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Unit 5 Notes Part 2

This document discusses key concepts in stoichiometry including: - Using mole ratios obtained from balanced chemical equations to quantitatively relate substances in a reaction. - A problem solving strategy that involves converting given quantities to moles using molar relationships, then using mole ratios to convert to desired quantities. - Examples of stoichiometric calculations involving mass, gases, and solutions. - Key aspects of acid-base reactions and neutralization including definitions of acids, bases, and the equivalence point in titrations. - Terms related to oxidation-reduction reactions including oxidation, reduction, and oxidation numbers. - Methods for balancing redox reactions including splitting them into oxidation and reduction half-reactions.

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87 views

Unit 5 Notes Part 2

This document discusses key concepts in stoichiometry including: - Using mole ratios obtained from balanced chemical equations to quantitatively relate substances in a reaction. - A problem solving strategy that involves converting given quantities to moles using molar relationships, then using mole ratios to convert to desired quantities. - Examples of stoichiometric calculations involving mass, gases, and solutions. - Key aspects of acid-base reactions and neutralization including definitions of acids, bases, and the equivalence point in titrations. - Terms related to oxidation-reduction reactions including oxidation, reduction, and oxidation numbers. - Methods for balancing redox reactions including splitting them into oxidation and reduction half-reactions.

Uploaded by

kjhghassd
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Stoichiometry & Calculations

Makes use of moles ratios to quantitatively relate substances in a chemical reaction


Equivalencies to keep in mind.
• @ STP 1 mole of a gas = 22.4 L
• 1 mole= 6.022 x 1023 particles
• 1 mole of a substance = molar mass of the substance.
Mole Ratios
Obtained from the coefficients of a balanced chemical reaction
4 Fe + 3 O2 2 Fe2O3
• Mole ratio between oxygen and iron(III)oxide= 3 mol O2 : 2 mol Fe2O3
• Mole ratio between iron and oxygen= 4 mol Fe : 3 mol O2
• Mole ratio between iron and iron(II)oxide= 2 mol Fe : 1 mol Fe2O3
Due to moles and molecules not being directly measurable stoichiometry problems tend to start and end with other units.
Problem Solving Strategy
Makes sure chemical equation is balanced
Convert given unit into moles
Use mole ratio to convert from given chemical into wanted chemical
Convert moles of wanted chemical into unit desired

Exercise 5.5: Stoichiometric Calculations


o Mass Stoichiometry - What mass of oxygen will react with 96.1 g of propane?
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

o Gas Stoichiometry- 0.750 grams of hydrogen gas is placed in a 4.00 L container with excess nitrogen and heated
to 325 ºC. What is the final pressure of the system when the reaction reaches completion?
3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g)

o Solution Stoichiometry- What mass of iron (III) hydroxide is produced when 35.0 ml of a 0.250 M solution of
iron (III) nitrate is mixed with 55mL of a 0.180M KOH solution?

AP Chemistry 1 Unit 5: Chemical Reactions


Acid Base Reaction * we will go more in depth of acid and bases at a later date, this is just a simple review*
Acid –-any compound that, upon reaction with water, produces an ion called the hydronium ion, H3O+ [or H+], and an anion
(Arrhenius definition)
Base – any that provides a hydroxide, OH−, and a cation in water (Arrhenius definition) **ammonia, NH3 is an exception, so
Bronsted-Lowry defined it as a proton acceptor!!
Neutralization –When moles acid = moles base (and = moles salt formed!) each reactant is neutralized and the products
formed are a salt [ask yourself if it is soluble] and water. Note: the pH is not necessarily 7.0 since it is the
• Ex: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
The net ionic equation
To solve Neutralization Reactions (use the same idea as you did to solve a precipitation reaction)
• 1st list the species present
• Write a balanced net ionic reaction
• Calculate the moles of reactant What
• Determine limiting reaction where appropriate
• Calculate the moles of required reactant or product
• Convert to grams or volume (of solution) as required.

Exercise 5.6: Neutralization Reactions


o What volume of 0.100M HCl solution is needed to neutralize 25.0 Ml of 0.350M NaOH?

o 28.0 mL 0r 0.250 M HNO3 and 53.0 mL of 0.320M KOH are mixed. What is the concentration of H+ OR OH- in
excess after the reaction goes to completion?

