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800 viewsLateral Earth Pressure Problem PDF
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© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 14
EARTH PRESSURE, sis
cos B + Voos? 8 - cos’
or Ky = cos p SEB ee bcos t 20.4
ynere 7 = 08 BSB Yeo B= cost § (20.45)
(b) Cohesive backfill : For the case of cobesive soil, _2etarg_
the principal stress relationship at failure is given by +
91-05 n'a + 2eun @ i
For the case of passive pressure, | i
ne [ee
‘Substituting these values of o) and 05, we get ‘
Pp=yctan at 2cuna +s (20.46)
or zM+20VM
at . Pp Iota :
at Pps Has «+ 2ean a Roe
Fig. 20.13 shows the pressure dstibution diagram. The fig. a913 VARIATION OF
total pressure is given by PASSIVE PRESSURE
CONESIVE BACRFLL
Pp= J" ppde=SyH? tant a + 2cH wn (20.47)
= by H Nyt TN, ~(20.47a)
Example 26% Compute the intensities of active and passive earth pressure at depth
Of 8 metres itt Gry cohesionless sand with an angle of internal friction of 30° and unit
weight of 18 BN /n’. What will be the intensities of active and passive earth pressure if
the water level rises to the ground level ? Take saturated unit weight of sand as 22
kv/ne.
Solution. (@) Dry soil =
Ising
Fang
a= Key H= $x 18 <8 = 48 kN/m"
23% 188 = 432 KN/m!
Y= Your ~ Yo = 22 - 9.81 = 12.19 KN/m?
pow Ke YH qo He $x 1219 «8-49.81 x8 = 111 EN
Pp = Kp y' H+ ywH=(3 x 12.19 x 8) + (9.81 8) = 371KN/m"
Bxampl 264 4 retains wall 4m hgh, aso soak vert ack, The bil
as a
‘suface in level with the top of the wall. There is uniformly distributed
surcharge load of 36 kNim® intensity over the backfill. The unit weigh of the backfill su SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS
is 18 RNhn’; its angle of shearing resistance is 30° and cohesion is zero. Determine the
‘magnitude and point of aplication of active pressure per meire lengih of the wall
Solution.
The lateral pressure intensity due to the
surcharge is given by
= Ky q =} 36 12 N/mt
‘The pressure intensity due to the backfill,
at depth H=4 m is given by,
pow Ke tH = 1 184 =24 KN/m?
The total pressure intensity at the base
of the wall is given by
Pe=pi+ pr= 12+ 28 =36EN/ mt?
Fig, 20.14 shows the pressure distribution
diagrams for p, and p;. The resultant total pressure
P, due to intensity py is given by
= pix H= 124 = 48 N/m,
A FIG, 20.14
acting at $=2 m from the base.
The resultant total pressure P, due to intensity p; is given by
Pr=ippH=} x24 4=484N/m, acting at }x4=1.33 m from the dase
P+ P:=48448=96 KN per meter length of the wall,
The resultant P acts at a distance Z above the base, given by taking the moments
about the base
(482) +48 x9
3-97
Alternative solution. Equivalent height of” surcharge is given by Eq. 20.22
4.36
y"18
‘Thus the problem reduces to the calculation of active earth pressure due to height
Z-H+y=4+2=6 m.
‘The pressure intensity at the base of the wall is given by
ex Ket Z= 4% 18 x6 = 36 KN/att
Pressure intensity a the top ofthe wall is evidemly 12 KN/m*. The pressure distribution
is thus trapezoidal, having pressure intensities 12 and 36 kN/m*,
Pai(2+36)x4=96 kN/m
ue 2m [EARTH PRESSURE,
‘The distance of point of application from the base given by
cH weed 4 2412436
ang 712 +36
Example (Mc. In example 203, Ythe water table rises behind the wall Yo an
ctenan 1S eh tow the top, determine the ttl ative pressure and its point of application.
sare mubmerged weight of sand as 12 KN/?, Assune that there is no change inthe angle
of shearing residance due 10. submergence
Solution | Let pr=lateral pressure intensity due to surcharge
poclateral pressure intensity duc 1 dry soil
pclae pressure inensiy due to submerged soi.
Foolatral pressure intensity due 0 water.
pi Ke qe }x36= 121N/m?
pow Kay Hin} x 18 < 1.5 = 94N/at
pew Key Hox} +1225) = 10 N/a
(Ds= fw Ha = 9.81 % 2.5 = 24.53 N/m’.
Fig. 20.15 shows the pressure dstibuon
iagram’ with the resultant pressure
7, -Py. Py. PoandPy
Piapi He I2x4= 48 KN/m
acting $=2 m from base.
m0 ee |
PrabprMy=zx9x 15 fete 9 -pet0-efe 28.55 ci? a
= 6.15 EN/m, FIG. 2015,
15
=1.67m
acing @ 254133 fom base.
