to the equation screen, and move the arrow
~downS0it pomts at the volume equation (the last one), and press (1) [T
ZPLOT to plot that equation. After the “Processing...” message, the
following screen will be displayed again:

Clear PICT first?

¥ TN

This time, press so that the previous plotis not erased from PICT.
Since we are choosing to overlay this plot on any previous plots in PICT,it is
not necessary to change the X and Y axes, because they have already been
specified. Therefore, after the “Purging variables...”, “Storing values...”,
and “[&T) to exit plot...” messages, the new plot will begin. At any time, you
can press to abort the plotting process. After the plot is complete, the
Graphics environment of the HP 48SX will be activated:

¥ (M

BRI T

The “[f to exit plot...” message was to remind you that pressing will
return to the equation screen when you have finished examining the plot.

What You Should Know About the Solver

As you have seen in the examples given above, the solver allows you to easily
specify the values and units of your equation or set of equations before
sending the data to the HP 48SX numerical root-finder. For the selected set

Mathematics Pac 3-23

Geometry

of equations, the solver screen lists all the variables, shows whether they are
known, unknown, wanted, or just calculated, and whether units are on or off.

What Does Multiple Equation Solver Mean?

The Sparcom solveris a systematic solver, not a simultaneous one. For
example, it can solve this set of equations, provided it is given a user-specified
value ofeither x or y: |
X+y+z=35
Xx+y=3
However, it cannot solve this set of equations, when neither x or y is known
in advance:

It iterates through a set of equations, searching for an equation with only one
unknown variable. When an equation satisfying this requirementis found,it
utilizes the HP 48SX root-finder (programmable command ROQOT) to solve
for the unknown variable. After the value is found, that variable 1s marked as
found, and the solver continues to search. The solver does not terminate its
search until one of four conditions occurs:
1. All equations are solved, and all variables found.
2. All variables marked as wanted are found.
3. No more equations can be solved, because all remaining unsolved
equations have more than one unknown variable.
4. A solving error occurs, such as Divide By Zero or Bad Guess(es).
All variables for which values are found in a solving operation are marked
with an asterisk (*) tag at the solver screen. If a variable is not marked with
an asterisk (*), then it was either not marked as wanted, or a value forit was
not found because of too many unknowns.

Speeding Up Computing Time

Pressing (@ALG. activates the HP 48SX root-finder to calculate the
gL
TR

solution(s). The root-finder requires an initial value on which to base its

search. You an provide a guess for the HP 48SX to use; if you don’t do so,
the solver will supply a guess of 1. The root-finder then generates pairs of
intermediate values and interpolates between them to find the solution. The

3-24 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

time required to find the root depends on how close the initial guess is to the
actual solution.
You can speed up computing time by providing a guess closeto the expected
solution. At the solver screen, enter your guess into the variable. Upon
returmng to the solver screen, the variable will be marked as known; preSs
‘KNOW. to toggle the variable back to unknown. Then press € +,and
the HP 488X will use the stored value for the variable asits initial startmg
point.

“Bad Guess(es)” Message

If the HP 48SX displays the “Bad Guess(es)” message,it indicates an error
has been made in setting up the problem. Go back through the setup process
and check for error in specifying data, such as physically impossible triangle
dimensions, etc. (For more information, refer to Chapter 17 of the HP 485X
Owner’s Manual, “The HP Solve Application.”)

Mathé'matics Pac 3-25

Geometry

Summary of Operations (Equations Screen)

Action
Displays the selected equation in the EquationWriter.
Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Returns to the Main menu.
Toggles the selected equation between marked and un-
marked status, adding or removing a triangular tag. Only
variables in the marked set of equations will appear in the
solver and variable screens. If no equations are marked, all
will be used.
Plots the selected equation, prompting for x-axis and y-axis
values. Plotting is only allowed for equations of the form
=f(a,b,...), where all but one of the variables on the right-
hand side of the equation are held constant(i.e., known).
Displays a picture for the current item, if one exists.
Prompts for : ONE: = to select items, and then
sends those |tems to an IRprmter
Displays the solver screen of the current topic.
Prompts for @ . to select items, and then
copies those ltems to
the stack.
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the variable screen for the current topic, including
descriptions and default units.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
Builds and displays the EquationWriter form of the equa-
tion.
[on]-{urd] Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.
Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. Once the full text has
been displayed, pressing or returns to the menu.
If the item fits on the screen, this key is non-functional.

3-26 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

Summary of Operations (Variable Screen)

Action

Displays the equation screen for the current topic.

Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Returns to the Main menu.
Displays a picture for the current item, if one exists.
Prompts for ! to select items, and then
sends those |tems to an IR
pnnter
Displays the solver screen of the current topic.
Prompts for to select items, and then
copies those items to the stack. The items are placed in a
list if AEE.
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
Displays the topic, the variable name (with default units),
and the full description, all expanded to one screen. Press
to save the variable
Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

Mathematics Pac 3-27

Geometry

Summary of Operations (Solver Screen)

Action
Stores variable values and systematically iterates through
the set of marked equations in an attempt to find values for
all wanted variables. Also, stores the known and found val-
ues into global variables in the MATHD directory.
Resets values of all current variables to zero
Converts a variable to different units, if units are on.
Displays the equation screen for the current topic.
Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Halts the Pac so that operationscan be performed on the
HP 48SX stack. Pressing (CONI. or returns to the
Pac, while pressing terminates the Pac.
Toggles the selected variable between known and unknown
status, adding or removing a triangular tag.
Returns to the Main menu.
Displays a picture for the current item,if one exists.
Prompts for .4 INE - or AL to select items, and then
sends those items to an IR printer.
Purges the global copies (in the MATHD directory) of the
current set of variables, but does not change the values
currently set inside the Pac.
Promptsfor - to select items, and then
copies those items to the stack.
Indicates that units are currently turned on. Pressing this
key turns off units, automatically converting all variable val-
ues to Sl units and then stripping the units.
Indicates that units are currently turned off. Pressing this
key turns on units, automatically appending standard SI
units to the values.
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the variable screen for the current topic, including
descriptions and default units.

3-28 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry

Toggles the selected variable between wanted and

unwanted status, adding or removing a question mark tag.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
1 3

Prompts for a value for the variable.

m
3
=

Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

X
—
T
1

Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the

u
2

screen, up to one entire screen size. Once the full text has
been displayed, pressing or returns to the menu.
If the item fits on the screen, this key is hon-functional.

A complete summary of operationsis given in Appendix B, “Summary of

Operations.”

Mathematics Pac 3-29

Geometry

Notes:

3-30 Mathematics Pac

 Chapter 4
Trigonometry

In This Chapter
- Trigonometry provides quick access to 100 trigonometric identities for
reference.
This chapter covers:

[J Using Trigonometry
[0 Trigonometry Sections

Using Trigonometry

To get to the Trigonometry section, follow these steps:

1. Press to display all libraries available to the HP 48SX.
2. Find and press A to enter the Mathematics Pac library
directory. | -
3. Press the first softkey, il |, to start the application.
4. At the Main menu, move the arrow to Trigonometry (by pressing
and (¥]) and press [ENTRR].
Trigonometry
TIONS
TIONS
DUCTIONS
ANGLE SUM/DIFF.
HALF ANGLE
DOUBLE ANGLE
MULTIPLE ANGLE
[HiIN +5TE [PRINT] VIEW [FONT UP_|

Items in the Trigonometry Menu

Each entry in the Trigonometry menu is briefly described below and is
discussed in detail later in this chapter.

Mathematics Pac 4-1

Trigonometry

Item Description
Definitions Definitions of the basic trigonometric formulas.
Pictures Graphs of the basic trigonometric formulas.
Relations Fifteen relations.
Reductions Twelve reductions.
Angle Sum/Diff. Eight angle sum and angle difference formulas.
Half Angle Six half-angle formulas, along with the quad-
rants in which each formula is valid.
Double Angle Eight double angle formulas.
Multiple Angle Nine multiple angle formulas.
Function Product Three function product formulas.
Function Sum/Diff. Twelve function sum and difference formulas.
Power Relations Seven powerrelations.
Exponential Relations Five exponential relations.
Quadrant Signs Variation of the signs of the trigonometric func-
tions in each of the quadrants.

Summary of Operations (Trigonometry)

Action
Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Returns to the Main menu.
Prompts for BONE. AL to select items, and then
sends those |temsto an IR pnnter
Prompts for & . HALLE© to select items, and then
copies th eltems to
the stack The items are placed in a
list if &
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.

4-2 Mathematics Pac

 Trigonometry

Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.

" Moves down one level in the menu structure.
[on]-[utH]) Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

A complete summary of operationsis glvenin Append1x B,“Summary of

Operations.”

Trigonometry Sections
All of the Trigonometry sections except Definitions, Pictures, and Quadrant
Signs behave identically. The other ten sections contain reference formulas
which can be browsed, viewed in text format (by pressing “MIEW.! ), viewed
in EquationWriter format (by pressing [ENTRR]), or copled to thestack as
algebraics for later use.
Defipg_tlonsis dlffcrentin that you can access a picture (by pressing

Pictures is different in that the data consists of pictures, so pressing [ENTER]

51mply displays the selected entry as a picture on the screen. Note that
BRINE: does not print the picture —the only way to capture the pictures as
hardcopyis to press [on]-[uH] to trigger a screen dump to an IR printer.
Quadrant Signs is different in that the data does not consist of equations, so
pressing displays the selected item expandedto fill the screen. You can
also access the same picture as from Definitions.

- Mathematics Pac 4-3

Trigonometry

Summary of Operations (Trigonometry sections)

Action

Toggles between the small and larger fonts.

Returns to the Main menu.
Displays a picture for the current item, if one exists.
i *fiwT
Prompts for iONE.. {WAELLto select items, and then
sends those |tems to an IR prmter
Prompts for ZONE.. iAL to select items, and then
coples those |tems to the stack The items are placed in a
list if =
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
(T Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
For equation data, builds and displays the Equation-
Writer form of the equation. (For more information, see the
section in Chapter 1 entitled, “Scrolling Equations Too Wide
for the Display.”) For picture data, displays the pic-
ture. For text, displays the screen title, the item label,
and the item, all expanded to one screen.
[on]-fut] Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

4-4 Mathematics Pac

 Hyperbolics

Chapter 5
Hyperbolics
In This Chapter
Hyperbolics providesquick access to 100 hyperbolic identities for reference.
This chapter covers:

[] Using Hyperbolics
[0 Hyperbolics Sections

Using Hyperbolics

To get to the Hyperbolics section, follow these steps:

1. Press [@]mtodlsplay all libraries available to the HP 48SX.
2. Find and press :MATH. to enter the Mathematics Paclibrary
directory.
symevino e

3. Press the first softkey, {MATH.| to start the application.

4. At the Main menu, move the arrow to Hyperbolics (by pressing
and [¥]) and press [ENTER].
Huperbolics
4

mm:lWEH FONT] UP_|

Items in the Hyperbolics Menu

Each entry in the Hyperbolics menu is briefly described below and is
discussed in detail later in this chapter.

Mathematics Pac 5-1

Hyperbolics

Iltem Description
Definitions Definitions of the basic hyperbolic formulas.
Pictures Graphs of the basic hyperbolic formulas.
Relations Sixteen relations.
Angle Sum/Diff. Eight angle sum and angle difference formulas.
Half Angle | Seven half-angle formulas.
Double Angle Seven double angle formulas.
Multiple Angle Eight multiple angle formulas.
Function Product Three function product formulas.
Function Sum/Diff. Ten function sum and difference formulas.
Power Relations Eight powerrelations.
‘Complex Arguments Twelve complex argumentrelations.

Summary of Operations (Hyperbolics)

Action
Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Returns to the Main menu.
Prompts for & or to select items, and then
sends those items to an IR printer.
Prompts for & to select items, and then
copnes}hose items to the stack. The items are placed in a
list if (4 was chosen:
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the entiretext of anitem too wideto fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack
Moves down one levelin the menu structure.
(ON]-{urH] Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

5-2 Mathematics Pac

 Hyperbolics

A complete summary of operations is given inAppendlx B, “Summary of

Operations.” -

Hyperbolics Sections

All of the Hyperbolics sections except Pictures behave identically. The other
ten sections contain reference formulas which can be browsed, viewed in text
format (by pressing i ), viewed in EquationWriter format (by pressing
[ENTER]), or copied to the stack as algebraics forlater use.
Pictures is different in that the data consists of pictures, so pressing [ENTER]
51mply displays the selected entry as a picture on the screen. Note that
> ~does not print the picture —the only way to capture the pictures as
hardcopyis to press [oN)-futH] to trigger a screen dump to an IR printer.

