Name : Nandaryani Damastutik

SRN : 20012010058

Department : Management B

RESPONSE PAPER WEEK 7

Modals to ask for permission [ MAY I, CAN I, COULD I]
Trationally can expresses ability, but today a lot of people use can to ask for permission, which is
fine. But itsn clear f someone is asking about ability or asking for permission.

Bur we have other option, may I is clear and very polite way to ask for permission. But may is
rather formal. Could is less formal and a better choise to use with friends.

Modal [ SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER ]

When we’re giving advice in English, we use the verb should. Less strong and direct than must
and have to, should is used for suggestions, not for obligations.

While many of us are already very comfortable using should, few are aware of two other verbs
which can also be used for suggestions: ought to and had better. These two verbs are less
common in English, but using them proficiently shows that a speaker is capable of higher level
language use.

How to use should, ought to and had better ?

Affirmative sentences

As with should, had better and ought to are followed by the infinitive of another verb.:

 No new actor should expect more.

 You ought to have a day off yourself.
 We had better tell him nothing.

In the above examples we can see that the three verbs are more-or-less interchangeable.

Negative sentences
  You had better not believe it!
 You shouldn’t be on your own.
 I oughtn’t to be bothering you with all this at such a time.
 This ought not to be the case.

All of these verbs take the not directly – they do not need an auxiliary verb like don’t or doesn’t.
We can also see that the not can be abbreviated in all cases, except for had better not (although
ought not is far more common than oughtn’t).

Difference in meaning

Had better

Had better is stronger than should and ought to. Had better carries an indirect threat. For
example, if you said, "You had better finish the report," you are not making a polite suggestion.
You are making an indirect threat. In other words, if you don't finish the report, you are in
trouble. Authority figures sometimes use had better when speaking to people below them.
Parents also use this form often. Had better is not always impolite, it could express a sense of
urgency as in, "Your plane is leaving! You had better run!" In other words, "If you don't run, you
will miss your flight." Had better has no past tense or question form.

Look at the following real-life examples to appreciate the difference.

 I’d better sleep.

 We had better tell him nothing.
 ‘He’d better earn his £200,000, this new guy — sounds like we’re going to pay for it.’

If we say had better, we imply that there is some negative consequence to not performing the
action. In this way it is not always interchangeable with should. Consider the following example:

 How should I make my payments?

In this example should is a requirement and has no negative consequences. In these cases, we
can’t say had better.
Ought to

Ought to is much closer in meaning to should and can be used interchangeably if the action
referred to is desired by the speaker. Ought to is seldom used with the past tense or in the
question form. Ought to is another modal for giving advice. Consider the following examples:

 ‘Maybe you ought to wait outside, here.’

 You ought to have a day off yourself.
 There was no one there. She ought to have guessed.
 When do we use them?

The graphs below show the distribution of these words between spoken and written language and
also how their use has changed over time. What is clear is that should is much more common
than the other two verbs and that its use is very similar in both written and spoken language.
Ought to and had better are more commonly found in spoken English.

Remember that “ought to” is a modal verb and is followed by a simple verb. The “to” is not an
infinitive “to.”

Modal + subject + basic verb + ...?? arrrow to the right Should I call my parents or my friend?

WH- (information) questions can also be formed by putting the WH- question word immediately
before the modal.

For example:

 What should I do about my problem?

 Where should we have dinner tonight?
 Why should you believe them?
 When should they call their boss?
Should

It can be used to express certainty, such as, "He should be here by five o'clock." Should can be a
substitute for the conditional word if. You might hear someone say, "Should you need help, just
ask me."

But more often, we use should to give suggestions and friendly advice, such as "You should
apply for that job" or "You should try that new restaurant."

The past form of the modal should is should have + the past participle. For example, "I should
have brought my wallet." Notice that the main verb brought is in the past participle form. Use
should have to express regret, or a negative feeling about the past. Imagine you trusted someone
and that person later cheated on you. You could say, "I should have known better than to trust
him."

The Beatles used the expression in a popular song :

I should have known better with a girl like you

That I would love everything that you do

And I do

Hey hey hey

Modals of certainty [MAY, MIGHT, MUST, COULD ]

How to use may, might, must, could

Modal verbs (called modals for short) are auxiliary verbs that express a speaker’s attitude and the
strength of that attitude. There are about 17 modals in English. They have multiple meanings and
sometimes overlap in ways that are confusing to English learners.

Today we will look at how we use these modals to express how certain, or sure, you are of
something. Degrees of certainty in the present and past. Grammar expert Betty Azar explains that
these modals tell us how sure speakers are about what they are saying. A person who is 100
percent sure uses the verb be, as in, "I am sick.". If they are mostly sure, say 95 percent, they will
use the modal must, as in, "I must be sick." When speakers are about 50 percent sure, they will
use the modals may, might, or could; as in "I may be sick. I might be sick. I could be sick."

Might as the past tense of may

Might is used as the past form of may. For example:

"I may take more pictures." (This is a direct quote)

She said she might take more pictures. (This is reported speech)

Notice how may changed to might. Modals change to a past form in reported speech.

Yesterday we had a staff meeting. I looked around the room and noticed my co-worker Anna
was not there. I asked, "Where's Anna?" and got three answers from my co-workers.