29425=22.5 kN/m, acing @ 1.25 m from base
x10%2.5 = 12.5 KN/m, acting @ 0.833 m from base.
Pow bon te=}x24.5 x25 =306618/m, acting @ 0.833 m from be
‘Toial pressure = P= Pit P:+Ps+ Pit Ps
= 48 + 6.75 + 22.5 + 12.5 + 30.66 = 120.41 KN/m
‘The distance Z of the point of application of P above the base is obtained by taking
moments about the base
ze hg 3) + (615 3) #025 9125) + (2510889) + 0046 xO)
-19%,
example 998A verical ection was mate in a clay deposit avg wet
of 20kN/m’. iVeaved in after the depth of digging reached 4 metres. Taking the angle 16 SOL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS
of imernal friction 10 be zero, calculate the value of cohesion. If the same clay is used
fs a backfill against retaining wall, upto a heigh of 8 metres, calculate (i) total active
arth pressure, (il) total passive earth pressure. Assume that the wall yields far enough
to allow Rankine deformation conditions 10 establish.
Solution : The critical height H, of an unsupported vertical cut in cohesive soil
is given by Eq. 20.31
As @=0, tan
an (85° +6/2)= 1
Hey 4x20
eee.
( Total active earth pressure is given by Eq. 20.30
Pax hy Hoot a 20H cota =} x 20 x «1-2 x20 8) x1
= 640 ~ 320 - 320 KN/m
(i Tora passive cart pressure is given by Eq. 2047
Pend y Hoan! a+ 2cH tana = $< 20x (BF x1 +2 *20%8) x1
= 640 + 320 = 960 kN /m
AS m high verical wall supports saturated, cohesive backfill
Frontal surface. The top 3m of the backfill weighs 18 kN’n’ and
‘has an apparent cohesion of 18 kN Um? The bulk unit weight and apparent cohesion of
the bottom 3 m of the backfill are respectively 20kN/m' and 24kN/m'. What is the likely
depth of tension cracks Behind the wall 2 If tension cracks develop, what will be the
ert active. pressure? Drow the pressure distribution diagram and determine the point
of application of the resultant. pressure.
‘olution The active carth pressure for a saturated clay (%,=0) is given by Eq
a)
10 N/m? ay
20.37 pam toe 2-24
and the height of tension cracks is given by Eq. 20.39
2a P
ct oy
For the top soil, Y= I8KN/m? and cy = 18 KN/m
1 KN/m? and cy = 24 KN/m?
For the bottom soil, Yaar
From Eq. (1), we get
2ey= 2 18 = -36KN/m*
when 2=0, Pe
eu _ 2x18
PE mae ae
3m, pa= (18 x3)- (2x 18) =18KN/m? (upper soil)
pa= (18 x3) +20(2 — 3) ~ (2 x 24) = 54 + 20-3) = 48 gh
a)
o
@
e
[EARTH PRESSURE sn
ze3m, Pe=S4-48=6KN/m? (lower soil)
om, Pa = 54 + 20(6 ~ 3) ~ 48 = 66 KN/m?
“Te pressure distribution is shown
in Fig, 20:15 (@).
“Assuming thatthe tension racks have
teen developed the net active pressure il
be equal to the area of the posive pressure
iagram
Pade ix 18=91N/m
z
Acting at 344-333 m from the
tase
6 +66
x 3= 108 KN/m
sess
Acting a 3 Sree |
083 m
from the base
Total pressure P =P, +P,
=9+ 108 =117 kN/m length
ey Preece a by eo Fi, 235
00-2339) + (108 x 1.085)
“Sree eal
Example eae retaining wall, 4 m high supports a backfill (c= 20kN/m';
$230: 7=20KNZm) with horizontal top, flush with the top of the wall. The backfill
carries a surcharge of 20 kNim. If the wall is pushed towards the backfill, compute the
total passive pressure on the wall, and its point of application.
Solution. c= 2KN/m
=126 m.
ip = tan? (45° + §/2) ? 60° = 3
‘The passive pressure tensity due to surcharge is given by
1q=Mq = 3% q=3%20 = 60 N/m?
‘The passive pressure intensity due 0 backfil is given by Ba, 2046 @
AM ty HN=pit ps
where pr=2eVN =2 x 20V3 = 69.28 N/m
and po=yHNy =20%4x3= 240 KN/m?
‘The pressure distribution diagram consists of two rectangles and one triangle corresponding
to p.P; and p , as shown in Fig. 20.16. sis SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS
5
a ——
fecoefS2284—— 240 wm? ——}
iG. 20.16
Pi=H(q.Ny=4%60= 240 KN/m acting at 2 m above base
Pea HQe VN) #4 69.28 = 277.1 KN/m, acting at 2 m above base
Pra E HG HN)= 4x4 x 240 = 480 RN/m, acting at $m above bas.