Summary of Operations (Hyperbolics)

Action
Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Returns to the Main menu.

Prompts for ¢ ONE or L. to select items, and then

sends those |tems toan IR prmter
Prompts for ! or to select items, and then
copies th items to the stack. The items are placed in a
list if - was chosen.
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. |f the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 485X stack.
For equation data, builds and displays the EquationW-
riter form of the equation. (For more information, see the
section in Chapter 1 entitled, “Scrolling Equations Too Wide
for the Display.”) For picture data, displays the pic-
ture.
[ON]-{uH] Dumpsthe current screen to an IR printer.

Mathematics Pac - 5-3

Hyperbolics

A complete summary of operationsis given in Appendix B, “Summary of

Operations.”

5-4 | Mathematics Pac

Chapter 6
Calculus

In This Chapter
Calculus spans several major areas within symbolic mathematics, including
300 integrals, nearly 50 derivatives, over 20 series, and a section on vector
analysis.
Thischapter covers:

Integrals
Ooog

Derivatives
Series
Vector Analysis

Using Calculus

To get to the Calculus section, follow these steps:

1. Press (@) [08a#] todlsplay all libraries available to the HP 48SX.
2. Find and press iMATH: to enter the Mathematics Pac library
directory.
SErymToae ,.—,»_-;-:@5}:,

3. Press thefirst softkey, EMATH: to start the application.

4. At the Main menu, move the arrow to Calculus (by pressing and
(¥]) and press :
Calculus
>INTEGRALS
DERIVATIVES
SERIES
VECTOR ANALYSIS

[MHIN *5TEPRINTVIEW [FONTUP

Items in the Calculus Menu

Each entry in the Calculus menu is briefly described below and is discussed
in detail later in this chapter.

Mathematics Pac 6-1

Calculus

Iitem Description
Integrals Provides reference to over 300 integrals, along with
solving capabilities.
Derivatives Provides reference to over 50 derivatives, along with
solving capabilities.
Series | Provides reference toover20 series, including bino-
o - mial and Taylor series, along with solving capabilities.
Vector Analysis Provides reference to div, grad, and curl, in Carte-
sian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates.

Summary of Operations (Calculus)

Action

Toggles between the small and large fonts.

Returns to the Main menu.

Prompts for (ZONE ALL-

sends those |tems toan IR
pnnter
Prompts for
copies those items to the stack. The itemsare placed in a
list if was chosen.
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
| Displaysthe entire text of an item too wide to flton the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
Moves down one level in the menu structure.
[on]-(uTH) Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

A complete summary of operations is glven in AppendlxB, “Summary of

Operations.”

6-2 Mathematics Pac

 Calculus

Integrals

Upon choosing Integrals from the Calculus menu, the following screen
appears:

Integrals

+4
: USER-DEFINED
: ELEMENTARY
A+EY
: A+BY.C+DY ,
A+BR~N
: CasRa.Rra-Ca
JCA+BR)
A2 eRcR)
[!IZIIIIIHE!] FONT] UP

This menu includes the elghteen sections of integrals in the Mathematics Pac.
To find a particular integral, you should browse through the list of sections
until you find the general form ofthe integral you wish to look up or solve. If
you cannot find the integral you wishto look up or solve, you can easily enter
it into the user-defined section, as described in the section in Chapter 10
entitled, “Calculus Functions.”

Choosing a Section fromthe Integral Menu

Each of the eighteen sections of integrals contains a group of related
integrals. Each integral can be displayed in EquationWriter or text format,
copied to the stack, or solved, indefinitely or definitely. You can also search
for a specific integral using the search mode described 1n the section in
Chapter 1 entitled, “Using the Search Mode.” The user-defined integral
section behaves identically to all other sections, once you have entered your
own integrals, as described in the section in Chapter 10 entitled, “Calculus
Functions.” |
Example: Investigate the section of integrals with forms containing
exponentials. To examine this section, move the arrow to Exponential by
pressing and then press [ENTRR]:
4|

16 Exponential
CAXRIZERPCARRIZA |
SRCAXRIZERPCAXNIZASBECAEN-1)
Massxmasm-Expmxmzmzn,m
C1+ERPCH)
=%37LNCA)
#P H*H3(3+C!EHF(H!H)J'IH(HICJu.
EERPCREN)/(L+RXRI*B=ENPLAXKIA .,
IH!EHP(-H“E)--I?E!EHP( H-d)
[MAIN #STH[PEINT[SOLVE]FONT UP

This particular section contains ten integrals.

‘Mathematics Pac | 6-3

Calculus

Viewing an Integral in EquationWriter Format

Let’s view the first integral in this section in EquationWriter format. To do
this, press [ENTRR]. After a “Building equation...” message, the screen will
blank for a few moments. Then, the integral will be drawn in EquationWriter
format:
HP 4858 EQUATION WRITER

JEXP(AK) dX =EXP(H
H)
PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST ...

When you have finished viewing the integral, press to return to the list.
Many integrals are too large for the screen, and will be displayed with the
cursor keys activated for scrolling purposes. (For more information, refer to
the section in Chapter 1 entltled “Scrolling Equations Too Wide for the
Display.”)

WARNING: While the HP 48SX is building the

EquationWriter format version of an integral, any key
presses may cause strange behavior, resulting in no
display of the equation. Therefore, do not press any
keys until the integral has been drawn, erased, and
re-drawn with the accompanying messages. If you
change your mind during a long integral build, press
to abort the build process and return to the
integral screen.

Now,solve the first integral.

Solving an Integral
The integral solving process is one of substitution and algebraic
sxmphficatlonTosolve the first mtegral make sure the arrow is pointing to it
and press SOLVE. The first step in solving the integral is specifying the
limits of mi tegratlon You can either perform a definite integration by
entering a lower and an upper limit, or an indefinite integration by pressing

6-4 Mathematics ch
 Calculus

with a blank command line. If you choose to perform an indefinite

integration, then a constant of integration will be added to the final result.

Entering Limits of Integration

For this example, enter limits of integration. Limits can either be real
numbers, names (variables), or algebraic expressions. This means you can
integrate from 0 to 1, or from A to B, or even from SIN(t) to
COS(t+u), providing that none of the variables used in the limits are
identicalto the variable of integration, X. For this example, integrate from
0 to 10, so type 0 10 as your input:
RRD ALG PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter limits, or press
ENTER for indefinite:
{lower> <{upper’;

(HHEEAEGS ITED G

Press to accept that input.

Entering Values of Constants

After the “Processing...” message, you will be prompted to enter values for
all the unknown constants in the integral. This does not include the variable
of integration, for which you do not enter a value. The constants are
precisely that — constant with respectto the variable of integration, X.
However, as in the case of the limits of integration, constants can either be
real numbers, names (variables), or algebraic expressions.
For this example, set the value of A tobe TAN(T), where T is a constant.
Type T as your input:
RAD ALG PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter values,; or press
%H;ER 1f all unknown:

TANCTY!
GGEAN[IOG

Press to accept that input.

Mathematics Pac 6-5

Calculus

NOTE: If you wish to enter a name (variable) as a

limit or a constant, the tic marks surrounding the
name are optional. For example, T can be entered
as ‘T or T.

Simplifying the Result

After the “Storing values...” and the “Solving...” message, the following
screen will appear:

Completely 51mp11fg
algebraic result?

Cthis may be slow.?

5 IR

This prompt only appears when the current result of the integration process
is an algebraic expression. When that is the case, you have the option of
completely simplifying the expression, through a series of algebraic
expansions and collections by the HP 48SX. If the current result is numeric,
this promptis bypassed because no simplification is necessary.
Answering + will 51mp11fy the expressmn alth h it may take a few
minutes for complex expressions, while answering &N will cause
subsequent displays of the result to appear unsxmphfied
For this example, press ¥ >. . After the “Processing...” message, the
following screen will be dlsplayed

View result in EQWr

or TERT format?

13 A

Viewing the Resuit

This prompt only appears when the final result of the integration processis
an algebraic expression. When that is the case, you have the option of
displaying the result in either EquationWriter format or text format. If the

6-6 Mathematics Pac

 Calculus

final result is numeric, this promptis bypassed because the EquationWriter

display formatis not appropnate ,
For this example, press [EQWR. . After a “Building equation...” message,
the screen will blank for afewmoments Then the integral will be drawn in
EquationWriter format: :
HP4BSH% Eaualn‘au'fl'_wifi'sT'_—

EXP(TAN(T)) -1
TANCT) "TANCT)
PRE3S [ENTER]‘ TO RETURN TO LIST...

When you have finished viewing the integral, press to proceed to the
next prompt. Many integrals are too large for the screen, and will be
displayed with the cursor keys activated for scrolling purposes. (For more
information, refer to the section in Chapter 1 entitled, “Scrolling Equations
Too Wide for the Display.”)
After pressing , the following screen will be displayed:

Copy to stack?

Choosing . will leave a copy of the result on the stack as an algebraic

object for further use after you quit the Mathematics Pac, while choosing
O will not. After you make a choice here, you will be returned to the
list of integrals.

Derivatives

Upon choosing Derivatives from the Calculus menu,the follbwing screen

appears:

- Mathematics Pac - 6-7

Calculus

Derivat ives
]

-
A, As
)*&H('.')-bfl(hl)

:c
(UEYI=UXIR(VI+YER(UD

-
W
DR(UXVENISUELEIRCNI +VEINEIR(UD oo
ARCUAYIZ(VEIR(I-LUX K VIV
dH(U*N)= N*U"'(h1)a-x(u)
[MAIN STRIPRINT
[+ [ZDLVE]FONTUP

This menu includes all of the derivatives in the Mathematics Pac. To find a
particular derivative, you should browse through the list until you find the
general form of the derivative you wish to look up or solve. Each derivative
formula can be displayed in EquationWriter or text format, copied to the
stack, or solved. You can also search for a specific derivative formula using
the search mode described in the section in Chapter 1 entitled, “Using the
Search Mode.”
Example: Find the derivative of SIN(X)*COS(X). To use the table of
derivatives, you mustfirst recognize the form of the derivative, which in this
case is U*V. Therefore, move the arrow down to the fifth derivative formula
by pressing four times. To make sure thisis the desired form, press
to view it in EquationWriter format:
HP N8BS EQUATION WRITER

B 1 =S 2

PRESS 4 A Y b TO SCROLL EQUATION

PRESS [ATTN] TO RETURN TO LIST..J

Since this formula is slightlywider than the screen, the cursor keys are
activated for scrolling. When you have finished viewing the formula, press
to return to the list of derivative formulas.

Solving a Derivative
Now that we have selected the correct derivative formula, press SOLVE
After a “Processing...” message, you will be prompted to enter values for the
unknowns in the formula.

Entering Functions and Constants

You must enter values for all the unknown functions and constants in the
derivative formula. The functions must be functions of the independent
variable, X. The constants must be constant with respect to the independent

6-8 Mathematics Pac

 Calculus

variable, X. You can easily tell the difference between what must be a
function and what must be a constant by the letter: U, V, and W are
functions, while A, B, and all other letters represent constants with respect
to X.
For this example, the value of U is SIN(X) and the value of V is COS(X),
so type (O BN (g X (=] (=] (=) (0] (29) (& X as yourinput:
RAD ALG PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter valuess or press
ENTER if all unknown:
<U> <V>
'SINCR) ' 'COS(Xe!

Press to acceptthat input.

NOTE: If you wish to enter a name (variable) as a

limit or a constant, the tic marks surrounding the
name are optional. For example, X can be entered
as X’ or X.

Simplifying the Resulit

After the “Storing values...” and the “Solving..."’ message, the following
screen will appear:

Completely 51mp11fg
algebraic result?
(this may be slow.?
Tl

This prompt only appears when the current result of the derivation processis
an algebraic expression. When thatis the case, you have the option of
completely simplifying the expression, through a series of algebraic
expansions and collections by the HP 48SX. If the current result is numeric,
this promptisbypassed because no 51mp11ficat10nis necessary
Answering £YES
minutes for complex expressions, while answermg
subsequent displays of the result to appear unsmphfied

Mathematics Pac 6-9

Calculus

For this example, press . . After a “Processing...” message, the

following screen will be displayed:

View result in EQWr

or TEXT format?