Jonathan answered, "Oh, she may be making a video in the studio."

Kelly said, "She might have stayed home today."

Adam told us, "She called me to say she was doing an interview at the Capitol this morning. So
she must still be working over there."

In this conversation, you can see a change from may to might. May shows the speaker is not sure
in the present moment: "She may be making a video." May changes to might to express a
possible state in the past: "She might have stayed home." Finally, must expresses a strong
certainty: "She must be working there."

People today do not always follow these rules about present and past tense for may and might.
You will hear both words to express the same degree of certainty. English speakers still express
strong certainty in phrases like, "It must be love."

Listen for the word might in this song by The Cars.

You might think it's foolish

Or maybe it's untrue

You might think I'm crazy

But all I want is you

By using might, the singer is expressing about 50 percent certainty. Degrees of uncertainty in the
future, Now let's look at how we express certainty about the future.

My friend Andy has a test next week. He has studied very hard for months. I told him, "You will
do well on the test. Don't worry." I believe with 100 percent certainty that Andy will pass the
test.

On the other hand, Carrie, who has to take the same test, just began studying last week. I warned
her, "You might not do well on the test. You should study more this weekend." I am not so sure
that Carrie will pass. In fact, I doubt it. I express that future possibility with might.

May is sometimes used to express hope

The idea of possible future events lets English speakers use may to talk about hopes. You will
see may on greeting cards and in prayers or religious writings.

The first thing to remember about modal verbs is that, unlike ordinary verbs, they don’t change
according to time (they have “substitutes” for this), and the main verb that follows them is used
without the preposition to

Modals Rules: How to Use Must, Have to, May, and Might

We’ll start with two common modal verbs: “must” and “have to.” Rules for the Modal Verbs
Must and Have To

The modal verb must is used to express obligation and necessity.

The phrase have to doesn’t look like a modal verb, but it performs the same function. Have to
can play the role of must in the past (had to) present, and future tenses.

These words can often be used interchangeably in English; the main difference between must
and have to can be the emotional context. Must means that the obligation to do something comes
from the speaker. In other words, it’s not a rule. Have to implies that the obligation comes from
someone else; it’s something the speaker can’t change. Additionally, must expresses the
speaker’s feelings, whereas have to expresses, above all, an impersonal idea.

For example:

 I must stop smoking. It’s really bad for my health.

In the negative form, must expresses a strict prohibition:

 You mustn’t smoke here.

However, have to in negatives sentences expresses the idea that “you are not obligated to do
something, but you can do it if you want to” and requires an auxiliary verb: You don’t have to
pay for this.

Also, the word must expresses submission to various general laws; that is, something needs to be
done, because it is accepted as proper in society.
Have to expresses submission to private “laws,” that is, you are following your conscience,
moral principles, or duties.

For example:

 We must pay taxes.

 He has to tell her the truth.

Rules for the Modal Verbs May and Might

First of all, the modal verbs may and might are used to express that something is possible, and
they are used both in the present and future tenses.

For example:

 It may be true. = It might be true.

 He may know. = He might know.
 Take an umbrella with you. It might be raining later.
 We haven’t decided yet where to go for our holidays. We may go to Ireland.

May Used to ask for formal permission:

 May I come in?

 May I say something now?
 May I ask one question?

Used to suggest something that is possible:

 She may agree with this plan.

 They may not be happy about what happened.
 It may shower tonight.

Might (past form of may)

Used to suggest a smaller possibility than may does (actually, might is more common than may
in American English):

 He might have finished it.

 I might go see a doctor.
 I might not come this time.
 It might be right.
 You might have lost it.
 The store might have been closed today.

Must

Used to express something formally required or necessary:

 I must complete the project by this week.

 The government must provide health care for everybody.
 Everyone must save the natural resources of the earth.
 The building must have a fire alarm.
 You must answer my question right now.

Used to show that something is very likely:

 He must be a genius.
 You must be joking!
 There must be an accident.
 She must be very tired.

Could

may I is clear and very polite way to ask for permission. But may is rather formal. Could is less
formal and a better choise to use with friends.

 Could I eat your noodle

 Could I take your notebook
Have to and Must

Both Must and have to express obligation or necessity, but there are some small differences:

Must expresses the speaker's feelings, whereas have to expresses, above all, an impersonal idea:

 You must come. You are obliged to come (I require that you come)
 You have to come. You are obliged to come. (There's a rule requiring you to come)
 Must I wear this tie? Am I obliged to wear this tie? (What do you think?)
 Do I have to wear this tie? Am I obliged to wear this tie? (Is there a rule about ties?)

Have to mainly expresses general obligations, while must is used for specific obligations:

 I have to brush my teeth twice a day.

 I must tell you something.

Important: To express obligation, duty or necessity in the future or the past, must and need are not
used. They are replaced by have to:

 We must (need to) buy another ticket.

 We had to buy another ticket yesterday.
 We'll have to buy another ticket later.

However, in their negative forms, mustn't and don't have to have completely different meanings:

Mustn't expresses prohibition

 You mustn't drive. You are prohibited to drive. You are not allowed to drive.

Don't have to expresses the absence of obligation or necessity:

 You don't have to drive. You are not obliged to drive (but you can if you want to).

Course : 6 youtube video on ilmu learning, and some article