Pea P+ Prt Py=240 +2771 +480 = 997.1 KN/m
tis point of application above the base is given by
(240 2) + 277.1 x2) + 4804)
anne Aapariisisleaies Ate
Example 209/A wal of 6 m height retains sand having a unit weight of 20 RN /?
and angle of aden fiction of 30°. If the surface of the backfill slope upwards at 15°
ta the horizontal, find the active thrust per unit length of the wal, using Rankines’ theory.
Solve the. problem both anabically as well as graphically. Alo, draw the general fllue
patem diagram (ie. sip lines) for such a case
Solution : (a) Analytical solution
L kay? where Ka= cos B
68m.
cos B- Voor B— cos @
c08 B+ Veos! B= cos" @
Here B= 15°, cos B= 0.9659 and cos? = 0.9330
9-30", cost g = 0.75
0.9659 ~ ¥0.9330 ~ 0.75
Ks= 0.9659 * 0 5659-4 10.9350 — 0.15 97?
Pe —
EARTH PRESSURE
se
petal section of he wal no recangnar and wing, Pes CA Bg.
wages ston oh cian of rcanglar orton, an Ws of te wangns POSS
ab iq ct wen), pipe
px Bhamatie (bree) Peed om)
dict squash is valdvelyafor tn con wien PRtlnenay=
Now hee Wee patttxsx2-00+0
Won (by xf p=1x 5x20 = 100 N
(bb) Hp = Ho~1) 5x20 506-0)
5 aN
Subainaing these values in Eq, 20-71, we get
t (
00 x $+500-D {1+
so b+ x?
PH b-8540
pa245 m. Hence adopt b= 2.5
Factor of safety against sliding is given PY
15am 1
sy YAEL
This is lesser than the recommended value of 1.5, Hence i
bt 3 m. Then F comes out 10 be 1.54
20.13. EXAMPLES FROM COMPETETIVE EXAMINATIONS
Example F serical wall, $m high, suppors a sanated Conese bck fil (@= 0) with
enizonet surore.7 The, op 3m ofthe, bakfl welghs 1.76 gen’, and as an apparent cobesion of
215 kg/cm? The bulk density ond apparens cohesion of ‘the boriom 2m af the back fill are respectively
1192 g/ow! and 0.2 kgm. Determine ihe Waly der of tension cracks behind the wal. I tension crocs
dowtep, what wil be the tat active presare 7 Stech the pressure distribution diagram and locate We
pan of application of the resikant prestire (Cin Services Exam. 1986)
Solution: Refer Example 205.
tesa?
ae ae aed
Train
(eo) Active pressure distribution due 10 tp so
ne 1.16 ¢/em? = 1.76/00 pe lon g/em= L92U a
ee pistg/emt = sua; a=02 ke/eat 2 Ue7
pan Kani2i-2en Re ant 2 60, oF pew 1.1621~2*15=
AA, no Qan=- 3a
ACB, astm Gas = pie 1.16 x3-32228008
pee wero 2 3/1.162 1705
increase the base width 30 SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS
¢
ae
ee oe
® » © @
FIG. 2037
If tension crack develops, the active pressure will be for the remaining depth
=1.705=1.295 m, as shown in Fig. 20.37 (a
“oat pene Prep i= 2) = $< 2.28 01.298 = 1416 1/m ating 2-4 1295 =2402 ste
the base of the wall
() Active pressure distribution due to bottom soll : The weight of top soil
(2yMi=176x3=5.28U/m) will act as surcharge on the bottom sil
a= Kan 26m Ve +Keq= 12 -26n + 5.28
or Pew 19m -2x2+5280 192+ 128 2)
ALB, n=0 Gan 1.28 nt
Ac Co za2 ms Gale= 19x24 128=3.944128= 5.12mi"
‘The preswure distribution due to bovtom soll shown in Fig. 20.37 (¢), Fig. 20.37 (@) shows te
final pressure distribution due to both sol
‘Now Pro 128x2=2.56(/m, acing at 22 = 1 m above base
aod Pyoda3etx2- 3.8m, sctng x 25 = 0667 m atove tase
Toul Pea Pit + Ba LAT6+256-+3.4 = 781600
14762492 42.56% 143.86 0667
cing s-MIXBAD HAS AFI MAO6T 106m shove base
Example 20.21. A wall of 6 m height retains backfill of dry granular soil that weighs
TBS EN! has a level suface. When there is no surcharge above fil, tke overurning moment cowsed
by the tatal acte pressure at a point at the base of the wall is ISOKN/metre lengih of wall The
specifications permit certain amount of wiformly disibuted surcharge but state that surcharge must not
increase overturning moment ty more than 75%. What surcharge can be allowed of the angle of wall
{friction is 25°? (Gil Services Exam. 1990)
Solution +
In genera ae sec Oeme(e—9) ] Eq. 20.5 (0)
Yes@ro +
me Py
EARTH PRESSURE
Here, take @= O° (wall face vertical; 5=25°
eee cose. ea
Yous a] sto +25) info) | Jossa +f sinto +259 sinto-P) |
aoe sr
(e) Fist case + without surcharge
Ma= Koy 1/6 =190 Nm (Given) Ky= S10 2282
185
ons -| ——*
gos + 1) ste #25 sine
sarees!