B3 TEXT

Viewing the Result

This prompt only appears when the finalresult of the derivation process is an
algebraic expression. When that is the case, you have the option of displaying
the result in either EquationWriter format or text format. If the final result is
numeric, this promptis bypassed because the EquationWriter display format
is not appropriate. |
For this example, press The following screen will be displayed:

Result:
'COSCRIM2-SINCKY™2!

Press to save the result to the stack as an algebraic object, or or

to return to the derivatives screen without saving the result on the stack.

Series

Upon choosing Series from the Calculus menu, the following screen appears:

Series
<>TAYLOR
BINOMIAL
EXPONENTIAL 3 LDG.
TRIG. & HYPEREOLIC

[MAIN$STRIPRINT] WIEW JFONT UP

6-10 Mathematics Pac -

 Calculus

Taylor Series
Example: Find the Taylor series of the function SIN(LN(X)) about the
point X =e, to the third order.

NOTE: This is quite a lengthy example, but most

complex Taylor series expansions and algebraic
simplifications will take several minutes.

To do this, select Taylor from the Series menu. Then press SOLVE:, and
ypeinM B @ExEE EEEXE3 .27182818246
as your input:

£ HOME MATHD } iLe P_Rfi-l

Enter eguatlon, varia—
ble, or oint:?
<eqn’ <uar5 {ord> <{pt>
))'X 3 2. ?182818246
T FHE)IeIOG

Press [ENTRR] to accept that input. After a length “Solvmg ” message, you
will be prompted for simplification. Choose
the result before you display it, orNG
result without further simplification. For this example, press
simplify the result. After another lengthy “Processing...” message, you will
be prompted for what type of dlsplayyouwant. Choose E‘R
result in EquationWriter format, or S TEXT
text format. For this example, choose (TEXE:
be displayed:

Press to save the result to the stack as an algebraic object, or or

to return to the Taylor series screen without saving the result on the stack.

Mathematics Pac 6-11

Calculus

Binomial Series
Example: Find the binomial expansion of (X_+5)
4. To do this, select
Binomial from the Series menu. Then press SQLVE| and type 5[] 4 as
your input, since Y =5 and S=4 in the general form (X+Y)"S:
ALG PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter values, or press
ENTER if all unknoun:
<Y> £S5
J G+
-sIP[KIP+[ €UEL[CELSINS s]+3TE

Press [ENTER] to accept that input, and after a “Storing values...” and a
“Solving.’ message, you will be prompted for algebraic mmphficahon
Choose =¥ES to simplify the result, and then select ‘EQWR. to view the
result in EquationWriter format. After these choices, the following screen
will be displayed:
HPF 4858 EQUATION WEITER

25415045+28.K°+4 +500"
PRESS 4 A F ¢ TO SCROLL EQUATION
PRESS [ATTN] TO RETURN TO LIST..|

When you have finished viewing the result, press (ATf] to continue on to the
finalprompt which asksif you wish to copy the result to the stack. Choosing
_¥ES| will leave a copy of the result on the stack as an algebraic object for
further use after you quit the Mathematics Pac. After you make a choice
here, you will be returned to the binomial series screen.

Other Series

Example: Evaluate the series expansion of SIN(X) to five terms. To do this,

select Trig. & Hyperbolic from the Series menu. Then, since the arrow is
alreadypomtmg at the series for SIN(X), press *ISOLVE: , and after a
“Processing...” message, enter the number of terms desued by typing 5 as
your input; | | -

6-12 Mathematics Pac

 Calculu_s

PRG .
| HOME MATHD }
Enter number of terms
desired in expan51on-
£int>

£3EIPEkIP+]€DELJOELS|INZ8[45TK]

Press to accept that input. After the “Processing...” message, you will
be prompted for algebraic simplification and for display type. The fastest
way to view the resultsis no simplification, text format. To do this, press
2 NO | andthen at the next prompt. After these choices, the
following screen will be displayed:

Result: -
'HY-B. 1667¥ X" 3+0. BR83*R
g§§g§@882*xfi?+2.?55?E—

Press to save the result to the stack as an algebraic object, or or

to return to the Trig. & Hyperbolics series screen without saving the result on
the stack.

Vector Analysis

Upon choosing Vector Analysis from the Calculus menu, the following
screen appears: :

Vector Hnalgszs
SRECTANGULAR
CYLINDRICAL
SPHERICAL

|S TRET T

- These are theavailable coordinate systems. Choose any one of these by

moving the arrow to the appropriate selection and pressing to view the
equations for that coordinate system. Once you have chosen a coordinate
system, you can view the equations for gradient, divergence, curl, and
Laplacian in EquationWriter or text format, or copy them to the stack for
further reference.

Méthemati(:s Pac 6-13

Calculus

NOTE: The divergence and gradient operators, and

the dot and cross products in the formulas are not
valid HP 48SX functions—these formulas are in-
cluded solely for reference.

Summary of Operations (Calculus Sections)

Action
Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Returns to the Main menu.
Prompts for ¢ ALLE. to select items, and then
sends those items to an |R
prmter
Starts an item-specufnc solvmgprocess
Prompts for HONE. ALLto select items, and then
copies those |tems to the stack
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displaysthe entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
For equation data, builds and displays the Equation-
Writer form of the equation. (For more information, see the
section in Chapter 1 entitled, “Scrolling Equations Too Wide
for the Display.”) For picture data, displays the pic-
ture. For text, displays the screen title, the item label,
and the item, all expanded to one screen.
(o)) Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

A complete summary of operatlons is given in AppendixB, “Summary of

Operations.”

6-14 Mathematics Pac

 Linear Algebra

Chapter 7
Linear Algebra
In This Chapter
Linear Algebra provides basic tools for use in matrix analysis.
This chapter covers:

Using Linear Algebra

Oooooog

Enter or Edit Matrix

Characteristic Polynomial
Determinant
Eigenvalues
Trace

Using Linear Algebra

To get to the Linear Algebra section, follow these steps:

1. Press (@) s to dlsplay all libraries available to the HP 48SX.
2. Find and press MATH.. to enter the Mathematics Pac library
directory.
- ,:r,-vm;:{;-.%g_g

3. Press thefirst softkey, “MAIH: | to start the application.

4. At the Main menu, move the arrow to Linear Algebra (by pressing
and (¥]) and press [ENTRR].

Linear Rlgebra
SENTER Ok EDIT MATRIY
CHAR. POLYNOMIAL
DETERMINANT
EIGENVALLES
TRACE

[MAIN+5TEJPEINT] WIEW [FONT UP

Items in the Linear Algebra Menu

Each entry in the Linear Algebra menuis briefly described below and is ‘
discussed in detail later in this chapter.

Mathematics Pac | 7-1

LinearAlgebra

Item Description
Enter or Edit Matrix Controls entry and editing of the matrix on
which all other operations will be per-
formed.
Characteristic Polynomial Finds the characteristic polynomial of a
square matrix.
Determinant Finds the determinant of a square matrix.
Eigenvalues Finds the eigenvalues of a square matrix
by applying the polynomial root-finder to
the characteristic polynomial.
Trace Finds the trace of a square matrix.

Summary of Operations (Linear Algebra)

Action

Toggles between the small and large fonts.

Returns to the Main menu.

Prompts for & to select items, and then

sends those |tems to an IR printer.
Prompts for :ON : =~ to select items, and then
copies those |tems to the stack The items are placed in a
list if : - was chosen.
Moves up one level in the menu structure.

Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the

screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
Moves down one level in the menu structure.
[on)-m) Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

A complete summary of operations is given in

Appendlx B, “Summary
of
Operations.”

Mathematics Pac
 Linear Algebra

Enter or Edit Matrix

Enter or Edit Matrix makes use of the command line to enter or edit a square
matrix. When a matrix is entered,it is stored in the global variable MATR in
the MATHD directory. Once a matrix has been specified, all other functions
in the Linear Algebra section will operate on that matrix. To enter a new
matrix or to edit the existing matrix, simply choose Enter or Edit Matrix
again.
Usually, choosing Enter or Edit Matrix displays the following screen:

Enter a new matrix

or edit the existing
matrix?

|NEH| I

At this point, select ZNEW. to entera new matrix (overwriting MATR) on

a blank command llne select = ¢ to edit the matrix previously stored in
MATR,or press (i) to abort the process and return to the Lincar Algebra
menu.
If the variable MATR does not exist (which happens the first time Enter or
Edit Matrix is selected), then the New/Edit question is bypassed and you are
taken directly to the new matrix entry screen, as described below.

NOTE: All operations in Linear Algebra take only

square matrices as arguments, so the Enter or Edit
Matrix function will not allow entry of non-square
matrices.

Entering a New Matrix

. brings upthe following screen:
PRG
{ HOME MATHD } :
Enter matrix:
<{matrix>

4
|]n|||

Mathematics Pac 7-3

 Linear Algebra

- The first softkey in the menu begins a matrix. The second softkey is pressed
after each row of data, in order to end that row and begin a new row. And
the third softkey ends the matrix. Pressing - acceptstheentry
. Then type
1 3 ()4 BEEas your mput:
PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Enter matrix:
<matrix>

Pressing stores that matrix into MATR and returns to the Linear
Algebra screen.

Edltmg
anEXIstlng Matrix
Selecting “EDEEbrings up a screen with the current contents of MATR
k‘

loaded ontothe command line for editing. (For more information, refer to
the section in Chapter 1 entitled, “Editing Text Entries.”)
Example (cont.) Edlt._the matrix[[12][34]], changingitto[[21][34]
]. First, select & -. Then type [0&] [o2) (=] (=] 1 (<] as your input:
PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Edit matrix:
<matrix>
(L 211
[ 34 1]
[Jee[n][]

Pressing stores that matrix into MATR (overwriting the previous

contents) and returns to the Linear Algebra screen.

Characteristic Polynomial
Upon choosing Char. Polynomial from the Linear Algebra menu, the
characteristic polynomial of the matrix stored in MATR is automatically
calculated and displayed.
Example (cont.): Calculate the characteristic polynomial of the matrix[[2 1
1{34]] To do this, simply choose Char.Polynomial from the Linear

7-4 Mathematics Pac

 Linear Algebra

Algebra menu. This displays a “Solving...” message and then the following
screen:

Press(579 to save the result to the stack as a list, or or to return to

the Linear Algebra menu without saving the result on the stack.

Determinant

Upon choosing Determinant from the Linear Algebra menu, the determinant
of the matrix stored in MATR 1is automatically calculated and displayed.
Example (cont.): Calculate the determinant of the matrix[[21][3 4] ]. To
do this, simply choose Determinant from the Linear Algebra menu. This
displays a “Solving...” message and then the following screen:

Result:
S

Press to save the result to the stack as a number, or or to return

to the Linear Algebra menu without saving the result on the stack.

Eigenvalues

Upon choosing Eigenvalues from the Linear Algebra menu, the eigenvalues
of the matrix stored in MATR are automatically calculated and displayed.
Example (cont.): Calculate the eigenvalues of the matrix[[21][34]]. To
do this, simply choose Eigenvalues from the Linear Algebra menu. This
displays a “Solving...” message and then the following screen:

Mathematics Pac 7-5

Linear Algebra

Press to save the result to the stack as a list, or or to return to

the Linear Algebra menu without saving the result on the stack.
If the matrix has more than five eigenvalues, then a small “ +” symbol will be
displayed. However, only five roots can be displayed here —to view the
remaining roots, press to copy the resultsto the stack, and then quit the
Pac to examine the returned list.

Trace

Upon choosing Trace from the Linear Algebra menu, the trace of the matrix
stored in MATR is automatically calculated and displayed.
Example (cont.): Calculate the trace of the matrix[[21][3 4] ]. To do this,
simply choose Trace from the Linear Algebra menu. This displays a
“Solving...” message and then the following screen:

Result:
6

Press to save the result to the stack as a number, or or to return

‘to the Linear Algebra menu without saving the result on the stack.

76 | . Mathematics Pac
 Chapter 8
Transforms

In This Chapter
Transforms includes over 150 reference formulas.

This chapter covers:

[0 Using Transforms
[1 Transforms Sections

Using Transforms

To get tothe Transforms section, follow these steps:

1. Press to display all libraries available to the HP 48SX.
2. Find and press | . to enter the Mathematics Pac library
directory.
XTI ey ,-

3. Press the first softkey, {MATH:| to start the application.

4. At the Main menu, move the arrow to Transforms (by pressing (&)
and (@]) and press

Transforms
SDEFINITIONS
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
2 TRANSFORMS

[MAIN #5TE[PREINT] YIEW |FONT UP

Items in the Transforms Menu

Each entry in the Transforms menu is briefly described below and 1s

discussed in detail later in this chapter.