Titrations
Volumetric analysis – a technique for determining the amount of a certain substance by doing a titration
Titrant – the substance delivered from a buret so that its volume is accurately known (base in the diagram below)
Analyte – the substance being analyzed; its mass or volume must also be accurately known (vinegar sample in the diagram
below)
Equivalence point – # moles of OH− equals (is equivalent to) # moles of H3O+ [acid-base titration; redox titrations also
exist!]
Indicator – undergoes a color change at the end point (Phenolphthalein is not the only one in the world!)
Standardization – a procedure for establishing the exact concentration of a reagentT

AP Chemistry 2 Unit 5: Chemical Reactions


Exercise 5.7: Calculating Concentration with a Titration
o A student carries out an experiment to standardize (determine the exact concentration of) a sodium hydroxide solution.
To do this the student weighs out a 1.3009-g sample of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHC8H4O4, often abbreviated
KHP). KHP (molar mass 204.22 g/mol) has one acidic hydrogen. The student dissolves the KHP in distilled water, adds
phenolphthalein as an indicator, and titrates the resulting solution with the sodium hydroxide solution to the
phenolphthalein endpoint. The difference between the final and initial buret readings indicates that 41.20 mL of the
sodium hydroxide solution is required to react exactly with the 1.3009 g KHP. Calculate the concentration of the
sodium hydroxide solution.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Redox rxns involve electron transfer
Terms to Know:
“OIL RIG” – oxidation is loss, reduction is gain (of electrons)
Oxidation – the loss of electrons, increase in charge
Reduction – the gain of electrons, reduction of charge
Oxidation number – the assigned charge on an atom (think formula writing

Exercise 5.7: Assigning Oxidation States


o Assign oxidation states to all atoms in the following:
a. CO2
b. SF6
d. NH4+
c. NO3−

BEWARE! There can be non-integer oxidation states like in Fe3O4. There’s a ‒8 for the 4 oxygens divided across 3 iron ions, therefore
Fe’s charge is Fe 8/3+

AP Chemistry 3 Unit 5: Chemical Reactions


Exercise 5.8: Identifying Species
o When powdered aluminum metal is mixed with pulverized iodine crystals and a drop of water is added to help the
reaction get started, the resulting reaction produces a great deal of energy. The mixture bursts into flames, and a purple
smoke of I2 vapor is produced from the excess iodine. The equation for the reaction is
2 A1(s) + 3 I2(s) → 2 A1I3(s)
o For this reaction, identify the atoms that are oxidized and reduced.

Balancing Redox Reactions by Half Reaction Method


Divide the equation into oxidation and reduction half reactions. [OILRIG]
Balance all elements besides hydrogen and oxygen.
Balance O’s by adding H2O’s to the appropriate side of each equation.
Balance H’s by adding H+
Balance the charge by adding electrons. [OILRIG again]
Multiply the half reactions to make the number of moles of electrons equal for both half-reactions. Why? So we can
cancel out all electron and balance the charge.
Cancel out any common terms and recombine the two half reactions.
IF BASIC, neutralize any excess H+ by adding the SAME NUMBER of OH− _to EACH side of the balanced equation.
[This creates some waters that will most likely cancel!]
CHECK!!

Exercise 5.9: Balancing Using Half Reactions


o Assign oxidation states to all atoms in the following equation, identify the oxidation and reduction half reactions and
balance the equation as well.
(acidic) MnO4−(aq) + Fe2+(aq) → Mn2+(aq) + Fe3+(aq)

o Balance the following equation using the half-reaction method.


(acidic) MnO4−(aq) + I−(aq) → _Mn2+(aq) + I2(aq)

o Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is a bright orange compound that can be reduced to a blue-violet solution of Cr3+ ions.
Under certain conditions, K2Cr2O7 reacts with ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) as shown below. Balance this equation using the
half-reaction method.
H+(aq) + Cr2O72−(aq) + C2H5OH(l) → Cr3+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

o Silver is sometimes found in nature as large nuggets; more often it is found mixed with other metals and their ores. An
aqueous solution containing cyanide ion is often used to extract the silver using the following reaction that occurs in
basic solution. Balance this equation using the half-reaction method.
Ag(s) + CN−(aq) + O2(g) → Ag(CN)2−(aq)

AP Chemistry 4 Unit 5: Chemical Reactions


AP Chemistry 5 Unit 5: Chemical Reactions

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