6 eee 05
0952 + Vsin(@ + 259 sine
cos = 0.4518 + 0.4746 Vein @ 257508
Solve the above ution by wial_ant_error_as_undet
THs.
Tio. | meets
he el eA
Hence 9 = 37,
() Second cate + Surcharge angle
My= 175 «150 Ke = 1.75 0.225 = 0.39575
eee cos305 }
loon Jamon 125)5000-9) |
L cos B J
“ Peat Wena
asa + nes
sin87.5- 9) =0.109e. Solving this by tral and err, we get 32"
vas retraining wall 6 m high retains sand with o = 30 deg. and unit weight 244N/0?
trio 0 denn OED m from tp. From 3 m1 6m, the materiel (5.0 cohesive roll wih
¢=2OWN/m? and = 20 deg. Unit weight of cohesive soll is I8RNAn’, A uniform surcharge of
SokN rn? acts on the top of sil. Deterine the total lateral pressure acing on the wall and ik oie
of application. (Girl Services Exam. 1991)
Setuton
(a) Lateral pressure due to top soll
i= sin30” 1
= La8 30 21 pence at any depth 21 below 0
FoF in 3 =, ¢
pose Ko grt Kays fx 100+ bx 241 23838480 ‘SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS
Dey = 33.33 KN/mt
Pet = 33.33 + 8x 3238.33 +24 = 57.33KN/i?
‘The active pressure distributions diagram is shown in Fig. 20.38 (6)
sa
heey eae
© ° ©
FG. 2038
(©) Laterel pressure. due to botom soil : For the botom sol, the weight of the top soil and
the nial surcharge (qi = 100KN/m?) become the surcharge
= git) Hi = 100 +24 <3 = 172 N/m?
©0t as = €0t (45 + 9/2) = ot (45 +20/2) = 0.7
ie acve earth pressure at any depth £2 below the junction of the two soils i given by Eq,
m4
Pox = 2 22 €0t" a2 ~2 ¢ cot 02 + qr cot” cr
or =182077-2400.+12 077
or P= 482 2~28-+ 8428-88204 5628
At a0, Pag = $6.28 KN/m?
a =3m, Poy = 8.82 x 3 + 56.28 = 26.46 + 56.28 = 82.74 kN/m?
The acive pressure dsiibution dagram for botom soil is given in Fig. 20.38 (6)
{e) Tata lateral pressure : The wert pesure dagram fr bth the sols & shown ta Fig, 2008
(@ with comporen diagrams imply marked
Fore Fi. 33.33<3=100KN/m acting at =34+3/2245 m above base
Pre }o26<3=36eNem acing a =345/3=4 m above tase
P= 5628 3= 168.84 4N/m acting a 2193/2416 above base
Po=$*26.46%3=39.69 N/m acting at 103/321 m above tase
Toal P= 100 + 36+ 168.84 + 39.69 = 34453 N/m
x 100 x 4.543604 + 168.840 15439.60 01
Acting at = cae 2.57 m above bace si
EARTH PRESSURE: 35
Example 20.23. A 5m high raining wall has a. granular soit backfill with a level top. The
retaining face makes an angle of &P with the base. Soil parameters 7,9 ond b are
16RN/m , 35° and 10° respectively. Demonsiase the Coulomb's method and obtain the active ths.
(Gh Services Exam. 1994)
Stee © hen: yes rm eae
tein Bootes lo
Fro 1055 9
jeer P
- saeco
[ VosOFH + J sno +5 sino-m
cos B=) 4
“| seo 50s 35 59 ee
eames
FIG. 203
Pa= 3 Kyr HP = } x 0.2876 x 16(5}'= 57.83 kN/m run
Example G24. A resaining wall wih so sanrated clay bacifil i 7 m hgh. For te undned
contion (9 = 06 BF the. Packfil, determine
(© the maximum depth of the tenie crack (i) the active force ore the tense crack oucar
andi) the active force afer the acirtece of the ten rac.
Y= I6AN m+ (Cit Services Exam. 1994)
Solution = Given
1
cota Kae
Pex}y HP cota -2