'~ Mathematics Pac | 8-1

Transforms

item Description
Definitions Definitions of the included transforms.
Fourier Transforms Nearly 50 finite sine, finite cosine, Fourier sine,
Fourier cosine, and Fourier transforms.
Laplace Transforms Over 75 Laplace transform pairs.
Z Transforms Over 25 Z transform pairs.

Summary of Operations (Transforms)

Action

Toggles between the small and large fonts.

Returns to the Main menu.

Prompts for & . or i to select items, and then

sends thoseitems to an IR prmter
Prompts for #ONE.. 8ALL= to select items, and then
coplesthose|tems to the stack The items are placed in a
list if AL
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
Moves down one level in the menu structure.
[on)-fc) Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

A complete summary of operations is given in Appendix B, “Summary of

Operations.”

8-2 Mathematics Pac

 Transforms

Transforms Sections

All of the Transforms sections behave identically. They all contain reference
formu_la“s~ which can be browsed, viewed in text format (by pressing
LVIEW.), viewed in EquationWriter format (by pressing [ENTRR]), or copied
to the stack as algebraics for later use.
Since some ofthe lists of equations are quite long (e.g., Laplace Transforms
contains 76 formulas), an example demonstrating use of the search mode to
find a particular formula will be useful. (For more information, refer to the
section in Chapter 1 entitled, “Using the Search Mode.”)
Example: Locate the Laplace transform for the function 1/(S ~4-A ~4). To
find this formula, move the arrow to Laplace Transforms and press [ENTER]:

+ Laplace Transforms
-}i;g um
-
1/5*N: T"‘(N=1 (N-1)!
1/45: 10CwxT)
$~(=3/72): 2X{(T/m
17(5-R): EXP(RXT)
1/7(5=-A)"d: TXEXP(AXT)
17¢5-A)"N: 1/(N-1)3XT*(N-LIXERP(,
[MAIN 35Tk [PEINT] VIEW [FONT] UP

To invoke the search mode, press [&]:

PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Search fors:

RERLECENISTHO

Now, you must type in the search string. It must exactly match the formula
for which we are looking, although it may be a substring. Note also that the
search function is case-sensitive, so the S and A in the formula must be
uppercase. To enter the search string, type:
1B &E@s

0+4+E&A
&4
At this point, the screen should look like:

Mathematics Pac 8-3

 _Transforms

ALG PRG
{ HOME MATHD }
Search for:

17(574-A"4+
5kIP[ikIP3]€0EL[UEL*[ING|

If it doesn’t match exactly, use the editing softkeys and the cursor keys to
correct the search string. (For more information, refer to the sectionsin
Chapter 1 entitled, “Editing Text Entries,” and “Alpha Lock.”) Whenthe
search string is correct, press [ENTRR]. After a pause, you will see:

ace |Ir orms

Thisis the desired formula. To view it quickly in text format, press &

1/¢2 *HA"3) ¥ (SINH(A*t )-S5

INCA%t )

PRESS [ENTER] TO CONTINUE ...

Press to return to the list of transforms, and press again to view

the transform in EquationWriter format:
HP 4BSX EQUATION WRITER

L (SINH(A4) -SIN(A).
A
PRESS 4 4 ¥ b TO SCROLL EQUATION
PRESS [ATTN] TO RETURN TO LIST ..

This formula is slightly wider than the screen, so the cursor keys are activated
for scrolling purposes. When you have finishedviewing the-equatlon press
M to return to the list of transforms. |

o 8-4 -Mathematics Pac

 Transforms

Summary of Operations (Transforms Sections)

Action
Toggles between the small and large fonts.
Returns to the Main menu.
Prompts for SONE: ALto select items, and then
sends those items to an IR prlnter
Prompts for FONEL or ZALEEto select items, and then
coplesthose_ltems to the stack The items are placed in a
. was chosen.

Moves up one level in the menu structure.

Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
Builds and displays the EquationWriter form of the equa-
tion. (For more information, see the section in Chapter 1 en-
titted, “Scrolling Equations Too Wide for the Screen.”)
[on]-{furH] Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

A complete summary of operationsis given in Appendix B, “Summary of

Operations.”

8-5
.. Mathematics Pac
Transforms

Notes:

8-6 MathematicsPac
 Chapter 9
Miscellaneous

In This Chapter
~ Miscellaneous contains commonly used mathematical reference data.
This chapter covers:

[] Using Linear Algebra

[0 Constants Library
[1 Common Prefixes
[J Greek Alphabet
0 Quadric Surfaces

Using Miscellaneous

To get to the Miscellaneous section, follow these steps:

1. Press to display all libraries available to the HP 48SX.
2. Find and press :MATH. to enter the Mathematics Pac library
~ directory. |
3. Press the first softkey, *MATH.| to start the application.
’

4. At the Main menu, move the arrow to Miscellaneous (by pressing

and (¥]) and press [ENTER]. |

Miscel laneous

QUADRIC SURFACES

[MAIN+STRJPEINT| WEKW [FONT UP

Items in the Miscellaneous Menu

Each entry in the Miscellaneous menu is briefly described below andis

discussed in detail later in this chapter.

Mathematics Pac - 9-1

Miscellaneous

Item Description
Constants Library Commonly used mathematical constants.
Common Prefixes Commonly used prefixes.
Greek Alphabet Uppercase and lowercase Greek letters.
Quadric Surfaces All types of quadric surfaces and their equations.

Summary of Operations (Miscellaneous)

Action

Toggles between the small and large fonts.

Returns to the Main menu.
Prompts for i ONE ‘ALL.. to select items, and then
sends those |tems to an IRpnnter
Prompts for€ . L ALE. to select items, and then
copies those|tems to the stack The items are placed in a
list if was chosen.
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
Moves down one level in the menu structure.
@ Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

A complete summary of operationsis given in Appendix B, “Summary of

Operations.”

Mathematics Pac
 Miscellaneous

Constants Library

Upon choosing Constants Library from the Mlscellaneous menu, the

following screen appears:

Constants Library

¥4
: 3,14159265359

TAGMRIME
(NAPIERE'S) : 2.718081820846
(EULER'S) : 0.87731566490
(GOLDEN RATID): 1.61803338B75
(ACC. GRAVITY): 9.80865
(NEIWTON'S) . 6.67859E-11
(LIGHT SPEED) : 2.997924SHEN
(PLANCK'S) : 6.626176E-3Y4
EEIIIIIIII

NOTE: The values are unjustified because the small

font is proportionally spaced; switching to the large
font will align the numerical data in the same column.

Example: Look up the value of Planck’s constant.First, move the arrow

down to H by pressing (&) (¥]. Now, press :UNITS to turn on units.
Finally, although you can seemost of the value of H on the display, press
[ENTER] to view the full value of the constant:

Constants Library

h <Planck's>
6.626176E-34_J*s

Press to save the constantto the stack as a tagged object, or or

to return to the Constants Library menu without saving the constant on the
stack.

NOTE: Toggling units at the Constants Library

screen changes the same user flag as does toggling
units at the solver screen, so changes to the units
setting here will persist if you later return to the solver
screen.

Mathematics Pac 9-3

‘Miscellaneous

Greek Alphabet
Upon choosing Greek Alphabet from the Miscellaneous menu, the following
sCreen appears:
ALPHA Ao 1OTA [. FRHD
BETA &P KAPPA x kK SIGMA ¢2
GAMMA T4 LAMEDA A Tal Te
DELTA $ A MU wM UPSILON uT
EPSILONE € NU Nv PHI- e
2ETA 32 %I - ¥= CHI LY
ETh Xw OMIERONOa P35I Yy
THETA oW PI w]] OMEGA w()
PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST..

This screen is a picture displaying representations of all of the uppercase and

lowercase Greek letters. Many of these characters are available from the HP
48SX keyboard, but not all of them. To get a printed copy ofthis screen,
press [oN)-(mH) now. Press to return to the Miscellaneous menu.

NOTE: The uppercase and lowercase letters alter-

nate columns, due to limitations of the pixel resolu-
tion of the HP 48SX screen.

Standard Prefixes

Upon choosing Standard Prefixes from the Miscellaneous menu, the

following screen appears:

+ Standard Prefixes
SEXA (EJ 10E18

9-4 Mathematics Pac

 Miscellaneous

Quadric Surfaces

Upon choosing Quadric Surfaces from the Miscellaneous menu, the

following screen appears:

Q uadric Surfaces
L ELLIPSOID: $~2/R"R+Y B/ B2
G ELLIFSIIID R“E.’H“E#Y“E?B"‘E...
E BOL I:

ONE:
PARABOLDID:
IC anem.mo

surfaces These equations can be viewed in text format by pressing i

viewed i1 n Equatlonerter format by pressing -or
[E copied to the stack as

Mathematics Pac ' 9-5

 Miscellaneous

‘Summaryof Operations (Miscellaneous Sections)

Action

Toggles between the small and large fonts.

Returns to the Main menu.
Prompts for SONE. or LALE @ to select items, and then
sends those items to an IR prmter
“ALL.to select items, and then
copies those items tothe stack
Indicates that units are currently turned on. Pressing this
key turns off units, automatlcally stripping units from all con-
| stants.
Indicates that units are currently turned off. Pressing this
key turns on units, automatically appending units to all con-
stants.
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
For equation data, builds and displays the Equation-
Writer form of the equation. (For more information, see the
section in Chapter 1 entitled, “Scrolling Equations Too Wide
for the Display.”) For picture data, displays the pic-
ture. Fortext, displays the screen title, the item label,
and the item, all expanded to one screen.
[on]-futh) Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.

A complete summary of operationsis given in Appendix B, “Summary of

Operations.”

- 9-6 Mathematics Pac

- Chapter 10 -
Programmable Functuons
In This Chapter
- Programmable Functions describes the syntax and behavior of the commands
located in the MATH directory in the Library menu. Most of the
programmable commands are also functions, which can be used in algebraic
expressions, and all can be included as a part of user-language RPL
programs.
This chapter includes:

Algebra Functions
0000000

Trigonometry Functions
Hyperbolics Functions
Calculus Functions
Transforms Functions
Linear Algebra Functions
Utilities

Algebra Functions
This section describes the syntax and behavior of FRACT, GCD, LCM,
PROOT, PRIME, and REDUC.

FRACT
FRACTis a function that performsthe closest fraction algorithfn. Itis
identicalto the Closest Fraction function described in Chapter 2, except that
FRACT can alsotake lists of objects and tagged objects as valid arguments.
~ FRACTalso requires a maximum denominator, which must be an integer.
FRACTreturns the input object, but with all numerical parts changed to
- algebraic expressions representing the closestfraction.

Mathematics Pac 10-1

Programmable Functions

Input Level 2 Input Level 1 Output Level 1

‘algebraic’ integer (denominator) "algebraic’
complex integer (denominator) complex
list integer (denominator) list
real integer (denominator) real
tagged integer (denominator) tagged
unit integer (denominator) unit

GCD
GCD is a function that performs the greatest common divisor function. It is
identical to the GCD function described in Chapter 2.

| Input Level 2 Input Level1 Output Level 1 I

I integer integer integer (GCD) I

LCM
LCM is a function that performs the least common multiple function. It is
identical to the LCM function described in Chapter 2.

I Input Level 2 | Input Level 1 Output Level 1 I

I integer integer | integer (LCM)

PROOT
PROOT is a command that performs the polynomial root finder function.
PROOT is not a function because it takes a list as input,but it can be used as
a command. It is identical to the PROOT function described in Chapter 2.

||nput Level 1 » | Output Level 1 -

I list of integers (coefficients) list of real or complex (roots)

10-2 Mathematics Pac

 - Programmable Functions

PRIME
PRIME is a function that performs the prime factorization function. It is
identical to the prime factorization function described in Chapter 2.

I Input Level1 Output Level 1 ' ' I

I integer list of integers (prime factors) |

REDUC
REDUC is a function that performs the reduce function. It is identical to the
reduce function described in Chapter 2.

'* | Input Level 1 F Output Level 1 l

l integer list (numerator and denominator) I

Trigonometry Functions

This section describes the syntax and behavior of COT, SEC, CSC, ACOT,
ASEC, and ACSC.

