1. Which of the following statements is false?

a) Cause-and-effect conclusions can (generally) not be made from observational studies

b) In experimental designs, the independent variable is measured, and the dependent variable is
manipulated
c) Statistics are used to make decisions and generalizations based on the observed data
d) The two broad approaches to analyzing data are descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

2. In a study of cell phone use and distracted driving, which of the following would be considered
the study “population”?

a) The group of people in Canada who own a cell phones and have their driver’s license
b) Patients brought to an emergency department after a car accident
c) Individuals responding to a campus-wide survey of cell phone use and driving behaviours
d) All car accident victims

3. Calendar times is an example of a(n) _______ level of measurement and the Kelvin scale is an
example of a(n) _______ level of measurement.

a) Interval; Ratio.
b) Interval; Interval.
c) Ordinal; Interval.
d) Nominal; Ratio

4. A study was conducted to compare 10 mg of a drug (IV) and placebo on exercise tolerance (DV)
amongst patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). If self-rated exercise
tolerance was assessed on a 10 point likert scale (0-9), what level of measurement is this?
a) Ratio
b) Interval
c) Ordinal
d) Nominal

5. Frequency distributions help…

a) organize our data by ordering scores
b) simplify calculations for other statistics
c) in the construction of both ungrouped and grouped frequency distributions
d) All of the above

***Note: Use the frequency distribution below for Questions 6 to 8***

Class Frequency
Interval (count)
.14-.15 11
.12-.13 3
.10-.11 9
.8-.9 1
.6-.7 15

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6. What is the cumulative frequency of scores falling below the middle class interval (.10-.11)?
a) 16
b) 14
c) 9
d) 25

7. In this distribution there are ____ class intervals of _______ width.

a) 0.2;10
b) 2; 39
c) 5; 0.2
d) 2; 5

8. What is the real exact upper and lower limit for the class interval .12 to .13?
a) 0.125 to 0.135
b) 0.115 to 0.125
c) 0.115-0.135
d) 0.12-0.13

9. A sample of 20 York employees had their total cholesterol (mg/dL) assessed to determine their
eligibility for a new life insurance policy.

Data = {564 407 322 311 303 303 295 293 288 275 269 265 263 261 256 204 203 199 177 149}

What is the mean, median, and mode for the group?

a) 291.20; 282.5; 303
b) 280.35; 272; 303
c) 280.35; 282.5; 303
d) 291.20; 272; 203

10. Which of the measures in Question 9 would most appropriately describe the central tendency
of the data?
a) Mean
b) Mode
c) Median
d) Mean or Median

11. What is the percentile of a student scoring a 15 out of 20 on an exam in the dataset below?
Data = {14, 15, 12, 14, 0, 6, 9.5, 20, 20, 19, 12}
a) 27th percentile
b) 19th percentile
c) 81st percentile
d) 73rd percentile

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12. Below is a frequency histogram of lifetime knee injuries from a sample of varsity athletes at the
York Sports Medicine Clinic.

How would you describe the shape of this distribution?

a) Bimodal, with modes at 0 and 3

b) Normally distributed
c) Negatively skewed
d) Positively skewed

13. Which of the following SAS codes would give you the figure (in Question 12) above?
a) *Histogram for study data; b) Proc univariate;
Proc univariate; Histogram injuries / endpoints 0 to 50 by 10;
Histogram injuries / endpoints 0 to 10 by 1; Vscale = count vaxis =0 to 10 by 1;
Vscale = count vaxis =0 to 50 by 10; Vaxislabel = ‘Frequency’;
Vaxislabel = ‘Frequency’; Turnvlabels;
Turnvlabels; Label injuries = ‘number of (lifetime) knee injuries’
Label injuries = ‘number of (lifetime) knee injuries’ Run;
Run;

c) *Histogram for study data;

Proc freq;
Histogram injuries / endpoints 0 to 100 by 10;
Vscale = count vaxis =0 to 50 by 10;
Vaxislabel = ‘Frequency’;
Turnvlabels;
Label injuries = ‘number of (lifetime) knee injuries’
Run;

14. Which of the following is the best representation of a distribution with the following measures?
Mean=15.5±10.2; Median=15; Mode=16
a) b) c)