COT, SEC, CSC, ACOT, ASEC, ACSC

These are all standard trigonometric functions, and all allow the same types
of arguments and give corresponding results. The syntax table is shown only
for COT. |

Input Level 1 Output Level1

’algébraic‘ 'COT(algebraic)’
complex - COT(complex)
'name’ N 'COT(name)’

| Mathemafics Pac 10-3

Programmable Functions

I real COT(real) A I

Hyperbolic Functions

This section describes the syntax andbehavior of COTH, SECH, CSCH,

ACOTH, ASECH, and ACSCH.

COTH, SECH, CSCH, ACOTH, ASECH, ACSCH

These areall standard hyperbolic functions, and all allow the same types of
arguments and give corresponding results. The syntax table is shown only for
COTH.

Input Level 1 Output Level 1

‘algebraic’ 'COTH(algebraic)’
complex COTH(complex)
'name’ 'COTH(name)’
real COTH(real)

Calculus Functions

This section describes the syntax and behavior of BINO, STORE, and
TYLRX.

BINO
BINO is a function that finds binomial coefficients. It is used in the binomial |
series formula described in Chapter 6. It differs from the HP 485X |
command, COMB,in that BINO allows the level 2 integer to be négative. L

Ilnput Level 2 | Input Level 1 Output Level 1 | 1

integer integer integer (binomial coef- |
- | | - |ficient)

10-4 - MathematicsPac .
 Programmable Functions

'STORE
STORE is a function that stores an integral into the user-defined integrals
section of the integraltables inside the Calculus section of the Mathematics
Pac.
There are several important points to understand about how STORE works
and about the required formatof the integral to be stored:
1. The integral should be an algebraic expression, and therefore can be
entered by way of the HP 485X EquationWriter and copied to the
stack. (For more information, refer to Chapter 16 of the HP 4SSX
Owner’s Manual, “The EquationWriter Application.”)
2. The limits of the integral will be ignored, and the integral will be
stored as an indefinite integral.
3. The variable of integration should be X, and the case is
important — it should be an uppercase X. If you already have an
integral that you do not want to be forced to edit, STORE will
automatically convert all occurrences of the variable ofintegration to
X. However, this means that if X appears elsewhere in the original
integral, that integral cannot be used.
4. If you want the integral to appear with a label on the left side
containing conditions like A =1, then you should enter the integral
as an algebraic, enter the condition as a string, and then tag the
integral with the string.

Input Level 1 Output Level 1

algebraic (integral) empty
tagged (integral with label) empty

TYLRX
TYLRX is a function that finds the Taylor series expansion ofan arbitrary
function of an arbitrary variable about an arbitrary point. It expandsthe
functionality of the HP 48SX function TAYLR by allowing specification of
the point about which to expand the series.

I In Level 4 In Level 3 In Level 2 In Level 1 OutLevel 1 I

| algebraic name integer real (point) algebraic

Mathematics Pac
Programmable Functions

Transforms Functions

This section describes the syntax and behavior of ERF, ERFC, JO, and J1.

ERF
ERF is a function that finds the error function. It is used in some of the
transforms.

Input Level 1 Output Level1

‘algebraic’ 'ERF(algebraic)’
'name’ 'ERF(name)’
real ERF(real)

ERFC
ERFC is a function that finds the complementary error function.It is used in
some of the transforms.

Input Level 1 Output Level 1

‘algebraic’ 'ERFC(algebraic)’
'name’ 'ERFC(name)’
Jrea N ERFC(real)

10-6 ‘Mathematics Pac

 Programmable Functions

JO
JO is a function that finds the zeroth order Bessel function. It is usedin some
of the transforms. |

Input Level 1 ' Output Level1

‘algebraic’ ' - 'J0(algebraic)’
’name’ 'JO(name)’
real JO(real)

J1
J1 is a function that finds the first order Bessel function. It is used in somé of
the transformes.

Input Level 1 | Output Level 1

‘algebraic’ 'J1(algebraic)’
'name’ - 'J1(name)’
real | J1(real)

Linear Algebra Functions

This section describes the syntax and behavior of CPOLY, EIVAL, and
TRACE. | | | |

- Mathematics Pac 10-7

 | :P}og}é'mlhab»lfel Functions

CPOLY
CPOLY is a command that performs the characteristic polynomial function.
CPOLY is not a function because it takes a matrix as input, but it can be used
as a command. It is identical to the characteristic polynomial function
described in Chapter7.

I_ Input Level 1 o | Output Level 1 | I

. lmatrix (square) | - list of real or complex (coefhcnents) I

EIVAL
~ EIVALisa command that performsthe eigenvalues function. EIVAL isnot
a function because it takes a matrix as input, but it can be used asa
command. It is identical to the eigenvalues function described in Chapter 7.

I Input Level 1 Output Level 1 | | I

l matrix (quare) list of real or complex (eigenvalues) l

TRACE
TRACE is a command that performs the trace function. TRACE isnota -
function because it takes a matrix as input, but it can be used as a command
It is identicalto the trace function descrlbedin Chapter 7.

I Input Level 1 A, ) Output Level 1 o o I

l matrix (square) integer(trace) l

Utilities

This sectlon descnbes the syntax and behavior of derUBASE, FLAG, |

TORAD, and SLVINTEG. None of these functions is desxgned to be useful
to the user, but they all must be present in the Library menu in order for
proper operation of the Mathematics Pac.

B 10-8 Mathematics Pac

 * ProgrammableFunctions

derUBASE

derUBASEis the user-defined derivative of the HP 485X UBASE function.

derUBASE is necessary for proper operation of the SLOPE function in the
Graphics Environment when the equation being plotted contains a UBASE
call.

FLAG
FLAG is a function that returns the setting of a flag. FLAG is necessary for
proper evaluation of certain geometry equations that include angle constants
like 180°. Depending on the setting of the unitsflag, the angle constant must
be either 180 or 180°.

TORAD
TORAD is a function that converts a value with angle units or without units
to radians, assuming that all values without units are in degrees. TORAD is
necessary for proper evaluation of certain geometry equations that include
angles with assumed units of radians.

SLVINTEG
SLVINTERGis a program that calls the integral solver. SLVINTEG is
necessary for proper solving of user-defined integrals from inside the
Mathematics Pac, because the program name SLVINTEG must be present in
the user variable USRINTEG.

" “Mathematics Pac

o 10
 Programmable Functions

Notes:

- 10-10 ‘Mathematics Pac

Appendix A -
Warranty and Service
Pocket Professional Support
You can get answers to your questions about using your Pocket Professional
card from Sparcom. If you don’t find the information in this manual or in the
HP 48SX Owner’s Manual, contact us in writing,at:
Sparcom Corporation
Attn: Technical Support Dept.
897 NW Grant Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A. (503) 757-8416
or send E-mail;
from Internet: support@sparcom.com
from Compuserve: > Internet:support@sparcom.com
from FidoNet: To:support@sparcom.com

Limited One-Year Warranty

What Is Covered
The Pocket Professional is warranted by Sparcom Corporation against
defects in material and workmanship for one year from the date of original
purchase. If you sell your card or give it as a gift, the warranty is
automatically transferred to the new owner and remains in effect for the
original one-year period. During the warranty period, we will repair or
replace (at no charge) a product that proves to be defective, provided you
return the product and proof of purchase, shipping prepaid, to Sparcom.

What Is Not Covered

This warranty does not apply if the product has been damaged by accident or
~misuse or as the result of service or modification by anyentity other than
Sparcom Corporation.

Warranty and Service A-1

 No other warranty is given. The repair or replacement of a productis your
exclusive remedy. ANY OTHER IMPLIED WARRANTY OF |
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS IS LIMITED TO THE ONE-YEAR
DURATION OF THIS WRITTEN WARRANTY. IN NO EVENT SHALL
SPARCOM CORP. BE LIABLE FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES.
Products are sold on the basis of specifications applicable at the time of
manufacture. Sparcom shall have no obligation to modify or update
products, once sold.

If the Card Requires Service

Sparcom will repair a card, or replace it with the same model or one of equal
or better functionality, whetherit is under warranty or not.

Service Charge
. There is a fixed charge for standard out-of-warranty repairs. This charge is
subject to the customer’s local sales or value-added tax, wherever applicable.
Cards damaged by accident or misuse are not covered by fixed charges.
These charges are individually determined based on time and material.

Shipping Instructions
If your card requires service, ship it to Sparcom Corporation, 87 NW Grant
Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A.

B Include your return address and a description of the problem.

B Include proof-of-purchase date if the warranty has not expired.
B Include a purchase order, along with a check, or credit card number
and expiration date (VISA or MasterCard) to cover the standard re-
pair charge.
B Ship your card, postage prepaid, in adequate protective packaging to
prevent damage. Shipping damage is not covered by the warranty, so
insuring the shipment is recommended.

Cards are usually serviced and reshipped within five working days.

A-2 | | Warranty and Service

 Environmental Limits

The reliability of the Pocket Professional depends upon the following

temperature and humidity limits:

M Operating temperature: 0 to 45 °C (32 to 113 °F).

m Storage temperature: -20 to 60 °C (-4 to 140 °F).
u Operatmg and storage humidity: 90% relative humidity at 40 °C (104
°F) maximum.

~ Warranty and Service A-3

Notes:

A-4 Warranty and Service

 Summary of Operations

Appendix B
Summary of Operations

Action

Displays a screen containing the revision number and prod-

uct information about the Mathematics Pac. Pressing any
key erases the screen and returns to the previous menu or
to the HP 48SX stack.
Displays the area under the function defined by the X axis
value of the mark and cursor.
Stores variable values and systematically iterates through
the set of marked equations in an attempt to find values for
all wanted variables. Also, stores the known and found val-
ues into global variables in the MATHD directory.
Redraws the plot with the cursor position at the center of the
screen.
Resets values of the current variables to zero, but does not
changethe global copies, which only change during
2
.J:b"
. operations.
Converts a variable to different units, if units are on.
Displays the coordinates of the cursor position.
Displays the equation screen for the current topic.
Displays the selected equation in the EquationWriter.
Returns to the Graphics environment menu.
Moves the cursorto the nearest extremum on the function.
Plots the first derivative of the function.
Displays the function value at the X axis value of the cursor,
and moves the cursor to that point on the function.
Displays the Function menu for analyzing function plots.
Togglés between the small and large fonts.

Mathematics Pac B-1

Summary of Operations

Halts the Pac so that operatlg_r_)s c_an beperformed on the

Pac, while pressmg termi-

nates the Pac.
Toggles display of the softkeys on and off.
Toggles the selected variable between known and unknown
status, adding or removing a triangular tag.
Unnecessary in the Mathematics Pac.
Returns to the Main menu.
If at the equations screen, toggles the selected equation be-
tween marked and unmarked status, adding or removing a
triangular tag. Only variables in the marked set of equations
will appear in the solver and variable screens. If no equa-
tions are marked, all will be used. If in the Graphics environ-
ment, places a mark (X) at the cursor location.
Unneeded in the Mathematics Pac.
Displays a picture for the current item, if one exists.
Plots the selected equation, prompting for x-axis and y-axis
values. Plotting is only allowed for equations of the form
=f(a,b,...), where all but one of the variables on the right-
hand side of the equation are held constant (i.e., known).
Prompts forL.ONE:. orAEL© to select items, and then
sends those |tems toan IR pnnter
Purges the global copies (in the MATHD directory) of the
current set of variables, but does not change the values cur-
rently set inside the Pac.
Quits the Mathematics Pac to the HP 48SX stack.
Pastes in a graphics object (GROB) from the stack at the
cursor location.
Moves the cursor to the nearest root and displays the coor-
dinate of the root.
Displays the slope of the function at the X axis value of the
cursor, and moves the cursor to the point at which the slope
was calculated.

B-2 Mathematics Pac

 Summary of Operations

Displays the solver screen of the current topic for Geometry,

or starts an item-specmc solving process for other sections.
Prompts for i ONE. or BAELE® to select items, and then
copies those |tems to the stack The items are placed in a
listif = was chosen.
Copies the rectangle bounded by the mark and the cursor
location to the stack as a graphics object (GROB).
Indicates that units are currently turned on. Pressing this
key turns off units, automatically converting all variable val-
ues to Sl units and then stripping the units. For the Con-
stants Library, no conversion is necessary. |
Indicates that units are currently turned off. Pressing this
key turns on units, automatically appending standard S|
units to the values or constants.
Moves up one level in the menu structure.
Displays the variable screen for the current topic, including
descriptions and default units.
Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. If the item fits on the
screen, this key is non-functional.
Toggles the selected variable between wanted and un-
wanted status, adding or removing a question mark tag.
Zooms in on the rectangle defined by the mark and the cur-
SOr.
Displays the ZOOM menu, which rescales and recenters the
plot.
Enters the search screen mode, whereby the user can
search the current menu for a particular string. Pressing
aborts the search operation.
If pressed at a menu, quits the Mathematics Pac to the
HP 48SX stack. If pressed at most other times, aborts
the current operation and returns to the last menu displayed.

Mathematics Pac B-3

Summary of Operations

In general, “zooms in” on the selected item. For equa-

tions, builds and displays the EquationWriter form of
the equation. For functions, executes the selected
function. For menu choices, moves down one level in
the menu structure. For pictures, displays the picture.
For text, displays the screentitle, the item label, and
the item, all expanded to one screen. For variables,
prompts for a value for the variable.
-3 Dumps the current screen to an IR printer.
Displays the entire text of an item too wide to fit on the
screen, up to one entire screen size. Once the full text has
been displayed, pressing or returns to the menu.
If the item fits on the screen, this key is non-functional.

B-4 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry Reference

Appendix C
Geometry Reference
Geometry Reference lists the categories and topics contained in the
Mathematics Pac:

Categories and Topics

O0ooooogod

Coordinate Systems
Circles
Triangles
Polygons
Planar Bounded Solids
Cylinders and Cones
Spherical Figures
Analytic Geometry

Categories and Topics

Category/Topics # Eqns # Vars Picture? Page #

Coordinate Systems
XY <-> Polar 4 4 Yes C-3
XYZ <-> Cylindrical Yes C-3
XYZ <-> Spherical 6 6 Yes C-4
Circles
Circle 3 4 No C-5
| Sector/Segment 8 8 Yes C-5
Triangles
Right Triangle 10 12 Yes C-7
Equilateral Triangle 5 6 No C-8
General Triangle 17 14 Yes C-8
Laws of SIN,COS,TAN 4 6 Yes C-10

Mathematics Pac C-1

Geometry Reference

Polygons
Rectangle 3 5 No C-11
Parallelogram 7 9 Yes C-12
Rhombus 3 5 Yes C-12
Trapezoid 3 5 Yes C-13
General Quadrilateral 8 12 Yes C-14
Regular Polygons 5 7 Yes C-15
Planar Bound Solids
Cube 7 8 Yes C-16
Rect. Parallelepiped 3 6 Yes C-17
Pyramid 1 3 No C-17
Tetrahedron 6 7 Yes C-17
Cylinders & Cones
Cylinder 5 5 Yes C-19
Cone 4 6 Yes C-19
Frustum of Cone 4 7 Yes C-20
Spherical Figures
Sphere 3 4 No C-21
Zone/Seg., 1 Base 5 7 Yes C-21
Zone/Seg., 2 Bases 4 7 Yes C-22
Ellipsoid 1 4 Yes C-23
Circular Torus 2 4 Yes C-23
Analytic Geometry
Parabolas (e =1) 3 6 Yes C-24
Ellipses (e< 1) 8 10 Yes C-24
Hyperbolas (e > 1) 5 7 Yes C-25

C-2 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry Reference

Coordinate Systems
In this category, equations describing the relationships between Cartesion,
polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates are contained in the following
topics:

[0 XY <-> Polar
[0 XYZ <-> Cylindrical
[0 XYZ <-> Spherical

XY <-> Polar

8
“ .

PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST ...| :

x = r-COS (6)
y = r- SIN (6)
r = VTR
6 = ATAN (Z)
X

Variables Descriptions Units

abscissa —
y ordinate —
r radial distance —
0 polar angle °

~ Mathematics Pac C-3

Geometry Reference

XYZ <-> Cylindrical

gl ¢
R*R

PRESS [ENTER] TD RETURN TO LIST..|

r - COS (p)
X

r - SIN (p)
<
Il

= Z
N

r = VT
o _= ATAN (x)
Yy

Variables Descriptions Units

X abscissa —
ordinate —
<

z-axis distance » -
N

radial distance | -
=

polar angle °
S

XYZ <-> Spherical

PRESS [ENTER) TO RETURN TO LIST ..

x = r- COS (p) - SIN (6)

= r - SIN (¢) - SIN (6)
z =r-COS (6

0 = ACOS[ Z ]
VTP

C-4 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry Reference

Variables Descriptions Units

X abscissa
ordinate
<

z-axis distance
N

radial distance
=

polar angle
D O

azimuthal angle

Circles

In this category, equations describing circles, sectors, and segments are

contained in the following topics:

[1 Circle
[1 Sector/Segment

Circle
d=2-r

c =2 - r

K=umx-r

Variables Descriptions Units

C circumference m
d diameter m
r radius m
K area m”~2

Mathematics Pac C-5

Geometry Reference

Sector/Segment

S ——

eM
v
PRESS [ENTER] TOD RETURN TO LIST...

h=r-d
Ss=1r-6
6
d =r-COS (2)

1
d = 5 4 -r—-c

c =2-r-SIN (2) o (@
c=V4a-h-@2-r-h
1
Ksec = AR

Kseg = —;— A (@ — SIN (6))

Variables Descriptions Units

C segment base m
d sector height m
h segment height m
r radius m
S arc length m
6 angle °
Ksec |sectorarea m~2
Kseg segmentarea m~™2

C-6 ‘Mathematics Pac

 Geometry Reference

Triangles
In this category, equations describing triangles, including the laws ofsines,
cosines, and tangents, are contained in the following topics:

[J Right Triangle
[0 Equilateral Triangle
0 General Triangle
0 Laws of SIN, COS, TAN

Right Triangle

PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST ..

1
K = 2-a-b

per = a+b+c

ri a-b
a+b+c

=3¢
rc—l-c

h~=§—f—9-
C
b2
m = —
C
22
n =—
- C

a = c - SIN(6a)

Mathematics Pac : C-7

" GeometryReference .

Variables Descriptions Units

a side a m
b side b m
c side ¢ m
h altitude m
m distance to vertex m
n distance to vertex m
per perimeter m
rc circumscribed circle radius m
ri inscribed circle radius m
K area m”~2
fa angle opposite side a °
6b angle opposite side b °

Equilateral Triangle

K=1.22.v3
4
per = 3 a

i = % .a-V3

rc = %— .a-V3

h=1.2a-v3
2

Variables Descriptions Units

a side a m
h altitude m
per perimeter m
rc circumscribed circle radius m
ri inscribed circle radius - m.
K area m~™2

- C-8 Mathematics Pac-

 ‘Geometry Reference

General Triangle

C
PRESS [ENTER) TO RETURN TO LIST..|

6a + 6b + 6c = 180_°
a® = b2+02—2-b-c-COS(ea)

b? = 02'+a2-—2-c-a-COS(9b)

c? = a2+b2-—2-a-b-COS(9¢)»'

K= ho
i — € SIN(6a) - SIN (6b)
- 2 - SIN (6¢c)
K=rn-s
a-b-c
K=

S =—;--(a+b+c)

per = 2 -8

K? = s-(s—a)-(s—b)-(s—o0)

ri =4-rc-SIN (B?a) - SIN (%Q) - SIN (%C-)

rc = ¢
2 - SIN (6¢)
a - SIN (6b)
b - SIN (6a)

-2 (22) -cos %]
a-b 6c

Mathematics Pac C-9

Geometry Reference

2 _a b ¢
2 2 4

Variables Descriptions Units

a side a m
b side b m
C side c m
h altitude to side ¢ m
m median to side c m
per perimeter - m
rc circumscribed circle radius m
ri inscribed circle radius m
S semiperimeter m
bisector of 6¢ m
K area m~2
fa angle opposite side a °
6b angle opposite side b °
6c angle opposite side ¢ °

Laws of SIN, COS, TAN

PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST ..

fa + 6b + 6c = 180°

_a __b
SIN (6a) ~ SIN (6b)
a® =b®+c®-2-b-c-COS (fa)

C-10 Mathematics Pac

 Ge'ome’t'ry Reference

a+b _
TAN (—15 . (6a + Gb))
a=b AN (% . (ba — 6b))
Variables Descriptions | - Units
a sidea _ m
b sideb | m
c side ¢ o m
fa angle opposite side a °
6b angle opposite side b °
6c angle opposite side ¢ °

Polygons

In this category, equations describing common quadrilaterals and regular

polygons are contained in the following topics:

Rectangle
O00000

Parallelogram
Rhombus
Trapezoid
General Quadrilateral
Regular Polygons

Rectangle
K=a-‘b
p2=a2+b2

- per =2-a+2-b

Variables Descriptions Units

a side a m
b side b m
p diagonal m

Mathematics Pac
Geometry Reference

per perimeter m
K area m”~2

Parallelogram

0B y— b oA

T/
o _..- /
PRESS [ENTER] TD RETURN YO LIST ...

K=b-h
K = a - b - SIN (6a)
h = a - SIN (6a)
per =2-a+2-b

p? = a®+b°—-2-a-b - COS (6a)

q> = a®+b?—-2-a-b- COS (6b)

fa + 6b = 180°

Variables Descriptions Units

a side a m
b side b m
h altitude m
P short diagonal m
q long diagonal m
per perimeter m
K area m~™2
fa angle fa °
6b angle 6b °

C-12 | Mathematics Pac

 Geometry Reference

Rhombus

1
K=35"pP-q
per = 4 -a
pz + qz — 4.2

Variables Descriptions Units

a side a m
p short diagonal » m
q long diagonal m
per perimeter | m
K area m”™2

Trapezoid

£
fi e

& N\
PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST ...

1
K = E (@ + b) - h

K=m-h

m= L. (@ + b)
2
I Variables Descriptions Units I
l a side a - m |

Mathematics Pac
Geometry Reference

b side b m
h altitude » m
m median - m
K area < m”~™2

General Quadrilateral

ok
PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST..

s = -;—-(a+b+c+d)

per = 2-s

K = —12—~p-q-SIN(9)

K =g (0%+d®—a®—c® - TAN (0)

| 2
K2 = 1. (4-p2~q2—(b2+d2—a?‘—c2>)
16
2
K? = (s—a)(s—b)-(s—c¢)(s—d)—-a-b-c-d-COS (93_42-_92)

p?> = a*+d°-2-a-d-COS (ba)

p? = b>+c?—2-b-c-COS 6b)
Variables Descriptions | Units
a side a m
b sideb m
c side c m
d side d m
q diagonal from 6a to 6b m

C-14 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry Reference

p other diagonal m
per perimeter m
S semiperimeter | m
area m”~2
6 angle between diagonals °
fa angle fa °
6b angle 6b °

Regular Polygons

PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST...

a = 2-ri-TAN(l§9-—)
n

a = 2-rc'SlN(180 )
n

per = n-a

K = n-ri2-TAN(—1—§O—)
n

g =1"2
n 4g9°
_

Variables Descriptions Units

a side a m
n number of sides —
rc circumscribed circle radius m
ri inscribed circle radius m
per perimeter m
K area m”2
0 vertex angle o

Mathematics Pac C-15

Geometry Reference

Planar BbLlnded Solids

In this category, equations describing planar bounded solids, including

inscribed and circumscribed sphere radii, are contained in the following
topics: |

Cube
oo

Rect. Parallelepiped
Pyramid
Tetrahedron

Cube

=—-1.Q

PRESS [ENTER] TOD RETURN TO LIST..|

N|=

ri =
Nj=

rc =
w
<<

a |
]

ar\/E

q a-v3
Variables Descriptions | » ‘ - Units
a side a - m
3 3 3 3

p |face diagonal
q cube diagonal
rc circumscribed sphere radius
Ti inscribed sphere radius

C-16 - Mathematics Pac

 Geometry Reference

K face area . m°2

T total surface area m”™2
Vv volume m~3

Rect. Parallelepiped

’
ol B

PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURMN TO LISY ...