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15. A measure of stress was taken on 500 male and 500 female Kinesiology students. The data
were normally distributed with men having a mean of 80 and standard deviation of 10, and the
women having a mean of 95 and standard deviation of 15. A high stress score indicates a high
level of stress. What score would a woman have to achieve to be less stressed than the lowest
15 percent of males?

a) 69.60
b) 10.40
c) 90.04
d) 64.40

16. Using your understanding of z-scores and percentiles, which grade is better?

a) A student who is at the 55th percentile

b) 45 on a test whose mean is 63 and a standard deviation of 7.5
c) 83 on a test whose mean is 77 and a standard deviation of 8.4.
d) A student who scored at the median

17. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed in a sample of female tennis players at the 2017 Rogers
Cup. If the mean VO2max was reported as 55.8±6.2 ml/kg/min, what would you conclude?

a) 33.413% of the athlete have a VO2 below the mean

b) There are approximately 6 standard deviations in the sample
c) Approximately 95% of the athletes have a V02 between 43.4 and 68.5
d) Most athletes have a V02max above 62 ml/kg/min

****Note: Data for question 18 and 19 are represented by the frequency distribution below***

Class Frequency
Interval (count)
80-99 8
60-79 21
40-59 42
20-39 5
0-19 0

18. If this data represents grades in a third year class, what is the percentile for a student who had
a raw score of 45?

a) 24th percentile
b) 22nd percentile
c) 20th percentile
d) 76th percentile
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19. If the top 20% of the class are to be given a scholarship. What is the raw score below which
students would not be eligible for a financial award?

a) 75.9
b) 20.8
c) 80.2
d) 72.6

20. When an error occurs in SAS, which window/screen should you check for information on your
error?

a) Program editor window

b) Output window
c) Log window
d) Explorer window

21. Given a sample with a SD of 19, which confidence interval would be largest?

a) 95% confidence for N = 100

b) 95% confidence for N = 81
c) 99% confidence for N = 64
d) 99% confidence for N = 100

22. Given a sample with a mean of 150 and a SEM of 10, which values would fall outside a 95%
confidence interval?

a) 125
b) 135
c) 155
d) 165
e) A&D
f) A&B
g) None of the above

23. Which of the following statements about SEM is false?

a) SEM can be used to calculate 95% confidence intervals

b) SEM indicates how much sampling error is associated with a given situation
c) SEM represents the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean
d) none of the statements are false

24. You have a sample with a mean of 8 and a SD of 2.5. Given that the df for this sample is 19, and
the t-score for a P=0.05 is 2.093, what should the 95% confidence interval be?

a) 6.80 to 9.20
b) 6.83 to 9.17
c) 6.88 to 9.12
d) 6.90 to 9.10

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25. After rolling a “fair” die NINE times in a row and getting 1 dot every time. What are the
chances of getting another 1 dot on the NEXT throw?

a) 1/3
b) 1/6
c) 1/36
d) 1/216
e) 1/360
f) <0.00001

26. What is the probability of rolling a 2 or a 3 on a single roll?

a) 1/3
b) 1/6
c) 1/36
d) 1/216
e) 1/360

27. In Lab 3, an experiment was conducted to demonstrate learning through dart throwing. What
would have indicated that learning was evident in the experiment?

a) Average distance from the bullseye decreased and standard deviation decreased.
b) Average distance from the bullseye increased and standard deviation decreased.
c) Average distance from the bullseye decreased and standard deviation increased.
d) Average distance from the bullseye increased and standard deviation increased.

28. In lab 4, measures of central tendency and variability were calculated. Given an identical scale,
when comparing two curves…

a) The curve with a smaller standard deviation will have a higher peak
b) The curve with a larger standard deviation will have a lower peak
c) All of the above
d) None of the above

29. Which of the following SAS commands would give you the mean value of the dataset?
a) Proc means
b) Proc univariate
c) Proc freq; no print;
d) both a) and b)

30. In the following SAS code, what is the $ referencing?

a) non-numeric data for the variable “name” and “sex” Data 2050example;
b) lines of data for the variable “name” and “sex” Input Name $ Age fitness hdl sbp dbp Sex $ @@;
cards;
c) all of the column variables in the list run;
d) none of the above