ITr=2-(a-b+b-c+c-a)
V=a-b-c

p = Va“+ b° +c*

Variables Descriptions Units

a side a m
b |sideb m
C side ¢ m
p diagonal m
T total surface area m~2
Vv volume m~3

Pyramid

V=21.Bh
— 3

Variables Descriptions: Units

h altitude m
B ‘base area m~™2
V volume m”~™3

Mathematics Pac
Geometry Reference

Tetrahedron

K=1.22.y3
4
T =4-K
: 1
1 = 12 a 6

rc=+.a-v6
4

- 1.3, V2
V=17-a

h a V2 3

Variables Descriptions | Units

a side a - v m
h altitude m
rc circumscribed sphere radius m
ri inscribed sphere radius m
K face area m~2
T total surface area m”~2
Vv volume m~3

Cylinders and Cones

In this category, equations describing right circular cylinders and cones are
contained in the following topics:

C-18 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry Reference

O Cylinder
[ Cone
[J Frustum of Cone

Cylinder

PRESS [ENTER] TD RETUEN TO LIST ..

V=x-r -h

T
L= 2 . x-r |

Fe Lt) 2-m-h

Variables Descriptions Units

h altitude m
r base radius-'v m
L lateral surface area m~ 2
T total surface area m”~™2
Vv volume m~™3

Cone
= VP + h°

L =mx-r-s

IT'=mx-r-(r+s)
;'Jt'fz'h
<
li
l

- Mathematics Pac C-19

Geometry Reference

Variables Descriptions Units

h altitude m
r base radius m
S slant height m
L lateral surface area m”™2
T total surface area m~™2
Vv volume m”~™3

Frustum of Cone

PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST...

s = Vi1 =2 + W
L=n-("M+r2)-s

T=umn- (r12+r22+(r1 +r2)-s)

_ Y 7w+
V—§ h h (12
(r1 02
+r2c+r : r2)

Variables Descriptions Units

h altitude m
r lower base radius m
r2 upper base radius m
S slant height m
L lateral sur_face area m”™2
T total surface area m~2
Vv volume m~3

C-20 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry Reference

Spherical Figures
In this category, equations describing sphericalfigures, including zones and
segments of spheres, are contained in the following topics:

[J Sphere
[1 Zone/Segment, 1 Base
[J Zone/Segment, 2 Bases
[0 Ellipsoid ,
[0 Circular Torus

Sphere

PRESS [ENTER] TOD RETURN TQ LIST ..

d=2-r

S=4-7-r

V = —g— e

Variables Descriptions Units

d diameter m
r radius m.
S surface area m~2
V volume m~3

Zone/Segment, 1 Base

PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST ..

Mathematics Pac C-21

Geometry Reference

d=2-r
S=2-m-r-h

S =z p?

V=g m-h- @ r-h

=l h. (3 (3824
V=cg-m-h a‘+h R)

Variables Descriptions Units

a zone base radius m
d sphere diameter m
h zone altitude m
p zone diagonal m
r sphere radius m
S zone surface area m”~2
Vv zone volume m~3

Zone/Segment, 2 Bases

e
=
Seeetlk
PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST..

d=2-r
S=2-w-r-h

=) 7 . h h.(3.-824+3-b24+h2
Y‘s (3 a“+3 b+h)

h=V rc=b*—v r“-a*“

I Variables Descriptions Units I
a zone base radius m
b zone ceiling radius m

C-22 . Mathematiés Pac

 Geometry Reference

d |spherediameter m
h zone altitude m
r sphere radius m
S zone surface area m~™2
Vv zone volume ‘ ~ m~™3

“Ellipsoid

PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST ..

V=3-m-a-bc
Variables Descriptions Units
a semiaxis a | m
b semiaxis b | m
C semiaxis ¢ m
Vv zone volume m~3

Circular Torus

&
PRESS [ENTER] TD RETURN TO LIST..

S =n%- (r02 - ri2>

V=122
4
(0 +r)- (ro - ri)?
| Variables Descriptions _ Units I
I ri | innerradius B m I

‘Mathematics Pac C-23

Geometry Reference

ro outer radius m
S surface area m”~2
V zonhe volume m”~3

Analytic Geometry
In this category, equations describing analytic geometry figures are contained
in the following topics:

[] Parabolas (e=1)
(1 Ellipses (¢)
[0 Hyperbolas (el)

Parabolas (e=1)

PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST...

Ir =4-p
2 VA2Rr2
2-a+Vv44-a“+b
s = Va4 a2+b%+-2—
2-a
LN b

Kseg = 3. a-b
3

Variables Descriptions Units

a vertex to segment edge m
b bisector to parabola m
Ir latus rectum m
p vertex to focus m
S arc length m
Kseg |segment area | m”~2

C-24 Mathematics Pac

 Geometry Reference

Ellipses (e<1)

PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST...

K=mx-a-'b
V2
(az + bz)
aper = 2 - - Y

/2
per = 4-a- f \/1 — [1
- . SIN (6)% d6

E = a“—-»b
a

Ir = 2 ab®

df = va -»>
a
dd = £

ds = 2-a

Variables Descriptions Units

E eccentricity -
a semimajor axis m
b semiminor axis m
dd center to directrix m
df center to focus m
ds sum of foci to point m
Ir latus rectum m
aper approximate perimeter m
per exact perimeter m
K area m”~2

Mathematics Pac C-25

Geometry Reference

Hyperbolas (e > 1)

N
i|

PP

¥
A+ DF
PRESS [ENTER] TO RETURN TO LIST ..

£ _ Va¥+b?
a

oo 2 b2
a
df = va“+b
a
ad = E

ds = 2-a

Variables Descriptions Units

E eccentricity —
a semitransverse axis m
b semiconjugate axis m
dd center to directrix m
df center to focus m
ds difference of foci to point m
Ir latus rectum m

C-26 Mathematics Pac

 Calculus Reference

Appendix D
Calculus Reference

Whatfollows are lists of the left-hand sides of all the integrals available in
Calculus, along with the conditions required for validity.

Section 1: Elementary
1
[ AdX fXZ_Ade 2 > A%
[xNax (N=-1) 1
f \/Z——E—_____)'(?dx (A2 > X2)
1
f—idX

JEXP (A - X) dX

[BA Xdx (B >0)

[ LN (X) dX
[AC LN @A)dX (A >0)

Ie
f;z—-—l—;(;dx (A2 > X3

Section 2: A + BX

fA+B-XNax (N=-1)

[X-A+B-XNax (N=z-1,-2)
[X - A+B-X)NdX (N=z-1,-2,-3)

Mathemgtics Pac
Calculus Reference

1
f—X ax
X2

f(A+B-X)dx A+B-X
1 1
(A + B - X)° fX-(A+B-X)dX
X 1 aX
255 X X-(A+B - X)?
X 1 aX
(A + B - X)° X2 . (A+B-X
X XN dX
f———-——————(A
T8 (N#12) 1 dX
X2 -(A+B - X)*
f A+B-de
=

Section 3: A + BX and C + DX
1 X dX
Javen cio ™ f(A+B-X)2-(C+D'X)
X
f(A+B-X)'(C+D~X)dX X’ dX
A+B-X)?-(C+D-X
1 dX
A+B-X)2-(C+D-X dX
C+D-X

Section 4: A + BX™N
1 _
————dX
Fava ™
(A-B>0
@820 f—X
a+p 2 AE<O
1 1
fAm+B-X2dX (A - B <0)

X dX f 1
A+B-X° X-(A+B-X3
X2 :
J—F— dX (A-B >0)
A+B-X
f————adX
A+B-Xx3

D-2 Mathematics Pac

 Calculus Reference

X
—=———dX 1 dX
fA+B-X3 fX-(A+B-XN)
X2
L dX
A+B-X°

Section5: C™2(+/-)X"2,X"2-C™2

fczlxzdx f(C2+§2)N+1dX

fgz—l_——)—(-z—dx (C? >X3) f o §2)N — dX

S _‘_ 5 X 0@ >C?) f?_——_’%?dx

fcz)_ixzdx f(xz_é(z)N+1dX

fg{—;dx

Section 6: the SQRT( A+BX)

[VA+B-XdX f——-—————~“q“;28'xdx (A <0)

[X-VA+B-Xdx |
f—\/_::_l—__'“’dx
[X2. VAT B -XdX A+B-X
VAT B X S
fYALE oy (a0 e
VA+B X
VA+B-X
[——5——dX (A<0) X %X
J2
B

f————A+f'XdX (A >0) f ! dX (A >0)

X X-VA+B X

Mathematics Pac D-3

Calculus Reference

1
X [fA+B-x)N20x
fX-\/A+B-Xd A <0)
1 fAa+B-x"N2gx
e iz x 79 [x-@A+B-0"2dx
1 dX (A
fxz-\/A+B-X (A <0) [x-A+B-x"N2gx

Section 7: the SQRT(X"2+A"2)

[ VX% + A% dX X
—dX
1 VX2 + A®
[ ———=adX 1
VX2 + A? J dX
1 X2 . VX% + A%
[ ————dX
X - VX% + A% x2.V (x2+A2)3dx
[ VY2 1a2
/Y2 Z
f_x___s(fl_dx XX-;-A X

f__L_ aX
VXZ + A? f dX
\/ (X2 + A2> 3
X VX2 + A% dX X3

f dX
'V (¢ + A% aX \/ (X2 + A2) >
[ ‘ aX [ L dX
\/ <X2 + A2) ’ X - \/<X2+A2)3
| X dX 1
f dX
\/(X2+A2)3 X2 - \/ (X2 +A2>3
[x-V (x2+A2)3dx 1) 1 -dX
.V (x2 +A2)3
[X? . VX2 + A% aX

D-4 Mathematics Pac

 Calculus Reference

Section 8: the SQRT(X"2-A"2)

- \ 1
ffii—-’?dx - fx?-- X;—AZdX

fx/xz—A?dx - [x2.V <X2—A2>3 aX

w1
fxiffl X
X - \/<X2—A2)3 .
fmzd [ X3 X
- 3
[X - VXE=AZ X \/<X2"A2>
[V 0oe-m) ax - L dX
( 1 | ' X-\[<X2—A2>3
f dX
\/(XZ—A2>3 ' J 1 . oX
. .V (x2 - A2)3
f ax 1
\/(x"‘---AZ)3 [ \/ — dX
- A2> 3 vdx
]———<X2 X3 . <x2 _ A2>
ix.

o . f L dX
[ X2 - VXZ=A% dX (X~ A) - VX*— A
X2 1 dX
fmzdx f(X+A)-VX2—-A2 |

Section 9: the SQRT(A"2-X"2)

[ VAT ZXZ aX ffl;:_)_(z dX

Mathematics Pac D-5

Calculus Reference

1
——————dX f 2 aX
fx-x/Az-x?
f\/Azx— Xw2
[
2
——Z aX
vV (42 - 32) ’
X aX X3
I VAZ — X%

X - VATX2 dx
f \/<A2—x2)3 >

[ (A2—X2)3dx [ R aX
X-\/(AZ—X2)3
[ 1 aX i
\/(A2—x2)3 J aX
x2-\/(A2—x?-)3
X

f\[(Az—x2)3dX J aX
x3-\/(:\2—x2)3
[x-V <A2—X2)3dX 1 dX (A 2 >B p2
f(ta2—x2)-\/A2--x'Z @ >5)
X2 . VATX7 ax
[x2.y (A2—x2)3dx
f(B?- — X?) 1 Va3 (B° >4
(B (A2—X2)3dx
2 :
J 2 dX
f aX
(B2 + X3 - VAT - X
1 VAZ — X2
aX Y B? + X
dX
I X2 . VAZ — X7

Section 10: SIN (X)

SSIN@A - X)dX

[ SIN(A - X)? dX

D-6 Mathematics Pac

 Calculus Reference

1
SIN (A - X)?
[SINM-X)-SIN(N-X)dX (M*=N>?
1 f SIN (A - X) X
1+SIN(A - X) dX
—

(1 + SIN (A - X))?
1 SIN (A - X) dX
1—SIN (A - X) aX
—,

(1 = SIN (A - X))®
1
A+ B - SIN (X) ax
—

fX-SIN@A-X)dX
SIN (A - X) [X2-SIN (A - X)dX
T+SINA - &
—

SIN (A - X) [X-SIN (A - X)*dX

T—SINA-x) %
—

1 [X? - SIN (A - X)?dX

—

SINGA - X) - (14 SIN A - X)) & X

f1 +SIN(A-X)dX
1 X
Isna % -a=sna x) X f1 -—SIN(A-X)dX
X
1 fSIN(A-X)z
(1 + SIN (A - X))
1 SINA-X __ x
V1+ B%- SIN (A - X)°
J (1 - SIN <A-X))2dx f SIN (A - X)
Vi-B%-SINA - X)*

Section 11: COS (X)

fCOS (A - X)dX

fCOoS (A - X)2dX
1
———dX
I COS (A - X)?

Mathematics Pac D-7

 Calculus Reference

[COS(M - X)-COS(N-XydX (M*=N?

1
Ii7cosa
1
Ii=cos@a
1
| 255 coson X
COS (A - X)
f1+COS(A-X)dX
COS (A - X)
Ji=cos@a -0 %
1
| co5@ %+cos@ xy X
1
Jcosa - a-cosa x) ¥
L dx
(1 + COS (A - X))?
1
dX
f(1 — COS (A - X))?
COS (A - X) aX
(1 + COS (A - X))
[ COSA-X)
(1 — COS (A - X))
[X-COS (A - X)dX
[X?-COS (A - X)dX
[X-COS A - X)?dX
[ X2 . COS (A - X)dX

- D-8 ~ Mathematics Pac

 Calculus Reference

X
f1 +COS(A-X)dX
X
Ji—cosax ™
fVv1-COS A - X) dX

[V1+COS (A - X) dX
f_____X_____
" COS (A - X)°

Section 12: SIN (X ) and COS ( X)

fSINA-X)-COS (A - X)dX

[SIN(M-X)-COS(N-X)dX (M?=N?
JSIN (A - X)2 - COS (A - X)? dX
[SIN@A-X) - coS @A - XMax
[SIN@A - XM . coSs A - X) dX

COS (A - X)°
SIN (A - X)®
I cos @ 1%
[COSA-X)
SIN (A - X)?
1
Jsina % -cosa 3%
[ 2
SIN (X) 5dX A-B >0 or ABS (A) >ABS(B)
A + B - COS (X)
, 1 dX
J A? . COS (X)? + B2 - SIN (X)?

- ‘Mathematics Pac D-9

| Calculus Reference

f COS (C - X)2
A% + B2 - SIN (C - X)?
[__SIN(C-X) - COS(CX)
A - COS(C - X)2 +B - SIN (C - X)?
COS (C - X)
A-COS(C-X)+B-SIN(C - X) aX
e,y

SIN (C - X)
A-SINCC-X) +B-COS(C X dX
SIN (A - X)
e,

1+COS(A-X)dX
SIN (A - X)
- COS@A - X) X
e

COS(A-X)
T+SINA-x) &
e

COS (A - X)
T—SINA - x) &
e,

SINGA-X)
COS(A-X) - (1 +COS (A X)) aX
e,

SIN (A- X)
COS(A-X) - (1 —COS (A~ X)) dX
e

COS (A - X)
SINA-X) - (1 +SINA - X)) dX
e

COS (A - X)
SINA - X) - (1= SIN (A - X)) dX
e

1
SINA X +cos@ xn&
e

1
SINA X -Cos@A-x%
e

1 .

T+COSA -X) +SINA-x X

e

1
T+COSA-X) —SIN@A - X)X
_

D-10 Mathematics Pac

 Calculus Reference

J— - aX
A2 . COS (C - X)2 - B? - SIN (C - X)?
f X + SIN (X)
dX
1 4+ COS (X)
X = SIN (X)
S +=cos 0o X
COS (A - X)
V1+B?-SINA - X)?
[ COS (A - X)
V1 -B-SIN (A - X)*

Section 13: Other Trigonometric Functions

J TAN (A - X) dX JCSC (A - X)dX

fCOT (A - X)dX [ TAN (A - X)2 dX

[ SEC (A - X) dX J COT (A - X)? dX

Section 14: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

[ASIN (A - X) dX [X - ATAN (A - X) dX
JACOS (A - X) dX [X-ACOT (A - X)dX

J ATAN (A - X) dX [ X - ASEC (A - X) dX
S ACOT (A - X) dX fX-ACSC (A - X)dX

JASEC (A - X) dX f%fidx

JACSC (A - X) dX [ACOSA-X) 4y
2
S X-ASIN (A - X)dX

fX-ACOS (A - X) dX X2

Mathematics Pac D-11

-~ Calculus Reference

ACOTgA - X) 1 ’
f X ————— . ACOS (A - dX
X2 I Vi - A7 X2 A9
1

I e ASINA -0 d
—_— IN (A - X

Section 15: Logarithmic Forms |

[LN(A - X + B) dX [ENA- X+B)dX
JXN LN (A - X) ax [ (X+A) x

1 ' [LN (X2 + A2 '

fX-LN(X)dX ( )

f————1-————dx (N >1)
X - LN 0" JLN (X + +A%)aX
SXM LN eoN ax TN (X VIA?) o

Section 16: Exponential Forms

JEXP (A - X) dX
EXP (A - X)
fB+C-EXP(A-)QdX'

[ X - EXP (A - X)dX ' X - EXP (A - X)dX

A-
XM ExP (A - X) dX (1+4- %7
1 [ X - EXP (—X?) dX
S ———adX
T+ EXPCY JEXP (A -X) - SIN (B - X)dX
[A* = A% ax _ -
JEXP (A -X) - COS (B - X)dX

' D-12 Mathematics Pac

 Calculus Reference

Section 17: Hyperbolic Forms

J SINH (X) dX

J COSH (X) dX

f TANH (X) dX

J COTH (X) dX

[ SECH (X) dX

[ CSCH (X) dX

f X - SINH (X) dX

X - COSH (X) dX

[ SECH (X) - TANH (X) dX

J CSCH (X) - COTH (X) dX

[ SINH (X)2 dX

[ COSH (X)? dX
[ TANH (X)2 dX
[ COTH (X)2 dX
[ SECH (X)? dX
[ CSCH (X)2 dX
X dX (A >0)
[ ASINH (Z)

[ ACOSH (—}) dX (ACOSH (-}) >0, A >0)

X
[ ACOSH (——)
A
dX (ACOSH (i‘;) <0, A >0)

- Mathematics Pac D-13

Calculus Reference

[ ATANH (:) dx (ABS()<1)

| ACOTH (%) dX (ABS (2,4(‘) >1)

J ASECH (X) dX

JACSCH (X)dX

[X - ASINH (X) dX (A >0)

X - ACOSH (Z) dX

{ X - ATANH (K) aX (ABS()<1)

X - ACOTH () dX (ABS (X) >1)

[ X - ASECH (X) dX

J X - ACSCH (X) dX

Mathematics Pac
 Index

Index

EXLTR = A
i, D4 Cube, 3-3, C-16
Aboutscreen, 1-3 Cylinder, C-19
ACOT, 10-3
ACSC, 10-3 D
Algebra, 1-5, 2-1
Algebra functions, 10-1 d, D-3
Alpha lock, 1-9 Definitions, 4-2, 5-2
Angl sum/Diff, 5-2 Derivatives, 6-2, 6-7
Angle sum/diff, 4-2 derUBASE,10-9
Arrow keys, 1-6 Divergance, 6-14
ASEC, 10-3 Double angle, 4-2, 5-2
Asterisk tag, 3-7, 3-12
Auto increment, 3-9 E
- Eigenvalues, 7-2
- EIVAL, 10-8
Bessel Ellipses (e), C-25
JO, 10-7 Ellipsoid, C-23
J1,10-7 Entering limits of integration, 6-5
BINO, 104 Entering values of constants, 6-5
Binomial Series, 6-12 Environmental limits of card, A-2
Equation writer, 1-7
C Equilateral Triangle, C-8
ERF, 10-6
Calculus, 1-5, 6-1 ERFC, 10-6
Card Exponential relations, 4-2
Install, 1-2 |
Remove, 1-2 F
Characteristic polynomial, 7-2, 7-4
Choosing a category, 3-3 FLAG, 10-9
Circle, C-5 flags
Circular Torus, C-23 -60, 1-9
Closest Fraction, 2-3 57,1-10
Command line editing, 3-10 61, 1-10
Complex Arguments, 5-2 preservation, 1-10
Computing time, 3-24 - fontsize, 1-7
Cone, C-19 FRACT, 10-1
Constants Library, 9-3 Frustum of Cone, C-20
Converting a value, 3-12 Function product, 4-2, 5-2
Copying results to stack, 3-13 Function sum/diff, 4-2, 5-2
COT, 10-3
CPOLY,10-8 G
CSC, 10-3
CST entry, 1-3

Mathematics Pac
 Index

GCD, 10-2 Polynomial Root Finder, 2-6

GCD & LCM,2-5 Power relations, 4-2, 5-2
General Quadrilateral, C-14 PRIME,10-3
General triangle, 3-8, C-9 Prime factorization, 2-7
Geometry, 1-5, 3-1 PROOT, 10-2
Gradient, 6-14 Purging variables..., 3-17
Graphics environment, 3-19 Pyramid, 3-3, C-17

\,H
Q
Half angle, 4-2, 5-2 Quadrantsigns, 4-2
Hyperbolas (el), C-26 Quadratic surfaces, 9-5
Hyperbolics, 1-5, 5-1 question mark tag, 3-11

R
Integrals, 6-2 - 6-3, D-1, D4 RAM needed, 14
Interactive stack, 3-10 Rect. Parallelepiped, C-17
Rect. Parallelpiped, 3-3
J Rectangle, C-11
REDUC, 10-3
J0, 10-7 Reducing a Fraction, 2-8
11, 10-7 Reductions, 4-2
Regular Polygons, C-15
L Relations, 4-2, 5-2
Laws of SIN, COS, TAN, C-10 Revision no, 1-3
LCM, 10-2 Rhombus, C-13
Linear Algebra, 1-5, 7-1 Right Triangle, C-7
Listing the variables, 3-6, 3-8
Load data from stack, 1-9 S
Search mode, 1-8, 8-3
SEC, 10-3
Main menu, 14 Sector/Segment, C-6
Managing Units, 3-13 Series, 6-2, 6-10
Marking the equation, 3-5, 3-8 Service
MATHD directory, 14 Service charge, A-2
MATR variable, 7-3, 7-5 Shipping instructions, A-2
Matrix Service (if card requires), A-2
Determinant, 7-2, 7-5 SLVINTEG;,10-9
Edit or Enter, 7-2
Softkey
Eigenvalues, 7-5 ABOUT, 1-5
Trace, 7-2, 7-6 AREA, 3-20
Multiple angle, 4-2, 5-2 CALC, 3-12, 3-28
Multiple plots, 3-22 CENT,3-20
CLEAR, 3-28
P CONT,3-10
CONYV, 3-12, 3-28
Parabolas (e =1), C-24 COORD, 3-20
Parallelogram, C-12 EQNS,3-27 - 3-28
Pictures, 5-2 EQWR, 6-11
Planar bounded solids, 3-3 EXIT, 3-20
Plotting, 3-15 EXTR, 3-21

-2 Mathematics Pac
 Index

F, 3-19, 3-21
F(x), 3-21
U
FCN, 3-20 Units, 3-9
FONT, 1-5, 3-28 Updating knowns..., 3-7
HALT, 3-28 Using the stack, 3-10
KEYS, 3-20
KNOW,3-28 Vv
LABEL, 3-20
MARK, 3-20, 3-26 Vector analysis, 6-2, 6-13
NXEQ, 3-21 Viewing items, 1-6
PICT, 34, 3-26
PLOT, 3-26 W
PRINT, 1-5, 9-6 Warranty, A-1
PURG,3-28
QUIT, 1-5
REPL, 3-20
X
ROOT, 3-21 X, D-7,D-9 - D-10, D-12
SLOPE,3-19, 3-21 X axes range, 3-18
SOLVE,34, 3-26 - 3-27 XY Polar, C-3
SUB, 3-20 XYZ Cylindrical, C4
UNITS,3-28 XYZ Spherical, C4
UP, 2-2
VARS, 34, 3-28 Y
VIEW,1-6, 4-2, 5-2
WANT,3-29 Y axes range, 3-18
Z-BOX, 3-20
Z00M, 3-20 Z
Solver, 3-23 Zone/Segment, 1 Base, C-21
Solver level, 3-6 Zone/Segment, 2 Bases, C-22
Solving a Derivative, 6-8
Solving an Integral, 64
Solving one equation, 3-5
Sphere, C-21
Square matrices, 7-3
Standard prefixes, 9-4
STORE, 10-5
Storing values..., 3-17
Storing values... message, 3-7
T
t, D-2, D-10
Taylorseries, 6-11
Tetrahedron, 34, C-18
Text editing, 1-8
TORAD, 10-9
TRACE, 10-8
Transforms, 1-5, 8-1
Trapezoid, C-13
Triangular tag, 3-7
Trigonometry, 1-5, 4-1
TYLRX, 10-5

Mathematics Pac